Bavarian State Archives of - The Jewish Registers 1813-1861 for Middle

The Situation of the Jews in Modern after 1806

by Gerhard Rechter

The Origin of Modern Bavaria and Administrative Reforms

With the abdication of Francis II as German emperor on 6 August 1806, the agony of the , or old German Empire, that had started on earlier, long before the French revolution of 1789, had come to an end.1 The territories of the old empire on the western banks of the Rhine were by then part of the French empire. Some of those to the east of the Rhine had attained their full sovereignty, whereas others had been included into the dominions of more powerful states as mediate subordinated or secularized units.2 Only the two prominent powers within the former empire could, to some extent, defend their independence from . The kingdom of Prussia, which had suffered substantial territorial losses after the 4th coalition war in the peace of Tilsit 1807, and , which had earlier became an empire in 1804. With the support of , Bavaria and Württemberg became kingdoms in 1806 and the states of , Hessen- Darmstadt and Berg became grand duchies. The breach of former imperial law cumulated in the foundation of the confederation of the Rhine on 12 July 1806 by 16 princes from southern and western , among whom was also the Bavarian king Max I Joseph.3 By breaking away from the empire, the members of this offensive and defensive alliance under the protectorate of Napoleon (whose presidency in the federal assembly fell to the former imperial archchancelor and prince primas Karl Theodor von Dalberg) received the complete constitutional sovereignty within their states. King Max I Joseph of Bavaria could therefore let his minister of state, Maximilian Joseph von Montgelas, take all the actions he deemed necessary for the implementation of the reform ideas set down in the " Mémoir" of 1796, unchanged by the rules of former imperial law.4 The foundations for a modern centralized state were also created consequently: 1. uniform government agencies (central bureaucracy), department ministries and specialized staff of civil servants 2. abolition of the corporate governing bodies of town administrations. 3. guarantee of specific freedoms (commerce, choice of occupation, religion), equality of tax and civil rights. 4. state supervision over churches and schools.5 Religious tolerance can be regarded as one of the most prominent characteristics of the reforms, and Bavaria, by the decrees on religious matters in 1803, caught up with the German powers: Austria (legislation of 1781) and Prussia (legislation of 1788). "This Edict formed the basis for the denomination neutrality of the state opposite its citizens and officials. Nobody was allowed to be preferred or put at a disadvantage because of his denomination ".6 This built

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up to the religion edict of March 24th, 1809. It created a stable foundation for the treatment of members of the Jewish faith by the introduction of the term "private church corporation". Thus it declared freedom of religion and conscience of citizens, but it was not before 1813 that the Jewish edict granted freedom of religion for the Jews, too.7 Without doubt this had been brought about by political evolution. In the beginning, the annexation of Franconian and Swabian regions had transformed many Jews into subjects of the King of Bavaria. Since 1802, Bavaria had continuously gained a foothold and expanded into these administrative divisions of the former Holy Roman Empire, in spite of temporary drawbacks. In this manner, at least ca. 42,000 - 43,000 Jews had become Bavarian subjects who gradually had to be integrated. In the Bavarian division of the Rhine ca. 2000 families with 10.470 heads were in possession of citizenship since the French legislation of l791 and only subject to the restrictions enforced by police and civil law contained in the decree of 18 March 1809. For the Jews in the former district of Steinfeld in the (ca. 154 heads) the constitution of 1809 had decreed the complete equality of rights.8 Altogether the Bavarian territory changed its contours frequently between 1802 and 1814, and this had repeatedly forced regional and local administration to reorganize.9 This did not remain without consequences. The Jewish registers started when the decree of 1813 was implemented. The first requests to the district offices to begin the registers and adoption of family names by Jews, were issued as soon as 1814 or the following year. Because the administrative organization had again changed before the registers were completely drawn up in 1819 and even more until their final extrapolation in 1861 a short description of structure and changes of organization of the "Administration of The Interior" seemed inevitable. Taking under special consideration the division of the Rezat river (Rezatkreis) or, as it was later called, Middle Franconia (Mittelfranken). In 1806, in the middle level of government administration, Bavaria was, bedsides the general land direction in Munich, divided further into 4 land directions. Among them one each for the newly acquired Bavarian territories in Franconia (seat in Ansbach) and (seat in Ulm).10 After the ordinance of 21 June 1808, it consisted of 15 divisions named by rivers following the French example, each with a general commissioner at its head.11 In the case of the modern Franconian government divisions these were the [1st] division (seat in Bamberg), the Pegnitz division (seat in Nürnberg), and the [1st] Rezat division (seat Ansbach). It must be noted that considerable parts of modern Upper Franconia only became Bavarian with the acquisition of the principality of Brandenburg-Bayreuth in 1810 as a result of the peace treaty of Schönbrunn. Whereas, the principalities Aschaffenburg and Würzburg, as the core parts of the modern division of , came to Bavaria only as result of the treaty of Ried concluded on 3 June 1814. After the first Bavarian intermezzo since 1802 as compensation for the former ecclesiastic principality of Eichstätt had definitively become Bavarian. In 1806 the territory of Würzburg had been granted as a principality and possession of a side line of the to electorate prince and archduke Ferdinand of Tuscany. At the same time in

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1803 sections on the river Main of the former ecclesiastic principality of Mainz, with six former local office districts of Mainz and one from the principality of Würzburg, were shaped into the principality of Aschaffenburg for former imperial archchancellor von Dalberg.12 As an outcome of the peace of Schönbrunn (24 October 1809) by the treaty of Paris (28 February l810), Bavaria received the principalities of: Salzburg, Berchtesgaden, the Austrian eastern bank of the river Inn, parts of the adjoining eastern slopes of the Hausruck hills, parts of the Austrian Salzkammergut, a region in the northern Alps adjoining Salzburg and the Hausruck country, the Franconian principality of Bayreuth (ceded from Prussia to France in 1807), various territories of the Teutonic knights (most of them, of course, occupied and annexed before) and the town of Regensburg, a part of the prinicipality of chancellor von Dalberg. At the same time it lost the south Tyrol and some Swabian territories.13 The new state territory was subdivided by ordinance on 23 September 1810 into 9 general division commissions (Generalkreis- kommissariat, again named by rivers): Main division (seat in Bayreuth), Rezat division (Ansbach), Regen division (Regensburg), Upper Danube division (), Lower Danube division (Straubing), Iller division (), Isar division (München), Salzach division (Burghausen), Inn division (Innsbruck).14 The frontiers were definitely determined by the Vienna Congress (October 1814 to June 1815). In the following period they only changed by the cession of the districts Gersfeld and Orb to Prussia in the year 1866 and the loss of the Bavarian division of the Palatinate on the Rhine after the second World War in 1945. However, the promises made in Vienna (with treaties on 3 and 23 April 1815) regarding a territorial connection through the valley of the river and the Odenwald hills between the eastern bulk of Bavaria and its western exclave of the Palatinate on the Rhine, were never fulfilled.15 Then the third division reform (see map sketch "Kreiseinteilung 1817") created by ordinance on (20 February 1817) eight divisions, again called by rivers: Isar division (seat in München), Lower Danube division (Straubing), Regen division (Amberg), Upper Danube division (Augsburg) Rezat division (Ansbach), Upper Main division (Bamberg), Lower Main division (Würzburg) and Rhine division (Speyer).16 As part of the policy of restoration and integration of King Louis I, son and successor of Max I, the ordinance of 29 November 1837 brought a further division reform (see map sketch "Kreiseinteilung 1837") that replaced the general commissioners by regional government division presidents (Regie- rungspräsident). In this case the number of divisions (Kreis) remained the same and it resulted in few territorial changes, but important and valid to this day is the fact that the divisions were no longer called by rivers, but received the historical names of the "German tribes united" in Bavaria: Isar division and Lower Danube division became Upper Bavaria (seat in München) and Lower Bavaria (Landshut), the Regen division was transformed to Upper Palatinate and Regensburg (Amberg), the Upper Danube division to Swabia (Schwaben) and Neuburg (Augsburg), the Rezat division to Middle Franconia (Ansbach),

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the Upper Main division to Upper Franconia (Bayreuth), the Lower Main division to Lower Franconia and Aschaffenburg (Würzburg) and the Rhine division to Palatinate (Speyer).17 This structure would remain effective, with the exception of the division of the Palatinate joined to the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz) in 1949) until the Bavarian administrative reforms of 1972. In case of the divisions of Upper Palatinate, Lower Franconia and Swabia the historical appendages "Regensburg", "Aschaffenburg" and "Neuburg" were dropped in 1932, 1938 and 1939 respectively.

From the Rezat Division to Middle Franconia (Mittelfranken)

The first Rezat division, had a territory partially different from its successors of the same name, was created by ordinance on 21 July l808 and contained sixteen local offices and districts, as well as five districts of mediate baronial jurisdiction of nobility subject to the Kingdom of Bavaria.18 After the accession of the Principality of Brandenburg-Bayreuth to Bavaria, whose "low country" with the local captaincies (Landamtsmannschaft or Amtshauptmannschaft) of and Neustadt a.d. Aisch were situated next to the (1st) Rezat division. The latter was enlarged by the ordinance of 23 September 1810, also in addition to considerable sections of the Pegnitz division (to become the 2nd Rezat division).19 By the administrative reform of 20 February 1817 the Rezat division was enlarged to become the so called 3rd Rezat division by joining parts of the (2nd) Upper Danube division. Consisting of: the districts Greding, Heidenheim, Hilpoltstein, Monheim, Nördlingen, and Weißenburg as well as the town of Nördlingen and the mediate baronial jurisdictions of Bissingen, , Harburg, Maihingen, Oettingen-Spielberg, Oettingen-Wallerstein and . At the same time the local administrative areas of Forchheim, Gräfenberg and Höchstadt were ceded to the Upper Main division. Thus the Rezat division (Rezatkreis, see map sketch "Matrikelstellen im Rezatkreis 1817 resp. in Mittelfranken 1837") consisted of the districts: Altdorf, Ansbach, Cadolzburg, Dinkelsbühl, Erlangen, , Greding, , Heidenheim, , , Hersbruck, Herzogenaurach, Hilpoltstein, Lauf, , , , Monheim, Neustadt a. d. Aisch, Nördlingen, Nürnberg, Pleinfeld, Rothenburg, , , Wassertrüdingen, Weißenburg and Windsbach; also included were the baronial districts of Aufkirchen (princes of Oettingen-Wallerstein), Bissingen (the same), Burghaslach (princes and counts of Castell), Ellingen (princes of Wrede), Harburg (princes of Oettingen-Wallerstein), Hohenlandsberg (princes of Schwarzenberg) (counts of Rechteren-Limpurg), Maihingen (princes of Oettingen-Walserstein), Mönchsroth (princes of Oettingen-Spielberg), Oettingen (princes of Oettingen-Oettingen), Oettingen on

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the near bank of the river Wörnitz (princes of Oettingen-Spielberg), Oettingen on the far side of the river Wörnitz (same), Pappenheim (counts of Pappenheim), Schillingsfürst (princes of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst), Schwarzenberg (princes of Schwarzenberg), Sugenheim (barons of Seckendorf- Aberdar; 1820 to the district of Markt Bibart), Wallerstein (princes of Oettingen-Wallerstein) and Wilhermsdorf (Wurster von Kreuzberg).20 By the 3rd reform of the divisions of 29 November 1837, the division renamed to Middle Franconia (Mittelfranken), was reduced, but the gain of the districts of Beilngries, Eichstätt and Kipfenberg (from the Regen division) did not compensate for the loss of the districts of Herzogenaurach (to Upper Franconia), Hilpoltstein (to the Upper Palatinate), Monheim, Nördlingen and Wemding as well as the baronial districts Bissingen, Harburg, Mönchsroth, Oettingen and Wallerstein (to Swabia).21 The division of Middle Franconia now consisted of the districts: Altdorf, Ansbach, Beilngries,22 Cadolzburg, Dinkelsbühl, Eichstätt, Erlangen, Feuchtwangen, Greding, Gunzenhausen, Heidenheim, Heilsbronn, Herrieden, Hersbruck, Lauf, Leutershausen, Markt Erlbach, Neustadt a. d. Aisch, Nördlingen, Nürnberg, Pleinfeld (seat 1858 transferred to Roth), Rothenburg, Schwabach, Uffenheim, Wassertrüdingen, Weißenburg and Windsbach; further the baronial districts Burghaslach (counts and princes Castell; 1852 united with the district ), Ellingen (princes Wrede; 1852 district), Hohenlandsberg (princes of Schwarzenberg; 1850 in part to the district Uffenheim, in part to Markt Bibart), Markt Einersheim (counts of Rechteren-Limpurg), Pappenheim (counts of Pappenheim; 1852 district), Schillingsfürst (princes of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst; 1840 district), Schwarzenberg (princes of Schwarzenberg; 1852 district Scheinfeld) und Wilhermsdorf (Wurster von Kreuzberg; 1839 to the district Markt Erlbach). Effective on 1 July 1862 the separation of law courts and administration of the interior on the district level, was executed. On this occasion, the districts of Ansbach, Dinkelsbühl, Eichstätt, Erlangen, Feuchtwangen, Fürth, Gunzenhausen, Hersbruck, Lauf, Neustadt a. d. Aisch, Rothenburg, Scheinfeld, Schwabach, Uffenheim and Weißenburg, were established as purely administrative offices; the district of Hilpoltstein transferred from the Upper Palatinate to Middle Franconia has been mentioned above.22 This ended the era of the districts being called "Landgericht". Equipped with jurisdiction on penal and civil litigation as well as administration, which still covered questions of organization and state administration, but not yet questions of state welfare. The renaming of the offices from "Bezirksamt" to "Landratsamt" and the districts to "Landkreis" was executed in 1939 in connection with the virtual abolition of the German states by the national socialists and the adaptation of Prussian legal terminology, and did not lead to any changes of territorial responsibilities.23

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The Jewish Edict of 1813

To examinate the genesis of the Edict of 1813 and the preceding statutes, the account by Stefan Schwarz remains fundamental.24 The new territorial acquisitions of Bavaria after 1803, and especially after 1806, brought, for the realm of large Jewish communities in Franconia and Swabia, increased pressure to revert to former reform plans. In this context it was meant to go beyond the solution of details, without originally intending a complete parity of Jewish and Christian citizens. Initially the decree of 31 December 1806 instructed the land directions to present reports and evidence of improvements regarding the situation of the Jewish population in their divisions.25 At the same time, orders were issued to abolish the Jewish corporations in the province of Bamberg. Nevertheless, the execution (just as in Ansbach, where the abolition plan dated from 9 February 1808 drew out until the Edict of 1813) was caused by the "substantial debts" of the corporations.26 Neither was the ban on acquisition of agricultural real estate by Jews (issued on 4 August 1807) based on an older ordinance of 30 March 1799, which was cancelled before 1813. Moreover, the general commissariats of the Altmühl, Pegnitz and Rezat division had only joined in under the condition that Jews would be permitted to hold and cultivate agricultural estates. Additionally, hawking by Jews was forbidden in 1808 and thus a large number of Franconian Jews were deprived on the basis of their livelihood. Therefore the division commissariats urgently demanded a modification, without being able to effect any decisive action of the Bavarian state council.27 But in 1807, the rabbinical courts were explicitly left as institutions of the Jewish communities until after the completion of the "Jewish reform". The Edict of 10 June 1813 granted Jews throughout the whole kingdom of Bavaria, freedom of religion and with assignment of the citizenship, they received a significant improvement of their legal situation.28 According to § 1 of the Edict, the citizenship was the precondition for access to the rights granted by the Edict. § 2 stipulated that only those Jews who were entered into the Jewish registers to be started by the "police offices", could enjoy these rights. These registers (German: Matrikel for public registers, form latin matricula, the diminuativ for matrix, roll) were drawn up by the district offices as lists and handed in with the general commissariats respectively the division governments (Kreisregierung).29 It seems to have been intended to compile a register for all of Bavaria.30 "As evidence, the originals of letters of protection, concessions and residence permits, had to be produced, a distinct family name had to be adopted and an oath had to be sworn as a Bavarian subject (§§3 - 10). Even though a deadline of three months after the publication of the decree had been set for presentation of the documents by the Jews, that obviously was observed everywhere, the completion of the registers took years, a fact that ought to be duly emphasized...".31 The choice of the new family name was on principle left to the peoples themselves. However, § 4 of the Edict prohibited "the choice of names as future family names of well-known families as well as names frequently to be

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found".32 In this way this procedure differed "in a very agreeable manner from the practices applied in Austria, where the responsible administrations exceed in assigning the most outrageous and often compromising names to the Jews." 33 The regulations on naming proved to be one of the most obvious articles of the decree, as the world of Jewish names was in no manner orientated on the tradition of Christian family names, but the father's first name served as an epithet.34 This complicated the unambiguous identification, and this was no longer compatible with a legal system depending on unambiguity. Prussia had required the introduction of permanent family names earlier, in 1812, as well as entries in commerce registers the drawing up of conventions in German or another living language but no longer in Hebrew. At the same time only German or Latin characters were to be used.35 The Edict, experienced as unsatisfactory by its defenders as well as its critics, had to go through numerous attempts of revision, before the paragraphs restricting the civil rights of Jews were abolished by a law on 19 June 1851. Then, the regulation regarding the registers was abolished ten years later by law on 10 November 1861.36 But it took ten more years until the introduction of the law on place of origin, marriage and residence of 16 April 1868 became effective with the law of 22 April 1871 of the newly founded German Empire. The Jews living in Bavaria had in "principle attained the state of civil and political equality".37

The Jewish Registers of the Rezat Division

In the Rezat division, the compilation of the Jewish registers was drawn out for years. The first written requests to the district offices were issued in 1813. Two years later, the first completed lists arrived at the division office in Ansbach, but the whole procedure did not seem to be completed before 1819.38 The toilsome business of a first registration was certainly not facilitated by the fact that the "population tables" of the Jewish population (demanded by the division commissariat in Ansbach) only offered bare numbers and no names, not to mention any indication on lines of business or letters of protection.39 The compilations of 1811 and the following years proved just as unsatisfactory, but in these cases they had to be redone systematically because of differing dates of capture. For this reason the law was to stipulate new registers where changes should be kept evident by registers of birth, deaths and entries of other changes. This new register formed on the basis of the older descriptions of Jews and the recently decreed inscriptions of all Jews could therefore determine the quota of how many Jewish families were permitted to do reside in a town. There was no reasonable doubt to that now there were fewer Jews in a town than shown in the older registers and that in this case, the larger number would have to be accepted according to the older compilations.40 Every district and baronial district had to compile written lists, that led to an exact survey of the Jewish population of each district. Printed forms could only be verified outside the Rezat division - with the exception of the compilations of the registers handed in, probably in 1819, by the districts to the division office

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in Ansbach (for basic statistics gathered in 1826 by the office of the Main divison for the supplements to the statistics of 1817/1819).41 The lists of the individual districts are arranged as follows: First Name (of circumcision), followed by the current family name, year of birth, marital status (in some cases also number of family members), occupation, identification of establishment in the town of residence (with evidence of the letter of protection), declaration of the oath of subject, certificate of the matriculation in the registers and annotations.42 These entries were copied into the division register compiled in Ansbach. Here is an example from the list of the district Gunzenhausen: Altenmuhr Nr. 46, Löw Heslein Friedlich, geboren 1787, 2 Personen, Viehhändler, Schutzbrief vom 17. September 1811, ist bereit den Untertaneneid zu schwören und kann aufgenommen werden (Altenmuhr No. 36, Löw Heslelin Friedrich, born 1787, 2 people, livestock dealer, letter of protection September 17, 1811, is ready to swear the oath and can be admitted). But in the registers of the division, he had been allotted the number 1199, in place of residence number 35. The later addition explains that his widow transferred the position in the register to the son Hessel Friedlich, born in 1823, addressed as landowner. Salomon Mohr of the same town, and also a Jew, took over the register position No. 1200 from the deceased merchant Isaak Eisenberger in 1854.43 Not in every case could a letter of protection be produced, but receipts of tax upon the right of domiciliation were also accepted, as in the case of register No. 983 of Abraham Hirsch Freitag, a resident of Forth (district Erlangen), born 1751, married, father of three children, who earned his living as a petty broker and livestock dealer. In his case, the admittance to the register raised no objections either.44 It could not be helped that now and then erroneous entries did occur, as the following entry for the district Gunzenhausen demonstrates: Town of Gunzenhausen, No. 36, Henoch Joseph Klopfer, born 1756, five persons, caretaker of the Jewish community and school janitor, letter of protection from Lentersheim on 12 June 1784, for 25 years accepted by the Jews for his functions in Gunzenhausen, as testified by the signature of Barnos Abraham Löw Saeman. Klopfer was willing to swear the oath and under the indicated circumstances he also ought to be admitted. Klopfer still signed in Hebrew and Latin. In the registers on the level of the division Klopfer was entered without a matriculation number with the birth date of 1751 and a letter of protection from 12 May 1781 and listed among the servants of the community. In another example from the list of the district Gunzenhausen: No. 42, Salomon Baer Kleiber, father of Joseph Salomon Baer Kleiber, listed under No. 17, born 1736 and in possession of a letter of protection from the former principality of Ansbach from 28 August 1759, passed away before he could be entered into the division register. Therefore his name was crossed out in the list produced in Ansbach. Peoples moving to other towns, too, were noted. For example, in the case of the remarriage of the widow Schoenle of the precantor Loew Joseph, who had adopted the family name of Rau and who was entered under Gunzenhausen No. 54, when she had meanwhile moved to . On the

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contrary, the negotiator Salomon Nathan Blauwolf, born 1776, could not be admitted to the division register, as he was currently serving in the voluntary rifle corps.45 On occasion of copying the district registers to the registers of the divisions, the entries had to be adapted to the printed lists that covered two folio-pages in ten columns, as illustrated by the following example: 46

Fortlau- Wohn- Fortlau- Namen Namen des Geburtsort Ge- Datum des Nah- Bemerkungen fende ort fende des Fa- Familien- burts- Immatriku- rungszweig Nummer Orts- milien- haupts: jahr lierungs- der Kreis- Nummer haupts: Jetziger Dekrets, Matrikel Beschnei- bleibender resp. des dungs- Familien- alten Schutz- und bis- Name briefes heriger Name 1124 Stadt 10 David Blumen- Gunzen- 1768 22. März Handel Gun- Joseph stein hausen 1790 mit zen- Pferden, hausen Hopfen, Geld

Hat die Schutzstelle an seinen Blumen- Gunzen- 2. Juni Rotger- Sohn Loew stein hausen 1803 1832 ber abgetreten

The lists compiled with the local and baronial districts, seem to have been united at the division government in Ansbach to five bound volumes of a division register, as early as 1819, and certainly before 1821, as some later modifications demonstrate.47

Contents of the five volume division registers (notes indicate where the lists compiled for drawing up of the division registers are contained).

Volume I (Nuremberg state archives, Reference number: Regierung von Mittelfranken, Kammer des Innern Abgabe 1932, Titel Judensachen No. 211) contains the towns with immediate municipal authorities. That is the towns immediatly under the division government: Ansbach, Fürth, Schwabach. No Jews were resident at that time in the other five towns with immediate municiple authorities - Nürnberg, Dinkelsbühl, Erlangen, Nördlingen und Rothenburg.48

Volume II (Reference number as above, No. 212) contains the districts: 1. Altdorf (no Jews resident), 2. Ansbach (Jews in Lehrberg),49 3. Beilngries (Addition; Obermässing), 4. Markt Bibart (no Jews resident),

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5. Cadolzburg (Langenzenn, Wilhermsdorf [1842 to the district Markt Erlbach]),50 6. Dinkelsbühl (Schopfloch, Wittelshofen), 7. Erlangen (Baiersdorf, Bruck, Forth),51 8. Markt Erlbach (Dietenhofen, Markt Erlbach), 9. Feuchtwangen (Feuchtwangen), 10. Greding (Thalmässing) and 11. Gunzenhausen (Altenmuhr, Cronheim, Gunzenhausen).52

Volume III (Reference number as above, No. 213) contains the districts: 12. Heidenheim (Berolzheim, Dittenheim, Heidenheim, Steinhart, ),53 13. Heilsbronn (Windsbach), 14. Herrieden (Bechhofen), 15. Hersbruck (no Jews resident), 16. Herzogenaurach (cut out), 17. Hilpoltstein (no Jews resident), 18. Lauf (Hüttenbach, Ottensoos, Schnaittach) and 19. Leutershausen (Colmberg, , Jochsberg, Leutershausen, Obernzenn, Wiedersbach).

Volume IV (Reference number as above, No. 214) contains the districts: 20. Monheim (no Jews resident), 21. Neustadt a. d. Aisch (Diespeck, Kairlindach [1827 to the district Herzogenaurach], Pahres, Schornweisach, Uehlfeld, Ullstadt [1827 to the district Markt Bibart], Weisendorf [1811–1813, wieder 1827 district Herzogenaurach]), 22. Nördlingen (cut out),54 23. Nürnberg (Unterfarrnbach, Zirndorf),55 24. Pleinfeld (Friedrichsgmünd [today part from Georgensgmünd], Georgensgmünd, Roth), 25. Rothenburg, (no Jews resident), 26. Schwabach (no Jews resident), 27. Uffenheim (Ermetzhofen, Gnodstadt, Uffenheim, Welbhausen), 28. Wassertrüdingen (Dennenlohe, Wassertrüdingen), 29. Weißenburg (no Jews resident) and 30. Windsheim (Burgbernheim, Dottenheim, Ickelheim, Kaubenheim, Lenkersheim, Sugenheim [1838 to the district Markt Bibart]).

Volume V (Reference number as above, No. 215) contains the baronial districts: 1. Bissingen (no Jews resident), 2. Burghaslach (Burghaslach, Fürstenforst, ), 3. Markt Einersheim (no Jews resident), 4. Ellingen (Ellingen, Weimersheim), 5. Harburg (only cited in the table of contents, no entry),

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6. Hohenlandsberg (Bullenheim, Dornheim, Hüttenheim, Nenzenheim, Weigenheim), 7. Mönchsroth (Addition; Mönchsroth), 8. Oettingen (only cited in the table of contents, no entry),56 9. Pappenheim (Pappenheim), 10. Schillingsfürst (no Jews resident), 11. Schwarzenberg (Burgambach, Scheinfeld, Schnodsenbach) and 12. Wallerstein (only cited in the table of contents, no entry).

Obviously the Rezat division formed in 1817, furnished the example for the structure. Whereas, the division registers were continued until 1861. Later changes were sometimes considered, as the removal of the pages pertaining to the districts Herzogenaurach and Nördlingen demonstrate.57 In the two other Franconian division the lists were not joined. As the specimens kept in the state archives of Bamberg 58 and Würzburg 59 show, the lists handed in were only occasionally removed from the files in question and placed separately. With the abolition of the register paragraph by statute on 10 November 1861,60 the lists had lost their relevance. Soon afterwards they seemed to have ended up in the custody of the historical society for Middle Franconia, whose chairman continuously was the acting division president, with the only exception being the term of Hermann Schreibmüller from 1926 to 1956.61 The volumes of the register are cited in the society's inventory of manuscripts of 1910 under No. 447.62 In 1938 they were handed over (In the beginning it was only intended as temporary) to the state archives in Nuremberg by the division government library of Ansbach, where the collections of documents and books of the historical society have been since the 1860s. But there the wish arose to return these "records of great political value", correctly identified as alienated state records, to the Bavarian state. This was effected by the Bavarian state ministry for schools and religion on 6 September 1939 and a corresponding instruction to the division government in Ansbach. Thus the volumes were added to the latest shipment of records transferred from the division administration of Middle Franconia in 1932.63 Among the eight towns immediately under the division government, the 30 districts and 12 baronial districts in the Rezat division (later Middle Franconia) five towns, eight districts and three baronial districts did not have a Jewish population (cf. the map sketch: Matrikelstellen im Rezatkreis 1817 resp. in Mittelfranken 1837). This still reflects the conditions in the former German empire. Besides the of Brandenburg-Ansbach (who in many cases had only come incidentally into possession of Jews in connection with the acquisition of baronial fiefs or their ascheat in case of extinction of a noble family, as in the case of Bechhofen and Jochsberg) and the territories of the Teutonic Knights, only the Franconian counts and immediate imperial knights offered protection and security in their immediate territories and in some cases only rather poor living conditions for the Jews expelled in 1499 from the immediate imperial cities, ecclesiastic principalities and principalities of the Margraves of Ansbach and Bayreuth.64 In the territories of the former imperial

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cities, the areas formerly ruled by the electorate principalities of Bavaria and the Palatinate on the Rhine as well as the ecclesiastic principality of Eichstätt, few Jews were to be found. Therefore, an apparent concentration is not accidentally found in the districts of Uffenheim, Windsheim, Neustadt a.d.Aisch and Scheinfeld, as this is a center of former rule of the margraves of Brandenburg- Ansbach and some immediate knights. Similar conditions apply to the district of Heidenheim, where in the villages of Berolzheim, Dittenheim, Steinhart und Treuchtlingen, that had for the most part become part of the margraviate towards the end of the 18th century. The territories of immediate knights had dominated in the 16th and 17th centuries.65 Further examples could easily be cited. In the seventy towns and villages with Jewish inhabitants listed in the division registers, originally 2711 positions were laid down,66 629 of which refer to 15 villages under the jurisdiction of baronial districts. The servants and the officers of the Jewish communities (like the rabbis and the Jewish butchers) must be added, as they were not compelled to register. The largest community without doubt was Fürth with 536 register items. Altogether, even by a superficial evaluation of the tradition 67 it becomes clear, that the Rezat division and then Middle Franconia were one of the centers of Jewish life in Bavaria east of the Rhine.68 The value as a source of the registers is considerable even after the cancellation of the original legal purpose. The compilation of all peoples with the right to be listed in the registers, that is, of all Jewish citizens characterized by name, place, year of birth, and occupation over a period of nearly half a century offers a rich field of information on prosopography of the Jewish portion of the population and their social and economic structure. The point of change of the old Jewish circumcision name to the modern civil family name also offers an important tool for name research. Last but not least the source should be accessible for those who want to research the historical roots of Jewish peoples of Franconian origin, who found themselves forced to emigrate mostly oversees because of economic need. Aswell as those who lost their lives by the terror regime of the so called Third Reich, or in case they survived, live or have lived together with their descendants around the whole world.

12 Bavarian State Archives of Nuremberg - The Jewish Registers 1813-1861 for Middle Franconia

Annotations

1 Max Braubach, Von der Französischen Revolution bis zum Wiener Kongreß (Gebhardt, Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte, 9th revised edition, ed. by Herbert Grundmann, dtv- wissenschaft 4214), 4th edition, Munich 1980, pp. 74-81, above all pp. 79 f. [chapter 12: Der Krieg der dritten Koalition, die Gründung des Rheinbundes und das Ende des Reiches (1805/06)]. 2 Max Braubach, Von der Französischen Revolution bis zum Wiener Kongreß (Gebhardt, Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte, 9th revised edition, ed. by Herbert Grundmann, dtv- wissenschaft 4214), Munich, 4th edition, 1980, pp. 55-62 [chapter 9: Die Befriedung Europas und der Reichsdeputationshauptschluß (1801-1803). Die Säkularisation und ihre Folgen]. Cf. Bayerischer Schulbuch-Verlag (ed.), Josef Engel and Ernst Walter Zeeden (ed.), großer Historischer Weltatlas. Dritter Teil: Neuzeit, hrsg. vom Bayerischen Schulbuch-Verlag, 4th revised and enlarged edition, Munich 1981, maps pp. 38 (Deutschland 1789) and 39 (Reichsdeputationshauptschluss 1803). 3 Max Braubach, Von der Französischen Revolution bis zum Wiener Kongreß. In: Gebhardt, Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte, 9th revised edition, ed. by Herbert Grundmann, dtv- wissenschaft 4214, 4th edition, Munich 1980, pp. 74-81, above all p. 79 [chapter 12: Der Krieg der dritten Koalition, die Gründung des Rheinbundes und das Ende des Reiches (1805/06)]. - Eberhard Weis, Die Begründung des modernen bayerischen Staates unter König Max I. (1799- 1825), § 2. Bayern im napoleonischen Kontinentalsystem (1805-1813). Kampf gegen Napoleon (1813-1815). In: Max Spindler - Alois Schmidt (Hrsg.), Handbuch der Bayerischen Geschichte, Bd. 4: Das neue Bayern. Von 1800 bis zur Gegenwart, Teilbd. 1: Staat und Politik, 2., völlig neu bearb. Aufl. München 2003, S. 20-44. 4 Cf. Eberhard Weis, Montgelas' innenpolitisches Reformprogramm. Das Ansbacher Mémoire für den Herzog vom 30. 9. 1796. In: Zeitschrift für bayerische Landesgeschichte 33 (1970), p. 219- 256; Michael Henker, Margot Hamm and Evamaria Brockhoff (ed.), Bayern entsteht. Montgelas und sein Ansbacher Mémoire von 1796 (Veröffentlichungen zur Bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur 32/96), Munich 1996. 5 Eberhard Weis, Die Begründung des modernen bayerischen Staates unter König Max I. (1799- 1825), § 3. Die Reformen in Staat, Verwaltung und Gesellschaft unter Montgelas (1799 bis 1817). In: Max Spindler - Alois Schmidt (ed.), Handbuch der Bayerischen Geschichte, 4th vol.: Das neue Bayern Von 1800 bis zur Gegenwart, Teilbd. 1: Staat und Politik, 2., revised reprint, Munich 2003, pp. 45-95; Maria Schimke, Das Ansbacher Mémoire und die praktische Umsetzung seiner Reformideen. In: Michael Henker, Margot Hamm and Evamaria Brockhoff (ed.), Bayern entsteht. Montgelas und sein Ansbacher Mémoire von 1796 (Veröffentlichungen zur Bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur 32/96), Munich 1996, pp. 52-62. 6 Eberhard Weis, Die Begründung des modernen bayerischen Staates unter König Max I. (1799- 1825), § 3. Reformen in Staat, Verwaltung und Gesellschaft unter Montgelas (1799-1817). In: Max Spindler - Alois Schmidt (Hrsg.), Handbuch der Bayerischen Geschichte, 4th vol.: Das neue Bayern Von 1800 bis zur Gegenwart, Teilbd. 1: Staat und Politik, 2., revised reprint, Munich 2003, p. 86 7 Stefan Schwarz, Die Juden in Bayern im Wandel der Zeiten, Munich-Vienna 1963, p. 130. 8 For Swabia see: Wolfgang Zorn (ed.), Historischer Atlas von Bayrisch-Schwaben (Veröffentlichungen der Schwäbischen Forschungsgemeinschaft bei der Kommission für bayerische Landesgeschichte), Augsburg 1955, p. 38 (Zeitfolge der bayerischen Eingliederung Schwabens 1803-1810) - For Franconia see Hanns Hubert Hofmann, Franken seit dem Ende des Alten Reiches (Historischer Atlas von Bayern, Reihe II Heft 2), Munich 1955; for the individual

13 Bavarian State Archives of Nuremberg - The Jewish Registers 1813-1861 for Middle Franconia

citations cf. Karl Weber (ed.), Neue Gesetz- und Verordnungen-Sammlung für das Königreich Bayern mit Einschluß der Reichsgesetzgebung, Anhangband, Munich 1894, pp. 48-63. Information on the Jewish subjets according to: München, Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, MInn, No. 44393. 9 Karl Weber (ed.), Neue Gesetz- und Verordnungen-Sammlung für das Königreich Bayern mit Einschluß der Reichsgesetzgebung, Anhangband, Munich 1894, p. 114-140; Max Spindler - Gertrud Diepolder, Bayerischer Geschichtsatlas, Munich 1969, p. 36 (Das Werden des neuen Bayern) and pp. 107 f. This paper contains some specific south German and sometimes even there now obsolete terms for the regional administration of Bavaria that cannot be translated verbally into English. Therefore, in this translation the following definitions are used: district for the lowest level administrative unity (in German originally Landgericht, then Bezirksamt, today Landkreis) containing towns or villages, Baronial districts for a similar unit under jurisdiction of a member of nobility but within the Kingdom of Bavaria (German: Herrschaftsgericht or Patrimonialgericht); division for the middle level regional administrative units immediately under the Bavarian central government, similar to a province or an administrative region (German: Kreis or ) 10 Max Spindler-Gertrud Diepolder, Bayerischer Geschichtsatlas, Munich 1969, p. 36 map of 1803. In 1806 with the transfer to the prince elector archduke of Tuscany the principality of Würzburg was again removed from the Bavarian territorial administrative organization, wherefore the general land commissioner invested in 1804 as head of Bavaria's Franconian land direction shifted his seat to the town of Ansbach that had meanwhile become Bavarian - Wilhelm Volkert (ed.), Handbuch der bayerischen Ämter, Gemeinden und Gerichte 1799-1980, Munich 1983, pp. 35 f. 11 Karl Weber (ed.), Neue Gesetz- und Verordnungen-Sammlung für das Königreich Bayern mit Einschluß der Reichsgesetzgebung, Anhangband, Munich 1894, p. 126-129: Main division (seat Bamberg), Pegnitz division (Nürnberg), Naab division (Amberg), Rezat division (Ansbach), Altmühl division (Eichstätt), Oberdonau division (Ulm), Lech division (Augsburg), Regen division (Straubing), Unterdonau division (Passau), Isar division (München), Salzach division (Burghausen), Iller division (Kempten), Inn division (Innsbruck), Eisack division (Brixen) and Etsch division (Trient). It can only be hinted at the intentional destruction of historically developed structures and the joining into completely new units, sometimes down to the level of towns and villages, for the purpose of promoting reform ideas. 12 Hanns Hubert Hofmann, Franken seit dem Ende des Alten Reiches (Historischer Atlas von Bayern, Reihe II Heft 2), Munich 1955, pp. 45-48. 13 Max Spindler - Gertrud Diepolder, Bayerischer Geschichtsatlas, Munich 1969, p. 36 map of 1810, Karl Weber (ed.), Neue Gesetz- und Verordnungen-Sammlung für das Königreich Bayern mit Einschluß der Reichsgesetzgebung, Anhangband, Munich 1894, pp. 56-59. 14 Karl Weber (ed.), Neue Gesetz- und Verordnungen-Sammlung für das Königreich Bayern mit Einschluß der Reichsgesetzgebung, Anhangband, Munich 1894, pp. 129-133. 15 Karl Weber (ed.), Neue Gesetz- und Verordnungen-Sammlung für das Königreich Bayern mit Einschluß der Reichsgesetzgebung, Anhangband, Munich 1894, pp. 59 f. ; Max Spindler- Gertrud Diepolder, Bayerischer Geschichtsatlas, Munich 1969, p. 36 map of 1819; cf. - Eberhard Weis, Die Begründung des modernen bayerischen Staates unter König Max I. (1799-1825), § 4. Die Außen- und Bündnispolitik Bayerns vom Wiener Kongress bis 1825. In: Max Spindler - Alois Schmidt (Hrsg.), Handbuch der Bayerischen Geschichte, Bd. 4: Das neue Bayern Von 1800 bis zur Gegenwart, Teilbd. 1: Staat und Politik, 2., völlig neu bearb. Aufl. München 2003, S. 95-106. - for the acquisition of the Palatinate on the Rhine in the treaty of Munich between Bavaria and Austria of 11. April 1816 see: Karl Weber (ed.), Neue Gesetz- und Verordnungen-Sammlung für das Königreich Bayern mit Einschluß der Reichsgesetzgebung, Anhangband, Munich 1894, p. 60.

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16 Karl Weber (ed.), Neue Gesetz- und Verordnungen-Sammlung für das Königreich Bayern mit Einschluß der Reichsgesetzgebung, Anhangband, Munich 1894, pp. 134-137. 17 Karl Weber (ed.), Neue Gesetz- und Verordnungen-Sammlung für das Königreich Bayern mit Einschluß der Reichsgesetzgebung, Anhangband, Munich 1894, pp. 137-140; the original additions to the names of the Upper Palatinate, Swabia and Lower Franconia indicated the historical development of the territory were abolished in 1939 resp. 1946; Wilhelm Volkert (ed.), Handbuch der bayerischen Ämter, Gemeinden und Gerichte 1799-1980, Munich 1983, pp. 38-40. 18 The term Landgericht (originally for the local districts) was used for the magistrate courts after the legal and administrative reforms of 1862. After the reform of the courts of justice, in the newly founded German empire in 1879, was assigned to a court with a different jurisdiction and on a higher level. The earlier Landgerichte (districts) of 1802 have come to be called "Landgerichte (älterer Ordnung, of the earlier order)". Those existing between 1862 and 1879 as predecessors of the Amtsgerichte (magistrate courts) called "Landgerichte (mittlerer Ordnung, intermediate order)". The Rezat division of 1808 is composed of the following districts and baronial districts: Marktsteft, Uffenheim, Rothenburg I, Rothenburg II, Leutershausen, Crailsheim, Feuchtwangen, Dinkelsbühl, Wassertrüdingen, Gunzenhausen, Herrieden, Ansbach, Aurach, Lichtenau, Windsbach and Virnsberg, mediat baronies: Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Schwarzenberg, , Castell and Limpurg-Speckfeld. Karl Weber (ed.), Neue Gesetz- und Verordnungen-Sammlung für das Königreich Bayern mit Einschluß der Reichsgesetzgebung, Anhangband, Munich 1894, p. 137. 19 Karl Weber (ed.), Neue Gesetz- und Verordnungen-Sammlung für das Königreich Bayern mit Einschluß der Reichsgesetzgebung, Anhangband, Munich 1894, p. 130. Crailsheim came to the kingdom of Württemberg from the (1st) Rezat division, Höchstadt to the Main division; The district Pottenstein was transfered from the Pegnitz division to the Main division. 20 Karl Weber (ed.), Neue Gesetz- und Verordnungen-Sammlung für das Königreich Bayern mit Einschluß der Reichsgesetzgebung, Anhangband, Munich 1894, p. 135. -Alphabetisches Verzeichnis aller im Rezatkreise nach seiner durch die neueste Organisation erfolgten Constituirung enthaltenen Ortschaften mit Angabe a. der Steuer-Distrikte, b. Gerichts-Bezirke, c. Rentämter, in welchen sie liegen, dann mehrerer anderer statistischen Notizen, Ansbach 1818, B, pp. 4-54. 21 Karl Weber (ed.), Neue Gesetz- und Verordnungen-Sammlung für das Königreich Bayern mit Einschluß der Reichsgesetzgebung, Anhangband, Munich 1894, pp. 137 f. - Wilhelm Volkert (ed.), Handbuch der bayerischen Ämter, Gemeinden und Gerichte 1799-1980, Munich 1983, pp. 407 f. - Wilhelm Meyer (ed.), Eintheilung der Amtsbezirke im Rezatkreis des Königreichs Bayern und Verzeichniß aller dazu gehörigen Ortschaften mit Angabe der Pfarreyen und Schulen, der Königlichen Posten etc. etc. und verschiedener statistischer Notizen nach dem Bestand im Jahr 1837, Ansbach 1837. - Eduard Vetter (ed.), Statistisches Hand- und Adreßbuch von Mittelfranken im Königreich Bayern, Ansbach 1856. 22 1862 local administrative district Beilngries; split in 1879, the Amtsgericht Greding together with Hilpoltstein formes the Bezirksamt (more recent term for district) Hilpoltstein. The Amtsgerichte (districts) Beilngries und Riedenburg come to the division Upper Palatinate together with the district Beilngries; Wilhelm Volkert (ed.), Handbuch der bayerischen Ämter, Gemeinden und Gerichte 1799-1980, Munich 1983, p. 433. 23 Wilhelm Volkert (ed.), Handbuch der bayerischen Ämter, Gemeinden und Gerichte 1799-1980, Munich 1983, pp. 43-48. 24 Stefan Schwarz, Die Juden in Bayern im Wandel der Zeiten, Munich-Vienna 1963.

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25 Stefan Schwarz, Die Juden in Bayern im Wandel der Zeiten, Munich-Vienna 1963, p. 121. 26 Stefan Schwarz, Die Juden in Bayern im Wandel der Zeiten, Munich-Vienna 1963, p. 122. 27 Stefan Schwarz, Die Juden in Bayern im Wandel der Zeiten, Munich-Vienna 1963, pp. 125 f. - München, Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Staatsrat, No. 2095. 28 Stefan Schwarz, Die Juden in Bayern im Wandel der Zeiten, Munich-Vienna 1963, pp. 177-183. 29 Print of the edict in: Stefan Schwarz, Die Juden in Bayern im Wandel der Zeiten, Munich-Vienna 1963, p. 341-348; §§ 1 and 2 ibid., p. 341. 30 Cf. below notes 57-59; in Stefan Schwarz, Die Juden in Bayern im Wandel der Zeiten, Munich- Vienna 1963, any inidication is missing, just as in the proceedings of the state council investigated for this paper. 31 Stefan Schwarz, Die Juden in Bayern im Wandel der Zeiten, Munich-Vienna 1963, pp. 183 f. 32 Königlich-Baierisches Regierungsblatt, XXXIX. Stück, 17. July 1813, Sp. 922. 33 Stefan Schwarz, Die Juden in Bayern im Wandel der Zeiten, Munich-Vienna 1963, p. 185. 34 Cf Konrad Kunze, dtv-Atlas Namenkunde. Vor- und Familiennamen im deutschen Sprachgebiet, Munich 1998, p. 168 f. 35 Munich, Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Staatsrat, No. 2097. - Cf. Herbert A. Strauß, Bilder von Juden und vom Judentum in der Entwicklung der Gesetzgebung Preußens im Vormärz. In: Manfred Jehle (reviser and ed. ), Die Juden und die jüdischen Gemeinden Preußens in amtlichen Enquêten des Vormärz. Teil 1: Enquête des Ministeriums des Innern und der Polizei über die Rechtsverhältnisse der Juden in den preußischen Provinzen 1842-1843 (Einzelveröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission zu Berlin 82/1), Munich 1998, pp. XXIX-LVIII. 36 Stefan Schwarz, Die Juden in Bayern im Wandel der Zeiten, Munich-Vienna 1963, pp. 211-292. 37 Stefan Schwarz, Die Juden in Bayern im Wandel der Zeiten, Munich-Vienna 1963, pp. 293-295; cf. Baruch Z. Ophir-Falk Wiesemann, Die jüdischen Gemeinden in Bayern 1918-1945. Geschichte und Zerstörung, Munich and Vienna 1979. 38 See the records at the Staatsarchiv Nürnberg, Reference No. Regierung von Mittelfranken, Kammer des Innern Abgabe 1932, Titel Judensachen No. 72: Immatrikulierung der Juden im Landgericht Ansbach 1818; ibid., No. 73: The same, Landgericht Cadolzburg, 1813-1826; ibid., No. 74: The same, Landgericht Erlangen, 1818-1826; ibid., No. 75: The same, Landgericht Gunzenhausen, 1813-1825; ibid., No. 76: The same, Landgericht Heidenheim, 1813-1826; ibid., No. 77: The same, Landgericht Lauf, 1826; ibid., No. 78: The same, Landgericht Nördlingen, 1826; ibid., No. 79: The same, Landgericht Nürnberg, 1818; ibid., No. 80: The same, Stadt Oetttingen, 1813-1826; ibid., No. 81: The same, Herrschaftsgericht Oettingen, 1819 39 Staatsarchiv Nürnberg, Regierung von Mittelfranken, Kammer des Innern Abgabe 1932, Titel Statistik, No. 3. 40 München, Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Staatsrat 320, Protokoll Sitzung des geheimen Raths 14. November 1813, pag. 6-11, citation pag. 9. 41 Staatsarchiv Würzburg, Rep. 0. 0. 6 Regierungsabgabe 1943/43, No. 8650.

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42 Staatsarchiv Nürnberg, Regierung von Mittelfranken, Kammer des Innern Abgabe 1932, Titel Judensachen No. 75: Liste über den Personalstand der Judenschaft von Gunzenhausen. The scheme of entries was not yet completely fixed, therefore the "general compilation in tables of the Jews in the royal district of Würzburg on the left bank of the Main river based on the royal ordinance of 10 June 1813" followed the scheme: serial number - name - maritial status - age - number of peoples in the family - citation of the other family members - place of residence - licence by letter of protection or concession, papers of evidence - declaration of the adoption of a family name - declaration of the oath of subjection prescribed by the constitution of the kingdom Tit. I § 8 - subscription confirming the correct contents - remarks (Staatsarchiv Würzburg, Rep. 0. 0. 2 Statistische Sammlung, No. 616). 43 Staatsarchiv Nürnberg, Regierung von Mittelfranken, Kammer des Innern Abgabe 1932, Titel Judensachen No. 75 und 212. 44 Staatsarchiv Nürnberg, Regierung von Mittelfranken, Kammer des Innern Abgabe 1932, Titel Judensachen No. 74I und 212. 45 Staatsarchiv Nürnberg, Regierung von Mittelfranken, Kammer des Innern Abgabe 1932, Titel Judensachen No. 75 und 212. 46 Staatsarchiv Nürnberg, Regierung von Mittelfranken, Kammer des Innern Abgabe 1932, Titel Judensachen No. 212; later additions are cited in italics, e. g. the son has taken over the position of his father in the register. 47 Staatsarchiv Nürnberg, Regierung von Mittelfranken, Kammer des Innern Abgabe 1932, Titel Judensachen No. 211-215; the local or baronial districts (Land- bzw. Herrschaftsgerichte), where lists handed in exist, were marked by printing in bold 48 Cf. below note. 67. 49 Original: (Liste 1814/15): Staatsarchiv Nürnberg, Regierung von Mittelfranken, Kammer des Innern Abgabe 1932, Titel Judensachen No. 72; cf. also note 38. 50 Original: Staatsarchiv Nürnberg, Regierung von Mittelfranken, Kammer des Innern Abgabe 1932, Titel Judensachen No. 73. 51 Original: Staatsarchiv Nürnberg, Regierung von Mittelfranken, Kammer des Innern Abgabe 1932, Titel Judensachen No. 74I. 52 Original Staatsarchiv Nürnberg, Regierung von Mittelfranken, Kammer des Innern Abgabe 1932, Titel Judensachen No. 75. 53 Original Staatsarchiv Nürnberg, Regierung von Mittelfranken, Kammer des Innern Abgabe 1932, Titel Judensachen No. 76. 54 Staatsarchiv Nürnberg, Regierung von Mittelfranken, Kammer des Innern Abgabe 1932, Titel Judensachen No. 78, no liste. 55 Original: Staatsarchiv Nürnberg, Regierung von Mittelfranken, Kammer des Innern Abgabe 1932, Titel Judensachen No. 79. 56 Liste only for the town of Oettingen, not the baronial district (Staatsarchiv Nürnberg, Regierung von Mittelfranken, Kammer des Innern Abgabe 1932, Titel Judensachen No. 80 and 81). 57 The extracted pages could not be traced in the Bamberg state archives, and in this case it is

17 Bavarian State Archives of Nuremberg - The Jewish Registers 1813-1861 for Middle Franconia

interesting that the records relevant, there for Herzogenaurach, set in as late as 1840, cf. below note 58. But no Jewish registers could be identified in the Augsburg state archives among the records of the division government of Swabia, with the exception of two surveys from 1810/1811 for Ichenhausen (Bezirksamt Günzburg No. 555, Israelitische Standesregister Ichenhausen, No 26 [bound fotographs]; I am obliged for the communication of my colleague Dr. Peter Fleischmann, Augsburt state achives. No Jews were resident in the Monheim district, so that the changes of 1837 had no consequences. Changes of the attachment of a town to a certain district obviously only were considered until the early 1820ies, e. g. in the case of the town of Ickelheim that was transvered in 1821 from the Ansbach district to Windsheim. The following changes were omitted: of Kairlindach and Weisendorf in 1827 from Neustadt a. d. Aisch to Herzogenaurach, of Ullstadt in 1827 from Neustadt a. d. Aisch to Markt Bibart, of Sugenheim in 1838 from Windsheim to Mark Bibart and of Wilhermsdorf in1842 from Cadolzburg to Markt Erlbach (cf. Hanns Hubert Hofmann, Neustadt-Windsheim, Historischer Atlas von Bayern, Reihe II, Heft 2, Munich 1953, pp. 207 and 213). 58 K 3 (Regierung von Oberfranken) No. H 561 contains (without year) the registers for the districts Bamberg II, Bayreuth (only the town!), Bamberg II, Burgebrach, Ebermannstadt, Forchheim and Herzogenaurach - K 3 No. H 562 contains those of the districts Gräfenberg, Höchstadt/Aisch, Hollfeld, Kronach, Lichtenfels, Mitwitz, Neustadt, Pottenstein, Scheßlitz, Tambach and Weißmain; K 3 H 564 contains the Jewish registers as an individual manuscript for: 1. Ebermannstadt, 1824, 2. town of Bamberg, 1824, 3. district Burgebrach, 1823/24, 4. district Bamberg II, 1824 (with a note: the later amendments of the changes in the registers are not to be executed in this draft, but in the enclosed town registers, which have a larger format, 5. district Bamberg I, 1825, 6. town of Bayreuth, 1824. - K 3 No. H 565 contains the districts Forchheim, 1822/24, Gräfenberg, 1822/23, Herzogenaurach, 1840, Höchstadt a. d. Aisch, 1822/24, Kronach, 1822/27, Hollfeld, 1824 and Lichtenfels, 1824. - K 3 No. H 566 contains the districts Pottenstein, 1828/29, and Scheßlitz, 1824. - K 3 H No. 567 contains the registers of the district Weismain, 1824 (with later additions including 1831) as well as the baronial districts Mitwitz, 1823/24 and Tambach 1823/24. It should also be refered to the document K 3 No. H 563: Separat-Matrikel über die aufgenommenen Schutzjuden im Obermainkreis, 1813/51 59 Rep. 0. 0. 6 Regierungsabgabe 1943/43, No. 9075: Judenmatrikel der Landgerichte, 1817, contains the originals handed in by the division government (sporadically until 1826) of the districts Aura, Alzenau, Bischofsheim, Fladungen, Hilders, Homburg, Kissingen, Klingenberg, Münnerstadt and Zeil as well as the district commissariats Eltmann, Gemünden, Hofheim and as well as the baronial districts Miltenberg and Stadtprozelten. In Rep. 0. 0. 6 Regierungsabgabe 1943/43, further corrrespondance ist to be found and sporadical transcripts of lists (No. 8639: Revision der Judenmatrikel 1836-1850, No. 8640: Verhältnisse der Juden in der Stadt Schweinfurt, 1817-1822; No. 8641: The same, Landgericht Brückenau, 1817; No. 8642: The same, Stadt Aschaffenburg, 1817-1822; No. 8643: The same, Landgericht Aschaffenburg, 1817-1822; No. 8644: The same, Stadt Würzburg, 1814-1826; No. 8645: The same, Herrschaftsgericht Amorbach-Miltenberg, 1816; No. 8646: The same, Landgericht Bischofsheim, 1814-1823; No. 8647: The same, Landgericht Baunach, 1804; No. 8648: The same, Landgericht Arnstein, 1817; No. 8649: The same, Landgericht Aub, 1814; No. 8650: The same, Landgericht Alzenau, 1816-1856; No. 8654: The same, Landgericht Gerolzhofen, 1817; No. 8655: The same, Landgericht Haßfurt, 1832; No. 8656: The same, Landgericht Hammelburg, 1817; No. 8657: The same, Landgericht Euerdorf, 1817; No. 8658: The same, Gemünden, 1813; No. 8659: The same, Landgericht Eltmann, 1817-1822; No. 8660: The same, Landgericht Karlstadt, 1829; No. 8661: The same, Landgericht Kissingen, 1832; No. 8662: The same, Landgericht Kitzingen, 1814-1832. 60 Stefan Schwarz, Die Juden in Bayern im Wandel der Zeiten, Munich-Vienna 1963, pp. 287-292. 61 Cf. Rudolf Endres, Mittelfranken und. - sein Historischer Verein. In: 89. Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für Mittelfranken 1977/81, pp. 1-16. - Karl Bosl, Dr. h. c. Hermann Schreibmüller (1874-1956). In: Fränkische Lebensbilder (Veröffentlichungen der Gesellschaft für fränkische Geschichte VIIA/13), Neustadt a.d. Aisch 1990, pp. 166-171. - The examinnation of

18 Bavarian State Archives of Nuremberg - The Jewish Registers 1813-1861 for Middle Franconia

the acquistions of "treatises, manuscripts, charters" published in the annual reports of the society did not lead to any specific clue; but transfers of older records by the division government were not infrequent (cf. 30. Jahresbericht des Historischen Vereins in Mittelfranken 1862, p. 7: "Die k. Regierung übergibt: Acta, die in Triesdorf bei Ansbach bestandene Stuterei betr., 1795-1798"). 62 Th. Preger, Die Handschriften des Historischen Vereins für Mittelfranken, Ansbach 1907, p. 33. 63 Staatsarchiv Nürnberg, Amtsregistratur, IV/164. 64 In general it should only be referred to Rudolf Endres, Die Juden in Wirtschaft und Handel. In: Max Spindler (neu herausgegeben von Andreas Kraus). Handbuch des bayerischen Geschichte. Geschichte Frankens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts, Munich 1997, p. 956-959, further to Ernst Schubert, Arme Leute, Bettler und Gauner im Franken des 18. Jahrhunderts (Veröffentlichungen der Gesellschaft für fränkische Geschichte IX/26), Neustadt a. d. Aisch 1983, pp. 151-178. - Cf. also Siegfried Haenle, Geschichte der Juden im ehemaligen Fürstentum Ansbach, Ansbach 1867; Karl Ernst Stimpfig, Die Landjuden im Raum Uffenheim. Dokumentation jüdischen Lebens in den Kultusgemeinden Ermetzhofen, Gnodstadt, Welbhausen und Uffenheim mit der Geschichte des Rabbinats Welbhausen [Uffenheim 2002]. On Bechhofen vide Gustav Braun, Bechhofen in Mittelfranken Ein lokalgeschichtlicher Versuch, 1905, on Jochsberg vide Gerhard Rechter, Die Seckendorff. Quellen und Studien zur Genealogie und Besitzgeschichte. I. Stammfamilie mit den Linien Jochsberg und Rinhofen (Veröffentlichungen der Gesellschaft für fränkische Geschichte IX/36), Neustadt a. d. Aisch 1987. Cf. Karl Ernst Stimpfig, Die Juden in Leutershausen, Jochsberg, Colmberg und Wiedersbach. Eine Dokumentation, Leutershausen 2000. - Further literature: A. Eckstein, Geschichte der Juden im ehemaligen Fürstbistum Bamberg, Bamberg 1898. Klaus Guth (ed.), Jüdische Landgemeinden in Oberfranken (1800-1942). Ein historisch-topographisches Handbuch (Landjudentum in Oberfranken. Geschichte und Volkskultur I), Bamberg 1988. Hartmut Heller, Die Peuplierungspolitik der Reichsritterschaft als sozialgeographischer Faktor im Steigerwald (Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten 30), Erlangen 1971. Gerhard Rechter, ". . . hat sich um Schutz beworben. " Beobachtungen zu den jüdischen Gemeinden in den Herrschaften der Freiherrn v. Crailsheim im nachmals bayerischen Franken. In: Württembergisch Franken 86 (2002), pp. 249- 296. 65 Cf. Robert Schuh (ed.), Gunzenhausen (Historisches Ortsnamenbuch für Bayern, Mittelfranken 5), Munich 1979, No. 21, 43 and 272. - on Treuchtlingen: Friedrich Eigler, Treuchtlingens Entwicklung seit der Römerzeit. In: Heimatbuch Treuchtlingen, Treuchtlingen 1984, pp. 29-126. 66 In the following period the postions in the registers, in attractive towns like Fürth, sometimes were split. In Nuremberg the Jews could only apply for temporary residence from 1807, in 1825 the housholds were counted. With the decision made with a narrow majority in the town administration, the acception of the wholesaler Josef Kohn from Markt Erlbach begins the history of the "modern" Jewish community in Nuremberg. Its members - 58 housholds until 1861- therefore cannot be found in the register volume concerned, but were laid down on an additional sheet; the same applies for Erlangen (1861 two housholds) and Dinkelsbühl (1861 one houshold). - Arnd Müller, Geschichte der Juden in Nürnberg 1146-1945 (Beiträge zur Geschichte und Kultur der Stadt Nürnberg 12), Nuremberg 1968, pp. 147-156; Staatsarchiv Nürnberg, Regierung von Mittelfranken, Kammer des Innern Abg. 1932, Titel Judensachen, No. 211. 67 In this case it must be referred to the lists of births, marriages and deaths of the Jewish community in Middle Franconia, that are kept as copies ("No." in the following) or photokopies ("JM") in the Nuremberg state archives (Bezirksämter, Pfarrmatrikelzweitschriften). Registers exist of the communities Ansbach (dating from 1860 to 1919; JM 79), Baiersdorf (1879-1919; No. 367-371, JM 80), Bruck (1744-1894; No. 565-579, JM 81), Büchenbach (1828-1871; JM 82), Bullenheim (1810-1873, JM 83), Burgambach (1860, No. 641), Diespeck (1845-1938; No. 736, JM 84), Dottenheim (1802-1875; No. 883, JM 85), Ellingen (1790-1875; No. 990), Erlangen (1857-1876; JM 86), Ermetzhofen (1815-1876; No. 1153, JM 87), Forth (1811-1880; No. 1316-1322, JM 88),

19 Bavarian State Archives of Nuremberg - The Jewish Registers 1813-1861 for Middle Franconia

Fürth (1698-1928; No. 1364-1456, JM 89-124), Ickelheim (1832-1879; No. 1276, JM 125), Kaubenheim (1832-1875; No. 2553), Kirchfarrnbach (1831-1865; JM 126), Langenzenn (1812- 1886; JM 127), Lenkersheim (1832-1875; No. 3076-3077, JM 128), Leutershausen und Wiedersbach (1824-1832; No. 306), Markt Erlbach (1750-1874; No. 3226/1 and 2, JM 129), Mönchsroth (1808-1836; JM 130), Nürnberg (1857-1939; JM 131-144), Pahres (1817-1875; No. 3629, JM 145), Pappenheim (1687-1937; No. 3641, JM 146), Scheinfeld (1816-1876; JM 147), Schnaittach (1826-1882; JM 148-151), Schnodsenbach (1814-1862; JM 152), Schopfloch (1793- 1938; JM 153), Schornweisach (1870-1875; No. 4233), Treuchtlingen (1810-1875; No. 4530, JM 154), Uehlfeld (1828-1876; No. 4534, JM 155), Ullstadt (1858-1913; JM 156), Weigenheim (1817-1875; No. 5071, JM 157), Welbhausen (1838-1875; No. 5146-5147) and Wilhermsdorf (1800-1936; No. 5465-5466, JM 158). - cf. - Denise Rein, Die Bestände der ehemaligen jüdischen Gemeinden Deutschlands in den "Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People" in Jerusalem. In: Der Archivar 55 (2002), pp. 318-327 68 Wheras no registers can be identified for Lower Bavaria (friendly communication by my colleague Dr. Gerhard Schwertl, Landshut state archives) several lists handed in by the districts have been preserved for the Upper Palatinate. Among the records of the divisons of the Upper Palatinate, together with general files (Regierung der Oberpfalz, Abgabe 1949 No. 13711 and 13712) e.g. for the districts of Neumarkt (Regierung des Regenkreises, Kammer des Innern No. 1766), Neustadt a. d. Waldnaab (with the Jewish community Floß; as above, No. 3796; Generalkomissariat des Mainkreises, Kammer des Innern No. 140), Sulzbach (Regierung der Oberpfalz Nr. 3798) and Vohenstrauß (Landgericht älterer Ordnung, Vohenstrauß Nr. 209) as well as for the town of Regensburg (Regierung des Regenkreises, Kammer des Innern Nr. 1752; Regierung der Oberpfalz, Kammer des Innern No. 2282 and 3035; it is a very pleasing duty to thank my colleague, Mr. Rudolf Fritsch, Amberg state Archives, for his friendly hints). For Upper Bavaria only one exception exists for the town of Munich (with originally 60 register positions and continuation until No. 132: Wolf Rosenbaum, factory owner, admitted on 17 April 1846); Regierungsakten Nr. 33908; Nr. 33909 represents a copy until No. 60, the hops dealer Bernhard Jakob Lichtenstein from the Franconian village of Hüttenbach (I am pleased to express my thanks to my colleague Dr. Alfred Tausenpfund, München state archives, for his obliging assistance).

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