Immaginare Gli Italo-Americani: Dalla Scuola Di Chicago in Poi

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Immaginare Gli Italo-Americani: Dalla Scuola Di Chicago in Poi DIPARTIMENTO CULTURE E SOCIETÀ Samuele Grassi – Cirus Rinaldi IMMAGINARE GLI ITALO-AMERICANI: DALLA SCUOLA DI CHICAGO IN POI. INTRODUZIONE ALLA SEZIONE «CLASSICS» http://dx.doi.org/XXXXXXXXXXXX Abstract This piece introduces Chiara Mazzucchelli, Anthony Julian Tamburri, and Sabrina Velluc- ci’s essays on Italian-Americanness, and extracts from Irving L. Child and Harvey Warren Zorbaugh’s sociological studies on marginality and «vice» areas in the US of the early XX century. It frames these distinctive and insightful pieces within the context of identitarian, linguistic, and cultural struggles that make up the archives of Italian migrant communities in the US.In conversation with the five pieces, this introduction aims to inquire into the practices of stigmatisation and reproduction of violence by dominant epistemological and ontological frameworks travelling beyond borders. Socioscapes. International Journal of Societies, Politics and Cultures 301 IainSamuele Chambers Grassi, Cirus Rinaldi The Italians in America apply the termcaffone (literary, “simpleton”) to a man of their nationality who has the least possible association with any group, has no regard for opinion, wears, for example, the same clothes during his whole stay in America, avoids all conversation, ignores his surroundings, and accumulates the sum of money he has in mind as rapidly as possible. We use the term here to designate the pure opportunist, who is unwilling to participate either in the American life or in that of his national group: “Thecaffoni , who were in Sicily mostly villani [serfs], are looked down upon by their own people and especially by that class of Italians who want to stay here and who feel injured whenever the Italian name is hurt. To this superior class a good name for the Italians is a requisite of their progress. The caffoni don’t care. All they want is to make money and go back. So we often see the superior class preaching and speaking to the caffoni in meetings, in groups and individually, persuading them to uphold the Italian name. Thecaf - foni listen, but then they shrug their shoulders and it is all over. “It does not give me any bread whether Italians have a good name in America or not. I am going back soon.” (Park, Miller 1921, 103-104) L’analisi sociale non studia semplicemente la realtà ma, al contempo, la costituisce e produce attraverso le sue ca- tegorizzazioni, tipizzazioni e rappresentazioni. Lo studio delle retoriche scientifiche ha permesso, in vari ambiti di ricerca, di rileggere alla luce – per esempio – dei generi e delle sessualità, delle componenti etno-razziali o di classe o dell’integrismo fisico, i diversi discorsi e i lori effetti produttivi sugli stessi oggetti osservati. Talora, l’assenza di una riflessione sul posizionamento dell’osservatore e sulla osservazione scientifica come pratica situatadetermina la per- manenza di un regime discorsivo funzionale al mantenimento di privilegi all’interno del qualegruppi egemoni di- ventano depositari di una normagenerale e astratta.Questo regime discorsivo si fonda sulla violenza epistemologica della parola e dello sguardo, o gaze, entrambi funzionali al (mis)riconoscimento di soggetti, esperienze, conoscenze, saperi e al loro assoggettamento alla logica dei dualismi esclusivi(visibile/invisibile, vivibile/dispensabile ecc.), come dimostrato da decenni di critica femminista in letteratura, nel cinema e negli studi postcoloniali (Mulvey, 1975; De Lauretis, 1984; hooks, 1992; Kaplan, 1997). Quanto più un tratto, una caratteristica o una dimensione identitaria rimangono impliciti tanto più essi hanno rilevanza egemone. Partendo da qui è importante ricordare la necessità di un punto di vista incarnato, di uno sguardo sul mondo da parte di un soggetto che, poiché anche corpo, si ma- nifesta all’incrocio di codici multipli (Haraway, 1988). Così come quello della teorizzazione scientifica, anche lo spazio della teorizzazione sociale è sovente occupato da un soggetto – si tratta di maschi, bianchi, di classe media, eterosessuali – che ha maggiore potere definitorio: si tratta del soggetto conoscitore, del produttore di conoscenza, il cui corpo non è mai portatore di segni di differenza perché è lo standard implicito che deve rimanere non-detto, non-marcatoe, di conseguenza, già implicitamente rap- presentato/rappresentabile poiché “trasparente” (si veda, ad esempio, Ferrante 2019, recensito in questo numero). Alcune identità, pertanto, occupano un regime di visibilità egemone, sono degne di essere riconosciute più di altre e possono essere riconosciute più facilmente di altre perché assumono – rinsaldando al contempo una serie di caratteristiche (tra cui il genere, la razza, la sessualità, ecc.) – carattere egemonico, si impongono come «dato per scontato», come «naturali», «normali», ascriviamo loro caratteristiche transtoriche, trascendentali, statiche. Non è un caso, infatti, che all’interno della analisi sociale gruppi marchiati come portatori di differenze siano diventa- tioggetto dello sguardo dello studioso conoscitore/controllore/moralizzatore – ora come subculture oggettivate in quanto espressione di classi sociali subalterne, ora come gruppi razzializzati e criminalizzati o, ancora, sessualizzati e deviantizzati. Una categoria identitaria svela la propria egemonia quanto più rimane implicita, generale e astratta, universalizzante, non permettendo all’osservatore di coglierne la specificità– da qui, l’urgenza di nominare il genere (maschile) di chi osserva, mettendo in luce il potenziale violento di grammatiche del dominio che si ri-producono performativamente(Singh 2017, Borghi L. 2019). Per esempio, nel momento in cui i concetti di «razza» o quello di «orientamento sessuale»o ancora quello di genere sono applicati per descrivere rispettivamente persone «non bian- che», persone «non-eterosessuali» e donne, le persone bianche, eterosessuali e di genere maschile continueranno a non essere considerate in termini «razziali», «sessuali» e «di genere» e, conseguentemente, continueranno a fungere da modello egemone, da norma, da standard. Anche nel caso del discorso delle scienze sociali e umanistiche – come 302 © S.IJSPC vol. 1 Issue 1, pp. X-XX Broken archives in a migrating modernityClassics vedremo dagli estratti inclusi nella sezione – le identità degli studiosi non hanno alcuna necessità di accaparrarsi la «presa di parola» dal momento che la loro posizione coincide con il punto di vista «universale»: non hanno alcun bisogno di «essere dette», non devono dare costantemente delle «spiegazioni» né hanno alcun bisogno di «dichiarar- si». Non dichiararsi è, ancor più e ancor prima, un modo per confermare e riprodurre i propri privilegi di «soggetto enunciante», dove il sapere – riconosciuto, autorizzato, dominante, egemonico (e quindi già precostruito/precosti- tuito come potere) – non fa altro che circoscrivere, stabilire e legittimare le condizioni di privilegio oscurandone al contempo la costruzione storica e socio-culturale, le cui radici affondano nel concetto stesso di modernità (razio- nale e razionalista). È quanto afferma Rachele Borghi nel suo recente studio sulla colonialità del sapere: La combinazione degli ingredienti della modernità – capitalismo, colonialismo, sapere, rapporti di dominazione ‒ ha permesso di preparare la torta chiamata civiltà, il tutto cotto nel forno della colonialità. Il loro legante è stato il razzismo. Dal 1492, ciò che ha creato il sistema-mondo è stata l’occupazione di territori, legittimata dalla gerarchizza- zione delle persone su base razziale e sull’idea che ci fosse una missione civilizzatrice (2019, 74). I classici riprodotti a partire da alcuni lavori fondativi della Scuola di Chicago (Park, Miller 1932; Zorbaugh 1929)e dallo studio psico-sociale condotto da Irving L. Child tra gli italo-americani di seconda generazione di New Haven (Connecticut) tra il 1937 e il 1938possono essere considerati come esemplificativi della modalità in cui le rappresentazioni sociali si tipizzano (Berger, Luckmann 1969, 82 ss.) e contribuiscono a “definire” la realtà, gli atteggiamenti sociali, il modo in cui la gente intende un certo fenomeno come problematico, determinando per esempio la produzione di eventuali interventi o immaginando che le definizioni attribuite alla realtà abbiano degli effetti sulla vita di tutti i giorni . L’immaginazione, infatti, in quanto processo sociale che filtra il pensiero e predi- spone al/l’azione nel mondo sociale, è momento fondante sia delle aspettative relazionali che dell’attribuzione del carattere di coseità ai fenomeni. Nel momento in cui un fenomeno acquista significato sociale ed è elaborato dalle diverse istituzioni sociali come “degno di attenzione” viene anche immaginato in termini culturali (Cooley 1992 [1902], 123 ss.). L’esistenza di un fenomeno e la sua rilevanza e pregnanza sociale sono acquisite nel momento in cui esso è sottoposto al vaglio di senso della società, finché non è pensato, immaginato socialmente, comunicato1: Reciprocamente, i significati immaginari sociali esistono entro e attraverso le “cose” – oggetti e individui – che li rendono presenti e li raffigurano, direttamente o indirettamente, immediatamente o mediatamente. Non possono esistere se non mediante la loro “incarnazione”, la loro “inscrizione”, la loro presentazione e raffigurazione entro e attraverso un reticolo di individui e oggetti cui essi “danno forma” […] individui e oggetti che esistono in generale e sono ciò che sono solo grazie a tali significati (Castoriadis1995, 251). Ogni rappresentazione sociale implica
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