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Visvamitra and the Construction of Brahmin Power in Hindu Mythology

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Visvamitra and the Construction of Brahmin Power in Hindu Mythology m Crossing the Lines of Caste Crossing the Lines of Caste Viśvāmitra and the Construction of Brahmin Power in Hindu Mythology m Adheesh A. Sathaye 1 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © Oxford University Press 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sathaye, Adheesh A., author. Crossing the lines of caste : Viśvāmitra and the construction of Brahmin power in Hindu mythology / Adheesh A. Sathaye. pages cm ISBN 978–0–19–934110–8 (hardback)—ISBN 978–0–19–934111–5 (paperback)— ISBN 978–0–19–023684–7 (companion website) 1. Visvamitra (Hindu mythology) 2. Caste—Religious aspects—Hinduism. I. Title. BL1225.V495S28 2015 294.5—dc23 2014035149 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper in memory of Alan Dundes (1934–2005) Aditya Behl (1966–2009) आई (1942–1999) Contents m List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi A Note on Transliteration xv Abbreviations xvii About the Companion Website xix Introduction: Crossing the Lines of Caste 1 foUnDATIONS 1. Poet, Priest, and Prince: Glimpses of Viśvāmitra in Vedic Literature 35 2. Genealogy of the Brahmin Other in the Sanskrit Epics 59 aDaPTATIONS 3. Spinning the Brahmin Other in the Early Purāṇas 111 4. Geo-Mapping the Brahmin Other in Regional Purāṇic Literature 140 CONFRONTATIONS 5. Encountering the Brahmin Double in Medieval India 177 6. Becoming a New Brahmin in Modern India 208 Conclusions: Texts, Performances, and Hindu Mythological Culture 241 Catalogue of Viśvāmitra Legends 253 Bibliography 259 Index 293 vii List of Illustrations m fig. 2.1. Viśvāmitra, on a coin of the Audumbara king Dharaghoṣa, c. 1st century, BCE. (Image courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum). 60 fig. 2.2. Reverse view of Dharaghoṣa’s Viśvāmitra coin, c. 1st century, BCE, showing trident/battle-axe and fig tree. (Image courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum). 61 fig. 4.1. Viśvāmitra-kuṇḍa in Vadnagar, Gujarat, with ruins of a Gaṇeśa/Saptarṣi temple in background. 141 fig. 4.2. Panoramic view of the town of Vadnagar, including Arjun Bari Gate and Lake Śarmiṣṭhā. 160 fig. 4.3. Details of the ruins of the Gaṇeśa/Saptarṣi temple at Viśvāmitra-kuṇḍa. 161 fig. 4.4. Panoramic view of Pavagadh, near Vadodara, Gujarat, including the site of Viśvāmitra-saras. 172 fig. 5.1. Inscription from Udaypur, Madhya Pradesh, late eleventh century, mentioning Viśvāmitra’s theft of Vasiṣṭha’s cow. (Photographed by A. Führer, photolithography by W. Griggs. Image reproduced from Epigraphia Indica, vol. 1, ed. by J. A. S. Burgess (Calcutta, 1892), p. 234). 178 ix List of Illustrations fig. 6.1. Viswamitra and Menaka, by Raja Ravi Varma, Vadodara, Gujarat, 1890. (Printed chromolithograph version, courtesy of Wellcome Library, London). 209 fig. 6.2. The Birth of Shakuntala, by Raja Ravi Varma, Jatprole, Andhra Pradesh, after 1892. (Printed chromolithograph version, courtesy of Wellcome Library, London). 211 x aCknowLeDgments m his book is about a legendary king who, on his own and through years of Tstruggle, became a Brahmin. Writing it has also been a long and often sol- itary journey, but it could not have happened without the assistance, guidance, and wisdom of a great many friends, colleagues, teachers, and family around the world. As I attempt to acknowledge the many people and institutions who have helped me to complete this project, I will surely fail to mention them all—let me begin, then, with an apology to anyone whom I may have missed. This project has grown out of my doctoral studies at the University of California, Berkeley, and above all, I owe an unrequitable debt of gratitude to Professors Robert Goldman and the late Alan Dundes, who have so gen- erously and patiently given me the tools and training needed to undertake the task, and who remained committed to guiding me toward its completion. I am furthermore grateful to Sally Sutherland-Goldman for her unwaver- ing encouragement and support. I would also like to thank my other teach- ers at Berkeley and Chicago who have been a constant source of inspiration and learning—Vasudha Dalmia, George Hart, Kausalya Hart, R. K. Sharma, Lawrence Cohen, Raka Ray, Steven Poulos, Wendy Doniger, David Gitomer, and the late Aditya Behl. A number of colleagues and friends have very kindly taken the time to read through drafts of various chapters of this book, and I am particularly indebted xi AcknowLeDgments to them for helping me to redraw the analytical boundaries of this project and for catching many embarrassing errors: Daniele Cuneo, Elisa Ganser, Marko Geslani, James Hegarty, Jesse Knutson, Steven Lindquist, Timothy Lubin, Nina Mirnig, Anne Murphy, Christian Novetzke, Luther Obrock, Deven Patel, Elizabeth Rohlman, Avinash Sathaye, Anna Schultz, Travis Smith, and Janet Um. Niharika Dinkar was of great help in pointing me toward the right sources for the Ravi Varma images, Stefan Baums gave me a copy of an impossible-to-find article, and Kartik Pandya and Praful Surve at the Oriental Institute of Baroda helped me get to Pavagadh. I also would like to thank Leslie Wang for suggest- ing a modification to the title of this work. Cynthia Read, Glenn Ramirez, and Marcela Maxfield at Oxford University Press, Molly Morrison at Newgen North America, and the copy editor, Katherine Ulrich, have all been patient, diligent, and indeed, heroic in the process of turning a mass of research into a book, and I owe them and the two excellent anonymous reviewers a debt of gratitude. The contents of this book have been shaped out of dialogical encounters between my own thoughts and the words and ideas of others. In Vancouver, I am fortunate to be surrounded by a supportive and enthusiastic community of colleagues, students, administrators, and friends, among whom I would especially like to thank: Vidyut and Ashok Aklujkar, Adam Barnett, Timothy Bellefleur, Ken Bryant, Stefania Burk, Lonnie Chase, Jinhua Chen, Maya Tevet Dayan, Gordan Djurdjevic, Katherine Hacker, Francesca Harlow, Tom Hunter, Ross King, Tomoko Kitagawa, Christina Laffin, Timothy Lorndale, Jessica Main, Anne Murphy, Maija Norman, Harjot Oberoi, Anand Pandian, Raghavendra Rao, Christopher Rea, Edward Slingerland, Pushkar Sohoni, Julie Vig, and Shirley Wong. I am particularly indebted to Peter Nosco for his generosity, mentorship, and unflagging encouragement over the years, and to Mandakranta and Tirthankar Bose for nurturing and taking care of me as only family can. Much of this book was revised while I was a visitor at the Department of Indology and Tibetology at the University of Vienna in 2013. My colleagues there were especially generous and inspirational during my stay, and I have greatly benefited from their expertise, wisdom, and friendship. I would like to offer my heartfelt thanks to: Anand Amaladass, Vitus Angermeier, Eli Franco, Elisa Freschi, Oliver Frey, Alessandro Graheli, Thomas Kintaert, Ewa Lewandowska, Philipp Maas, Klaus-Dieter Mathes, Karin Preisendanz, Michael Williams, and Dagmar and Dominik Wujastyk. I am especially xii Acknowledgments appreciative of Chlodwig Werba for the enthusiasm and collegiality with which he guided me through my brief foray into Vedic studies. Swirling distinctly in the background of this work are the many conversations I have had with friends and colleagues at conferences, workshops, lectures, and other gatherings around the world—among these individuals, I am delighted to thank: Manan Ahmed, Daud Ali, Anita Anantharam, Adriano Aprigliano, Christopher Austin, Greg Bailey, Peter Bisschop, Brian Black, Stuart Blackburn, Adam Bowles, John and Mary Brockington, Simon Brodbeck, Yigal Bronner, David Buchta, Allison Busch, Whitney Cox, Kavita Datla, Donald Davis, Max Deeg, Madhuri Deshmukh, Madhav Deshpande, Prachi Deshpande, Svevo D’Onofrio, Anne Feldhaus, James Fitzgerald, Luis Gonzalez-Riemann, Kathryn Hansen, Kengo Harimoto, Linda Hess, Alf Hiltebeitel, Stanley Insler, Kyung-Seo Jaang, Stephanie Jamison, Sunila Kale, Dhananjay Kapse, Sean Kerr, Matthew Kimberley, Rajeev Kinra, Frank Korom, Sanjay Kumar, James Laine, Philip Lutgendorf, T. P. Mahadevan, Mark McClish, James McHugh, Lawrence McRea, David Mellins, Carlos Mena, Barbara Metcalf, Sujata Mody, Chandan Narayan, John Nemec, Andrew Nicholson, Rahul Parsons, Laurie Patton, Indira Peterson, Wendy Phillips-Rodriguez,
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