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La Prison Des Femmes De Québec (Refuge Notre-Dame De La Merci Des Soeurs Du Bon-Pasteur De Québec), 1931-1972

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La Prison Des Femmes De Québec (Refuge Notre-Dame De La Merci Des Soeurs Du Bon-Pasteur De Québec), 1931-1972 Réhabiliter les "brebis égarées" La prison des femmes de Québec (Refuge Notre-Dame de la Merci des Soeurs du Bon-Pasteur de Québec), 1931-1972 Mémoire Julie Francoeur Maîtrise en histoire - avec mémoire Maître ès arts (M.A.) Québec, Canada © Julie Francoeur, 2019 Réhabiliter les « brebis égarées » Une étude du Refuge Notre-Dame de la Merci des Sœurs du Bon- Pasteur de Québec, 1931-1972 Mémoire Julie Francoeur Sous la direction de : Johanne Daigle, directrice de recherche Donald Fyson, codirecteur de recherche Résumé Le Refuge Notre-Dame de la Merci a ouvert ses portes en décembre 1931. Tenu par les Sœurs du Bon-Pasteur de Québec jusqu’en 1972, l’établissement fait office de prison pour femmes à Québec. Ce mémoire vise à cerner les méthodes d'intervention de la Congrégation des Sœurs du Bon-Pasteur de Québec auprès des prisonnières, et ce, au regard des caractéristiques des femmes incarcérées qui influencent les modèles de réhabilitation proposés par les religieuses. Le Refuge, tout en s’inscrivant dans le réseau d’institutions développées par les Sœurs du Bon-Pasteur depuis 1850, est une institution judiciaire qui vise la répression de la déviance féminine et la réhabilitation des femmes selon les représentations de la féminité et des rôles féminins en vigueur au milieu du XXe siècle. L’institution fournit plusieurs formes d’assistance envers les femmes, donnant aux prisonnières des services peu accessibles autrement avant l’étatisation des services sociaux dans la décennie 1970. L’étude trace également un portrait de la déviance féminine représentée à la prison de Québec à partir des registres d’écrou de l’institution. Les Sœurs du Bon-Pasteur, employées du gouvernement provincial dans ce contexte, disposent d’un pouvoir d’action non-négligeable dans l’organisation de l’horaire quotidien des détenues et dans l’implantation d’activités réhabilitatrices. La teneur de ces activités, axées sur la pratique religieuse et l’apprentissage de travaux ménagers, reste fortement influencée par des stéréotypes genrés déterminant des comportements prescrits, tout en favorisant la diffusion des connaissances spécialisées et l’adoption d’une éthique de travail utiles pour les femmes à leur sortie de prison. iii Table des matières Résumé .................................................................................................................................. iii Liste des tableaux .................................................................................................................. vi Liste des figures ................................................................................................................... viii Remerciements ...................................................................................................................... ix Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 Problématique et questionnement de recherche ................................................................... 4 Une historiographie qui allie le genre et la déviance ........................................................... 7 L’histoire des femmes et du genre .................................................................................. 7 L’histoire de l’assistance et des régulations sociales ...................................................... 9 L’histoire de la déviance féminine par les études de cas .............................................. 13 Les sources utilisées ............................................................................................................ 16 Le registre d’écrou de la Section féminine de la Prison de Québec ............................. 16 La correspondance du procureur général de la province de Québec ............................ 18 Les archives des Sœurs du Bon-Pasteur de Québec sur le Refuge Notre-Dame de la Merci ............................................................................................................................. 18 La méthodologie de traitement des sources ........................................................................ 20 Le plan du mémoire ............................................................................................................. 22 Chapitre 1 : Les objectifs de la prison : entre répression et assistance ................................. 24 1.1 L’entente entre les Sœurs du Bon-Pasteur de Québec et le gouvernement provincial 26 1.1.1 « Insuffler un esprit à la lettre de loi » : Les contrats entre les Sœurs du Bon- Pasteur de Québec et le gouvernement ......................................................................... 26 1.1.2 Un travail « gratuit » ? Les salaires des religieuses ............................................. 32 1.2 Pourvoir aux besoins multiples des femmes incarcérées ............................................. 34 1.2.1 Les « maux de la prostitution » : le traitement des maladies vénériennes ........... 35 1.2.2 Femmes prisonnières et enceintes : une double prise en charge ......................... 40 1.3 Adapter la réhabilitation : les transferts de détenues entre institutions ....................... 44 1.3.1 Vers les institutions du Bon-Pasteur : jeunes délinquantes et filles-mères ......... 45 1.3.2 « On dirait qu’il y a une épidémie de faiblesse mentale, ces jours-ci ». Les transferts vers les hôpitaux psychiatriques ................................................................... 49 1.4 Conclusion de chapitre .................................................................................................. 56 Chapitre 2 : Portrait des femmes détenues et prévenues au Refuge Notre-Dame de la Merci/Maison Gomin de 1931 à 1972 .................................................................................. 58 2.1 Les « brebis égarées » : portrait global des femmes incarcérées au Refuge Notre- Dame de la Merci, 1931-1972 ............................................................................................ 60 2.1.1 Troubler l’ordre public : une déviance typiquement « féminine » ? ................... 61 2.1.2 Les jeunes célibataires, plus à risque d’être emprisonnées ? ............................... 67 2.1.3 L’origine socio-économique des femmes incarcérées ......................................... 71 iv 2.1.4 L’origine ethnique des femmes incarcérées ........................................................ 74 2.2 Les récidivistes : des parcours typiques ? .............................................................. 78 2.2.1 Les caractéristiques de ces « habituées du Refuge » ........................................ 79 2.2.2 Constamment « reprendre le diable » : le parcours de Doris Beaulieu ............... 82 2.3 Parcours « atypiques » : les femmes condamnées à la peine capitale ................... 85 2.3.1 Juliette, un exemple de piété ................................................................................ 86 2.3.2 Préparer la mort : le cas de la « femme Pitre » .................................................... 87 2.4 Conclusion de chapitre ............................................................................................ 91 Chapitre 3 : Rescaper des « naufragées de la vertu » : La réhabilitation à la Prison des femmes de Québec ............................................................................................................................. 92 3.1 Les racines victoriennes de la réhabilitation .......................................................... 94 3.2 La pratique religieuse au cœur de la réadaptation ................................................ 100 3.2.1 La philosophie des Sœurs du Bon-Pasteur face à la réhabilitation .................... 100 3.2.2 Un emploi du temps appuyé sur la pratique religieuse ................................... 103 3.2.3 La prière et la confession : garantes de l’efficacité de la réhabilitation ? ...... 107 3.3 L’artisanat : « Le moyen de relèvement de la prisonnière » par excellence ? .......... 110 3.3.1 Une entreprise « titanesque » ............................................................................. 111 3.3.2 « La réhabilitation se fait par le travail aimé » .................................................. 115 3.3.3 Les possibilités de résistance ............................................................................. 120 3.3.4 Cinéma et jardinage : des moyens de réhabilitation ? ....................................... 121 3.4 Conclusion de chapitre ................................................................................................ 124 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 125 Bibliographie ...................................................................................................................... 129 Annexe I : Âge des femmes incarcérées au Refuge Notre-Dame de la Merci, 1932-1972 140 Annexe II : Âge des femmes incarcérées au Refuge Notre-Dame de la Merci selon l’état civil, 1932 à 1972 ........................................................................................................................ 141 Annexe III : Liste des métiers ou occupations des femmes inscrites au registre d’écrou, 1947 à 1972 ................................................................................................................................. 142 Annexe IV : Niveau d’éducation des femmes incarcérées au Refuge Notre-Dame de la Merci, 1952 à 1972 .......................................................................................................................
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