Arlo Clark-Foos, Ph.D. Medial Temporal Lobes
Henry Molaison (HM) (1926-2008)
Consequences of bilateral removal Episodic and Semantic Memory
Endel Tulving on Declarative (Explicit) Memories
Episodic Memory “Conscious recollection of specific past events”; Spatial and temporal context Contrasted with Semantic Memory Accumulated knowledge that is not tied to any particular event, time, or place, but is also subject to conscious recollection
Flexibility “Remembering” vs. “Knowing” Rate of Acquisition Latin for Arch Autobiographical Memory
Is it episodic memory?
Diary Studies (e.g., Linton, 1975): 5,500 events Memory for unique and emotional events Preferential recording? Brewer’s (1988) Pager study
Childhood amnesia
Reminiscence bump Chickens and Eggs
Tulving Episodic depends on semantic Bransford & Johnson (1972) Conway/Rajaram Episodic to semantic shift Verfaellie/Neath Interdependent Speaking of Chickens
“Episodic-like” memory in nonhumans? What-where-when (Crystal, 2010)
Is this episodic or semantic? Encoding
Mere exposure BBC Radio announcement (Bekerian & Baddeley, 1980) Memory for everyday events
Connections to existing memories Bransford & Johnson (1972) again.
LOP Recall Encoding
Levels of Processing (AKA Depth of Processing)
Nairne, Thompson, Craik & Tulving (1975) Rogers, Kuiper, & Kirker (1977) & Pandeirada (2007) Problems with LOP
Vague
Testing Bias & Transfer Appropriate Processing Morris, Bransford, & Franks (1977) Context Dependent Memory
Encoding Specificity Godden & Baddeley (1975)
Transfer Appropriate Processing Marsh’s bet Studying for Exams Advice from How High and Eich et al. (1975) Testing Memory
Free Recall What is the Latin word for arch?
Cued Recall What is the Latin word for arch? F______
Recognition What is the Latin word for arch? A. fenestra B. fornix C. fundus Testing Effects
Why? Mere exposure sucks TAP Desirable difficulties (Soderstrom & Bjork, 2015) Memory Failures
Passive vs. Directed Forgetting Memory Failures
Interference Memory Failures
Reality/Source Monitoring DRM Paradigm (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995) Theme Words
Schizophrenia
Cryptomnesia Memory Failures
DRM again Loftus & Pickrell (1995)
Wade et al. (2002)
Slate (online magazine)
Innocence Project Making Lasting Memory
Consolidation and reconsolidation W. Estes’s perturbation model
Electroconvulsive shock and ECT Vulnerability of new and recently accessed memories
transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Temporarily increases excitability, increases recall Know Thyself
Metamemory Tip-of-the-tongue
Feelings of Knowing
Judgments of Learning
STUDY TEST 1 TEST 2 PAIRED- 40 WORD PAIRS ASSOCIATES GENDER TEST TEST 20 ♂ 20 ♀ IV: Instructions to learn Gender
RTs to DK response THE BRAIN Semantic Memory
Sensory vs. Association Cortices
Specificity of Encoding Peanut vs. Banana (Thorpe, Rolls, & Maddison, 1983) Steve Carell, Whoopie Goldberg, and Bill Clinton Quiroga et al. (2005) Semantic Memory
Extrastriate Body Area (EBA) Right lateral occitpital cortex (Downing et al., 2001) Medial Temporal Lobes
H.M. (surgery) & E.P. (viral encephalitis) Anterograde vs. Retrograde Amnesia Necessity of Hippocampus
…to Semantic memory?
Moderate vs. Severe damage to MTL Including damage to parahippocampal and perirhinal Categorization using a prototype (Reed et al., 1999)
Parahippocampal area may provide spatial context Parahippocampal place area Observing Hippocampi in Action
Subsequent Memory Paradigm (Wagner et al., 1998) Greater activity in left hippocampus and left PFC for incidentally encoded words that were later recalled.
LOP Effects
False Memories Hippos and Cortices
Consolidation and the Ribot gradient (1882)
Standard Consolidation Theory vs. Multiple Trace Theory Predictions: Equal vs. Less Hippo activity for distant memories. Frontal Cortex
Remember the subsequent memory effects
Deciding what to remember Directing encoding vs. Directing forgetting
Confabulation in frontal patients Other Important Structures
Basal Forebrain Nucleus Basalis & Medial Septal Nuclei Anterior communicating artery aneurysm (ACoA) results in anterograde amnesia Neuromodulators: GABA & acetylcholine Affect hippocampus via fornix Damage to fornix Confabulation and source monitoring
Diencephalon Mamillary Bodies & Mediodorsal Nucleus of Thalamus Korsakoff’s disease & thiamine Temporally graded retrograde amnesia May affect interaction of frontal cortex and hippocampus Other Amnesias
Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) Concussions Sex and other physically strenuous activities Typically brief (loss of blood flow to hippocampus) Other Amnesias
Functional Amnesia As opposed to Organic Amnesia
Dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue. EXTREMELY RARE Schacter & P.N.’s amnesia following death of grandfather Identity loss but semantic memories intact.
Faking?
PET Scan Abnormal activity in MTL and Diencephalon fMRI Akin to directed forgetting in PFC