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Contesting Religion Contesting Religion The Media Dynamics of Cultural Conflicts in Scandinavia Edited by Knut Lundby ISBN 978-3-11-050171-1 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-050206-0 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-049891-2 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No-Derivatives 4.0 License. For details go to https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Lundby, Knut, author. Title: Contesting religion : the media dynamics of cultural conflicts in Scandinavia / edited by Knut Lundby. Description: Berlin ; Boston : Walter de Gruyter GmbH, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018017843 (print) | LCCN 2018021832 (ebook) | ISBN 783110502060 (electronic Portable Document Format (pdf) | ISBN 9783110501711 (alk. paper) | ISBN 9783110498912 (e-book epub : alk. paper) | ISBN 9783110502060 (e-book pdf : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Mass media in religion--Scandinavia. | Religions--Relations. | Church controversies--Scandinavia. | Religious disputations--Scandinavia. Classification: LCC BL863 (ebook) | LCC BL863 .C66 2018 (print) | DDC 200.948--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018017843 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2018 Knut Lundby, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published with open access at www.degruyter.com. Cover Image. “Blasphemy,” by Øyvind Westgård. Used with Permission. Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com Preface The research behindthis book was undertaken within aprogramme on ‘The Cul- tural Conditions Underlying Social Change’ at the Research Council of Norway.¹ This ‘SAMKUL’ programme understands cultureasbeing ‘the sphere within which various groups and individuals think, communicate and act’.Culture, then, is to be analysed ‘as away of thinking and patterns of communication’ in ‘the interaction between people and their surroundings’,asexpressed in the programme description. This book digsinto the interaction over contested public religion in settingswherethe cultural conflicts are partlyshaped by media dy- namics. The book is an outcome of the SAMKUL project ‘Engagingwith Conflicts in Mediatized Religious Environments.AComparative Scandinavian Study’, which has been abbreviated as CoMRel – Co for Conflict,Mfor Media and Rel for Religion.² Most of the chapters in this book are written by CoMRel researchers, coming from the University of Copenhagen in Denmark, Uppsala UniversityinSweden and, in Norway, from the UniversityofAgder³,the MF Norwegian School of The- ology, Religion and Society,aswell as the University of Oslo, which coordinated the project.Inthe section on local civic settings, we include contributions from another Research Council of Norway-funded project,namely, ‘Cultural Conflict 2.0: The Dynamics of Religion, Media and Locality in North European Cities’ (CC2). The book took shape as acollaborative enterprise duringaproductive week in aformer monastery at Metochi on the island of Lesbos,Greece, now astudy centrefor the University of Agder.Weformulated the outline together, and later reworked it in acollective collaboration, and this is reflected in the Introduction and realized in the chapters thatfollow. Knut Lundby Editor and project leader Oslo, 9th March, 2018 www.forskningsradet.no/samkul http://www.hf.uio.no/imk/english/research/projects/comrel/ David Herbert is also workingatKingston University,London. OpenAccess. ©2018, Knut Lundby. This work is licensed under the CreativeCommons Attribution-Non Commerical-NoDerivs4.0 License. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110502060-001 TableofContents List of Tables XI List of Figures XIII Acknowledgements 1 Knut Lundby Introduction: Religion and Media in Cultural Conflicts 3 Part I: Contexts Knut Lundby, Pål Repstad Chapter 1Scandinavia: Traits, Trends and Tensions 13 Mia Lövheim, Haakon H. Jernsletten, David Herbert, Knut Lundby,Stig Hjarvard Chapter 2Attitudes: Tendencies and Variations 33 Stig Hjarvard, Knut Lundby Chapter 3UnderstandingMedia Dynamics 51 Mia Lövheim, Liv Ingeborg Lied Chapter 4Approaching Contested Religion 65 Part II: Controversies Public Service Media Knut Lundby, Stig Hjarvard, Mia Lövheim,Mona Abdel-Fadil Chapter 5Perspectives: Cross-Pressures on Public ServiceMedia 83 Mona Abdel-Fadil Chapter 6Nationalizing Christianity and Hijacking Religionon Facebook 97 VIII TableofContents Stig Hjarvard, Mattias Pape Rosenfeldt Chapter 7Planning Public Debate: Beyond Entrenched Controversies About Islam 117 Mia Lövheim, Linnea Jensdotter Chapter 8Contradicting Ideals: Islam on Swedish Public Service Radio 135 Local CivicSettings David Herbert Chapter 9Perspectives: Theorizing Mediatized Civic Settings and Cultural Conflict 155 Pål Repstad Chapter 10 Moral Involvement or Religious Scepticism? Local Christian Publications on Asylum Seekers 171 Louise Lund Liebmann Chapter 11 Media, Muslims and Minority Tactics: Compelling Dialoguesin Norway 187 Janna Hansen, David Herbert Chapter 12 Life in the Spotlight: Danish Muslims, Dual Identities, and Living with aHostile Media 205 Upper SecondarySchools Audun Toft, Maximilian Broberg Chapter 13 Perspectives: Mediatized Religious Education 225 Liv Ingeborg Lied, Audun Toft Chapter 14 ‘Let me Entertain You’:Media Dynamics in Public Schools 243 Audun Toft Chapter 15 Inescapable NewsCoverage: Media Influence on Lessons About Islam 259 TableofContents IX Part III: Crosscurrents Mona Abdel-Fadil, Louise LundLiebmann Chapter 16 Gender,Diversity and MediatizedConflicts of Religion: Lessons from Scandinavian Case Studies 281 Knut Lundby Chapter 17 Interaction Dynamics in the Mediatization of Religion Thesis 299 Lynn Schofield Clark, Marie Gillespie Chapter 18 Globalization and the Mediatization of Religion:From Scandinavia to the World 315 Birgit Meyer Afterword: Media Dynamics of Religious Diversity 333 Haakon H. Jernsletten Appendix: Regression Analyses to Chapter 2 339 AuthorBios 343 Index 347 List of Tables Table2.1 Should people in the following groups be allowed to wear across or hijabtoex- presstheir religious faith? Percentageofrespondents answering yes. From CoMRel survey,April 2015. Table2.2 Percentageofthe respondents who fully or partiallyagreewith statements on whatthe media ought to do in relation to their coverage of religion. From CoMRel survey,April 2015. Table3.1 The influences of media dynamicsinmediatized conflicts. Table3.2 In which contexts haveyou discussed news on religious extremism in the last12 months? Percentages. From CoMRelsurvey,April 2015. Table4.1 Contexts forthe encounter with, or information about, questions relatedtoreligion and belief.Percentages. From CoMRelsurvey,April 2015. Table5.1 Should proclamation programmes in DR/NRK/SVT refer to several religions or only to Christianity? Percentages. From CoMRelsurvey,April 2015. Table7.1 The distribution of Minority Actors’ Voices (MAV) in debates about Rebellion from the Ghetto in the pressand broadcast radio. Table7.2 The distribution of Minority Actors’ Voices (MAV) in debates about Rebellion from the Ghetto on threeFacebook sites. In Appendix: TableA.1 Variables included in the regressionanalyses. TableA.2 Critique and tolerance of religion. TableA.3 Participation in discussions of news on religious extremism. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110502060-002 List of Figures Figure 1.1 “Scandinavia,” by Hayden120,under aCreative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 license (CCBY-SA 3.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0), via Wikimedia Commons. Figure 1.2 “Inglehart-Welzel’sCultural Map, based on WVS_6, 2015,” by the World Values Survey.Presenting the datainR.Inglehart,C.Haerpfer,A.Moreno, C. Welzel,K. Kizilova, J. Diez-Medrano, M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarinand B. Puranen et al. (eds.). 2014. World Values Survey: Round Six -Country-Pooled Datafile Version: http:// www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV6. jsp. Madrid: JD Sys- tems Institute. Used with permission. Figure 2.1 Religious self-identification in Scandinavia. Percentages. From CoMRelsurvey, April 2015. Figure 2.2 Political orientation in Scandinavia (GAL–TANscale). Percentages. From CoMRel survey,April 2015. Figure 2.3 Looking at the world,religion leads to conflict rather than to peace. Percentages. From CoMRelsurvey,April 2015. Figure 2.4 Do you consider Islam athreat to Danish/Norwegian/Swedish culture?Percentag- es. From CoMRelsurvey,April 2015. Figure 2.5 Agreement with the statement ‘hostile attitudes towards foreigners should be ac- cepted’ among people considering Islam athreat to national culture.Percentages. From CoMRelsurvey,April 2015. Figure 2.6 Influenceofselected variables on discussions of news on religious extremism: Substantive effects. BasedonCoMRelsurvey,April 2015. Figure 5.1 Public ServiceMedia should only cover Islam/Judaism/Christianity in an unbiased and objectiveway.Percentages. From CoMRel survey,April 2015. Figure 7.1New voices in Danishtelevision. Saja, ‘Sami’,Muna, and Moe from the Danish television documentaryseries Rebellion fromthe Ghetto;produced by Plus Pic- tures and broadcast on DR2 in 2015. Photo: Plus Pictures /Photographer: Simon Dixgaard. Used withpermission. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110502060-003 Acknowledgements The Research Council of Norwayfunded the main project,the findingsofwhich are reportedinthis book (CoMRel, Grant
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