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Use-Wear Experiments with Sardinian Obsidian: Determining Its Function in the Eolithicn Teddi J

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Use-Wear Experiments with Sardinian Obsidian: Determining Its Function in the Eolithicn Teddi J University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 4-8-2004 Use-Wear Experiments With Sardinian Obsidian: Determining Its Function In The eolithicN Teddi J. Setzer University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Setzer, Teddi J., "Use-Wear Experiments With Sardinian Obsidian: Determining Its Function In The eN olithic" (2004). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1244 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Use-Wear Experiments With Sardinian Obsidian: Determining Its Function In The Neolithic by Teddi J. Setzer A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Robert H. Tykot, Ph.D. Brent R. Weisman, Ph.D. E. Christian Wells, Ph.D. Nancy Marie White, Ph.D. Date of Approval: April 8, 2004 Keywords: archaeology, lithic, prehistoric tools, sardinia, stone tools © Copyright 2004 , Teddi J. Setzer Acknowledgments This study would not have been possible without the assistance of REU funding from the National Science Foundation for the provenance portion of this research. Many thanks go to Carlo Tozzi for assistance with information regarding the site of Contraguda. In addition, the experimental portion of this research would not have been possible without the integral assistance from colleagues at the Anthropology Department at the University of South Florida who volunteered to participate in the blind portion of this study: Lisa Beyer, Alexis Broadbent-Sykes, David Ceo, Maria Claude-Duque, Dawn Hayes, and Kelly Scudder. Finally, much appreciation is extended to William Pakula, who patiently provided many hours of assistance with the maps in this thesis and miscellaneous computer problems. Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables iv Abstract vi Chapter One: Introduction 1 Research 2 The Iceman 5 Chapter Two: The Sardinian Neolithic 7 An Introduction to the Archaeology of the Neolithic 7 Environmental Changes in Europe and Sardinia: Setting the Stage for the Neolithic 10 The Island Setting and Settlement of Sardinia 12 The Geography of Sardinia 16 The Foundation and the History of Research 19 The European Neolithic 20 Lithic Technology 21 Subsistence 23 Exchange 24 Ritual 27 The Sardinian Neolithic 30 Stone Tool, Pottery, and Metal Technology 32 Subsistence 34 Exchange 37 Ritual 39 Chapter Three: Lithic Analysis, Obsidian and Use-wear Research 44 The Chaîne Opératoire as a Framework for Lithic Tool Analysis 44 The Physical Nature of Obsidian 47 Fracture Mechanics 48 Use Wear 50 Non-Use Damage 53 Raw Material 55 Ethnoarchaeology and Lithic Research 56 Previous Use-Wear Research Theory: A Synopsis 58 Types of Use Analysis and Considerations for Choosing a Methodology 61 Interpretations Made with Use-Wear Studies 68 i Problems with Use-Wear Analysis 69 Chapter Four: The Experiment 72 Materials Used 72 Geologic 72 Measurement 73 Photography 73 Methods 73 The Methods and Standards Used for the Analysis of the Tools 78 Results of the Experiment 85 Material Worked: Meat. Tool Numbers: 1, 2, 41, and 42 86 Material Worked: Bone (wet). Tool Numbers: 3, 4, 43, and 44 87 Material Worked: Fish. Tool Numbers: 5, 6, 45, and 46 88 Material Worked: Bone (dry). Tool Numbers: 7, 8, 47, and 48 89 Material Worked: Ceramics. Tool Numbers: 9, 10, 49, and 50 90 Material Worked: Dry Oak. Tool Numbers: 11, 12, 51, and 52 91 Material Worked: Tropical Grass. Tool Numbers: 13, 14, 53, and 54 92 Material Worked: Leaves. Tool Numbers: 15, 16, 55, and 56 93 Material Worked: Animal Hide. Tool Numbers: 17, 18, 57, and 58 95 Material Worked: Cork. Tool Numbers: 19, 20, 59, and 60 95 Material Worked: Hair. Tool Numbers: 21, 22, 61, and 62 97 Material Worked: Clay. Tool Numbers: 23, 24 63, and 64 98 Material Worked: Dried Meat. Tool Numbers: 25, 26, 65, and 66 99 Material Worked: Feathers. Tool Numbers 27, 28, 67, and 68 100 Bag-Wear Experiment: Tool Numbers 29 and 69 101 Trampling Experiment: Tool Numbers 30 and 70 102 Results and interpretations of the Blind Experiment 103 Chapter Five: Analysis of Obsidian Artifacts from the Site of Contraguda, Italy 105 Description of the Site 105 The Excavation of Contraguda 107 The Stratigraphy of Contraguda 112 The Sampling Strategy for the Analysis of the Obsidian Artifacts from Contraguda 112 Artifact Analysis 113 Chapter Six: Results and Discussion 118 Experimental Results 118 Experimental Discussion 119 Results for the Contraguda Artifacts 122 Discussion of the Archaeological Results 124 ii Chapter Seven: Conclusions 126 Other Research in this Region 126 Considerations Regarding Use-Wear Experiments 127 References 130 Appendices 167 Appendix A: A History of Use-Wear Research 168 Appendix B: Experimental Tools 177 Appendix C: Experimental Use Wear Documentation Form 194 Appendix D: Use Wear Documented on the Experimental Tools 196 Appendix E: Directions for Blind Portion of Experiment 201 Appendix F: Use-Wear Analysis Data Sheet 203 Appendix G: Results of the Experiment 205 Appendix H: Contraguda Artifacts 234 Appendix I: Frequency of the use-wear attributes on the SA (n = 31) and SC (n = 31) Experimental Tools 242 iii List of Figures and Tables Figure 1. Sardinia, the second largest island in the Mediterranean 16 Figure 2. The major regions, towns, and rivers of Sardinia 17 Figure 3. The four insular sources of obsidian in the western Mediterranean: Lipari, Palmarola, Pantelleria, and Sardinia (Monte Arci) 26 Figure 4. An example of impressed ware pottery (from Webster 1996) 33 Figure 5. Bonu Ighinu pottery (from Webster 1996) 33 Figure 6. Hypogea tomb, plan (a) and profile (b) (from Webster 1996) 41 Figure 7. Plan of a Middle Neolithic tomb (Tomb 387 at Su Cuccuru s’Arriu In Cabras) with enlarged detail of stone figurine found in Tomb 387 (from Webster 1996) 42 Figure 8. The chaîne opératoire (from Grace 2000) 45 Figure 9. The measurement of the profile of a tool (from Grace 1989) 80 Figure 10. Examples of profile ratios (from Grace 1989) 81 Figure 11. The calculation of the shape of the tool (from Grace 1989) 82 Figure 12. Examples of the scores obtained from shape measurements (from Grace 1989) 83 Figure 13. Common fracture types recorded in this experiment, with arrows in the profile view representing the direction of force resulting in the various fracture types (from Grace 1989) 84 Figure 14. The location of Contraguda on the island of Sardinia, Italy with other Late Neolithic sites identified 106 iv Figure 15. A site plan of Contraguda highlighting areas 3, 4, 19, and 20, and test units D, I, and Q. Red areas indicate those with obsidian artifacts (from Lai and Tykot 2004 after Boschian et al. 2000-2001). 108 Figure 16. Materials processed with both SA and SC obsidian at Contraguda (n=110) 123 Table 1. The Cultures of Neolithic Sardinia (after Webster) 31 Table 2. Hardness of materials worked based on Shea and Klenck (1993) 77 Table 3. The Contraguda artifacts analyzed in this study, including the area number, unit, obsidian type, and the results of the use-wear analysis 114 Table 4. The results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for the use-wear features analyzed in this research 120 v Use-Wear Experiments with Sardinian Obsidian: Determining Its Function in the Neolithic Teddi J. Setzer ABSTRACT This study focuses on identifying the function of obsidian tools from the Late Neolithic archaeological site of Contraguda on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia. The information obtained from use-wear analysis can provide information about changes in subsistence patterns, craft specialization, social differentiation and technology. This research began by collecting geological samples of obsidian from two of the most exploited sources in the Monte Arci volcanic complex of Sardinia. Subsequently, an experimental set of tools was made from these samples, and they were used to work various raw materials that were presumably available in Sardinia during the Neolithic. Wear patterns were studied on the experimental set utilizing macroscopic and low-power microscopy techniques and were compared to the wear on artifacts excavated from the site of Contraguda. The data obtained from this study were used to identify the function of this site, and complement and refine prior interpretations of human activity in this region. Conducting this study in Sardinian obsidian use wear by utilizing the same geological sources that people during the Neolithic were exploiting provides exceptional data and a perspective that may not be otherwise obtained. vi Finally, general information may be gleaned from the experimental and analytical techniques used in this research by others. Macroscopic and low-power microscopy techniques are expedient, inexpensive, and easily used in the field; however, minimal research has been done using low-power techniques relative to high-power or higher-tech methods. This research also addresses the benefits, limits, and feasibility of low-power approaches on their own, as well as in conjunction with other lithic analysis methods. vii Chapter One: Introduction This thesis is a culmination of information obtained from two summers of fieldwork, over two years of related lab work, and over a year of literature review and writing. In the summer of 2001, I made my first trip to Italy. This was exciting, because not only was I getting to see this country for the first time, but also, I was assisting my major advisor, Robert Tykot, with his research on the trade of obsidian during the Neolithic.
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