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Die Europastraße E40 Als Erinnerungspfad in Europa

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Die Europastraße E40 Als Erinnerungspfad in Europa Die Europastraße E40 als Erinnerungspfad in Europa Europejska trasa E40 - europejską drogą pamięci Європейська дорога Е40 - шлях пам'яті в Європі The highway E40 as path of remembrance in Europe 1 Flaggen auf der Titelseite: (die Jahreszahlen beschreiben den Zeitraum, in dem die abgebildeten Fahnen offiziell verwendet wurden.) Königreich Galizien und Lodomerien als österreichisches Kronland (1849 – 1918) Russisches Reich (1914 – 1917, nur für den privaten Gebrauch) Österreich-Ungarische Kriegsflagge (1915, nie offiziell eingeführt) Deutsches Reich (1871 - 1918) Ukrainische Volksrepublik (1917 - 1918) Ukrainischer Staat (1918) und Westukrainische Volksrepublik (1918 - 1919) Republik Polen (1919 - 1939) Ukrainische Sowjetrepublik (1937 - 1949) Deutsches Reich (1935 - 1945) Sowjetunion (Union der Sozialistischen Sowjetrepubliken) (bis 1991) Flagge der UPA - Ukrajinska Powstanska Armija (Ukrainische Aufstandsarmee) (40ger Jahre des 20.Jahrhunderts) Flagge der Polnischen Heimatarmee (während des Zweiten Weltkrieges) 2 Inhalt Seite Impressum 4 Quellenverzeichnis 5 „In Westgalizien erinnert man sich...“ 6 Unser Projekt 7 Nasz projekt 8 Наш проект 9 Our project 10 Der Projektraum 11 Vorgeschichte 12 polnische Adelsherrschaft in Galizien und Wolhynien 16 Kriegsvorbereitungen und Festungsbau 24 Der Erste Weltkrieg 27 Vom Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges, der Gründung neuer Nationalstaaten 58 bis zum Ende des polnisch-bolschewistischen Krieges Die „Zwischenkriegszeit“ vom Frieden von Riga (1921) 92 bis zum Beginn des Zweiten Weltkrieges (1939) Der Zweite Weltkrieg bis zur „Aktion Weichsel“ - Der deutsche Überfall auf Polen und der polnische Widerstand 99 - Der Hitler-Stalin-Pakt 110 - Der Überfall auf die Sowjetunion 117 - Der Holocaust an der jüdischen Bevölkerung 131 - Der „Große Vaterländische Krieg“ 171 - Der polnisch-ukrainische Konflikt und die „Aktion Weichsel“ 217 Fazit 231 VIA REGIA – Kulturstraße des Europarates 232 3 Impressum Konzeption und Realisierung: Caroline Fischer (D/ Universität Erfurt, Projektleitung) Dominika Kopacek (PL/ Universität Lublin) Nata Rusitashvili (D/ Universität Erfurt) Kontakt: Caroline Fischer Europäisches Kultur- und Informationszentrum in Thüringen Bahnhofstr. 27 D-99084 Erfurt fon 0049/ (0)361/ 76 48 590 fax 0049/ (0)361/ 26 57 564 mail [email protected] in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Europäischen Kultur- und Informationszentrum in Thüringen Wir danken für Mitarbeit und Unterstützung: Prof. Dr. Siegfried Wolf (D/ Glindow), Dr. Jürgen Fischer (D/ Erfurt, Projektbetreuer), Christiane Pasdzior (D/ Erfurt), Jelena Weingarten (D/ Erfurt), Olena Zaslawska (D/ Erfurt), Jakobus Böttcher (D/ Erfurt), Marianne Schwalbe (D/ Erfurt) Volkmar Heilbock (D/ Erfurt) Janusz Matyka, (PL/ Przeworsk) Volodymyr Stemkovskyy (UA/ Wolodymyr-Wolhynskyj), Valentin Vitrenko (UA/ Novohrad-Wolhynskyj), Julia Savonova (UA/ Rivne), Olena Petriv (UA/ Rivne), Oleksandr Bulyga (UA/ Rivne), Valentina Danilicheva (UA/ Rivne), Tamara Dmitrenko (UA/ Dubno), Vasyl Strilchuk (UA/ Brody), Andrian Hretsko (UA/ Horodok), Lubomyr Switenko (UA/ Horodok) ein Projekt im Rahmen der Die Abbildungen sind – wenn nicht anders angegeben – Originalfotos von Mitgliedern des Projektteams oder entstammen dem Archiv des Europäischen Kultur- und Informationszentrums in Thüringen. Außerdem wur- den vom Kulturhistorischen Museum des Rivnensker Gebietes, dem Landeskundemuseum Brody, dem Mu- seum in Dubno, Herrn Valentin Vitrenko und Herrn Lubomyr Switenko Originaldokumente zur Verfügung ge- stellt und digitalisiert. 4 Literaturverzeichnis für die Verwendung von Texten zur Geschichte der Region: Alexander, Manfred: „Kleine Geschichte Polens“, Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Bonn 2005 Babel, Isaak: „Die Reiterarmee“, „Tagebuch 1920“, aus dem Russischen übersetzt, herausgegeben und kommentiert von Peter Urban, Friedenauer Presse, Berlin 1990 Berdychowska, Bogumiła: „Polen – Ukraine. Der Schatten der Geschichte“ in: OST-WEST. Europäische Perspektiven, 6. Jahrgang 2005, Heft 3 hhg. von Renovabis, Solidaritätsaktion der deutschen Katholiken mit den Menschen in Mittel- und Osteuropa und dem Zentralkomitee der deutschen Katholiken (ZdK), Bonn Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin: „Der Zweite Weltkrieg“ http://www.dhm.de/lemo/ Friebe, Georg: „Deutschlands Osten und sein östlicher Nachbar“ Beiträge zur Geschichte und Zeitgeschichte Ostdeutschlands, Polens und der deutsch-polnischen Beziehungen, Eigenverlag, 2004. Hein, Heidi: „Der Piłsudski-Kult und seine Bedeutung für den polnischen Staat 1926-1939“ Verlag Herder-Institut, Marburg 2002 Kappeler, Andreas: „Kleine Geschichte der Ukraine“, Verlag C.H.Beck (Beck'sche Reihe), München 1994 Kloke, Andreas: „Nationale Frage und Marxismus – Zur Problematik von Theorie und Praxis der marxistischen Klassiker (1844 – 1940) und zur Aktualität der Thematik“, INPREKORR, Nr. 335/336 und 337/338, Juni 1999 Olszanski, Tadeusz Andrzej: „Der polnisch-ukrainische Konflikt 1943-1947“ © Tadeusz Andrzej Olszanski, 1991 http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n20texts/ger/olszan-ger.htm Ostrowski, Nikolai: „Wie der Stahl gehärtet wurde“ 8. unveränderte Auflage, Verlag Neues Leben, Berlin 1950 Pohl, Dieter: „Die Herrschaft der Wehrmacht – Deutsche Militärbesatzung und einheimische Bevölkerung in der Sowjetunion 1941 - 1944“ Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH, München 2008 Tenhumberg, Reinhard: „Dubno“ http://www.tenhumbergreinhard.de/0000039b0e0f15503/index.html Ther, Philipp: „Deutsche und polnische Vertriebene. Gesellschaft und Vertriebenenpolitik in der SBZ/DDR und in Polen 1945-1956“, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1998. Thum, Gregor: „Traumland Osten. Deutsche Bilder vom östlichen Europa im 20. Jahrhundert,“ Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2006 Wehrhahn. Torsten: „Die Westukrainische Volksrepublik“ Weißensee Verlag, Berlin 2004 Wikipedia – die freie Enzyklopädie Wikipedia – wolna encyklopedia Wikipedia – the free encyclopedia Вікіпедія – вільнa енциклопедія Википедия – свободнaя энциклопедия ukraine-nachrichten http://www.ukraine-nachrichten.de 5 „In Westgalizien erinnert man sich vor allem an den opferreichen Kampf der Polen gegen den Terror ukrainischer Banden, in Ostgalizien an die nationalen Befreiungskämpfe ukrainischer Hetmane und Dichterfürsten. Wer den offiziellen Denkmälern und Erinnerungstafeln folgt, erfährt kaum etwas vom jüdischen Galizien und seinem Untergang in den Vernichtungslagern von Auschwitz und Majdanek, vom polnischen Adel, der, bevor er vom NKVD deportiert und in den weißrussischen Wäldern exekutiert wurde, das östliche Galizien mit Gutshöfen und Palästen geprägt hatte, von den deutschsprachigen Kaufleuten und Beamten in den einstigen Provinzstädten der Habsburger Monarchie, deren Nachfahren 1939 von Hitler "heim ins Reich" gezwungen wurden, von den orthodoxen, sich ukrainisch-russischer Dialekte bedienenden Bauern, die die Hänge der niederen Beskiden und westlichen Karpaten bewirtschafteten, in den 20er Jahren in die Mühlen der polnisch-ukrainischen Volkstumskämpfe gerieten und als eigenständige Volksgruppe innerhalb Polens in den 40er Jahren fast ausgelöscht wurden. Eine Sicht auf Galizien, die im Westen nur Polen und im Osten nur Ukrainer kennt, will von all dem nichts wissen.“ (Gregor Thum: „Traumland Osten. Deutsche Bilder vom östlichen Europa im 20. Jahrhundert,“ Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2006 ) Straszliwe walki Polaków przeciwko terrorowi ukraińskiego pospólstwa wciąż nie poszły w zapomnienie w Galicji Zachodniej, natomiast w Galicji Wschodniej narodowe walki wyzwoleńcze ukraińskich hetmanów i poetów zajęły stałe miejsce w lokalnej pamięci. Ci, którzy podążają śladami oficjalnych pomników i tablic pamiątkowych rzadko dowiadują się o żydowskiej Galicji i jej zniszczeniu w obozach w Auschwitz i Majdanku, o polskiej arystokracji, która pozostawiła swój ślad w Galicji Wschodniej dzięki posiadłościom i pałacom, zanim została deportowana przez NKWD i stracona w białoruskich lasach, o niemieckojęzycznych urzędnikach państwowych i kupcach w dawnych prowincjonalnych miastach monarchii habsburskiej, których potomkowie zostali zmuszeni przez Hitlera w 1939 roku do powrotu do "domu, do Rzeszy!", o prawosławnych chłopach mówiących ukraińsko-rosyjskimi dialektami, uprawiających pola na stokach Beskidu Niskiego i Karpat Zachodnich, którzy zostali złapani w pułapkę etnicznych walk między Polakami i Ukraińcami i prawie przestali istnieć jako niezależna grupa etniczna w Polsce w latach 40-tych XX w. Wyobrażenia o Galicji, w których ujmowani są jedynie Polacy na Zachodzie i Ukraińcy na Wschodzie, odrzuca owe bogate korzenie. (Tłumaczenie na j. polski - Dominika Kopaczek na podstawie tłumaczenia z j. ang. Marianny Schwalbe) „У Західній Галичині в першу чергу згадують про пов'язану з великими жертвами боротьбу Польщі проти терору українських банд, у Східній Галичині про національну визвольну боротьбу українських гетьманів та великих поетів. Хто вірить офіційним пам'ятникам та меморіальним дошкам, той навряд чи дізнається про єврейську Галичину та її загибель у таборах смерті Аушвіца та Майданека; про польську шляхту, яка, перед депортацією через НКВД та розстрілом у білоруських лісах, наклала свій відбиток у Східній Галичині поміщицькими садибами та палацами; про німецькомовних купців та державних службовців у містах колишніх провінцій Габсбурзької монархії, нащадки яких Гітлер у 1939 році примусив повернутися „додому в імперію“; про православних селян, розмовлявших на українсько-російському діалекті, які обробляли схили Низьких Бескидів та Західних Карпат, що потрапили у 20-тих роках у жорна боротьби між поляками та українцями
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