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Mamíferos Pequeños En La Dieta De La Lechuza Tyto Alba

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Mamíferos Pequeños En La Dieta De La Lechuza Tyto Alba Volume 55(19):261‑268, 2015 MAMÍFEROS PEQUEÑOS EN LA DIETA DE LA LECHUZA TYTO ALBA (STRIGIFORMES: TYTONIDAE) EN DOS LOCALIDADES DEL OCCIDENTE DE ECUADOR, CON AMPLIACIÓN DISTRIBUCIONAL DE ICHTHYOMYS HYDROBATES (RODENTIA: CRICETIDAE) JORGE BRITO M.1,5 HERNÁN ORELLANA-VÁSQUEZ2 HÉCTOR CADENA-ORTIZ3,4 ROCÍO VARGAS2 GLENDA M. POZO-ZAMORA1 JENNY CURAY2 ABSTRACT We analyzed 107 owl pellets and determined 300 prey items grouped into 21 species. The pel- lets were collected at two locations with different environments: Los Santiagos and La Ciénaga in the province of Chimborazo and Manabí in western Ecuador. Our analysis revealed a diet mostly comprised on small mammals, especially rodents which constituted 80%. Among the most abundant prey were Oligoryzomys sp. which accounted for 38.7% of the diet in Los Santiagos’ samples and Sigmodon peruanus 33.6% in La Ciénaga, being 22.5% and 41% respectively of the total biomass consumed at each site. The crab-eating rat Ichthyomys hydro- bates is first reported in this owl’s diet and in the locality of Los Santiagos. This record extends the distributional range of I. hydrobates to southwest Ecuador by about 200 km. Key-Words: Ichthyomys hydrobates; La Ciénaga; Los Santiagos; Owl pellets; Tyto alba. INTRODUCCIÓN bita principalmente zonas abiertas, áreas antropogénicas y bosques (Mikkola, 1995; Venable, 1997; König & La lechuza Tyto alba es una especie rapaz noctur- Weick, 2008). En Ecuador ha sido registrada principal- na, considerada como una de las aves de mayor distribu- mente bajo los 2000 m s.n.m. en la parte occidental y ción mundial, está presente en cinco continentes y ha- en los valles interandinos (Ridgely & Greenfiel, 2001). 1. Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales del Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad. División de Mastozoología. Calle Rumipamba 341 y Av. de los Shyris. Casilla: 17-07-8976. Quito, Ecuador. 2. Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Yaguachi y Numa Pompillo Llona, Quito Ecuador. 3. Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb), Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Machala y Sabanilla, Quito, Ecuador. 4. Escuela de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, Ecuador. 5. Autor para correspondencia: [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0031-1049.2015.55.19 262 Brito, J. ET AL.: Mamíferos en la dieta de TYTO ALBA y nuevo registro de ICHTHYOMYS HYDROBATES Tyto alba es una de las pocas especies de aves que cuenta con amplios estudios alimenticios en América del Sur, donde la mayoría de información se basa en el análisis de sus egagrópilas (e.g., Herrera & Jaksic, 1980; Cerpa & Yánez, 1981; Jaksic et al., 1982; Rau et al., 1985; Torres-Mura & Contreras, 1989; Travaini et al., 1997; Bellocq, 1998; Jaksic et al., 1999; Bonvi- cino & Bezerra, 2003; Aliaga-Rossel & Tarifa, 2005; Rocha et al., 2011). Desde el punto de vista trófico Tyto alba ha sido descrita como una especie especialis- ta en mamíferos pequeños (principalmente roedores), a pesar que en su dieta también se han registrado otras especies de aves, insectos, anfibios y reptiles (Rocha et al., 2011; Delgado & Castaño-B., 2004; López- Ricardo & Borroto-Páez, 2012). Además el análisis de egagrópilas ha resultado ser un eficiente método para inventariar pequeños mamíferos (Hedrick et al., 1989; Bonvicino & Bezerra, 2003; Torre et al., 2004; Mena et al., 2007; Souza et al., 2010, Teta et al., 2010; Rocha et al., 2011). En Ecuador el número de estudios sobre la ecolo- FIGURA 1: Ubicación de los dos sitios de estudio en el occidente de Ecuador. gía trófica de la lechuza de campanario son escasos y se restringen a uno en un ambiente urbano (Charpentier sistema Bosque siempreverde montano bajo de Cor- & Martínez, 2007) y dos en áreas rurales (Moreno, dillera Occidental de los Andes (Iglesias et al., 2013); 2010; Moreno & Román, 2013). En esta publicación mientras que La Ciénaga corresponde al Piso zoogeo- presentamos los resultados del análisis de egagrópilas gráfico Tropical Suroccidental (Albuja et al., 2012) y de la lechuza de dos ambientes diferentes. El objetivo al ecosistema Bosque semideciduo de tierras bajas del principal de este estudio es aportar al conocimiento Jama-Zapotillo (Chinchero et al., 2013). sobre la dieta de esta ave en las localidades de Los San- Para todas las egagrópilas colectadas se secaron y tiagos y La Ciénaga al occidente de Ecuador. se tomaron diferentes medidas en mm: longitud, an- cho y alto con un calibrador digital Buffalo Tools con precisión de ± 0.01 mm. El peso de cada egagrópila MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS fue registrado con una balanza analítica marca Fisher Scientific 120 g × 0.001 g. Cada egagrópila medida Se colectaron egagrópilas en buen estado du- y pesada fue separada en fundas individuales por lo- rante visitas esporádicas en noviembre 2013 y febrero calidad y se colocó un código provisional para evitar 2014 en Los Santiagos, cantón Pallatanga, provincia confusiones. Posteriormente cada egagrópila fue sua- de Chimborazo (02°04’57.82”S, 78°59’13.97”O, vizada con agua destilada, antes de ser desintegrada 1165 m s.n.m.) y La Ciénaga, cantón Bolívar, provincia manualmente con la ayuda de pinzas y separados los de Manabí (00°51’28”S, 80°11’52.9”O, 38 m s.n.m.) restos óseos en frascos individuales. (Fig. 1). Los sitios de colecta corresponden a áreas con Las especies de mamíferos registradas en nuestras influencia antropogenica, en Los Santiagos (10 km al muestras fueron identificadas siguiendo claves taxonó- sur de Pallatanga) el sitio reiterado de anidación de micas y estudios disponibles (e.g., Pearson, 1958; Her- una pareja de lechuzas es el tumbado de una vivienda shkovitz, 1962; Voss, 1988; Carleton & Musser, 1989; de dos niveles, habitada, de madera y techo de zinc Voss, 1992; Weskler & Percequillo, 2011). Asimismo (Fig. 2A) y en La Ciénaga (10 km al oeste de Calceta) se realizaron comparaciones con especímenes testigo la percha y el nido de dos lechuzas se localizaba debajo depositados en la División de Mastozoología del Mu- de un puente de aproximadamente 40 m de longitud seo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales (DMMECN). y tráfico vehicular de poca frecuencia (Fig. 2B); los El Número Mínimo de Individuos (NMI) fue dos puntos se encuentran rodeados de cultivos, pastos, determinado por el conteo de mandíbulas homologas cuerpos de agua, zonas boscosas y viviendas humanas o restos de cráneos, no se usó otras partes del esqueleto dispersas. Los Santiagos pertenece al Piso zoogeográfi- para evitar reconteo (Manning & Jones, 1990); expre- co subtropical occidental (Albuja et al., 2012) y al eco- samos la composición dietaria en porcentaje (número Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 55(19), 2015 263 FIGURA 2: Sitios de anidación de las lechuzas: A = en el tumbado de una vivienda en Los Santiagos; B = debajo de un puente en La Cié- naga; C = diferentes formas de egagrópilas, barra = 10 mm. Fotografías: A = H. Cadena-Ortiz, B-C = J. Brito. 264 Brito, J. ET AL.: Mamíferos en la dieta de TYTO ALBA y nuevo registro de ICHTHYOMYS HYDROBATES de individuos de cada presa dividido para el número 1.2-6.5 (3.3 ± 1.2) g y número de individuos por total de presas en cada localidad, multiplicado por egagrópila 1-6 (2.6 ± 1.2); mientras que las egagró- 100%) (Formoso et al., 2012). Para el cálculo de la pilas de La Ciénaga (n = 46) presentaron una lon- biomasa se multiplicó el peso promedio (en gramos) gitud de 21.1-66.2 (39.8 ± 10.6), ancho 15.3-33.7 de las especies de mamíferos por el NMI de la especie (26.2 ± 5.6), alto 13.3-28.7 (19.9 ± 4.3) mm, peso de cada localidad (Herrera & Jaksic, 1980). Los datos 1.5-9.5 (4.3 ± 1.6) g y con un número de individuos de peso promedio corporal fueron obtenidos en Tirira por egagrópilas de 1-5 (2.5 ± 0.9). (2007) y de la base de datos DMMECN. En las 107 egagrópilas analizadas se reconocie- ron 300 individuos de mamíferos, 163 para Los San- tiagos y 137 en La Ciénaga, agrupadas en 21 especies RESULTADOS identificadas, 14 para la primera localidad y 10 para la segunda (Fig. 3, Tabla 1). Los roedores constituyeron Se colectaron 107 egagrópilas las cuales presen- el principal ítem en la dieta de la lechuza con un total taron diferentes tonalidades de coloración variando del 80%, seguidos por los didelfidos y lagomorfos con de gris blanquecino a gris oscuro, forma ovalada a 3.8% cada uno. También se identificaron individuos alargadas y ligeramente aplanadas (Fig. 2C). Los re- de reptiles 7.6% y aves 3.8% (Tabla 1), desafortuna- gurgitos en Los Santiagos (n = 61) tenían una lon- damente la identificación a nivel de especies fue com- gitud de 20.2-57 (36.8 ± 7.5), ancho de 15-28.8 plicada por el encuentro de solo pequeños fragmentos (24.8 ± 2.6), alto 14.3-23 (19.3 ± 3.3) mm, peso de cráneos. Entre los roedores, las presas más impor- FIGURA 3: Vista ventral del cráneo (los más completos) de especies de mamíferos pequeños presentes en las egagrópilas de Tyto alba: A = Phyllotys andium DMMECN 3961, B = Microryzomys altissimus DMMECN 3978, C = M. cf. minutus DMMECN 3921, D = Akodon mollis DMMECN 3973, E = Akodon aerosus DMMECN 3975, F = Melanomys sp. 1 DMMECN 3914, G = M. sp. 2 DMMECN 3951, H = Sigmodon cf. alstoni DMMECN 3833, I = S. peruanus DMMECN 3819, J = Aegialomys xanthaeolus DMMECN 3942, K = Sylvilagus brasiliensis DMMECN 3941, L = Proechimys decumanus DMMECN 3940. Barra = 5 mm. Fotografías: J. Brito. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 55(19), 2015 265 Tabla 1: Presas de la lechuza Tyto alba en dos localidades del occidente de Ecuador.
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