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In Quest for a Culture of Peace in the IGAD Region: the Role Intellectuals and Scholars Somalia Stability

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In Quest for a Culture of Peace in the IGAD Region: the Role Intellectuals and Scholars Somalia Stability Cover Final.pdf 6/15/06 10:54:43 AM The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) region com- prising Kenya, Uganda, Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti faces a distinct set of problems stemming from diverse historical, social, economic, political and cultural factors. Despite the socio-cultural affinities and economic interdependence between the peoples of this Eritrea region, the IGAD nations have not developed coherent policies for Sudan Djibouti regional integration, economic cooperation and lasting peace and of Peace in the IGAD Region: In Quest for a Culture Somalia stability. Ethiopia Intermittent conflicts between and within nations, poor governance, Uganda low economic performance, and prolonged drought which affects food Kenya security, are the key problems that bedevil the region. But in recent years the IGAD countries have made great strides towards finding lasting solutions to these problems. The African Union Peace and Security Council and IGAD have gained significant mileage in con- flict resolution. Major milestones include the signing of the Compre- hensive Peace Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the C Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLA/SPLM) in January 2005. M Ethiopia held democratic multi-party elections in May 2005 and Kenya Y carried out a referendum on the draft constitution in November 2005. In Quest for a Culture of Peace CM Somalia’s newly established Transitional Federal Government was able to relocate to Somalia in 2005 as a first step towards establishing lasting MY peace. CY in the IGAD Region: The Role of Intellectuals and Scholars CMY The East African sub-region countries of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania K have made progress towards economic and eventual political integra- tion through the East African Community and Customs Union treaties. The East African Community Treaty was launched in 2004. The Role of Intellectuals and Scholars This book covers the deliberations of a two-day conference held by the Heinrich Böll Foundation with UNESCO and intellectuals and scholars from the IGAD region, to share common ideals, values and interests among peoples of the region, so as to facilitate a peaceful and benefi- cial coexistence. HEINRICH BÖLL FOUNDATION Rgional Office, East and Horn of Africa Forest Road, P.O. Box 10799-00100, Nairobi, Kenya Telephone: +254 20 3744227, Fax: +254 20 3749132 Email: [email protected] Website: www.hbfha.com HEINRICH BÖLL FOUNDATION In Quest for a Culture of Peace in the IGAD Region Supported by Trust Africa Initiative, Ford Foundation Heinrich Böll Foundation Regional Office, East and Horn of Africa, Nairobi IN QUEST FOR A CULTURE OF PEACE IN THE IGAD REGION i Published 2006 by Heinrich Böll Foundation Regional Office for East Africa and Horn of Africa Forest Road P.O. Box 10799-00100, GPO, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: (254-2) 3744227 Fax: (254-2) 3749132 Email: [email protected] Heinrich Böll Stiftung Hackesche Höfe Rosenthaler Str. 40-41 D-10178 Berlin Tel: (49) 0303 285 340 Fax: (49) 030 285 34 109 Email: [email protected] ISBN 9966 - 9772 - 6 - 0 © 2006 Heinrich Böll Foundation All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced without written permis- sion from the publisher, except for brief quotations in books and critical reviews. For information, write to Heinrich Böll Foundation Opinions expressed are the responsibility of the individual authors and do not necessar- ily constitute the official position of Heinrich Böll Foundation. Technical editing by Elizabeth Obel-Lawson Designed and typeset by Damary Odanga Production by Bookprint Creative Services Ltd ii IN QUEST FOR A CULTURE OF PEACE IN THE IGAD REGION Contents Preface ................................................................................................................... v For the Hurried Reader... .................................................................................... 1 Regional conceptualisation Embattled identity in Northeast Africa: A comparative essay* ................ 13 Bahru Zewde Conflict and peace in the Horn of Africa: A regional approach ................. 26 Professor Abdi Ismail Samatar and Waqo Machaka Developing a new vision on the Horn of Africa: Creation of a forum to debate the common future of the region ................................................... 56 Ali Moussa Iye The role of intellectuals and integration in the IGAD region ..................... 66 Professor Dani W. Nabudere Transitional politics The challenges of transitional politics in Kenya ........................................... 89 Prof. P. Anyang’ Nyong’o Grappling with the challenges of multi party democracy in Uganda ...... 111 Prof. Samuel B. Tindifa The 2006 elections in Uganda: Potentials for conflict and growth of democratic governance .............................................................................. 132 Prof. Okello Oculi In the quest for peace Sudan: The challenge of national renewal ................................................... 149 Suzanne Jambo Somalia: A nation in search of a state ........................................................... 163 Khalif Hassan Ahmed IN QUEST FOR A CULTURE OF PEACE IN THE IGAD REGION iii CONTENTS Human rights agenda Africa’s forgotten human rights crisis. The Eritrean experience .............. 192 Dawit Mesfin Ethiopia, on a threshold of democracy? ....................................................... 200 Melakou Tegegn References ............................................................................................................... 216 Index ...................................................................................................................... 227 Contributors ........................................................................................................... 231 HBF Nairobi office publications .......................................................................... 235 iv IN QUEST FOR A CULTURE OF PEACE IN THE IGAD REGION Preface The IGAD (Intergovernmental Agency for Desertification) region comprising of Kenya, Uganda, Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti has distinctive historical, socio-economic and cultural manifestations. This sub-region is diverse and its geo-strategic location has resulted in competition and animosities be- tween different local and foreign powers from time to time. These dynamics led to the development of a culture of violence based on the tradition of origin, a fixation with territory, a feudal vision of the exercise of power and an absolutist conception of conflict. As a result, the nations within the region have usually pursued political/development strategies that ignore the socio-cultural affini- ties and the economic interdependence between their peoples. This deep attach- ment to the territorial concept of nationhood and their reluctance to explore the potentials offered by sharing of a common heritage has discouraged the devel- opment of coherent policies of sub-regional integration that would promote peace- ful co-existence. On a positive note, there have been great strides observed in the various coun- tries towards finding lasting solutions to the general problems that uniquely be- devil them. In Sudan, the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLA/ SPLM) in January 2005 heralded a new beginning of peace and reconciliation, in a country that has been haunted by conflict over 40 odd years. Ethiopia similarly elicited a ray of hope, with long awaited democratic multi-party elections in May 2005 being held amid large voter turnouts. Kenya has also recently undergone a most praiseworthy referendum on the draft constitution, similar to one in Uganda held in the recent past. But more importantly, the Somali people finally begot a Transitional Federal Government in September 2004 after a long drawn peace process fronted by the IGAD heads of states in the city of Nairobi. On the peace building front, the longstanding efforts of the Intergovernmen- tal Authority on Drought and Development (IGAD) are beginning to bear no- ticeable fruits as evidenced by the Sudan and Somali peace processes. The coming into being of the AU Peace and Security Council and the positive attempt shown by the organization in trying to resolve conflict situations is a notable develop- ment during the last few years. At the same time, the region has concertedly involved itself in the building of regional and global mechanisms for enhanced economic and social integration, trade and peace building. Kenya and Uganda have joined Tanzania in affirming their commitment to economic and eventual IN QUEST FOR A CULTURE OF PEACE IN THE IGAD REGION v PREFACE political integration through the East African Community and Customs Union Treaties, the latter being launched in 2004. However, despite these heartening efforts, the region remains heavily bur- dened by the severe social, economic and political connotations of localized con- flict, poor governance, economic backlog and prolonged adverse climatic conditions that have implications on food security1. These tribulations tend to overshadow the overall advances achieved. The government sponsored crises in the Darfur region of Sudan has eclipsed the spellbinding charm that was the comprehensive peace agreement, and now, doubts are emerging as to the en- forcement aspects and commitment of both sides to the terms and conditions previously acceded to. In Kenya, the euphoria that accompanied the swearing in of the “liberating” NARC
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