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Final Complete Dissertation Kua 1 Trends and Ontology of Artistic Practices of the Dorset Culture 800 BC - 1300 AD Hardenberg, Mari Publication date: 2013 Document version Early version, also known as pre-print Citation for published version (APA): Hardenberg, M. (2013). Trends and Ontology of Artistic Practices of the Dorset Culture 800 BC - 1300 AD. København: Det Humanistiske Fakultet, Københavns Universitet. Download date: 08. Apr. 2020 Trends and Ontology of Artistic Practices of the Dorset Culture 800 BC – 1300 AD Volume 1 By © Mari Hardenberg A Dissertation Submitted to the Ph.d.- School In Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy SAXO-Institute, Department of Prehistoric Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities University of Copenhagen August 2013 Copenhagen Denmark ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the various artistic carvings produced by the hunter-gatherer Dorset people who occupied the eastern Arctic and temperate regions of Canada and Greenland between circa BC 800 – AD 1300. It includes considerations on how the carved objects affected and played a role in Dorset social life. To consider the role of people, things and other beings that may be said to play as actors in interdependent entanglements of actions, the agency/actor- network theory is employed. From this theoretical review an interpretation of social life as created by the ways people interact with the material world is presented. This framework is employed as a lens into the social role and meaning the carvings played in the Dorset society. The examined assemblages were recovered from a series of Dorset settlement sites, mainly in house, midden, and burial contexts, providing a substantive case study through which variations and themes of carvings are studied. Over 1000 Dorset carvings are systematically interpreted and presented to identify various details and patterning including types, forms, subject matter, and raw material selection, as well as temporal and spatial distribution. These carvings are represented in miniaturized portable portrayals depicting animal, human, and tool implements, along with utilitarian object pieces elaborated with incised ornamentation, including petroglyphs with various depictions of human-like face engravings. The images portrayed exhibit representations of different individual beings/agents that shared the same environment and formed the daily basis of economic and social frameworks including material products that were integral to the human condition. The carvings are depicted in realistic forms of expression both in attitude and movement. They exhibit different behavioral situations and subject matter suggesting carvings operated as material symbols that played a role in communicating aspects of Dorset ideology. This research suggests that a clear change occurred in the subject matter chosen to depict in the carvings throughout the Dorset culture temporally divided into Early, Middle, and Late Dorset periods. The general progress of subject choice shows that during the Early Dorset period, miniaturized tool carvings had a more important role in depictions, whereas during the Middle Dorset period general emphasis on the animal subject are dominantly exhibited and during the Late Dorset period the human subject becomes highly important to display. The changes in the focus of the subject matter seem to suggest that ideological and social engagements and practices important to Dorset people shifted through time. The systematically collected data of the carvings are integrated with analogies based on observations of other cultures from across the circumpolar region to assist with parallel perspectives. The different forms of artistic carvings reflect dynamic daily activities among agents. The analyses of which suggest that socially constructed practices are culturally transmitted among the Dorset people over the course of time. The various portrayals of animal and human depictions along with ornamented utilitarian tools and miniature implements reflect an ontology that focused on relational manner where human, object, and animal worlds existed as reciprocal entities exerting influence in Dorset social life and ideology. ii EQIKKAANEQ Uani ilisimatusaatitut allaaserisami misissorneqarput Dorset-kulturimi sanalulluni qiperueriaatsit assigiinngitsut. Dorset-kulturikkut issittumi piniartuullutillu katersisartuupput, canadami issittup kangisissortaani kiannerusortaanilu Nunatsinnilu ukioq 800 Kr. in. sioq. – 1300 Kr. in. king. najugaqarsimallutik. Ilisimatusaatitut allaaserisap siunertaraa, qiperukkat qanoq inooqatigiinner- mi sunniuteqarlutillu isumaqartinneqarsimanersut misissussallugu. Uani misissueriaaseq atorne- qarpoq Agency/Aktør-Netværks Teori tassaasoq inuit tigussaasullu akornanni imminnut qanoq sunneeqatigiittarnersut paasissallugu sukuiassallugulu suleriaaserineqartartoq. Taanna misissuil- luni suleriaaserineqartartoq malillugu inuit uumassuseqanngitsullu akornanni inooqatigiinnermi imminnut sunneeqatigiittarnerat isumasiorneqarpoq. Pigisat, inuit uumassu-sillillu allat illuinnar- ni inooqatigiinnermi imminnut ataqatigiissumik sunneeqatigiittarput. Taanna misissuilluni suleriaaseq, Dorset-kulturimi qiperukkat, inooqatigiinnermi inissisimanerat sunniutaalu takutin- niarlugit atorneqarpoq. Nassaat misissuinermi tunngavigineqartut tassaapput illukuni attakuni aammalu ilerrini Dorset nunaqarfigisimasaanersuni nassaarineqartut. Eqqartorneqarput nassaat aaliangersimalluin- nartumut attuumassuteqartut taamaalilluni qiperukkat allanngorarnerat assigiinngisitaarnerilu ilisimatusaatigineqarsinnaanngorlutik. Qiperukkat Dorsetiminngaannersut 1000-init amerlanerit sukuiarneqarput, assigiinngisitaarnerat ilusilersorneqarnerat, qiperornerisalu ilusaat, sumit sanaa- junerat, qangalu atorneqarsimanerat takutinniarlugu aaqqissuussaasumik saqqummiunneqarput. Tamakkua qiperukkat mikisuaraapput, uumasutut, inuttut sakkutullu ilusiligaallutik aammattaaq atortuutit assigiinngitsut kigartorlugit kusassagaallutik. Taamatuttaaq nunami ukkusissaqarfim- mut qiperukkat assigiinngitsut inuup kiinaatut isukkulimmik qiperorneqarsimasut misissorneqar- simapput. Qiperukkat assigiinngitsut ulluinnarni inuunermut attuumassuteqarluinnarput – tamakkuullutittaaq ulluinnarni inuunermi ilusilersueqataalluinnartut. Qiperukkat piviusorsiortu- mik ilusilersugaapput. Taakku pissusilersuutit assigiinngitsut takutittarpaat, taamaanneratalu takutippaa qiperukkat takussutissatut attaveqatigiinnermilu sammisanut assigiinngitsunut Dorset- kulturip inuunnermut isiginnittaasiannut ersersitsisut. Massakkut misissuinerit takutippaat, Dorset-kulturip ingerlanerani tassani eqqartorneqartumut isiginninneq allanngoriartortoqarsimasoq. Allanngoriartuutit assigiinngitsut takutippaat Dorset- kulturip aallarteqqaarnerani atortuutini qiperukkat mikinerusut pingaaruteqartuusimasut, illuatungaanili Dorset-kulturip akulliup nalaani uumasut assilillugit qiperuisarneq sammine- qarnerusimalluni, Dorset-kulturi kingullermi inuttut ilusilerlugit qiperukkat sammineqarne- rujussuusimallutik. Pingaartitani allanngoriartuutit takutippaat tunngaviusumik eqqarsartaaseq ulluinnarnilu inooqatigeeriaaseq ukiut ingerlanerini allanngoriartorsimasoq. Sanilliussilluni assersuussiniaraanni issittumi kulturit allat qiperugaannit ilisimaneqareertut atorneqarsinnaapput. Misissuinerit takutippaat, kusanartuliorluni qiperueriaatsit assigiinngitsut takutikkaat ulluinnarni inuuneq pineqartut akornanni oqitsumik atorneqarsimasoq taamaalillunilu inooqatigiinnermi periutsit Dorsetikkormiut akornanni ingerlaqqinneqartarsimallutik. Uumasut inuillu assilillugit sanaat assigiinngitsut aammalu kigartukkat sakkullu mikisunngorlugit sanaat takutippaat qanoq imminnut ataqatigiinnersut, inuup, pigisat uumasullu silarsuuaanni imminnut ataqatigiissumik Dorset-kulturip iluani inooqatigiinnermi inuunermullu isiginnittariaatsimut sunneeqatigiittar- simanersut. iii RESUMÉ Denne afhandling undersøger Dorset-kulturens forskellige kunstneriske udskæringer. Dorset-kulturen var et arktisk jæger-samler folk, som levede i de østlige arktiske og subarktiske områder af Canada og i Grønland fra omkring 800 f.Kr. – 1300 e.Kr. Det er afhandlingens formål at undersøge, hvorledes de udskårne genstande påvirkede og spillede en rolle i det sociale liv. Den valgte teoretiske tilgang er agency/aktør-netværks teori. Ud fra denne teoretiske tilgang præsenteres en fortolkning af det sociale liv, som skabes af de måder mennesker interagerer med den materielle verden. Både ting, mennesker og andre skabninger spiller en rolle i det sociale liv og kan siges at være aktører i gensidigt afhængige relationer. Denne teoretiske ramme bruges som vindue ind til den sociale rolle og betydning, som udskæringerne spillede i Dorset-kulturens samfund. Genstandsmaterialet, der danner grundlag for undersøgelsen, stammer hovedsageligt fra hustomter, møddinger og grave fra en række Dorset bopladser. Der er tale om et substantielt materialegrundlag, som gør det muligt at studere variationer og temaer i udskæringerne. Mere end 1000 Dorset udskæringer fortolkes og præsenteres systematisk med henblik på at identificere variationer af detaljer og mønstre, herunder typer, former, materialevalg samt udbredelse i tid og rum. Udskæringerne udgør miniaturegenstande, der i form skildrer dyr, mennesker og redskaber samt brugsgenstande med indridsede ornamenter. Derudover er der petroglyffer med forskellige afbildninger af menneskelignende ansigter indgraveret i fedtstensforekomster. De enkelte udskæringer fremstiller repræsentationer af forskellige individuelle
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