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Trends of Research and Development of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

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Trends of Research and Development of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY TRENDS 5 Trends of Research and Development of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Jin KAWA K ITA Associated Fellow through interconnection with system power and 1 Introduction combination with batteries. Establish reliability as an industrial product. Efforts to establish a low-carbon society have been 3) Fostering of social infrastructures, use initiated by reducing dependence on fossil fuels infrastructures, and use environment including petroleum, coal, and natural gas, based on Build a recycling and reuse framework. Design such renewable energy as sunlight and wind power. As systems through government-business cooperation. part of the effort, the Agency for Natural Resources 4) Industrial evolution and international and Energy (ANRE) has set out a goal to significantly competitiveness increase the extent to which solar power generation Promote the procurement of raw materials in is introduced in Japan tenfold by 2020 and 40-fold by overseas markets. Develop overseas production bases. 2030.[1] With a goal to develop solar power generation Foster human resources. as a major energy source by 2030, the New Energy In addition to these challenges, research and and Industrial Technology Development Organization development have been desired of new concepts such (NEDO) has created the Photovoltaic Roadmap as a quantum dot and new structures such as a tandem Toward 2030 (PV2030), a guideline for technological structure. Ultra-high-efficiency solar cells with light- progress in Japan. Aiming to develop photovoltaic collecting and other new systems have also been generation as a principle technology to support CO2 anticipated. reduction by 2050 with a contribution to not only This report introduces the trends of research and Japan but the global community as well, PV2030 development for dye-sensitized solar cells, of which has also been revised to further promote the use of Japan has particularly strong capabilities and which photovoltaic generation and maintain the Japanese have color variations, cost advantages, and other industry’s international competitiveness (PV2030+[2]). features that are not found in other types of solar cells, To promote the use of photovoltaic generation, in light of promoting the extent to which photovoltaic PV2030+ aims to accomplish the following: generation is generally introduced, as mentioned 1) Improved cost efficiency of solar cell modules, previously. including cost reduction Develop technologies for manufacturing solar cell 2 Current Situation of Dye-sensitized modules and high performance system devices at Solar Cells low costs. Inexpensive system design. Simplified installation work. Extend the system life to further 2-1 Comparison of Solar Cell Materials improve cost efficiency. Table 1 shows the types and characteristics of solar 2) Transformation into usable energy for the sake cell materials for comparison. In terms of energy of expanded use and applications conversion efficiency and long-term reliability, the Establish system-use technologies for eliminating mainstream solar cells at present are silicon-based. For the mismatch between generation and power demand the sake of promoting the extent to which photovoltaic 70 QUARTERLY REVIEW No.35 /April 2010 Table 1 : Types and Characteristics of Solar Cell Materials (Comparison of Single-Junction Cells, as of May 2009) Measured Cost Disadvantages Structure/ Type Material conversion competitive- Advantages (Necessary process [3] efficiency (%) ness improvements) Not suited for mass production; High cost, n-type Si layer doped High efficiency, high variable raw material Single-crystal Si on single-crystal 25.0 × reliability p r i c e , l i t t l e r o o m p-type Si layer for improvement in conversion efficiency Lower cost than Lower efficiency than Si-based n-type Si layer doped Polycrystalline single-crystal Si; s i n g l e - c r y s t a l S i; on polycrystalline 20.4 △ Si High efficiency, high Variable raw material p-type Si layer reliability price Relatively small use p-layer, i layer, and Lower efficiency than of Si material; Lower Amorphous Si n layer deposited by 9.5 △ single-crystal Si; Light cost than single- CVD process degradation crystal Si High efficiency; Low deposition rate; GaAs Metal-organic CVD 26.1 × Endure radiations in Using toxic As; High space cost A variety of production methods; Using highly toxic Compound- p-type CdTe Optimum band Cd; Dependent on based CdTe polycrystalline layer 16.7 △ gap for generation; t h e a m o u n t o f Te on n-type CdS layer Lower cost than resources single-crystal Si Vapor deposition of High optical D e p e n d e n t o n I n CIS/CIGS 19.4 △ CIS/CIGS layers absorbance resources Capable of production by simple process in Dye, Place dye-absorbed Dye- open air; Colorable, U l t r a v i o l e t semiconductor, TiO electrode in 10.4 ○ sensitized 2 transparent; degradation electrolyte electrolyte Maintain generation characteristics under room light etc. Little thickness; Apply mixture of Capable of U l t r a v i o l e t Organic thin Fullerene, p-type polymer and 5.2 ○ manufacturing d e g r a d a t i o n; L o w film based polymer n-type fullerene etc. by inexpensive efficiency application process Prepared by the STFC generation is used in the future, the challenge is to 2) Colorable, transparent reduce the material and process costs significantly The use of dye and its wide selection allow colored from the current 46 yen/kWh. Crystalline silicon solar cells and transparent cells. cells are used in large quantities, but have a unstable 3) Flexible thin structure cost factor, namely price fluctuations due to material Using aggregates of fine particles of photoelectric supply. The problem with amorphous silicon solar conversion materials, the solar cells can be formed as cells is low energy conversion efficiency. Non-silicon flexible thin films. compound semiconductors are under development, 4) Generation characteristics insusceptible to the whereas such materials have essential problems, incident angle and intensity of the sunlight including resource depletion and toxicity in the long Generation characteristics can be maintained even term. in a weak light condition, such as under faint light in Unlike the foregoing cells, dye-sensitized solar cells the morning and evening and when indoors. have the following advantages: 5) Lighter weight 1) Capable of production in a simple way Plastic substrates can be used to reduce the weight of No vacuum process is required for manufacturing. solar cells and panels. The solar cells and panels can be produced in a With these advantages, dye-sensitized solar cells simple way in open air. This means a significant cost can be installed in locations where appearance is reduction of 1/5 to 1/10 as compared to silicon solar important and other solar cells are hardly applicable, cells. such as the glass panes and inner and outer walls of a building, the sunroof and outer panels of an 71 Figure 1: Prototype Models of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Panels FigureMounted 1: Prototype on arched Models roof (left; of Dye-SensitizedindicatedSCIENCE by & the TECHNOLOGY Solar arrow) Cell Panels DecoratedTRENDS for interior use (right) Mounted on arched roof (left; indicated by the arrow) Decorated for interior use (right) Mounted on arched roof (left; indicated by the arrow) Decorated for interior use (right) Figure 2: Cell Structure (left) and Principle of Operation (right) of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell 光電極 Photoelectrode Source : Reference[5] 対向電極 Counter electrode Sunlight 太陽光 色素 Dye Source: Reference4] Source: Reference5] 酸化チタン Titanium oxide 4] Source : Reference[4] 5] Source: Reference電解液 Electrolyte Source: Reference Figure 1 : Prototype Models of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Panels Electromotive force 起電力 Photoelectrode Counter electrode Titanium oxide Counter electrode Dye Dye Titanium oxide Sunlight Electrolyte Electromotive force Electrolyte Sunlight Prepared by the STFC based on Reference7] Figure 2 : Cell Structure (left) and Principle of Operation (right) of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Prepared by the STFC based on Reference[7] automobile, and the enclosure of a cellular phone. This 2-2 Trends of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells allows the creation of new markets with expanded demand. Figure 1 shows examples of prototype 2-2-1 Principle of Operation models for dye-sensitized solar cell panels. Such A dye-sensitized solar cell is one of the solar cells panels can be installed on the colored arched roof of a that uses organic dyes to gain photovoltaic force. It is garage, taking advantage of the excellent design and also called a Grätzel cell after the inventor, a professor drainage performance. The panels can be variously of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in freely decorated for room walls, windows, and interior Lausanne (EPFL: Ecoles Polytechniques Fédérales de use. Lausanne). Figure 2 shows the cell structure and the principle of operation for the dye-sensitized solar cell. The light incident on the transparent electrode (photo- electrode) excites the dye in the cell from the ground 72 科学技術動向 2009 年 12 月号 年前半時点での最大実測値は、セ いる。現時点では、実用化サイズ くアプローチに秀でている。一方、 ル変換効率で 11.2%（シャープ株 で 8％の変換効率が実現でき、安定 日本の研究機関は、民間企業と大 式会社発表）、モジュール効率 した製造技術が確立できることが、 学や独立行政法人との共同研究に 8.4%（ソニー株式会社発表）となっ 市場化できる最低ラインと考えら よる色素開発やセルデバイス化と ている。これまでの変換効率の推 れる。一方、モジュール変換効率 いった応用研究的手法が奏功して 移および今後の開発目標を図表 4 が15%となった場合には7円／ いる。現在ではセル、モジュール に示す。 kWh の発電コストが可能になると ともに日本の研究成果が変換効率 モジュール効率についても、 の試算もある 11）。今後のセルおよ の世界最高値を示している。また、 2008 年以降に 8% を超える値が報 びモジュールの変換効率の開発目 今後の主たる技術課題である電解 告されるようになり、NEDO によ
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