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Mixed Race’ and Resistance in Contemporary Australian Literature

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Mixed Race’ and Resistance in Contemporary Australian Literature View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.ukbrought to you by CORE provided by Sydney eScholarship COPYRIGHT AND USE OF THIS THESIS This thesis must be used in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Reproduction of material protected by copyright may be an infringement of copyright and copyright owners may be entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. Section 51 (2) of the Copyright Act permits an authorized officer of a university library or archives to provide a copy (by communication or otherwise) of an unpublished thesis kept in the library or archives, to a person who satisfies the authorized officer that he or she requires the reproduction for the purposes of research or study. The Copyright Act grants the creator of a work a number of moral rights, specifically the right of attribution, the right against false attribution and the right of integrity. You may infringe the author’s moral rights if you: - fail to acknowledge the author of this thesis if you quote sections from the work - attribute this thesis to another author - subject this thesis to derogatory treatment which may prejudice the author’s reputation For further information contact the University’s Director of Copyright Services sydney.edu.au/copyright Intervening in the racial imaginary: ‘mixed race’ and resistance in contemporary Australian Literature Lyn Dickens A thesis submitted in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences University of Sydney 2014 This thesis is my own work and does not incorporate, without acknowledgement, any material previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any university. It does not contain any material previously published where due reference is not made in the text. I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources have been acknowledged. Signed: Date: ii Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisors, Kiran Grewal, Catriona Elder and Jane Park, for their intellectual support and encouragement over the past few years. I have been extremely fortunate to have studied with such dedicated and inspiring academics. I would also like to thank my Masters dissertation supervisor, and initial thesis supervisor, Jake Lynch, for encouraging me to commence doctoral study. The Department of Sociology and the Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies have also provided me with resources over the past few years, and I would like to thank the academics there for their encouragement. In particular I would like to thank Ken Macnab, Wendy Lambourne and Stuart Rees. I completed a year of my doctoral candidature as a visiting student at the English Faculty and Emmanuel College at Cambridge University. I would like to thank the Faculty and Emmanuel for their support during this time. In particular I must thank Chris Warnes, Fabienne Viala, Ben Etherington and Catherine Rashid of the English Faculty for their insightful conversations and advice, and my fellow graduate students and flatmates of Norwich Street, Fleur Ferguson, Will Jacobs and Melissa Cradic. Numerous people have supported me through this time, but particular thanks must go to my sister Mae-Lin Leow and my friends Leticia Anderson and Louisa Di Bartolomeo for their invaluable proof-reading and formatting assistance. I would also like to thank my friends Punam Yadav for her unfailing encouragement, Tim Steains for listening to my early ideas on mixed race subjectivity, and Annie Herro for her constant wisdom and guidance during my time as a graduate student. Thanks must also go to my extended family for their hospitality during my many travels between Australia, Singapore and the United Kingdom. In particular I would like to thank my uncles and aunts Linus, Cecilia, Rita and Sarbjeet, and my cousins Carmelita, Tim, Jack and Ethan. Finally, I would like to thank my parents Ron and Patricia Dickens. Their bravery in 1982, and dedication to each other ever since, lies at the heart of this thesis. iii Abstract This thesis examines the extent to which three contemporary Australian novels can be regarded as interventions in “the modern racial imaginary” (Mignolo 2011a, p. 277). In order to analyse the novels as interventions, this thesis looks in particular at depictions and conceptualisations of mixed race subjectivity and experience in the texts. The novels, The World Waiting to be Made by Simone Lazaroo (1994), Shanghai Dancing by Brian Castro (2003) and The Lost Dog by Michelle de Kretser (2007) all explore mixed subjectivities and experiences in the Asia-Pacific region. Throughout this thesis I examine the complexity and disruptive potential of the concept of ‘mixed race’. I argue that through the depiction of people of mixed race and their traumatic experiences of racialisation, the novels critique, resist and disrupt concepts of race and colonial worldviews. I further explore the ways in which the novels both promote and exemplify alternative ways of perceiving and interacting with other human beings that do not rely on racial categories or the humanitas/anthropos divide (Mignolo 2011b, p. 90). In order to do this I draw on Walter Mignolo’s concepts of border thinking/sensing and delinking, and Édouard Glissant’s work in The Poetics of Relation. I argue that critical examination of mixed race subjectivity and representation, in conjunction with transcultural concepts such as Relation and border thinking, provide a means of both challenging traditional concepts of race and essentialised cultures, and thinking beyond their boundaries. Furthermore, the novels themselves open up a transcultural space with transformative potential, which encourages the imagination of alternative, more equal worlds of Relation. iv Table of Contents Statement of originality ii Acknowledgements iii Abstract iv Introduction Intervening in the Racial Imaginary 1 Chapter 2 Subjectivity, Trauma and Alternative Imaginaries: Theoretical Framework 20 Chapter 3 Social and Historical Context 46 Chapter 4 “To struggle and embrace”: critiquing the racial imaginary in Simone Lazaroo’s The World Waiting to be Made 76 Chapter 5 “A form of insurrection”: disrupting the racial imaginary in Brian Castro’s Shanghai Dancing 118 Chapter 6 “A disturbing magic”: transformations and alternatives in Michelle de Kretser’s The Lost Dog 164 Conclusion Mixed Race and Resistance 210 Reference list 219 v ONE Introduction: Intervening in the Racial Imaginary and when we speak we are afraid our words will not be heard nor welcomed but when we are silent we are still afraid So it is better to speak ‘A Litany for Survival’ Audre Lorde, 2000 Background This thesis examines the implications of mixed race themes in three contemporary Australian novels, The World Waiting to be Made (1994), Shanghai Dancing (2003) and The Lost Dog (2007). Drawing on work in postcolonial studies, feminist theory, race and ethnicity studies and the growing field of mixed race studies, this thesis looks specifically at how these novels can be considered interventions in “the modern racial and colonial imaginary” (Mignolo 2011a, p. 227). I further intend this thesis to contribute to intervening in this imaginary through its critique of racial categories, exploration of mixed race subjectivities and engagement with theoretical links across transnational colonial contexts. I have chosen to focus on these three novels for several reasons. The novels examined in this thesis, written over a period of 13 years, are all significant, award-winning examples of Australian literature. They are also notable for their depiction of people of racially mixed heritage. Explorations of racial and cultural difference in Australian literature and cultural studies have an established history (Gunew 2004; Khoo 2003; Ommundsen 2007), however in-depth and nuanced explorations of what I term mixed race subjectivity is a somewhat less common phenomenon. Significantly, the novels explore both the vertical relationship between whiteness and the racially marginalised, as well as the less examined relational movements between and across different marginalised groups and older colonial powers. While the novels ! 1! are anchored in the Australian context, they are arguably transnational, and they focus on processes of racialisation in multiple temporal and geographical contexts, including non-Western societies. These transnational, transcultural and multiracial aspects of the novels are informed by the authors’ ‘mixed race’ and transnational backgrounds. Although I do not generally contain the term mixed race in quotation marks, I have done so both in the title of this thesis and the preceding sentence as it is not my intention to create a new ethnic label for either the type of literature these novels are, or the identities of their authors. As numerous scholars in the field of mixed race studies have pointed out, people of racially mixed backgrounds should be allowed the freedom to define their own forms of identification (Root 1996; Zack 2010). Similarly, while ‘mixed race’ Australian literature is a shorthand I have used in my thesis title, I do not wish to imply that these novels can only be read in such a way, or that all novels written by racially mixed authors engage with the same themes or concerns that I examine in these particular works. Research Questions The main questions I aim to address in this thesis are: to what extent can the novels The World Waiting to be Made, Shanghai Dancing and The Lost Dog be regarded as interventions in the modern racial and colonial imaginary, and how do they undertake these interventions? Within these broader questions, I am also interested in examining how an exploration of mixed race subjectivity and experience contributes to this intervention. I am further interested in making connections between a primarily Asia- Pacific space with its recent history of British colonialism, and alternative forms of postcolonial studies, specifically key works of Édouard Glissant and Walter Mignolo.
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