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Trabajo De Fin De Grado En Ingeniería Química

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Trabajo De Fin De Grado En Ingeniería Química UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA ESCOLA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE ENXEÑARÍA TRABAJO DE FIN DE GRADO EN INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA PLANTA DE PRODUCCIÓN DE ACETATO DE ETILO MEDIANTE DESHIDROGENACIÓN CATALÍTICA DE ETANOL Carlos Manuel Corral Casas Julio 2018 “Lo mismo es el pensar que el ser” Parménides de Elea, siglo VI-V a.C. ÍNDICE GENERAL DOCUMENTO I. MEMORIA • Anexo I. Balances de materia y energía • Anexo II. Cálculos justificativos • Anexo III. Códigos implementados en Matlab • Anexo IV. Análisis de viabilidad económica • Anexo V. Fichas de seguridad1 DOCUMENTO II. PLANOS DOCUMENTO III. PLIEGO DE CONDICIONES2 DOCUMENTO IV. ESTUDIOS CON ENTIDAD PROPIA DOCUMENTO V. PRESUPUESTO 1 Las fichas de seguridad completas se presentarán en la versión digital. En la versión física se adjuntará un breve resumen de dos páginas. 2 Solamente se adjuntará en la versión digital. DOCUMENTO I: MEMORIA Planta de producción de acetato de etilo mediante deshidrogenación catalítica de etanol Contenido 1. Objeto y alcance .................................................................................................................... 4 2. Justificación ........................................................................................................................... 5 3. El producto: acetato de etilo ................................................................................................. 6 3.1 Contexto histórico ......................................................................................................... 6 3.2 Características ............................................................................................................... 6 3.3 Propiedades ................................................................................................................... 7 3.3.1 Propiedades físicas ................................................................................................ 7 3.3.2 Propiedades químicas: la reactividad de los ésteres ............................................ 8 3.3.3 Propiedades termodinámicas ............................................................................. 12 3.4 Aplicaciones ................................................................................................................. 12 4. Estudio de mercado ............................................................................................................ 14 5. Análisis de alternativas de producción ............................................................................... 17 5.1 Esterificación de Fischer .............................................................................................. 17 5.2 Reacción de Tishchenko a partir de dos moléculas de acetaldehído .......................... 18 5.3 Proceso Wacker-Hoechst + Reacción de Tishchenko .................................................. 19 5.4 Oxidación de etanol .................................................................................................... 23 5.5 Alquilación de ácido acético con etileno ..................................................................... 24 5.6 Deshidrogenación de etanol ....................................................................................... 25 6. Selección justificada de la alternativa de producción: proceso, reactivos, catalizador y sección de separación. ................................................................................................................ 28 7. Estudio de viabilidad técnica ............................................................................................... 36 7.1 Viabilidad de la tecnología seleccionada .................................................................... 36 7.2 Disponibilidad de materias primas y venta de productos ........................................... 37 7.3 Disponibilidad de utilidades ........................................................................................ 38 7.4 Disponibilidad de equipos ........................................................................................... 39 7.5 Seguridad en la instalación.......................................................................................... 39 7.6 Estudio económico básico: cálculo del beneficio bruto .............................................. 40 8. Emplazamiento .................................................................................................................... 42 8.1 Climatología de la zona ............................................................................................... 45 9. Descripción del proceso ...................................................................................................... 46 9.1 Compuestos químicos ................................................................................................. 48 9.1.1 Bioetanol ............................................................................................................. 48 9.1.2 Acetaldehído ....................................................................................................... 50 9.1.3 Hidrógeno ............................................................................................................ 52 9.1.4 Acetaldol.............................................................................................................. 53 Documento I. Memoria 1 Planta de producción de acetato de etilo mediante deshidrogenación catalítica de etanol 9.1.5 Fluido térmico: Dowtherm Q .............................................................................. 53 9.1.6 Líquido iónico: metanosulfonato de 1-etil-3-metilimidazolio ............................. 55 9.1.7 Corrientes auxiliares ............................................................................................ 56 9.2 Condiciones óptimas de operación: estudio termodinámico ..................................... 56 10. Descripción de la instalación ........................................................................................... 62 10.1 Sección 100: acondicionamiento de los reactivos ...................................................... 62 10.2 Sección 200: zona de reacción .................................................................................... 63 10.3 Sección 300: acondicionamiento de los productos de reacción ................................. 63 10.4 Sección 400: zona de separación ................................................................................ 64 10.5 Otras secciones ........................................................................................................... 64 11. Control e instrumentación .............................................................................................. 65 11.1 Introducción al control de procesos químicos ............................................................ 65 11.2 Diseño genérico de un lazo de control ........................................................................ 66 11.3 Terminología técnica ................................................................................................... 67 11.4 Configuraciones de control ......................................................................................... 69 11.5 Algoritmos de control .................................................................................................. 70 11.5.1 Control on-off ...................................................................................................... 70 11.5.2 Modo proporcional ............................................................................................. 70 11.5.3 Modo integral ...................................................................................................... 72 11.5.4 Modo proporcional-integral ................................................................................ 73 11.5.5 Modo derivativo .................................................................................................. 74 11.5.6 Modo PID: proporcional-integral-derivativo ....................................................... 75 11.6 Ajuste de controladores feedback .............................................................................. 75 11.6.1 Respuesta del controlador .................................................................................. 76 11.6.2 Criterios basados en el error ............................................................................... 77 11.6.3 Métodos de sintonización ................................................................................... 77 11.7 Nomenclatura .............................................................................................................. 78 11.8 Lazos de control .......................................................................................................... 79 11.8.1 Acondicionamiento de la alimentación: sección 100 .......................................... 79 11.8.2 Reacción: sección 200 ......................................................................................... 81 11.8.3 Acondicionamiento productos reacción: sección 300 ........................................ 83 11.8.4 Zona de separación: sección 400 ........................................................................ 84 12. Normas y referencias ...................................................................................................... 88 12.1 Legislación relativa a la seguridad industrial ............................................................... 88 12.1.1 Legislación europea ............................................................................................
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