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ORU History & Humanities Modern World Oral Roberts University Digital Showcase Textbooks Educational Materials 2019 ORU History & Humanities Modern World - Reader I 1600 - 1850 Gary Pranger Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalshowcase.oru.edu/textbooks Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Pranger, Gary, "ORU History & Humanities Modern World - Reader I 1600 - 1850" (2019). Textbooks. 1. https://digitalshowcase.oru.edu/textbooks/1 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Educational Materials at Digital Showcase. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textbooks by an authorized administrator of Digital Showcase. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ORU HISTORY & HUMANITIES MODERN WORLD - READER I 1600 - 1850 Gary K. Pranger, Editor 1 THE MODERN WORLD I 1600-1850 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE 5 1. INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL OVERVIEW 7 2. TIME LINE 3. THE RENAISSANCE Gary K. Pranger 12 4. THE REFORMATION Gary K. Pranger 20 5. RESTORATION & GLORIOUS REVOLUTION Harold Paul & Gary K. Pranger 46 6. EUROPE AND FRANCE 1600-1715 J. Franklin Sexton & Gary K. Pranger 54 7. NEOCLASSICAL LITERATURE David Ringer 80 8. THE ENLIGHTENMENT Gary K. Pranger 90 9. THE LASTING SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT L. Lee Peterson & Gary K. Pranger 96 10. THE GERMAN EMPIRE AFTER 1648: PRUSSIA & AUSTRIA Gary K. Pranger 113 11. 18TH CENTURY STATE COMPETITION 1713-1763 J. Franklin Sexton 132 12. ECONOMICS & HISTORY Gary K. Pranger 136 13. MARX & MARXISM: IDEAL AND REALITY 148 14. THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY NOVEL Carl Hamilton 157 15. METHODISM Harold J. Paul 163 16. THE FIRST GREAT AWAKENING Gary K. Pranger 176 17. GREAT BRITAIN & THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 1763-1815 J. Franklin Sexton & Gary K. Pranger 191 18. THE COMING OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION J. Franklin Sexton 207 19. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION J. Franklin Sexton & Gary K. Pranger 216 20. LIBERALISM & NATIONALISM: REVOLUTIONS 1830 & 1848 Gary K. Pranger 246 21. GREAT BRITAIN 1780-1914 Gary K. Pranger 257 22. IMPERIALISM Gary K. Pranger 269 2 23. RUSSIA: ITS ORIGINS TO 1914 Gary K. Pranger & Alan Repko 283 ROMANTICISM AND EARLY 19TH CENTURY 24. BEETHOVEN, MAN AND HIS MUSIC Gretchen Ervin 300 25. AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH ROMANTICISM: WORDSWORTH AND COLERIDGE Carl Hamilton 310 26. ENGLISH ROMANTIC POETS Gretchen Ervin 322 27. MUSIC OF THE ROMANTIC PERIOD Evelyn Davis 334 28. THE RENAISSANCE OF AMERICAN LITERATURE Robert Spiller 344 29. NINETEENTH CENTURY RUSSIAN NOVELS Douglas Gronberg 360 30. NINETEENTH CENTURY ENGLISH NOVELS Robert Voight 371 31. HUMANITIES AS WORLD HISTORY GKP 383 32. CHINA: ANCIENT TIMES TO 1644 Gary K. Pranger 387 33. CHRISTIAN MISSIONS HISTORY TO 1916 GKP 401 34. “ISMS” GKP 413 3 PREFACE This work of historical engagement is unique in a number of ways. First, it unabashedly and unashamedly takes an evangelical-charismatic Christian world-view. We hope to balance out the biases and propaganda of the “City of Man” by not excluding the “City of God” and by admitting that the latter is the most wholistic and realistic of the different world-views as we introduce students to their world. Students are meant to be building their own worldviews as well as their ethical identity and awareness. Two, it is an adaptive or elastic text that can be added to or subtracted from, improved, corrected and amended. Three, it is a multi-authored work where different professionals contributed pieces over the years. Many were meant to contribute but the general editor found it necessary to contribute heavily to this first edition not because he thinks of himself as an expert on all areas but because it was simply time for this text to be implemented and placed on the world wide platform that ORU has established with the “Faculty Showcase.” Fourth, it has been a dream of many historians to do a textbook and so this really had its inception in the hearts and minds of the original architects of the original Humanities courses at ORU. These original architects, particularly, J. Franklin Sexton envisioned and forged a fully orbed four course Humanities curriculum that covered the beginning of civilization until now. Thus, originally, many of the pieces in this text were printed lectures that went along with video lectures for the course that was called Humanities 213. These materials and the general outline of the topics were and still are excellent and none of the power or original intent was lost even as they were updated and edited for this text. Thus, many of the original teachers of humanities at ORU are raised again to 4 life and renewed and celebrated in this present form. However, this is now meant to be for students anywhere in the world to understand basic history and to help history students whether at ORU or somewhere else in the world to understand our perspectives. Many acknowledgements need to be made here. This text is dedicated to the memories of Harold J. Paul and J. Franklin Sexton as the two founders and chairmen of the ORU History and Humanities department. Further heartfelt thanks goes to Ruth Sexton, David Ringer, John W. Swails, Bill Collier, Sonny Branham, and Paul Vickery for their assistance, editorial help, encouragement and contributions. A special thanks goes to Beverly Garrison who read through the text thoroughly and told me exactly what she thought. 5 GENERAL OVERVIEW Our study of World history is meant to offer a free environment in which to consider and develop one’s own worldview and image of man. This text divides the subject into the periods 1) 1500-1715, 2) 1715-1815, 3) 1800- 1850, 4) 1850-1914, 5) 1900-to the present. During the first two periods man’s reason was exalted and in the third man’s intuitive nature reined supreme. In the fourth era realism, humanism and secularism began to dominate. The fifth is titled by the concepts of Modernism, 1900-1970’s, and Post-Modernism, 1970’s to now. Many highly creative intellects sought to separate reality and knowledge from that of the Christian account over time. During the Medieval (475-1500) and Reformation (1500-1650) periods civilization and Christianity were essentially synthesized. Christian and Humanistic scholars influenced by Christianity had begun to examine every aspect of the culture as it developed and offered holistic answers to the important questions of life. This Christian scholarship continued to build up alongside of the rise of secular society and culture and often times was interfused with it as Western civilization developed. Despite new challenges, the Holy Spirit continued to move and Christianity continued to grow. From the time of the “Middle Ages” (475-1500) and scholasticism man’s reason and faith in God were questioned and separated, which caused many Christian scholars to analyze their faith and knowledge. An earlier phase of the Enlightenment, usually dated from 1650 to 1715, could be said to have begun in the period called the Renaissance (1300-1527) and had by 1650 incorporated many scholars who still considered themselves to be Christians and/or retained a Christian worldview. Thus science, politics, society and culture were based on a Christian worldview. Francis Bacon worked on the basis of this Christian world-view but as he emphasized “empiricism,” and inductive reasoning – these new scientific methods helped others separate the Creator from the Creation, and intellectuals and scholars increasingly called faith into question against the acceptance of a more secular scientific reasoning. The Enlightenment, as a reform movement, did do many good things and questioned many things that should have been questioned. However, the Enlightenment thinkers, especially in France, blamed the Christian Church for many of the wrongs and mistakes in Western Civilization and thus rejected Christianity altogether. However, the period between 1500 and 1850 also tells the story of the Reformation of Christianity and then the undermining of the Christian consensus that led to an acceptance of a secular humanism which then defined what reality, truth and values were for society in the twentieth century. As an increasingly secular world emerged and was embraced there was an increasing hunger for spiritual answers to existence, for meaning in life and for solutions to life’s problems. By the twentieth century this hunger revealed itself and caused many to attempt to find meaning in the world’s philosophies and religions; and in drugs, sex, and the occult. Nevertheless, a large body of believers maintained the stream of vital faith and piety in the only God and creator of all things; in Jesus Christ and his substitutionary atonement for the fallenness and sin in all mankind. It is only through belief in Christ that one can be saved. The Holy Spirit then works for the discipleship of those who 6 believe as well as carrying out God’s purposes throughout history. God works out His purposes through the saved and unsaved, and in every detail and happening through time. Words, terms and the material world may have changed but the reality and the truth that are taught in the Bible have remained the same throughout the time of man’s history to the very present. Romanticism is the second part of this unit and it is considered an historic period coming on the heels of the Enlightenment time. The Enlightenment is thought to be roughly from 1650 to 1800. The Romantic period begins with the French Revolution and 1800 and runs roughly until the 1850’s. Romanticism was in many ways a reaction to the Enlightenment and tended to go a different direction. Where the Enlightenment was urban, Romanticism was rural – countryside oriented. Where the Enlightenment lifted up society and social values as the way to determine one’s values and ethics, Romantics turned to the individual and found values and ethics in “Nature.” Where the Enlightenment thinkers looked at the world and the universe as a machine, Romantics saw the world and the universe as an organic whole, like plants and trees.
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