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A Legal Analysis of Aviation Security Under the International Legal Regime

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A Legal Analysis of Aviation Security Under the International Legal Regime A Legal Analysis of Aviation Security under the International Legal Regime Presented by JUNG, SANG YOOL Faculty of Law Institute of Air and Space Law Mc Gill University, Montreal, Canada March 2005 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree ofMaster of Laws (LL.M.) © JUNG, SANG-YOOL, 2005 Library and Bibliothèque et 1+1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 0-494-12675-2 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 0-494-12675-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans loan, distribute and sell th es es le monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, électronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. ln compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privée, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont été enlevés de cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. ••• Canada ABSTRACT The safety of civil aviation has been endangered not only by terrorism, but also by many other unlawful acts committed by persons with varying motivation. The international community has worked to provide a secure and safe air transportation system for general people and thus has deve10ped aviation security systems in the legal and technical fields to combat and prevent the man-made intentional harm against civil aviation. The legal instruments are mainly based on several multilateral conventions, resolutions and dec1arations. They are aIl focused on how to eliminate safe heavens for unlawful actors against civil aviation, secure the safety of passenger and crew, and facilitate the resumption of affected aircraft. The technical instruments, dealing with specific preventive security measures to suppress the unlawful a cts against civil aviation 0 n a p ractical b asis, have b een d eveloped b y ICAO as "Standards and R ecommended P ractices" ( SARPs) in the f orm 0 f Annexes. In addition, t 0 promote global aviation security, ICAO launched its "Univers al Security Audit Programme" immediately following the tragic events of September Il, 2001. This thesis critically analyses the legal and technical aviation security systems under current international legal regimes and provides several recommendations to improve the remaining problems in the international aviation security system. Résumé La sûreté de l'aviation civile a été mise en péril, non seulement par le terrorisme, mais aussi par d'autres actes d'intervention illicites commis par des personnes ayant des motifs variés. La communauté internationale a travaillé afin d'assurer un système de transport aérien sécuritaire et sûr pour les voyageurs et a ainsi développé des systèmes de sûreté pour l'aviation dans les domaines légal et technique afin de combattre et de prévenir le dommage causé par l'humain contre l'aviation civile. Les instruments légaux sont basés principalement sur plusieurs conventions multilatérales, déclarations et résolutions. Ils se concentrent tous sur la façon d'éliminer les zones protégées pour les acteurs illicites contre l'aviation civile, d'assurer la sûreté du passager et de l'équipe et de faciliter la reprise d'aéronef affecté. Les instruments techniques de sûreté utilisés comme des mesures préventives spécifiques afin de réprimer les interventions illicites contre l'aviation civile sur une base pratique ont été développés par l'OACI sous le nom de «Normes et pratiques recommandées» (SARP) dans la forme d'Annexes. D'autant plus, afin de promouvoir la sûreté globale de l'aviation, l'OACI a établi le «Programme universel d'audits de sûreté» immédiatement après les évènements tragiques du Il septembre 2001. Cette thèse analyse de façon critique les systèmes de sûreté légal et technique d'aviation sous les régimes légaux internationaux actuels et fournit de nombreuses recommandations afin d'améliorer les problèmes restants dans le système de sûreté d'aviation internationale. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of aIl, l would like to use this opportunity to express my special thanks to my colleagues and supervisors in my office in Korea who inspired and supported me to study abroad for aviation security. Next, l should like to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Professor Dr. Michael Milde for his sincere guidance and advice. In addition, l greatly benefited from his illustrious knowledge of international aviation law, moral rectitude and humanity in his lectures. Also, l must thank Mr. Chang, Man-Heui, a diplomat belonging to the representative office of Korea on the Council of ICAO, for pro vi ding me with ICAO Documents and valuable materials for my research, Mrs. Nancy Park, Ms. Helen Dragatsi and my c1assmate Mr. Yaw Otu Nyampong for their linguistic assistance while l wrote this thesis, and my lifelong friend Hwang, Jung-Ho for sparking me to see the world when he made a gift to me of a book about Law Schools in North America 12years ago. FinaIly, l would like to thank my wife Jang, Ji-Hyun for her quiet and sincere support ofmy studies at McGill University in Montreal and my two lovely children, Hyun-Seo and Hyun­ Sung for inspiring me do my best whenever l see them. l would like to dedicate this work to my family and friends. iii Table of Contents Page Abstract .................................................................................................. i Resume ................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements .................................................................................... iii INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. Aviation Security System before the Tokyo Convention of 1963 .............. 3 1. The 1937 Geneva Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism .......... 3 2. The D.N. Charter ..................................................................................... 5 3. The 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation .............................. 6 4. The 1958 Geneva Convention on the High Seas .............................................................. 9 5. Conclusion ............................................................................................ Il CHAPTER II. Aviation Security System under Multilateral Conventions ................... 12 1. Background and Generalities............................................................................................. 12 2. The Tokyo Convention of 1963 ................................................................. 15 A. Scope of Application ............................................................................. 15 B. Jurisdiction .......................................................................................... 16 C. Powers of t he A ircraft Commander and 0 thers .......................................... 17 D. Powers and Duties of Contracting States .................................................... 18 E. Extradition ........................................................................................ 19 F. Conclusion ......................................................................................... 20 3. The Hague Convention of 1970 ................................................................. 21 A. Introduction ........................................................................................ 21 B. Scope of Application ............................................................................. 22 C. Jurisdiction ........................................................................................... 24 D. Powers and Duties of States ................................................................... 25 (a) Severity of the Penalty .......................................................................... 25 (b) M andatory Legal P roceedings ... ........................................................... 26 (c) Other Rights and Obligations ................................................................. 27 E. Extradition ........................................................................................... 28 F. Conclusion ..........................................................................................
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