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Lag-Magazin: Griechenland Am Rande Des Europäischen

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Lag-Magazin: Griechenland Am Rande Des Europäischen LaG - Magazin Griechenland: Am Rande des deutschen Erinnerungshorizonts 01/2016 27. Januar 2016 Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Zur Diskussion Griechenland 1936 - 1941: Faschistische Diktatur und Krieg mit der Achse..........................5 Griechenland 1941-1944: Okkupation durch die Achsenmächte und britische Intervention........................................................................................................8 Deutsche Besatzung Griechenlands - verdrängt und vergessen?..........................................13 Griechenland: Unbeglichene deutsche Kriegsschuld/en.......................................................17 Empfehlung Unterrichtsmaterial Der „Fall Distomo“ im Unterricht..........................................................................................23 Empfehlung Fachbuch Winter in Griechenland. Krieg, Besatzung und Shoah..........................................................24 Zeit der Bürgerkriege – Griechenland 1940-1950.................................................................26 Empfehlung Web Historische Perspektiven der deutsch-griechischen Beziehungen........................................31 Distomo und erinnerungspolitisches Engagement................................................................34 Reparationsforderungen Griechenlands an Deutschland – berechtigt oder nicht?.............................................................................................................35 Empfehlung Lebensbericht Damit es die ganze Welt erfährt. Von Saloniki nach Auschwitz und zurück.........................37 Empfehlung Film/DVD Because of That War...............................................................................................................41 „Ich sagte mir: Ich komme hier raus!“ Die Geschichte des Owadjah Baruch.......................42 Neu eingetroffen „Leistet nichts. Zu schwach. Nicht einsatzfähig.“ Hintergründe zu den Gräbern ausländischer Patientinnen und Patienten der Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Lüneburg..............45 Magazin vom 27.01.2016 2 Einleitung Liebe Leserinnen und Leser, Einen ereignisgeschichtlichen Überblick geben zwei Aufsätze von Heinz A. Rich- ter. Er führt in einem ersten Text in die wir begrüßen Sie zur ersten Ausgabe des Struktur der griechischen Diktatur unter LaG-Magazins im neuen Jahr. Sie befasst Metaxas ein und schlägt einen Bogen über sich mit Griechenland während des Zwei- den italienischen Überfall auf Griechenland ten Weltkrieges, der deutschen Besatzung hin zur deutschen Besatzung. Der zeitliche und auch mit Fragen, die die verweigerten Horizont sind hier die Jahre 1936 – 1941. Entschädigungen von deutscher Seite für Der zweite Text des Historikers widmet die begangenen Kriegsverbrechen und die sich den Jahren 1941 – 1944. Hier steht der Ausplünderung des Landes betreffen. Für griechische Widerstand gegen die Besatzung das historische Lernen ist der letztgenannte im Mittelpunkt sowie die britische Interven- Komplex relevant, da sich erinnerungskul- tion. turell das Bild etabliert hat, in Deutschland wäre die nationalsozialistische Vergangen- Christoph U. Schminck-Gustavus befasst heit mitsamt der Verbrechen besonders gut sich mit der Erinnerung an die deutsche aufgearbeitet worden. Besatzung mit einem Schwerpunkt dar- auf, wie sie einen Niederschlag in den Ge- Am griechischen Beispiel zeigt sich, dass schichtswissenschaften in Griechenland dieses Bild brüchig ist und somit ein an- und Deutschland fand, beziehungsweise haltender Auseinandersetzungsbedarf zum lange Zeit dies gerade nicht geschah . Umgang mit der deutschen Vergangenheit besteht. Die Auseinandersetzung mit den Mit den griechischen Entschädigungs- Brüchen in der bundesdeutschen Erin- ansprüchen und Aspekten der deutschen nerung an den Nationalsozialismus kann Verhinderung des Einlösens dieser nebenher dem Eindruck entgegenwirken, es Ansprüche sowie der mangelhaften Täter- seien Immigrant_innen und Geflüchtete aus verfolgung setzt sich Martin Schellenberg Krisenländern, denen als Erstes historisch- am Beispiel des Massakers in dem griechi- politische Bildung über Nationalsozialis- schen Dorf Distomo auseinander. In einem mus und Holocaust nahegebracht werden zweiten Beitrag hat uns der Autor Anregun- sollte, da dies ein demokratischer und zivi- gen zur Verfügung gestellt, wie der „Fall lisatorischer Standard hierzulande sei. Viel- Distomo“ im Unterricht behandelt werden mehr besteht die anhaltende Notwendigkeit kann. einer gesamtgesellschaftlichen Beschäfti- Für die Rubrik „Neu eingetroffen“ gung mit dem Nationalsozialismus und hat schließlich unsere Kollegin Nadja dessen Wiedergängern in Gestalt von Neo- Grintzewitsch eine Rezension des nazis und rassistisch-völkischen Bewegun- Buches „Leistet nichts. Zu schwach. Nicht gen wie Pegida. einsatzfähig. Hintergründe zu den Gräbern Magazin vom 27.01.2016 3 Einleitung ausländischer Patientinnen und Patienten der Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Lüneburg“ von Carola S. Rudnick beigesteuert. Wir bedanken uns bei den Autor_innen für die gute Zusammenarbeit. Das nächste LaG-Magazin erscheint am 27. Februar mit dem Titel „Bevölkerungs- transfers und Zwangsmigration im Rahmen des Zweiten Weltkrieges“. Wir wünschen Ihnen eine interessante Lektüre, Ihre LaG-Redaktion Magazin vom 27.01.2016 4 Zur Diskussion Griechenland 1936 - 1941: Literatur, von links wie von rechts, wird der Faschistische Diktatur und faschistische Charakter des Regimes vom 4. Krieg mit der Achse August 1936 bestritten, weil es keine faschis- tische Massenpartei gab, wie in Deutschland Von Heinz A. Richter oder Italien, obwohl alle übrigen Ingredien- Griechenland war in den Jahren 1923 bis zen des Faschismus vorhanden waren. Es 1936, als in dem Land die Diktatur von wurde nicht begriffen, dass es in Griechen- Metaxas begann, ähnlich instabil wie die land eine völlig andere politische Kultur Weimarer Republik. Die Regierungen wech- auf der Basis des Klientelismus gab. Der selten ständig und das Militär putschte griechische Klientelismus ist ein Gesamt- immer wieder. 1924 war Griechenland durch system, das den gesamten Staat und die Parlamentsbeschluss eine Republik gewor- Gesellschaft durchdringt und bis heute den. 1935 wurde König Georg II. durch ein prägend ist. Griechische Parteien unterschei- massiv gefälschtes Plebiszit zurückgebracht. den sich von westeuropäischen grundlegend. Im Januar 1936 fanden die für viele Jahre Es sind Klientelverbände, die durch rousfe- letzten nicht manipulierten Wahlen statt. tia (Gefälligkeiten) zusammengehalten wer- Sie ergaben ein Patt zwischen den Konser- den. In einem klientelistischen System wäre vativen und den Liberalen. Die Kommunis- eine Massenpartei systemfremd gewesen. tische Partei (KKE) wurde zum Zünglein an Metaxas erklärt das Fehlen selbst in seinem der Waage, zur Mehrheitsbeschafferpartei. Tagebuch im Januar 1941 folgendermaßen: Beide großen Parteien verhandelten mit ihr, Er habe gar keine Partei gebraucht, weil das doch als man kurz vor einer Lösung stand, ganze Volk Partei gewesen sei. Das ist Fa- putschte der Ex-General Ioannis Metaxas schismus in einem klientelistischen System, mit Zustimmung des Königs am 4. August Klientelfaschismus. 1936 und errichtete die Diktatur. Klientelfaschismus gab es damals in den Mit dieser Zustimmung brach der König meisten Balkanstaaten, die üblicherweise jenen Eid, den er auf die Verfassung als Königsdiktaturen bezeichnet werden. geschworen hatte, eine Tatsache, die ihm Wie stark der Klientelismus die ehemals die Griechen nie verziehen. Zugleich wur- osmanischen Provinzen auf dem Balkan de er zum Ko-Diktator. Da die Streitkräfte prägt, zeigte sich auch nach dem Zweiten ihm bedingungslos gehorchten, hätte er die Weltkrieg, als z.B. in Rumänien ein System Diktatur jederzeit beenden können, aber errichtet wurde, das man als klientelkom- er fühlte sich in seiner Rolle als Ko-Dikta- munistisch bezeichnen muss. tor sehr wohl. Man könnte die griechische Während Metaxas große Sympathien für Diktatur auch als Duumvirat bezeichnen. Hitler und Mussolini hatte, setzte der König Die Kommunisten sprachen von Monarcho- auf die traditionelle Schutzmacht Großbri- Faschismus. In der einschlägigen deutschen tannien. Magazin vom 27.01.2016 5 Zur Diskussion Als der Zweite Weltkrieg ausbrach, blieb bote abrupt. Metaxas hatte seine Armee Griechenland zunächst neutral. um einen Sieg gebracht. Mussolini verfolgte Hitlers Blitzkrieger- Ende Januar 1941 starb Metaxas. Er hatte folge mit ständig größer werdendem Neid bis dahin die völlig inadäquate britische Hil- und trat kurz vor Hitlers Sieg über Frank- fe (Eine australische und eine neuseeländi- reich in den Krieg ein. Aber die italienischen sche Infanteriedivision sowie eine englische Truppen reüssierten weder in Frankreich Panzerbrigade) abgelehnt, weil er befürchte- noch in Nordafrika, und Mussolinis Frustra- te, dass ihre Annahme nur einen deutschen tionsgefühle nahmen zu. Als er im Sommer Angriff provozieren würde. Es ging den 1940 erfuhr, dass Hitler Truppen nach Ru- Briten nicht um eine echte Hilfe, son- mänien schicken würde, also in ein Gebiet, dern um deren Eindruck auf den US-Kon- das er als in seiner Interessensphäre liegend gress, der in dieser Zeit das Lend-Lease- betrachtete, beschloss er in einem Wutan- Gesetz debattierte. Im Herbst 1940 musste fall, über Griechenland herzufallen. Hitler Churchill US-Präsident Roosevelt mittei- hatte nur ganz vage Informationen über len, dass binnen kurzer Zeit das Cash-and- Mussolinis Griechenlandpläne, sonst hätte Carry-Programm enden müsse, da Eng- er ihn sicher gestoppt, denn Hitler plante
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