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TISDALE-THESIS-2021.Pdf (6.528Mb) A CATALOG OF ARMAMENT FROM ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN SHIPWRECKS, 14th-1st CENTURIES BCE A Thesis by DHILLON ROSS TISDALE Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Chair of Committee, Deborah Carlson Committee Members, Cemal Pulak Kevin Glowacki Head of Department, Darryl de Ruiter May 2021 Major Subject: Maritime Archaeology and Conservation Copyright 2021 Dhillon Tisdale ABSTRACT The Mediterranean World is no stranger to naval conflict. In ancient Egypt, Pharaoh Rameses III fought the “Sea Peoples” as they attacked his kingdom and others in the Eastern Mediterranean ca. 1175 B.C.E. Galleys with marines were depicted in art from Bronze Age Crete and warships were shown on Greek pottery as early as The Late Helladic IIIC (c. 1190 – 1060 B.C.E) In the Archaic (c. 650 – 480 B.C.E) and Classical (c. 480 – 330 B.C.E.) periods, the ancient Greeks engaged in massive naval actions against the Persians and amongst themselves. During the Hellenistic period, the Diadochi (“successor kings”) amassed massive war fleets with gargantuan capital ships as their vied for dominance over the remnants of Alexander the Great’s short-lived empire. During Rome’s formative years, the Romans engaged in some of the largest battles ever recorded in their wars against Carthage. However, despite this extensive history of naval conflict in the Mediterranean stretching back to the Bronze Age, the evidence for weapons at maritime sites is sparser than might be expected. While this can in part be attributed to the relative infrequency of shipwreck sites compared to terrestrial ones, it is still a lamentable situation. To compound the scarcity of military finds, wreck sites are overwhelmingly merchant in nature and warships are essentially nonexistent in the archaeological record. However, this is not to say weapons are on unheard of on shipwreck sites. Perhaps due to this relative infrequency, no one has – as of yet – developed a detailed catalog of arms and armor discovered at ancient maritime contexts in the Mediterranean from the Bronze Age to the beginning of the Common Era. It is the aim of this thesis to do precisely that. This catalog will be compared to the literary evidence for the use of weapons and armor at sea. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge the assistance of several scholars whose invaluable assistance was critical in shaping the final draft of this thesis. Firstly I would like to thank my thesis committee chair, Dr. Deborah Carlson, for her commitment, insight, and immeasurable patience over the course of this project. I would also like to recognize the contributions of Dr. Cemal Pulak and Dr. Kevin Glowacki, whose support was greatly appreciated. I would lastly like to thank DPhil candidate Gonzalo José Linares Matás of the University of Oxford, for his assistance in translating and analyzing many of the Spanish language sources cited in this paper. iii CONTRIBUTORS AND FUNDING SOURCES Contributors This work was supervised by a thesis committee chaired by Professor Deborah Carlson and included Professor Cemal Pulak of the Department of Anthropology and Professor Kevin Glowacki of the Department of Architecture and the Center for Heritage Conservation. I would also like to thank the following organizations and individuals who freely shared images and information concerning their research: Soprintendenza del Mare - Regione Siciliana Dr. Timmy Gambin Dr. Nicolle Hirschfeld Dr. Nicholas Blackwell Susan Katzev This thesis was heavily reliant on the Texas A&M Library System’s Inter-Library Loan service, without which it could not have been completed. However, the reader should note that this thesis was written during the COVID-19 pandemic, when many libraries both domestic and abroad were closed or operating with limited staff and hours, and so some material was not available. Funding Sources The author received no specific funding for this work. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………….………….…………ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ……………………………………………….…………...…………iii CONTRIBUTORS AND FUNDING SOURCES……………………………………….………iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………….……….….……v LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………………….…………vii LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………………...…….xi CHAPTER I WEAPONS AT SEA: THE TEXTUAL EVIDENCE …………...……….………..1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….…………………..…..1 Epibátai…………………………………………………………………….……………………..4 Projectile Weapons……………………………………………………….………………………7 Long-Range Melee Weapons…………………………………...…………….…….……..…….16 Close-Combat Melee Weapons………………………...………………………….....………….21 Armor…………………………………………………………...………………….....…………30 Literary Evidence for Piracy.……………………………...……………………….……………43 Other Mentions of Weapons at Sea………………….……………...…………………………..52 Literary Review Summary and Research Goals………………………………………………...54 The Contribution of Archaeology………………………………….……………………………58 CHAPTER II CATALOG OF ARMAMENT FROM ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN SHIPWRECKS…………………………………………………………………………………. 62 1. Uluburun………………………………………………………………………………………65 2. Cape Gelidonya………..………..………………………………………………....…………..75 3. Egadi Islands…………………………………………………………………………………..80 4. Giglio………………………………………………………………………………………….90 5. Kyrenia……………………………………………………………………...…………………93 6. Terrasini……………………………………………….………………………………………95 7. Heraclea Minor………………………………………………..………………………………97 8. Isla Pedrosa……………………………………………………………………………………99 9. Spargi………………………………………………………...…………………………..…..100 10. Colonia de Sant Jordi A……………………………...………………………………..……103 11. Albenga………………………………………………….………………………………….105 v 12. Cap Taillat………………………………………………………………………………….108 13. Valle Ponti……………………………………………………………………………….…110 14. Kefar Samir……………………………………………………………………....…………114 15. Xlendi Bay………………………………………………………………………………….116 16. Bon Porte………………………………………………………………………...…………117 17. Dor (Southern) Anchorage...…………………………………………………….………….118 18. El Sec Wreck……………………………………………...………………………………..119 19.Chretienne C……………………………………………...…………………………………120 20. Les Sorres……………………………………………………………..……….……………122 21. Megadim A…………………………………………………………………………………124 22. Punta Braccetto…………………………………………………….……………………….126 23. Camarina Bay Classical Wreck…………………………………………………………….127 24. Cueva del Jarro A & B………………………………………………...…….…………...…128 25. Marsala Wreck……………………………………………………...………………………129 26. Punta Scario B…….…...……………………………………………….………...……....…130 27. Punta Scaletta…………………………………………………………………….………....132 28. Grand Bassin B…………………………………………..………………..………………..134 29. Antikythera…………………………………………………...…………………………….136 30. Dramont A………………………………………………………………………………….137 31. Le Grand Ribaud D……………………………………………………....……....…………138 CHAPTER III ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS ………………………………….……….141 Context and Tables………………………………………………………………..……………142 General Artifact Pattern Discussion……………………………………...………...…….…….148 Preservation and Conservation……………………………….…………….…….…….………156 Concluding Remarks……………………………………………………………………………169 REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………...………178 vi LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1 Naval scene from the Bademgediği krater ….………………….………………….….2 Figure 1.2 Naval scene from the Kynos krater with highlighted peltasts ………….….………….2 Figure 1.3 The Medinet Habu naval battle relief ………………………………….….….……….3 Figure 1.4 Pirate galley chasing two merchants, from Jason’s Tomb ……………………….….11 Figure 1.5 Naval battle scene on Eleusis skyphos ………….……………….………..……...….15 Figure 1.6 Thera fresco naval scenes with spears …………………………...………….……….19 Figure 1.7 The Praeneste relief………………………………………………….……………….33 Figure 1.8 Naval scene from the Aristonothos krater………………………….………………….……...41 Figure 2.1 Uluburun arrowheads ………………………………………………….…………….66 Figure 2.2 Uluburun spearheads ……………………………………………….….…………….67 Figure 2.3 Uluburun swords …………………………………………..………….……………..68 Figure 2.4 Uluburun maceheads ……………………………………..………………………….70 Figure 2.5 Uluburun axe-heads ………………………………………...……….……………….71 Figure 2.6 Uluburun daggers ………………………………………..………….……………….72 Figure 2.7 Uluburun armor scale ………………...…………………………….….…………….74 Figure 2.8 Cape Gelidonya spearheads ……………………………...………….……………….75 vii Figure 2.9 Cape Gelidonya sword……………………………………………………………….76 Figure 2.10 Cape Gelidonya maces ……………………………...……………..……………….77 Figure 2.11 Cape Gelidonya axes ……………………………………………….………………77 Figure 2.12 Cape Gelidonya knives …………………………………………….……………….78 Figure 2.13 Egadi sword ……………………………………………………….…….………….80 Figure 2.14 Egadi Montefortino helmets ……………………………………………….……….82 Figure 2.15 Egadi cheekpieces ………………………………………………….…………...….86 Figure 2.16 Egadi cheekpiece hinge …………………………...………………..………………87 Figure 2.17 Egadi Punic helmet …………………………………………………..…..…………88 Figure 2.18 Egadi helmet crest mounts ……………………………….……….....…..………….89 Figure 2.19 Additional Egadi helmets …………………………………………..………………90 Figure 2.20 Giglio arrowheads …………………………………………..…………..………….91 Figure 2.21 Giglio Corinthian helmet ………………………………………..………………….92 Figure 2.22 Kyrenia javelins artifact drawings…………………………….....………………….94 Figure 2.23 Terrasini sword 1 ………………………….……………….….……………………96 Figure 2.24 Terrasini sword 2 …………………………………………….….………………….96 Figure 2.25 Terrasini stone projectile…………………………..…………..……………………97 Figure 2.26 Heraclea Minor helmets …………………………………….…..….………………98 viii Figure 2.27 Isla Pedrosa knife concretions ……………………...………….…………………100 Figure 2.28 Spargi spearhead ………………………………..…………………………………101 Figure 2.29 Spargi fragmentary skull/helmet ………………………………………….………102 Figure 2.30 Colonia de Sant Jordi axe ………………………………...……………………….103
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