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Future Generation Technology Status Within the High-Performance PV Project

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Future Generation Technology Status Within the High-Performance PV Project FUTURE GENERATION TECHNOLOGY STATUS WITHIN THE HIGH- PERFORMANCE PV PROJECT Martha Symko-Davies, Robert McConnell and Fannie Posey-Eddy National Center for Photovoltaics National Renewable Energy Laboratory 2006 IEEE 4th World Conference May 11, 2006 NREL/PR-520-39867 Presented at the 2006 IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC-4) held May 7-12, 2006 in Waikoloa, Hawaii. Disclaimer and Government License This work has been authored by Midwest Research Institute (MRI) under Contract No. DE-AC36-99GO10337 with the U.S. Department of Energy (the “DOE”). The United States Government (the “Government”) retains and the publisher, by accepting the work for publication, acknowledges that the Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for Government purposes. Neither MRI, the DOE, the Government, nor any other agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe any privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of the authors and/or presenters expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of MRI, the DOE, the Government, or any agency thereof. High Performance PV Project Description Explore the ultimate performance limits of PV technologies, doubling sunlight-to-electricity conversion efficiencies, lowering costs Bring thin-film tandem cells and modules toward 25% and 20% efficiencies, respectively. Develop multijunction concentrators able to convert more than one- third of the sun’s energy to electricity (i.e., 33% efficiency) Increase baseline efficiency of 3rd generation PV concepts (from 39% baseline to 50%) and increase efficiency of potentially low-cost organic solar cells (from 11% baseline for the dye cell to 20%). Enable progress of high efficiency technologies toward commercial- prototype products Best Research-Cell Efficiencies 40 Multijunction Concentrators Three-junction (2-terminal, Boeing- NREL Spectrolab (inverted, 36 monolithic) mis- Two-junction (2-terminal, monolithic) Spectrolab matched) Crystalline Si Cells Japan 32 Energy NREL/ Single crystal NREL Spectrolab Multicrystalline NREL 28 Thin Si Thin Film Technologies UNSW Cu(In,Ga)Se UNSW 2 UNSW 24 CdTe Spire UNSW NREL Amorphous Si:H (stabilized) UNSW Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Spire Stanford 14x concentration FhG-ISE Nano-, micro-, poly- Si Georgia Tech UNSW Efficiency (%) Efficiency 20 ARCO Sharp Multijunction polycrystallineWesting- Georgia Tech NREL Varian NREL NREL NREL house AstroPower NREL Emerging PV NREL University NREL (small area) 16 NREL (CdTe/CIS) Dye cells No. Carolina So. Florida Univ. NREL Stuttgart Organic cells State University Euro-CIS Sharp Boeing United Solar (45µm thin-film (various technologies) Solarex ARCO transfer) (large area) Kodak Boeing 12 Boeing EPFL AMETEK Photon Energy Masushita Kodak Boeing United Solar Kaneka Monosolar Solarex (2µm on glass) 8 NREL Boeing RCA Konarka University Linz University EPFL Groningen 4 of Maine RCA Siemens RCA RCA RCA RCA University RCA University Linz 0 Linz 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 026587193 Objectives of Future Generation • Increase baseline efficiency of 3rd generation PV concepts (from 39% baseline to 50%) and increase efficiency of potentially low- cost organic solar cells (from 11% baseline for the dye cell to 20%). • Support the DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program: Multi- Year Technical Plan (MYTP) – Organic Solar Cells • Initiate theoretical studies for doping organic materials • Determine operational characteristics of excitonic solar cells using biomimetic, organic, and nanotechnology concepts • Assess efficiency potential, stability, and reliability of organic polymer and small-molecule solar cells • Identify commercialization pathways for promising new technologies via university/industrial partnerships – Dye-sensitized Solar Cells • Assess efficiency potential, stability, and reliability of inorganic/organic solar cells • Assess dye-sensitized solar cell options involving solid-state electrolytes. Objectives (continued) • Support the MYTP – Nanostructure Solar Cells • Determine operational characteristics of excitonic solar cells using nanotechnology concepts---including biomimetic concepts mimicking a solar biological process – Third-Generation Technologies • Demonstrate feasibility of third-generation PV devices such as hot-carrier and impact-ionization concepts • Assess potential of nanotechnologies for achieving third- generation goals of very high efficiency and very low cost. • Future Generation--Subcontractors – Organic Solar Cells • Princeton University (Steven Forrest) – Project Title: Approaching 10% Conversion Efficiency using Tandem Organic Photovoltaic Cells with Enhanced Optical Coupling – Collaborator: Global Photonic Energy Corp. • Northwestern University (Thomas Mason) – Project Title: Interface and Electrode Engineering for Next-Generation Organic Photovoltaic Cells – Collaborators: BP Solar, Konarka, Northwestern Departments of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, and Materials Science and Engineering. – Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells • University of Colorado (Josef Michl) – Project Title: Ultra High Efficiency Excitonic Solar Cell – Collaborators: University of Nevada-Reno, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Northwestern University, NREL (Art Nozik). – Third-Generation Technologies • University of Delaware (Christiana Honsberg) – Project Title: Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Approaches to >50% Efficient Solar Cells – Collaborators: Imperial College, Purdue University, University of New South Wales. Summary of Activities • Methods and Expected Outcomes--Subcontractors – Organic Solar Cells • Princeton University (Stephen Forrest) – Develop “toolbox” of concepts for optimizing organic solar cells targeting 10% efficiency • Northwestern University (Thomas Mason) – Characterize stability of n-type TCOs for candidate organic solar cells – Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells • University of Colorado (Josef Michl) – Synthesize multiple-exciton generation sensitizer for dye solar cell targeting 20% efficiency – Third-Generation Technologies • University of Delaware (Christiana Honsberg) – Develop design rules for non-conventional PV conversion processes leading to >50% efficient solar cells In-house Activities • NREL Basic Sciences Center (High Efficiency Concepts PV) – Third Generation Technologies • Third Generation PV: Quantum Dot Solar Cells (Art Nozik) – Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells • Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Research (Art Frank) – Computational Modeling, Analysis and Design of PV Materials • TCO, III-V, Polycrystalline thin films and Si (Suhuai Wei) – Solid State Spectroscopy of PV Materials • Enhance designs for high efficiency monolithic multi-bandgap tandem solar cells. Modulated Reflectance (MR) measurements, and Raman measurements(Angelo Mascarenhas) – Solid State Theory of PV Materials and Devices • Polycrystalline thin films, new materials for wide-bandgap thin-film top cells, enhance efficiencies of III-V tandem cells for high performance by inserting in them particles creating Intermediate Gap absorption (Alex Zunger) Exciton Solar Cells • Electrons and holes are still created Dye Solar Cell simultaneously • But they are bound together and move as bound pairs to the nearest material boundary • Separation of electrons and holes at a material interface is followed by diffusion or electrochemical drivers of the charge carriers • Primarily associated with organic materials……plastics • Potentially low costs for materials and processing Multiple Electron-Hole Pairs-per-Photon Solar Cells • Electron and hole created simultaneously • Hot electron and hole create multiple (m) electron-hole pairs through Auger emission and absorption instead of thermalizing • Need materials (e.g., quantum dots) susceptible to creation of multiple Auger electron-hole pairs • Recently observed by NREL and Los Alamos scientists…3 carriers for 1 photon • Can be added to a multijunction solar cell stack to achieve higher efficiency H. Queisser et al., Max Planck Inst., Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 41/42, 1996 Intermediate-Band Solar Cells • Involves a narrow energy level, instead of stacks of energy bands as in multijunction cells • Theoretical efficiency advantages over equivalent multijunction cells • Can simplify and augment multijunction solar cell efficiencies A. Luque et al., U. Politecnica de Madrid Band diagram of a solar cell Phys. Rev. Lett., 78, No. 26, 1997 with an intermediate band. PI: Stephen Forrest, Princeton University • Research Objectives: • Significant Results: Demo organic PV cells with high • In a hybrid cell consisting of the organics CuPc/C60 efficiency by using new structures based (material system first demonstrated in this program), on vapor deposited small molecular record efficiencies of 5.9% under 1 sun, AM1.5 weight organic thin films. illumination observed. • First demonstration of organic bulk heterojunction • Approach: based on small molecular weight materials 1. Demonstrate new materials systems • Formation of a bulk heterojunction by
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