CONFRONTING GLOBAL THREATS TABLE of CONTENTS Features
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VOLUME 8, ISSUE 3, 2017 Journal of European Security and Defense Issues n TURNING TO TERROR n DIALING UP SUCCESS The origins of radicalization Low-tech radio’s big impact n EMPOWERING WOMEN PLUS Gender equality a key to security Russia’s ‘Eurasian triumvirate’ n A DESTABILIZING FORCE India’s options in Afghanistan North Caucacus fighters join ISIS Croatia’s new security strategy CONFRONTING GLOBAL THREATS TABLE OF CONTENTS features 10 Excluded By Lorand Bodo A sense of nonbelonging fuels violent radicalization in the United Kingdom. 18 What About the Women? By Julie Arostegui LeMaster, J.D. The importance of gender perspectives in countering violent extremism. 24 The Foreign Fighter Factor By Darya Nicolson How terror groups exert influence in the North Caucasus. 30 Low-Tech Solution By John Hutchings FM radio is a potent weapon against extremist propaganda in Somalia. 36 How Peace Came to 10 Northern Ireland By Capt. Andrew Upshaw, U.S. Army Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration efforts were shaped to fit the situation. 42 Mali’s Terror Fight By Mohamed Keita Confronting violent extremism on multiple fronts. 18 24 departments in every issue 4 DIRECTOR’S LETTER 5 CONTRIBUTORS 7 VIEWPOINT 66 CALENDAR POLICY 48 Capitalizing on Chaos By Ridvan Bari Urcosta, Institute of International Relations at the University of Warsaw Is Russia creating the “Eurasian triumvirate” with Iran and Turkey? COOPERATION 52 Rebuilding Ties By Dr. Vinay Kaura, Department of International Affairs and Security Studies, Sardar Patel University 56 India’s policy options in Afghanistan. SECURITY 56 A New Security Strategy By Damir Krstičević, Anita Perešin and Anto Zelić Croatia adapts to a changing world. 60 Lightning Over Europe By per Concordiam Staff Cutting-edge F-35A Strike Fighters train with eastern NATO allies. BOOK REVIEW 64 Islam’s Revival in Central Asia Reviewed by Diana Clark Gill An international group of scholars offers a fresh perspective on Islam’s resurgence in Central Asia. on the cover: Only a global response can counter a terror threat that now menaces the entire world. PER CONCORDIAM ILLUSTRATION 60 DIRECTOR'S LETTER Welcome to the 31st issue of per Concordiam. In this issue, with the theme “Building a Global Team Against a Global Threat,” we examine how a cooperative transnational network of professionals and practitioners can help states and organizations combat terrorism around the world. By exploring how best to incorporate whole-of-government and whole-of-society approaches to national and international counterterrorism strategies, this network can develop practical, comprehensive tools and strategies to defeat local, regional and global terrorist groups. The Marshall Center’s Program on Terrorism and Security Studies (PTSS) features discussions about how terrorist fighters returning from the battlefields of Iraq and Syria present immediate dangers to their home countries. Darya Nicolson provides an in-depth account of the evolving activities, motivations and allegiances of foreign terrorist fighters from the North Caucasus. Capt. Andrew Upshaw proposes that the Keith W. Dayton key to the long-term resolution of any conflict, especially the Troubles in Northern Director, George C. Marshall Ireland, is the effective disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of those who European Center for Security Studies previously supported violence. Lorand Bodo writes on the challenge of detecting Keith W. Dayton retired as a and preventing lone-actor terrorism, discussing the connection between a sense of Lieutenant General from the U.S. nonbelonging and violent radicalization. Army in late 2010 after more The PTSS also addresses the importance of both whole-of-government and whole- than 40 years of service. His last of-society approaches to countering terrorism by stressing the critical role, reach and assignment on active duty was impact of civil society and international humanitarian organizations. The last PTSS as U.S. Security Coordinator devoted special attention to women as security partners in a variety of roles such as to Israel and the Palestinian policymakers and advisors, lawyers, and law enforcement officials. Julie Arostegui Authority in Jerusalem. An LeMaster argues that human rights, gender equality and women’s empowerment are artillery officer by training, he also often considered secondary issues, to be dealt with once a state or region has achieved has served as politico-military security; however, attention to such issues is a critical precondition for true security. staff officer for the Army in One of the objectives of the Marshall Center is to develop in our PTSS participants Washington, D.C., and U.S. and alumni a shared understanding of the ideologies, strategies and tactics of defense attaché in Russia. He contemporary terrorist groups around the world, and generate specific recommendations worked as director of the Iraqi and best practices that effectively address the terrorist threat. We hope you agree that the Survey Group for Operation articles in this edition of per Concordiam support and inform this effort. Iraqi Freedom in Iraq. He earned As always, we at the Marshall Center welcome your comments and perspectives on a Senior Service College these topics and will include your responses in future editions. Please feel free to contact Fellowship to Harvard University us at [email protected]. and served as the Senior Army Fellow on the Council on Foreign Sincerely, Relations in New York. Gen. Dayton has a bachelor’s degree in history from the College of William and Mary, a master’s Keith W. Dayton degree in history from Cambridge Director University and another in international relations from the University of Southern California. 4 per Concordiam CONTRIBUTORS Journal of European Security Julie Arostegui LeMaster, J.D., is a lawyer and international human rights, gender and security expert with extensive experience in the issues of and Defense Issues peace and security. She serves as an international advocate, advisor, trainer, researcher and writer for the civil society, political, security and justice sectors. She has worked with many nongovernmental and government agencies and has been a guest lecturer at the Marshall Center. Building a Global Team Against a Global Threat Volume 8, Issue 3, 2017 George C. Marshall Lorand Bodo is a researcher at the consulting firm Ridgeway Information European Center for with a focus on the use of open source intelligence to support national and international security. He graduated with distinction from Aston University in Security Studies England with a master’s degree in governance and international politics, and he earned a master’s degree in politics with a focus on the governance of Leadership innovative and complex technological systems from the University of Bamberg in Germany. He completed his Master of Research degree in security science Keith W. Dayton at the Security and Crime Science Department at University College London. Director Ben Reed U.S. Deputy Director John Hutchings is an expert in broadcast technology and countering violent Johann Berger extremism, with nearly a decade of experience in Somalia working with the German Deputy Director United Nations, the African Union and the Somali government. He guided the setup of the U.N.-led Somali radio station, Radio Bar Kulan, in 2009. He is Ambassador Douglas Griffiths a former military surveillance and communications specialist and has spent International Liaison over 20 years working with major U.S. and international media organizations in conflict and post-conflict environments. He is a graduate of the Marshall Center’s Program on Terrorism and Security Studies and the Countering Marshall Center Transnational Organized Crime program. The George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies is a German-American partnership founded in 1993. The center promotes dialogue and understanding be- , is an assistant professor at the Department of Vinay Kaura, Ph.D. tween European, Eurasian, North American International Affairs and Security Studies, Sardar Patel University of Police, and other nations. The theme of its resident Security and Criminal Justice in Rajasthan, India. He is coordinator of the university’s Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies and research coordinator courses and outreach events: Most 21st for the school’s executive program in Conflict and Security Studies for century security challenges require inter- midlevel police professionals in India. His research interests include India’s national, interagency and interdisciplinary foreign policy, Afghanistan-Pakistan relations, counterterrorism and response and cooperation. counterinsurgency, and conflict resolution in Kashmir. Contact Us per Concordiam editors Darya Nicolson is a graduate of Amsterdam University College and holds Marshall Center a joint degree from the University of Amsterdam and the VU University in Gernackerstrasse 2 social sciences in international relations and political science. Her areas of academic interest include diplomacy, countering terrorism, conflict resolution, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen global security, relations between the European Union and Russia and the Germany countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the former Soviet [email protected] Union. She is a former intern of the Marshall Center, where she focused on researching counterterrorism cooperation, relations between the European Union and Russia and Russia’s North Caucasus. per Concordiam is a professional journal