Arlo Clark-Foos, Ph.D. Medial Temporal Lobes

Henry Molaison (HM) (1926-2008)

Consequences of bilateral removal Episodic and Semantic

Endel Tulving on Declarative (Explicit)

 “Conscious recollection of specific past events”; Spatial and temporal context  Contrasted with  Accumulated knowledge that is not tied to any particular event, time, or place, but is also subject to conscious recollection

 Flexibility  “Remembering” vs. “Knowing”  Rate of Acquisition  Latin for Arch

 Is it episodic memory?

 Diary Studies (e.g., Linton, 1975): 5,500 events  Memory for unique and emotional events  Preferential recording? Brewer’s (1988) Pager study

 Childhood

 Reminiscence bump Chickens and Eggs

Tulving  Episodic depends on semantic  Bransford & Johnson (1972) Conway/Rajaram  Episodic to semantic shift Verfaellie/Neath  Interdependent Speaking of Chickens

“Episodic-like” memory in nonhumans?  What-where-when (Crystal, 2010)

Is this episodic or semantic?

Mere exposure  BBC Radio announcement (Bekerian & Baddeley, 1980)  Memory for everyday events

Connections to existing memories  Bransford & Johnson (1972) again.

LOP Encoding

Levels of Processing (AKA Depth of Processing)

Nairne, Thompson, Craik & Tulving (1975) Rogers, Kuiper, & Kirker (1977) & Pandeirada (2007) Problems with LOP

Vague

Testing Bias & Transfer Appropriate Processing  Morris, Bransford, & Franks (1977) Context Dependent Memory

 Encoding Specificity  Godden & Baddeley (1975)

 Transfer Appropriate Processing  Marsh’s bet  Studying for Exams  Advice from How High and Eich et al. (1975)  Testing Memory

 What is the Latin word for arch?

Cued Recall  What is the Latin word for arch? F______

Recognition  What is the Latin word for arch? A. fenestra B. fornix C. fundus Testing Effects

 Why?  Mere exposure sucks  TAP  Desirable difficulties (Soderstrom & Bjork, 2015) Memory Failures

Passive vs. Directed Memory Failures

Interference Memory Failures

Reality/Source Monitoring  DRM Paradigm (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995)  Theme Words

 Schizophrenia

Memory Failures

 DRM again  Loftus & Pickrell (1995) 

 Wade et al. (2002)

 Slate (online magazine)

 Innocence Project Making Lasting Memory

 Consolidation and reconsolidation  W. Estes’s perturbation model

 Electroconvulsive shock and ECT  Vulnerability of new and recently accessed memories

 transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)  Temporarily increases excitability, increases recall Know Thyself

 Tip-of-the-tongue

 Feelings of Knowing

 Judgments of Learning

STUDY TEST 1 TEST 2 PAIRED- 40 WORD PAIRS ASSOCIATES GENDER TEST TEST 20 ♂ 20 ♀ IV: Instructions to learn Gender

RTs to DK response THE BRAIN Semantic Memory

 Sensory vs. Association Cortices

 Specificity of Encoding  Peanut vs. Banana (Thorpe, Rolls, & Maddison, 1983)  Steve Carell, Whoopie Goldberg, and Bill Clinton  Quiroga et al. (2005) Semantic Memory

Extrastriate Body Area (EBA)  Right lateral occitpital cortex (Downing et al., 2001) Medial Temporal Lobes

 H.M. (surgery) & E.P. (viral encephalitis)  Anterograde vs. Necessity of

…to Semantic memory?

Moderate vs. Severe damage to MTL  Including damage to parahippocampal and perirhinal  Categorization using a prototype (Reed et al., 1999)

 Parahippocampal area may provide spatial context  Parahippocampal place area Observing Hippocampi in Action

Subsequent Memory Paradigm (Wagner et al., 1998)  Greater activity in left hippocampus and left PFC for incidentally encoded words that were later recalled.

 LOP Effects

 False Memories Hippos and Cortices

 Consolidation and the Ribot gradient (1882)

 Standard Consolidation Theory vs. Multiple Trace Theory  Predictions: Equal vs. Less Hippo activity for distant memories. Frontal Cortex

 Remember the subsequent memory effects

 Deciding what to remember  Directing encoding vs. Directing forgetting

Confabulation in frontal patients Other Important Structures

 Basal Forebrain  Nucleus Basalis & Medial Septal Nuclei  Anterior communicating artery aneurysm (ACoA) results in  Neuromodulators: GABA & acetylcholine  Affect hippocampus via fornix  Damage to fornix  and source monitoring

 Diencephalon  Mamillary Bodies & Mediodorsal Nucleus of Thalamus  Korsakoff’s disease & thiamine  Temporally graded retrograde amnesia  May affect interaction of frontal cortex and hippocampus Other

(TGA)  Concussions  Sex and other physically strenuous activities  Typically brief (loss of blood flow to hippocampus) Other Amnesias

 Functional Amnesia  As opposed to Organic Amnesia

 Dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue.  EXTREMELY RARE  Schacter & P.N.’s amnesia following death of grandfather  Identity loss but semantic memories intact.

 Faking?

 PET Scan  Abnormal activity in MTL and Diencephalon  fMRI  Akin to directed forgetting in PFC