U.S. Court of Appeals Strikes Blow Against Freedom of Information

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

U.S. Court of Appeals Strikes Blow Against Freedom of Information Volume 8 No. 4 Published at UCSD 16th year of publication Nov. 2 - Nov. 18 1982 StudentCooperative Union’s study of UC-CIAties hampered... U.S. Courtof AppealsStrikes Blow AgainstFreedom of InformationAct The U.S. Courtof Appealsaffirmed a courtdecision September 27th thatstrikes a major.blowagainst attempts to use the Freedomof InformationAct to obtain informationabout CIA covertactivities. Noted ACLU attorneySusan Shaffer, who workedon the case,"1 am afraidthis is the end of the road for FOIA requestsregarding CIA covertactivity on universitycampuses." The rulingupheld the CIA’s refusal to confirmor denythe existenceof recordspertaining to covertcontacts for foreign intelligence purposes ¢ betweenthe Central Intelligence Agency and the Universityof California / in responseto an FOIA requestfiled several years ago by UCLA graduate studentNathan Gardels. Documentswhich were releasedin responseto Gardels’request have revealedfar rangingand extensive ties between the C1A and the Universityof California,including research, recruiting, training of CIA agents,and the loaningof UC personnelto the CIA as advisors.(see: NIC Disorientation Manualfor informationon theseties). Copies of the documentswhich were releasedto Gardelsare in the possessionof the StudentCooperative Union and are availablefor inspectionin the office--Room209, Student Center. The SCU 6 has alsofiled several FOIA reque.sts seeking to updatethe CIAreleases, and to obtaininformation not previouslyreleased by the CIA. In a recentpress release, the StudentCooperative Union’s Organizing SupportGroup denounced the appealscourt ruling, noting: "Thisis oneof a longstring of courtcases and legislation aimed at curtailingthe Freedomof InformationAct, and preventingpublic scrutinyof agencieslike the CIA,the Pentagonand the FBI." % Therelease also noted that this ruling made it clearthat the SCU wouldhave to abandonits attemptsto secure documentationof covertties between the University of Californiaand the CIA throughthe FOIA. However, the SCU noted,"this does not mean thatwe are abandoningour attemptsto documentthe full nature and extentof UC-CIARelations. Muchof the informationwe haverequested through theFOIA does not tall within the categories protected from disclosure by the courts. Moreovel we arestepping up ourefforts to obtain fromother sources." Currently.the CIA has agreedto updatethe documentsreleased to Gardels,to release documentsrelating to CIA tiesto Scripps Institutionof Oceanography,the VisibilityLab and the MarinePhysical Lab, and to replacecertain documentswhich were illegible as released.In addition,the CIA has agreedto releasedocuments on theInstitute for Policy Analysis as soonas it t~ceives a depositof $100.Lately the CIA hasbeen stalling on otherdocuments requested, has beenthreatening to assessmassive fees even though it earlierstated that it wouldprovide all requesteddocuments (except the ones relatingto theInstitute for Policy Analysis) for free, and workfor the CIA.That subjectis has been demandingthat copiesof documentsrequested Cuba,Vietnem, and othernations which theprovince of the schools,their underthe FOIA be providedto the Agencybefore it have drawnthe government’swrath, the assassinationof activists such as Patrice faculties,their students, and the determines "whether searches are Lumumba. public,not the FOIA.(page 12) feasible."(Letter from CIA to SCU,23 September1982. See page8 for text of But thereis anotherreason the CIA The University,and Attiyeh,to date That,however, did not stopthe court letter). has refusedto releasethis information, haverefused to provideaccess to such from enablingthe CIA to withholdthe "thatthe disclosure...wouidsetoff an informationnecessary for collegesand TheSCU is attemptingto raisethe one information,or even to respondto SCU overt ’campuscampaign’, led by so- the publicto makesuch decisions on an hundreddollars to securethe documents requeststhat it be madeavailable. called’campus activists’, to uncover informedbasis, and to enforcethem. on the Institutefor PolicyAnalysis, The problemof UC-CIAties is partof covertsources at institutions,with the Indeed,the CIA has good cause to be whichis knownto havedone research on the largerproblem of the relationship consequence that there would be concernedthat "campus activists" will theworld flow of criticalresources for between the CIA and universitiesin reluctance on the part of some exposeits activities: we, for one, pledge the CIA. 1PA President Richard general,and indeedthe largerproblem individualsto aid the CIA." (ruling, page ourselves to such a campaign. The Attiyeh,who was involvedwith that of the CIA itself. Students have II) The courtrejected that argument, courts,however, have strengthened the research,was recently appointed Deal of consistentlydemanded that UC-CIAties whilegranting the CIA’s request, noting: CIA’s hand in refusing to release Graduate Studies and Research at be severed,as partof a campaignto put informationabout its activities to the UCSD; making release of those an endto CIA-inspiredterror around the That positioncomes too closeto Americanpeople, who must foot these documentsespecially important. In world.CIA ties to universitiesare an thearea of thefree speech rights of billsfor those activities. Another nail has addition,the SCU is continuingto seek integralpart of its operations.Indeed, studentsand theacademic freedom beendriven into the coffin of theFOIA, release of documents from UCSD notedthe Courtof Appeals: of collegesand universities. relatingto Attiyeh’sCIA research, and is and anotherro,,lhlock erected in the Already some schools have pathsof thoseg’ho seek to exposeand demandingthat Attiyehopen the books The Agency(CIA) needs, and uses considered whether or not to severall CIA tics. on the IPA, so that the university as intelligencesources, covert regulateor forbidtheir faculty communitycan judge its activities with contacts with American membersfrom undertakingcovert See page 8 for CIA letter to SCU fullaccess to theinformation. Academics and students at The Universitycommunity is entitled Americanschools, and in general Non-Profit6rg. has continuedto maintainsuch I Now Indicator U. S. Postage to fulldisclosure of all information Student Organizations regardingAttiyeh’s ties to theCentral contacts... UC San Diego, B.O23 PAID La 3olla,Calif. IntelligenceAgency. The continued Thisstatement goes to thevery heart La Jollo,Ca. 92093 Permit No. 256 suppressionof allinformation regarding of thematter; the CIA needsthe ties it RichardAttiyeh’s ties to the C.I.A. has establishedwith academia in order cannot eliminate the questions in to ’properly"carry out its programof peoplesminds: rather only through the internationalterrorism and repression. releaseof allrelevant information can It is peoplelike RichardAttiyeh the communitymake informeddecisions among others who make the CIA’s a,, to whetheror not a personwith actixitiespossible, activities like the Atti.vch’sbackground can properly overthro~of the Allendegovernment in oversee(iraduate Studies and Research. Chile,the economic~arfare against 3 2 followBerkeley... Semesters starting on amnesiaand ahistoricismin orderto don’toppose repressive legislation bx understandnot simplythe reactionary electingpoliticians bought and sold b FunkyLa lolla Thursdaysmay not be a phenomenonof Notesfrom the ColletiveDesk... i thedistant future after all... Large Crowd Turns Out For nature of Reaganomics, but the the interestsbehind such repressive by RamblingRosie bankruptcyof liberalism, the futility’ of legislation. Just a few thingsto mention...Aia And now a word from our sponsors...TheAS Councilis currently "Missing"at UCSD Elections: Who working within the Democratic And,of course,there are a variety,ol recent seminar held at UCSD, the Does It planninga referendumto be heldwinter Over650 people attended a showingof in the U.S. -was based on interviews Republican party system, and the ways not to vote.Simply don’t cast a lecturersupported his claim for nuclear quarterto askstudents "how they really the movie Missing and heard Tom withCharles Horman’s friends, parents povertyof electoralpopular Frontism. ballot,or casta ballotvoting for what power by pointingto studiesshowing wanttheir money spent." Questions will Hauser, author of the book the and other subjects.Other data was Encourage? This does not mean we endorsesome initiativeyou wantwithout voting for that radiationin "lowdoses" actually includea proposalto allocatestipends to "Executionof CharlesHorman’--upon obtainedfrom public re’,~rds,and thirdpart)’, or a parliamentarysystem thecandidates. Or vote for a thirdpart)’. enhancesone’s health...Coming from the AS Council members,another one on whichthe movie was based,on Friday documentreleased under the Freedom Don’tvote, it onlyencourages them. possiblydissident minorities. The In theUnited States historically, third Any thirdparty will do. sincenone of President of General Atomic, and Such has been the New Indicator monies receivedby various student Oct. 29th at MandevilleAuditorium. of InformationAct. Republican right hand in turn. partieshave simply acted to reformthe themhave a snowball’schance in hellof former director of the Los Alamos organizationsand projects... A notable The event was co-sponsored by collectiveposition at election-timein the maintainsdiscipline within the diverse two-party system from within the winning.This effectively cancels a vote Laboratoryin New Mexico--oneof two Throughtouthis lecture Hauser failed past. It remains the New Indicator absencewill no
Recommended publications
  • The Unification of Italy 1815-70 Sample Chapter
    CHAPTER 1 KEY TERMS Risorgimento Translated, Italy in the early nineteenth century the word means ‘reawakening’. As a historical term it has been used to describe the development of a INTRODUCTION national identity, a national sentiment, an awareness In September 1870, the troops of King Victor Emmanuel among Italians of a common II of Italy entered Rome. Italian unifi cation, the bringing culture. It should not be used together diff erent states of the Italian peninsula under one to describe any movement for national unifi cation, because government, was complete. Th e Risorgimento, the there wasn’t one. reawakening of Italy, had reached its climax. However, the creation of the new Italian state was neither inevitable nor had it been planned. Although Italian unifi cation had KEY PEOPLE taken place, there was little enthusiasm for the new state Victor Emmanuel II among the Italian people. In 1861, an Italian politician (1820–78) was the king of named Massimo d’Azeglio remarked to Victor Emmanuel: Piedmont from 1849 to 1861 ‘Sir, we have made Italy. Now we must make Italians.’ Th e and fi rst king of Italy from story of what follows is of how Italy was made, but it is 1861 to his death in 1878. He reigned as a constitutional also a story of division and the failure to ‘make Italians’. monarch, bound by the Statuto which was granted by his father Charles Albert in THE STATES OF THE PENINSULA 1848. He made a number of important decisions in his Towards the end of the eighteenth century the peninsula of reign, such as the appointment of Count Camillo Cavour as Italy was home to a number of states.
    [Show full text]
  • INTRODUCTION 1. Charles Esdaile, the Wars of Napoleon (New York, 1995), Ix; Philip Dwyer, “Preface,” Napoleon and Europe, E
    Notes INTRODUCTION 1. Charles Esdaile, The Wars of Napoleon (New York, 1995), ix; Philip Dwyer, “Preface,” Napoleon and Europe, ed. Philip Dwyer (London, 2001), ix. 2. Michael Broers, Europe under Napoleon, 1799–1815 (London, 1996), 3. 3. An exception to the Franco-centric bibliography in English prior to the last decade is Owen Connelly, Napoleon’s Satellite Kingdoms (New York, 1965). Connelly discusses the developments in five satellite kingdoms: Italy, Naples, Holland, Westphalia, and Spain. Two other important works that appeared before 1990, which explore the internal developments in two countries during the Napoleonic period, are Gabriel Lovett, Napoleon and the Birth of Modern Spain (New York, 1965) and Simon Schama, Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands, 1780–1813 (London, 1977). 4. Stuart Woolf, Napoleon’s Integration of Europe (London and New York, 1991), 8–13. 5. Geoffrey Ellis, “The Nature of Napoleonic Imperialism,” Napoleon and Europe, ed. Philip Dwyer (London, 2001), 102–5; Broers, Europe under Napoleon, passim. 1 THE FORMATION OF THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE 1. Geoffrey Ellis, “The Nature of Napoleonic Imperialism,” Napoleon and Europe, ed. Philip Dwyer (London, 2001), 105. 2. Martyn Lyons, Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution (New York, 1994), 43. 3. Ellis, “The Nature,” 104–5. 4. On the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and international relations, see Tim Blanning, The French Revolutionary Wars, 1787–1802 (London, 1996); David Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon: the Mind and Method of History’s Greatest Soldier (London, 1966); Owen Connelly, Blundering to Glory: Napoleon’s Military 212 Notes 213 Campaigns (Wilmington, DE, 1987); J.
    [Show full text]
  • A Chronological Particular Timeline of Near East and Europe History
    Introduction This compilation was begun merely to be a synthesized, occasional source for other writings, primarily for familiarization with European world development. Gradually, however, it was forced to come to grips with the elephantine amount of historical detail in certain classical sources. Recording the numbers of reported war deaths in previous history (many thousands, here and there!) initially was done with little contemplation but eventually, with the near‐exponential number of Humankind battles (not just major ones; inter‐tribal, dynastic, and inter‐regional), mind was caused to pause and ask itself, “Why?” Awed by the numbers killed in battles over recorded time, one falls subject to believing the very occupation in war was a naturally occurring ancient inclination, no longer possessed by ‘enlightened’ Humankind. In our synthesized histories, however, details are confined to generals, geography, battle strategies and formations, victories and defeats, with precious little revealed of the highly complicated and combined subjective forces that generate and fuel war. Two territories of human existence are involved: material and psychological. Material includes land, resources, and freedom to maintain a life to which one feels entitled. It fuels war by emotions arising from either deprivation or conditioned expectations. Psychological embraces Egalitarian and Egoistical arenas. Egalitarian is fueled by emotions arising from either a need to improve conditions or defend what it has. To that category also belongs the individual for whom revenge becomes an end in itself. Egoistical is fueled by emotions arising from material possessiveness and self‐aggrandizations. To that category also belongs the individual for whom worldly power is an end in itself.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fennel Fields a Little Scene Setting
    A HISTORY OF BORGO FINOCCHIETO by Judy Canton, with side notes by Mary Grace Hicks The Fennel Fields Finocchieto is a charming name. Finocchio is sweet fennel and finocchieto means fennel orchard or fennel fields, just as frutto is fruit and frutteto means orchard. Sweet fennel grows wild all over Tuscany in fields, hedgerows, at roadsides, along the railway, and in gardens. Finocchieto was no doubt known locally for the wild fennel plants growing around the slopes of Bibbiano. It has certainly had the name since 1318, and maybe for much longer. To this day, when the wild fennel seeds ripen every year at the end of August, gatherers of all types and both sexes go to work collecting the seeds that will stud the delicious local salami, finocchiona, with flavor. It has been eaten for centuries, usually on thick slices of unsalted bread and accompanied with a glass of red wine. The farm at Finocchieto, like many Tuscan country properties no longer in agricultural use, has found a new lease on life. Its name, however, will link it to the old way of life and the tradition of eating slices of finocchiona with bread and wine will remind those who enjoy its stone walls and quiet, beautiful setting of the thousands who have already appreciated the same delights in its long history. A Little Scene Setting The part of Italy where Finocchieto was built has a long prehistory; - 228 - a long period of settlement before we have evidence of the farm’s existence. Navigable rivers and valleys were of fundamental importance in the siting of early settlements and in spreading cultural influence.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Thesis.Pdf
    THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY THE PURPOSE AND FALL OF THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE IN THE LOW COUNTRIES AND ITALY NICHOLAS F. BORSUK-WOOMAN Spring 2010 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for baccalaureate degrees in History and Economics with honors in History Reviewed and approved* by the following: Sylvia Neely Associate Professor of History Thesis Supervisor Catherine Wanner Associate Professor of History and Religious Studies Honors Adviser * Signatures are on file in the Schreyer Honors College. ABSTRACT The Purpose and Fall of the Napoleonic Empire in the Low Countries and Italy investigates Napoleon’s aims for the Empire and the reasons for its final demise in the Low Countries and Italy. This work will examine these two aspects in Belgium, the Netherlands, Northern Italy, and Naples. First, I scrutinize Stuart’s Woolf’s thesis that Napoleon attempted to integrate Europe in order to create a single-European state that benefitted the entire continent. I attack his thesis by referring to Paul Schroeder’s argument that Napoleon viewed Europe as colonies that were meant to benefit France. Many of those European colonies benefitted from Napoleon’s colonization, Belgium, Piedmont, and the Kingdom of Italy, while others suffered under his demands, especially the Netherlands and Naples. The underlying theme was the institutions Napoleon implanted into these areas in order to extract their resources. The second argument assaults the view that nationalism was the cause of the fall of the Empire. Through analyzing the Low Countries and Italy, I demonstrate that entrenched political factions existed, separated on financial and economic issues, conscription, and religion.
    [Show full text]
  • Postal Communications from the United Kingdom to Italy 1840 -1874
    Postal Communications from the United Kingdom to Italy 1840 -1874 This exhibit addresses the postal communications between the United Kingdom and Italy, focusing on the complex historical period from 1840 to 1874. These dates saw the introduction Section 1 - Old States Frame of the first postage stamp (1840), the explosion of the industrial revolution in Britain, and the struggle of the Italian states to gain national unity after the Congress of Vienna. During this Chapter 1 - Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1 time, new and much faster ways of communication (mostly the train and the steamship) co- Chapter 2 - Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1 existed with the remnants of old agreements, or in some cases the lack thereof, which allowed for the mail to be carried at different rates and through different routes and different countries. Chapter 3 - States of the Church & Rome 1 The result is a complex, fascinating array of rates and routes that this exhibit aims to describe. Chapter 4 - Duchies of Parma, Modena and Lucca 2 Chapter 5 - Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia 2 Chapter 6 - Kingdom of Sardinia 2 Section 2 – Kingdom of Italy Chapter 7 - New Nation: Countrywide Rates 3 Chapter 8 - New Challenges: Cholera 3 Chapter 9 - New Challenges: The Impact of War 3 The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) reshaped Europe Essential Bibliography 1. Jane and Michael Moubray: British Letter Mail to Overseas Destination 1840-1875. RPSL, London 2018 2. Lewis Geoffrey: The 1836 Anglo-French Postal Convention, The Royal Philatelic Society London, 2015. The first section covers rates and routes separately for each of the following major Old 3.
    [Show full text]
  • ORU History & Humanities Modern World
    Oral Roberts University Digital Showcase Textbooks Educational Materials 2019 ORU History & Humanities Modern World - Reader I 1600 - 1850 Gary Pranger Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalshowcase.oru.edu/textbooks Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Pranger, Gary, "ORU History & Humanities Modern World - Reader I 1600 - 1850" (2019). Textbooks. 1. https://digitalshowcase.oru.edu/textbooks/1 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Educational Materials at Digital Showcase. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textbooks by an authorized administrator of Digital Showcase. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ORU HISTORY & HUMANITIES MODERN WORLD - READER I 1600 - 1850 Gary K. Pranger, Editor 1 THE MODERN WORLD I 1600-1850 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE 5 1. INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL OVERVIEW 7 2. TIME LINE 3. THE RENAISSANCE Gary K. Pranger 12 4. THE REFORMATION Gary K. Pranger 20 5. RESTORATION & GLORIOUS REVOLUTION Harold Paul & Gary K. Pranger 46 6. EUROPE AND FRANCE 1600-1715 J. Franklin Sexton & Gary K. Pranger 54 7. NEOCLASSICAL LITERATURE David Ringer 80 8. THE ENLIGHTENMENT Gary K. Pranger 90 9. THE LASTING SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT L. Lee Peterson & Gary K. Pranger 96 10. THE GERMAN EMPIRE AFTER 1648: PRUSSIA & AUSTRIA Gary K. Pranger 113 11. 18TH CENTURY STATE COMPETITION 1713-1763 J. Franklin Sexton 132 12. ECONOMICS & HISTORY Gary K. Pranger 136 13. MARX & MARXISM: IDEAL AND REALITY 148 14. THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY NOVEL Carl Hamilton 157 15. METHODISM Harold J. Paul 163 16. THE FIRST GREAT AWAKENING Gary K. Pranger 176 17. GREAT BRITAIN & THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 1763-1815 J.
    [Show full text]
  • Memoir of the Queen of Etruria, Written by Herself. an Authentic
    \ Digitized by Google B 20 | & L.jf - 9 10 1 r+ J. .W I I i BIBI.10TECA NAZI0NA1.E - i CENTHALE FIRENZE Digitized by Google Digitized by Google^ Digitized by Google Digitized by Google MEMOIRS, &C. 4 Digitized by Google /• HZ Digitized by Google MEMOIR of THE QUEEN OF ETRURIA, WRITTEN BY HERSELF. AN AUTHENTIC NARRATIVE OF THE Seizure and Removal OF POPE PIUS VII. ON THE 6TH OF JULY, 1809, WITH GENUINE MEMOIRS OF HIS JOURNEY FROM ROME TO FRANCE, AND THENCE TO SAVONA, WRITTEN BY ONE OP HIS ATTENDANTS. ^Translate* from tfic ^ialfatt. LONDON: PRINTED FOR JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, By J. F. Dove, St. John’i Square. 1014. Digitized by Google Digitized by Google ADVERTISEMENT The Original Memoirs, of which the following are faithful translations, are in the Italian language, and were commu- nicated to the publisher by the Rev. Father Macpherson, who is lately arrived in this country from Rome. Those relat- ing to the Queen of Etruria were written by herself, in order to vindicate her con- duct from the aspersions which her enemies, and the advocate of Buonaparte, had thrown upon it; and to tell the world a part of what she suffered from the ambition of that bad man, and the malevolence of his partisans. The papers relative to the Pope were written at the desire of M. Mac- B Digitized by Google 2 pherson himself, by persons of honour, who were eye and ear witnesses of every particular mentioned. A great deal more might have been added from other sources of intelligence, concerning the cruel treatment endured from the tyrant by the venerable Pontiff, during the space of more than six years that he was his captive.
    [Show full text]
  • Unification of Italy.Indd
    CHAPTER 1 KEY TERMS Risorgimento Translated, Italy in the early nineteenth century the word means ‘reawakening’. As a historical term it has been used to describe the development of a INTRODUCTION national identity, a national sentiment, an awareness In September 1870, the troops of King Victor Emmanuel among Italians of a common II of Italy entered Rome. Italian unifi cation, the bringing culture. It should not be used together diff erent states of the Italian peninsula under one to describe any movement for national unifi cation, because government, was complete. Th e Risorgimento, the there wasn’t one. reawakening of Italy, had reached its climax. However, the creation of the new Italian state was neither inevitable nor had it been planned. Although Italian unifi cation had KEY PEOPLE taken place, there was little enthusiasm for the new state Victor Emmanuel II among the Italian people. In 1861, an Italian politician (1820–78) was the king of named Massimo d’Azeglio remarked to Victor Emmanuel: Piedmont from 1849 to 1861 ‘Sir, we have made Italy. Now we must make Italians.’ Th e and fi rst king of Italy from story of what follows is of how Italy was made, but it is 1861 to his death in 1878. He reigned as a constitutional also a story of division and the failure to ‘make Italians’. monarch, bound by the Statuto which was granted by his father Charles Albert in THE STATES OF THE PENINSULA 1848. He made a number of important decisions in his Towards the end of the eighteenth century the peninsula of reign, such as the appointment of Count Camillo Cavour as Italy was home to a number of states.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline Principal Events in the Histories of Florence and the House of Rucellai
    Timeline Principal events in the histories of Florence and the house of Rucellai Neolithic period Arno River valley first settled 9th–8th century bce Etruscans establish a settlement (Viesul, now known as Fiesole) on a hill above the valley 59 bce Julius Caesar establishes a Roman colony for retired soldiers on the northern bank of the Arno (Florentia, now known as Florence) 2nd century ce Population: c.10,000 393 City’s first Christian basilica, San Lorenzo, consecrated as its cathedral by Saint Ambrose 405 Siege of Florence, part of a succession of Gothic invasions of the Roman Empire 5th century Church of Santa Reparata constructed within the Roman walls on the site of the present cathedral Late 6th century City falls to the Lombards, becoming part of the Lombardic Duchy of Tuscany 774 City conquered by Charlemagne; Carolingian era ushers in a period of urban revival Late 8th century City walls expanded 978 Badia Fiorentina, a Benedictine Abbey, founded by Willa, widow of Uberto, Margrave of Tuscany 996 First Ponte Vecchio built near the site of the Roman-era bridge 1018 Mercato Nuovo built on the site of the old Roman forum Basilica of San Miniato al Monte built on highest point in Florence Population: c.5,000 1115 Florence achieves de facto self-government with the establishment of a comune (confirmed by the Holy Roman Emperor in 1183) xv Timeline 1128 Construction finished on the Baptistery, built on the site of a sixth- or seventh-century octagonal structure, itself built on a structure dating to the Roman period c.1150 Arte di
    [Show full text]
  • ICV20 Breschi.Pub
    Flags in Italy under Napoleon’s rule Roberto Breschi Abstract At the beginning of March 1796 a shabby French army of 30,000 headed by a 28-year-old gen- eral, crossed the Alps toward Italy and rapidly went from one victory to another. The recently adopted French tricolor soon replaced the dusty flags of old principalities, though several new flags were also hoisted. The latter did not last more than a few months, but one of them would have a very long history. More new flags would appear later, as Napoleon's imperial ambition progressively choked off its earlier Jacobin spirit. We must not pass through this world without leaving traces that may commend our memory to posterity. Napoleon First part It is rather mysterious what induced a 28-year old French general, Napoleon Bona- parte, to leave his newly married wife Josephine and to lead a ragged and hungry army toward an apparently desperate offensive in Italy. Did he want to challenge himself? Or to recover his faraway Tuscan roots? On the other hand, he was born in Corsica and understood Italian better than French. Or rather it was the madness of the genius? The fact is that at the beginning of March 1796 little more than 30,000 ragged troops were poised to attack Piedmont. The Kingdom of Sardinia, that in 1793 had been forced to cede Savoy and Nice to France, was in that period allied to Austria. The two nations had an army of about 100,000 men, but less than half were drilled in fighting.
    [Show full text]
  • The Etruscans14-1-2020
    The Etruscans Erodoto in the well-known Tales describes that in the XIII B.C. Atys, son of Manes, because of a serious famine in Lidia, in the Minor Asia, divided the population in two groups entrusting one with Tirreno in order that he could take them to a new fruitful land. Once they arrived in the north of Tiber these people took the name of Tirreni ( as per the name of the Prince that had took them there ). Besides Elianico, a Greek historian of Mitilene was convinced that the Lidi together with the nomad people of Pelasgi, were the settlers of the Etruria. Dionigi from Alicarnasso a Greek historian arrived in Rome was not in agreement with this opinion differently from Virgilio, as according to him the inhabitants of the Tuscia were a population of native origin said of the Rasenna. According to recent studies we know that in Etruria there were people coming from the Middle East as well as from the central Europe, dating from IX century B.C. with the development of what has been called the civilization Villanoviana. The land, that was settled between the VII and the VI century B.C., was the corner included between the two most important rivers of Central Italy, Arno and Tevere which was limited in the North by Liguri, and in the East by Umbri and Sabini and in the South by Latini. During this time called “Oriental time”, the exchange between Orient and Greece became rather substantial as besides of the goods there were also the handicrafts men coming with the new techniques like the lathe for the working of metals.
    [Show full text]