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The Systematics, Distribution and Bionomics of Deep Sea Fishes Beyond Depth 200M Along the South West Coast of India

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The Systematics, Distribution and Bionomics of Deep Sea Fishes Beyond Depth 200M Along the South West Coast of India THE SYSTEMATICS, DISTRIBUTION AND BIONOMICS OF DEEP SEA FISHES BEYOND DEPTH 200M ALONG THE SOUTH WEST COAST OF INDIA ffiwio ouflmitted ta tfie COCHINYapadm/ UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND¢%e TECHNOLOGY /WWJWW4 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL FISHERIES COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY KOCHI — 682 016 2009 Dedicated to My Family DECLARATION I, Venu S., do hereby declare that the thesis entitled The Systematics, Distribution and Bionomics of Deep sea fishes beyond depth 200 m along the South west coast of India is a genuine record of research work carried out by me under the guidance of Prof. (Dr.) B. Madhusoodana Kurup, Director, School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi — 16 and no part of the work has previously formed the basis for the award of any Degree, Associateship and Fellowship or any other similar title or recognition of any University or Institution. Venu S. Kochi — 16 September—2009 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled The Systematics, Distribution and Bionomics of Deep sea fishes beyond depth 200m along the South west coast of India to be submitted by Sri. Venu S., is an authentic record of research work carried out by him under my guidance and supervision in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Cochin University of Science and Technology, under the faculty of Marine \Sciences. Prof. (Dr.) B. Madhusoodana Kurup i’f (Supervising Teacher) [73:\,:f_\\ \\ Prof.-1’ (Dr.) B.Director Madhusoodana Kurup School of Industrial Fisheries Cochin University of Science and Technology Kochi — 682 016 Kochi — 16 September—2009 flC'1C7V0’WLT.'f1)gE.‘M£7V'I5' I express nry sincere gratitude to (Dr. G}. Wlad/iusoodana Kurup, (Professor, Sc/ioo[ of Industriaffl-‘is/ieries, Cocfiin University of Science and ‘lee/inolbgy for fiis most va[ua5le guidance, inspiring supervision and constructive criticism tfiroug/iout tfiis study. I am gratefuf to (Prof ) Q madfiusoodana Kurup, ®irector, Scfioof of Industriaf 7-'i.sfieries, Cocfiin University of Science and Teclinoflagy for providing necessary facifities to carry out tliis worfisuccessfulfy. I wisli to express my sincere tfian/gs to CWILRE M10055, govt. of India) for giving me an opportunity to wor/{as a Senior Researcfi ‘Te[[crw in tfie project entit[edStocE_j4ssessment and (Biology of deep sea fis/ies in tfie Indian QJEZ and to participate in tfie cruises on5oard TOQUV Sagar Sampada for tfie study. I am tfzanlifuf to (Dr. '1/JV Sanjeeuan, ®irector, C51/ILRE, Koc/ii for /iis suggestions and advices. I am gratefuf to ®r. SM. Jfarifirisfznan for fiis encouragements, witfiout wfiic/i t/iis tliesis woufd not /iave fiappened and ~’Dr. S. 5ures/1 ‘Kumar for fiis timefy interventions w/ieneuer I was in con usion. My wfiofefiearted tfianfis are due to my friends Sri. (Prem&z[Q9., (Dr. Joice ‘I/. ‘77iomas, ®r. 9{ari Q3. for tfzeir persistent and wfiouzfieaned support and encouragement dunng tfie entire period of t/ie study. I extend my sincere gratitude to (Dr. Radfiafigislinan and (Dr. K. Ranjeet for tfieir timely fielp. fMy /ieartjeft gratitude to «“Dr. 911. GP. Trafifialiaran for fiis se_[f&2ss efforts and encouragement during t/ie entire period of writing tfiis t/iesis. I woufd [ifie to express my sincere tfianks to Q)r. C. Sreedevi, Sn". (Prajitfz, ‘K. 7(., /’15fii&1sfi, ‘K. R and fl nit 51/I. ‘Ifiomas for tfieir timefy fiefp. ‘Tfie cooperation and /ielp rendered By Sn". flnis/I =Pacfiu and (Pau[ ‘Iliampi during tlie cruises on5oardTOQl/.SagarSampada a[so t/ian§fu[[y aclinowfedgedf {My sincere gratitucfe is due to alT C/iief Scientists, especial?) to ®r. Sreecffiar, tfie liest Cfiief Scientist I /iave ever seen in 15 cruises I have participatecfonfioarzf‘TOR’!/SagarSampada. "Hie scientific participants of a[[ t/ie cruises I fiave participatezf on5oarr{ TO(R_’V Sagar Sampada especialfy to tliose of cruise No. 241 for tfieir cooperation aruf great support in carrying out tfie maximum possi5[e sampling in tfie stucfy area. I am tlian/{fu[ to Sn; Leopollf (Sr. ‘Tecfmicaf Ofiicer, CQVITRI), Re/zjan K. )4. {Former ‘F-isfiing Master, CQVILRE), Ramesan (‘Fisliing Master, CQWFRI), ‘Tfiapan Kumar 9Vla[o, K. R Sunif Kumar, Ratnavefl 5. Q3. Trakgsfi, (Binoy, Q’ra&ep (C9l1LRfl:I)anc{.'NO9{I17V'CO staflSfifl Rajagopaf, (Benny, George, .S'fii5u, Ratfiees/i, Rajeeu, t?radeep, .5'u6/ieesfi an¢{5'uL{fieesfi for tfieir sefifess cooperation amfguufance cfuring tfie eagpforatory cruises I /iarue attemflzzf onlioarzf ‘FORV SagarSampaz{a. I am tfzanfifuf to Trof {(Dr.) T. M. fxvlofian, .‘l{ea¢{ of tfie (Department, amf my Department of Ocean Studies ancf Drlarine Q3io[og'_y, (BrooE,sfia5at{ Campus, \Tond'icfierry ‘University, @021 Qflzir for /iis w/iofe /ieartetf support for sulimission of tfiis tfzesis. 91/ly tfianlis are Jue to Sri. Sandeep amf _’/06in josfiua for t/ieir fzefp in preparing tfie p&1tes. I express my sincere gratitmfe to a[[ tfiefacufties amf non teacliing staflqf tfie Sc/ioof of Imfustnaf Tisfienes, C’U_Sj4T ]l[so I am gratefuf to my friends of Scfioof of 91/larine Sciences, C‘US/‘IT ‘Ifie continuous flow of [ave amf a_ffi2ct1'on of myfamilj» was tfie cfrivingforce, witfiout -w/iose wfiofefieartezf support tfzis worlégwouflf/ia-ue never (Seen successfuféi compfetetf ‘I/enu S. Koclii — 16 .S'eptem6er—2009 CONTENTS Chapter 1 General Introduction Introduction Review of literature Objectives Organisation of chapters Section I Systematics and Distribution Chapter 2 Systematics of deep sea fishes of 27 - 291 Southwest coast of Indian EEZ Chapter 3 Distribution and abundance of deep sea 292 - 312 fishes beyond 200m depth along Southwest coast of Indian EEZ Section II Bionomics of deep sea fishes Chapter 4 Food and Feeding 313 - 327 Chapter 5 Maturity and Spawning 328 - 347 Chapter 6 Length — Weight Relationship 348 - 366 Chapter 7 Age and Growth 367 - 378 Chapter 8 Summary and Recommendations 379 — 391 References Appendix I CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION Chapter I General Introduction Introduction The fisheries sector has been recognised as a powerful engine for economic development and employment generation as it stimulates growth of a number of subsidiary industries. It is an important source of cheap and nutritious food, besides it provides as an instrument of livelihood for a large section of economically backward population of the country. Indian fisheries sector is an important component of the global fisheries; constituting about 4.4% of the global fish production and contributes to 1.1% of the GDP and 4.7% of the agricultural GDP According to SOFIA (2007), the amount of food fish consumed on a global scale has increased from 45 m mt in 1973 to over 90 m mt in 1997 and reached 107.2 in 2005. Over this span, world per capita food fish consumption has also risen from 12 kg/year to 16.6 kg/year (SOFIA, 2007). Growth in food fish consumption has primarily been a developing-country phenomenon. China dominated aggregate consumption of fisheries products in 1997, with over 36 percent of global consumption, rising from only 11 % in 1973. India and Southeast Asia together accounted for another 17 % in 1997, with total consumption doubling since 1973 (Delgado et al. 2003). Marine fish production from the currently fishable areas of the Indian EEZ is reaching or has reached its optimum level. India is the seventh largest fishing nation of the world with an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 2.02 million sq. km. Sudarsan et al. (1990) estimated a resource potential of Systenratics, rlistribution and bionomics of the fislres inlmbiting bcyoml 200m tlcprh along the south west coast of India 1 Chapter 1 General Introduction 3.92 million tonnes from the Indian EEZ. Of this, the inshore water (0.50m), 10 % in area of the EEZ, possesses an estimated exploitable potential of 58 % (2.28 million tonnes). The rest, 1.64 million tonnes, are scattered over a very large area of (89 % of EEZ) offshore waters (50-500m). The level of exploitation in the inshore waters has already reached the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) level whereas only 31.46 °/o of offshore waters are exploited. The 1.64 million tonnes of deep-sea fishery resources comprise 45.25 °/o pelagic stock, 39.8 % demersal stock and 15 % of oceanic species (Sudarsan et al. 1990). Demersal surveys beyond the 100 m depth have shown that unexploited species of fish, shrimps and lobsters occur in deeper waters. The major unexploited resources are fish groups are the threadfin breams, yellow fin tuna, pelagic sharks, cephalopods, carangids and shrimps in the order of abundance. In this area, the bottom trawl fishery has developed and expanded rapidly during the last couple of decades, mainly due to very favourable export markets for shrimps. Demersal fish exploited at present are components of the stocks distributed over the continental shelf, particularly within the 100 m depth zone. In view of the prevailing state of fisheries in this region and with global fish supply struggling to keep pace with demand over the next 20 years, there is scope for further exploitation of 1.25 million tonnes of deep-sea resources (D’Cruz, 2004) available in the Indian EEZ. Recently, the depletion and increased regulation of shal|ow—water fishery resources have generated greater interest in the potential of deepwater fisheries. Sma|ler—scale fisheries for deep-sea animals have been conducted in certain locations around the world for more than a century, but S ystr.-mutics, distribution and Iaiononrics 0ftIm_fisItc.\‘ inhabiting bcyoml 200»: tleptlr along the south west c0u_\‘t of Imlin 2 Chapter I General Introduction Iarge—scale commercial deepwater fisheries are a more recent phenomenon. While currently a relatively small number of countries are involved in high seas bottom trawling, and the current total value of high seas bottom trawl fisheries is estimated at well below 1% of the fish catch worldwide, fishing effort appears likely to continue to move into the deep sea as stocks closer to shore are getting depleted.
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