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Home , American water shrew, Argentine swamp rat, Cane rat, Eurasian water shrew, European water vole, Giant otter shrew

Table 1. Regional distribution of aquatic and semi-aquatic . Where applicable, endemism has been noted and refers to geographical constraint and relative range limitation of within a specific region. Species are listed taxonomically down to order, and then alphabetically through family, and species. Where scientific names are in bold, regional distributions of have been included in a separate subspecies table in Table 2 Order Family Scientific name Common name Regions References

Africa Asia Australasia Europe North South America America

Monotremata Ornithorhynchidae Ornithorhynchus Duck-billed platypus (Kolomyjec, 2010; anatinus Pasitschniak-Arts & Marinelli, 1998)

Didelphimorphia Didelphidae Chironectes Water opossum (Wilson, 2005) minimus

Afrosoricida Tenrecidae Limnogale mergulus Web-footed (IUCN, 2013; Veron et al., 2008)

Endemic to Madagascar

Micropotamogale Nimba (IUCN, 2013; Veron et al., lamottei 2008)

Endemic to West

M. ruwenzorii Rwenzori otter shrew (IUCN, 2013; Veron et al., 2008) Endemic to central Africa Potamogale velox shrew (Veron et al., 2008)

Sirenia Trichechidae Trichechus inunguis Amazonian/South (IUCN, 2013; Perrin, 2013; American manatee Reeves et al., 2002; Rosas, 1994) Amazon basin

T. manatus West Indian manatee (Committee on , 2014; Domning, 1981; IUCN,

2013; Perrin, 2013; Reeves et al., 2002) T. senegalensis West African manatee (IUCN, 2013; Perrin, 2013; Reeves et al., 2002)

West Africa

Rodentia Capromyidae Mesocapromys Cabrera’s hutia (Veron et al., 2008) angelcabrerai

M. auritus Large eared hutia (Veron et al., 2008)

M. nanus Dwarf hutia (Veron et al., 2008)

M. sanfelipensis Little earth hutia (Veron et al., 2008)

Castoridae Castor canadensis North American (Jenkins & Busher, 1979; Macdonald, 2006)

C. fiber (Halley & Rosell, 2003; IUCN, 2013; Macdonald, 2006; Rosell et al., 2005)

Caviidae Hydrochoerus Capybara (Mones & Ojasti, 1986) hydrochaeris

H. isthmius Lesser capybara (IUCN, 2013; Mones & Ojasti, 1986)

NW Amphinectomys Ucayali water (IUCN, 2013; Musser & savamis Carleton, 2005; Solari, 2007)

Peru

Anotomys leander Ecuador -eating rat (IUCN, 2013; Musser & Carleton, 2005; Voss, 1988)

Endemic to Ecuador

Arvicola amphibius European water (Shenbrot & Krasnov, 2005)

A. sapidus South western/ (Desclaux et al., 2000) southern water vole

A. Scherman Montane water vole (IUCN, 2013; Musser & Carleton, 2005)

Chibchanomys orcesi Las cajas ichthyomyine (Barnett, 1999; Jenkins & Barnett, 1997)

Endemic to Ecuador

C. trichotis Chibchan water mouse (Musser & Carleton, 2005; Voss, 1988; Wilson, 2005)

Holochilus brasiliensis Web-footed marsh rat (IUCN, 2013; Musser & Carleton, 2005; Voss, 1988;

Wilson, 2005)

H. chacarius Chaco marsh rat (IUCN, 2013; Musser & Carleton, 2005; Wilson, 2005)

H. sciureus Marsh rat (Barreto & García-Rangel, 2005; IUCN, 2013; Musser & Carleton, 2005)

Ichthyomys Crab-eating rat (Eisenberg & Redford, 1999; hydrobates Musser & Carleton, 2005)

I. pittieri Pittier's crab-eating rat (IUCN, 2013; Veron et al., 2008; Wilson, 2005)

Endemic to

I. stolzmanni Stolzmann's crab- (IUCN, 2013; Pacheco & eating rat Ugarte-Núñez, 2011; Wilson, 2005)

I. tweedii Tweedy's crab-eating (IUCN, 2013; Reid, 1997; Voss, rat 1988; Wilson, 2005)

Lundomys molitor Lund’s amphibious rat (Eisenberg & Redford, 1999; IUCN, 2013)

Nectomys apicalis Western Amazonian (Anderson, 1997; IUCN, 2013; Musser & Carleton, 2005; Wilson, 2005)

N. magdalenae Magdalena Nectomys (Bonvicino et al., 2005; IUCN, 2013; Wilson, 2005)

Endemic to north Colombia

N. palmipes Trinidad water rat (Musser & Carleton, 2005)

N. Small-footed bristly (Bonvicino et al., 2005) mouse

N. squamipes South American water (Ernest, 1986; IUCN, 2013; rat Wilson, 2005)

Neofiber alleni Round-tailed (Birkenholz, 1972)

Neusticomys ferreirai Ferreira’s fish-eating (IUCN, 2013; Percequillo et al., rat 2005; Wilson, 2005) Endemic to Mato Grosso, Brazil N. monticolus Montane fish-eating (Packer & Lee Jr, 2007) rat

N. mussoi Musso's fish-eating rat (Veron et al., 2008)

Endemic to Venezuela N. oyapocki Oyapock's fish-eating (Veron et al., 2008) rat

N. peruviensis Peruvian fish-eating (IUCN, 2013; Veron et al., rat 2008; Wilson, 2005)

Endemic to Peru N. venezuelae Venezuelan fish-eating (Wilson, 2005) rat

Ondatra zibethicus Muskrat (Skyrienė & Paulauskas, 2013; Willner et al., 1980)

Oryzomys couesi Coues's Rice Rat (Hershkovitz, 1987; Kirkpatrick & Cartwright, 1975; Platt et al., 2000; Reid, 1997; Wilson, 2005)

O. dimidiatus Thomas's Rice Rat (Hershkovitz, 1970; IUCN, 2013; Musser & Carleton, 2005; Reid, 1997; Wilson, 2005)

Endemic to Nicaragua O. gorgasi Gorgas's rice rat (Hershkovitz, 1971; Sanchez et al., 2001)

O. palustris (Hershkovitz, 1971; Wolfe, 1982)

Rheomys mexicanus Mexican water mouse (IUCN, 2013; Santos-Moreno et al., 2003; Wilson, 2005) Endemic to , México R. raptor Goldman’s water (Hooper, 1968; Reid, 1997*; mouse Wilson, 2005)

R. thomasi Thomas’s water mouse (Owen & Girón, 2012; Reid, 1997*; Wilson, 2005)

R. underwoodi Underwood’s water (Reid, 1997*; Wilson, 2005) mouse

Scapteromys Argentine rat (Bonvicino et al., 2013; D'Elía & aquaticus Pardiñas, 2004; Wilson, 2005)

S. tumidus Swamp rat (D'Elía & Pardiñas, 2004; Wilson, 2005)

Sigmodontomys alfari Alfaro's rice water rat (IUCN, 2013; Wilson, 2005)

Muridae Colomys goslingi African wading rat (IUCN, 2013; Wilson, 2005)

Nilopegamys Ethiopian amphibious (Wilson, 2005; Yalden et al., plumbeus rat 1996)

Myocastoridae Myocastor coypus Coypu or nutria (Woods et al., 1992)

Thryonomyidae Thryonomys Lesser cane rat (Skinner & Chimimba, 2005; gregorianus Wilson, 2005)

T. swinderianus (Skinner & Smithers, 1990)

Soricomorpha Soricidae Chimarrogale hantu Malayan water shrew (Hutterer, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

C. himalayica Himalayan water (Hutterer, 2005; IUCN, 2013) shrew

C. phaeura Bornean water shrew (IUCN, 2013; Veron et al., 2008)

Endemic to Malaysia

C. platycephalus Japanese water shrew (Abe et al., 2005; IUCN, 2013)

Endemic to Honshu & Kyushu, Japan C. styani Chinese water shrew (Hoffmann & Lunde, 2008; IUCN, 2013; Wilson, 2005)

C. sumatrana Sumatran water shrew (Veron et al., 2008; Wilson, 2005)

Endemic to Indonesia

Nectogale elegans Elegant water shrew (Chakraborty et al., 2004)

Neomys anomalus Mediterranean water (Balčiauskas & Balčiauskenė, shrew 2012; IUCN, 2013;

Spitzenberger, 1999*)

N. fodiens Eurasian water shrew (Aloise et al., 2005; Churchfield, 2007; Duff & Lawson, 2004; IUCN, 2013)

N. teres Transcaucasian water (Duff & Lawson, 2004; IUCN, shrew 2013; Krystufek et al., 2000)

Sorex bendirii Pacific water shrew (Churchfield, 2007; IUCN, 2013; O'Neill et al., 2005; Veron et al., 2008)

S. palustris American water shrew (Churchfield, 2007; IUCN, 2013; Veron et al., 2008)

Talpidae Condylura cristata Star nosed mole (IUCN, 2013; Petersen & Yates, 1980)

Desmana moschata (Duff & Lawson, 2004; Wilson, 2005)

Galemys (IUCN, 2013; Palmeirim & pyrenaicus Hoffmann, 1983; Wilson, 2005)

Carnivora venaticus Bush (Beisiegel & Zuercher, 2005; de Oliveira, 2009; DeMatteo & Loiselle, 2008)

Herpestidae Atilax paludinosus Marsh (Baker, 1992; IUCN, 2013; Wilson, 2005)

Mustelidae capensis (IUCN, 2013; Larivière, 2001a; Wilson, 2005)

A. cinerea Asian small clawed (Hussain et al., 2011; IUCN, otter 2013; Pocock, 1941)

A. congicus Congo clawless otter (IUCN, 2013; Larivière, 2001b; Wilson, 2005)

Lontra canadensis North American otter (IUCN, 2013; Larivière & Walton, 1998)

L. longicaudis South American river (IUCN, 2013; Larivière, 1999a; otter Maldonado & López González, 2003)

L. provocax (IUCN, 2013; Larivière, 1999b; Wilson, 2005)

Lutra (IUCN, 2013; Márcia Barbosa et al., 2003; Wilson, 2005)

L. maculicollis Spotted necked otter (IUCN, 2013; Larivière, 2002)

L. nippon (Wilson, 2005Imaizumi & Yoshiyuki, 1989) Japan

L. sumatrana Hairy nosed otter (IUCN, 2013; Latifiana & Pickles, 2013; Poole, 2003; Wright et al., 2008) Endemic to south Asia

Lutrogale Smooth coated otter (Acharya & Lamsal, 2010; perspicillata Hwang & Larivière, 2005; IUCN, 2013; Rais et al., 2009)

Mustela lutreola European (IUCN, 2013; Youngman, 1990)

Neovison vison (IUCN, 2013; Larivière, 1999c)

Pteronura Giant otter (Carter & Rosas, 1997; IUCN, brasiliensis 2013; Wilson, 2005)

Phocidae vitulina Harbour, common seal (Committee on Taxonomy, 2014; IUCN, 2013; Perrin, 2013; Reeves et al., 2002)

Pusa hispida (Committee on Taxonomy,

2014; IUCN, 2013; Perrin, 2013)

P. sibirica (IUCN, 2013; Palo & Väinölä, 2006; Perrin, 2013; Reeves et

Endemic al., 2002) to Lake Baikal Cynogale bennettii Sunda otter (Cheyne et al., 2010; IUCN, 2013; Veron et al., 2006; Veron et al., 2008)

Genetta piscivora Aquatic (IUCN, 2013; Van Rompaey, 1988) Endemic to the DR Congo

Artiodactyla Hippopotamidae Choeropsis liberiensis Pygmy hippopotamus (Eltringham, 1993b; IUCN, 2013)

Endemic to

Hippopotamus Hippopotamus (Eltringham, 1993a; IUCN, amphibius 2013; Wilson, 2005)

Cetacea Delphinidae Orcaella brevirostris Irrawaddy dolphin (Committee on Taxonomy, 2014; IUCN, 2013; Perrin, 2013; Wilson, 2005)

Sotalia fluviatilis Tucuxi (Borobia et al., 1991; IUCN, 2013; Perrin, 2013; Reeves et al., 2002)

Iniidae Inia boliviensis Bolivian bufeo (IUCN, 2013; Perrin, 2013; Shostell & Ruiz-Garcia, 2010; Tavera et al., 2010) I. geoffrensis Amazon river dolphin (Committee on Taxonomy, 2014; IUCN, 2013; Perrin, 2013; Reeves et al., 2002)

Phocoenidae Neophocaena Finless porpoise (Committee on Taxonomy, asiaeorientalis 2014; IUCN, 2013; Perrin,

2013; Reeves et al., 2002)

Platanistidae Platanista South Asian river (Committee on Taxonomy, gangetica dolphin 2014; IUCN, 2013; Perrin, 2013; Reeves et al., 2002)

Table 2. Regional distribution of aquatic and semi-aquatic subspecies. List of accepted subspecies follows Wilson (2005), and any deviations from the list are explained in footnotes. Species are listed taxonomically down to order, and then alphabetically through family, genus and species. Where applicable endemism is noted and refers to the geographical constraint and relative range limitation of species within a specific region; species-specific geographical distribution is noted. Marine subspecies are excluded, but distributions are listed separately in tables available in Todd et al. (2014). a Very complicated taxonomy due to population bottlenecking and genetic mixing of relict populations through numerous reintroduction programs. In agreement with much of the available literature, “purebred” species are listed here, although it should be noted that many of these populations have undergone genetic mixing. b Range of subspecies not defined specifically, thus range stated refers to both brasiliensis darwini and H. b. vulpinus (Formoso et al., 2010). c In this instance older literature in the form of Lariviére (1999) has been used over Wilson (2005), due to the specific focus on this particular species and wider use of supporting literature. d Population status unknown; species is extinct potentially. e Hippopotamus amphibious amphibious is now regionally extinct and thus excluded. f Differs from Wilson (2005); Inia geoffrensis boliviensis is now considered a distinct species, Inia boliviensis (Committee on Taxonomy, 2014). 1. g Species name listed as Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis as per Committee on Taxonomy (2014), not Neophocaena phocaenoides as per Wilson (2005). Order Family Subspecies Subspecies Regions References scientific name common name Asia Australasia Europe North South Africa America America

Chironectes Chironectes Unnamed (Marshall, 1978; minimus subspecies Wilson, 2005) argyrodytes

El Salvador, Honduras & South Mexico C. m. bresslaui Bresslau water (Marshall, 1978) opossum

Southern Brazil C. m. langsdorffi Unnamed (Wilson, 2005) subspecies

Southern Brazil C. m. minimus Water (Marshall, 1978; opossum/ Yapok Wilson, 2005)

NE, Guianas & basins of Amazon & Orinoco C. m. Panama water (Marshall, 1978; panamensis opossum Wilson, 2005)

Nicaragua, NW South Costa Rica & America Panamá

Sirenia Trichechidae Trichechus manatee (Domning, 1981; manatus IUCN, 2013; Perrin, latirostris 2013; Committee on Taxonomy, 2014)

T. m. manatus Antillean (Domning, 1981; manatee IUCN, 2013; Perrin, 2013; Committee on Taxonomy, 2014)

Rodentia Castoridaea Castor fiber Unnamed (Durka et al., 2005) albicus subspecies

Germany

C. f. birulai Sino-Mongolian (Durka et al., 2005; beaver Chu & Jiang, 2009)

Buergan River, Xinjiang- Mongolian Boarder C. f. fiber Eurasian beaver (Jenkins & Busher, 1979; Durka et al., 2005)

Norway C. f. galliae French European (Durka et al., 2005) beaver

France C. f. pohlei Ural European (Durka et al., 2005) beaver

Kondiskyj Zakaznik, Russia C. f. tuvinicus Tuvinian beaver (Durka et al., 2005)

Azas River, Russia Cricetidae sapidus Southwestern (Desclaux et al., sapidus water vole 2000)

Portugal & southern Spain A. s. tenebricus Dusky water (Desclaux et al., vole 2000)

France & northern Spain H. b. darwinib Unnamed (Formoso et al., subspecies 2010)

E Argentina to

Patagonia, S Brazil, E Paraguay & Uruguay H. b. vulpinusb Unnamed (Formoso et al., subspecies 2010)

E Argentina to

Patagonia, S Brazil, E Paraguay & Uruguay Holochilus Amazonian (Barreto & García- sciureus marsh rat Rangel, 2005) sciureus

Brazil, S Colombia, E Peru, Ecuador & N Bolivia H. s. berbicensis Unnamed (Barreto & García- subspecies Rangel, 2005)

Venezuela, N Brazil, E Colombia & the Guianas Ichthyomys Crab-eating rat (Voss, 1988; Wilson, hydrobates 2005) hydrobates

Andes of W Venezuela, Colombia, and N Ecuador I. h. nicefori Unnamed (Voss, 1988; Wilson, subspecies 2005)

Paime, Colombia I. h. soderstromi Unnamed (Voss, 1988; Wilson, subspecies 2005)

Pichincha, Ecuador Ichthyomys Stolzmann’s (Voss, 1988; Wilson, stolzmanni crab-eating rat 2005) stolzmanni

E Ecuador and Perú I. s. orientalis Unnamed (Voss, 1988; Wilson, subspecies 2005)

Rio Napo, Ecuador and Perú Ondatra Hudson muskrat (Willner et al., 1980; zibethicus albus Skyrienė & Paulauskas, 2013) Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Keewatin & Nunavut O. z. aquihnis Labrador/ (Willner et al., 1980; Northern Skyrienė & muskrat Paulauskas, 2013) Labrador & Quebec O. z. bermardi Colorado River (Willner et al., 1980; muskrat Skyrienė & Paulauskas, 2013)

S Nevada, SE California, W Arizona & Mexico

O. z. Great Plains (Willner et al., 1980; cinnamominus muskrat Skyrienė & Paulauskas, 2013)

SW Canada & Central to West USA O. z. goldmani Goldman (Willner et al., 1980; muskrat Wilson, 2005; Skyrienė &

Utah, NW Paulauskas, 2013) Arizona & SE Nevada O. z. macrodom Large-toothed/ (Willner et al., 1980; muskrat Skyrienė & Paulauskas, 2013)

North & North East USA O. z. mergens Nevada muskrat (Willner et al., 1980; Skyrienė & Paulauskas, 2013) N Nevada, N California, SE Oregon & W Utah O. z. obscurus Dusky/ (Willner et al., 1980; Newfoundland Skyrienė & muskrat Paulauskas, 2013) Newfoundland, Canada O. z. occipitalis Oregon muskrat (Willner et al., 1980; Skyrienė & Paulauskas, 2013)

West USA O. z. Osoyoos (Willner et al., 1980; osoyoosensis muskrat Skyrienė & Paulauskas, 2013) S Canada,West USA to San Juan, O. z. pallidus Arizona/Pale (Willner et al., 1980; muskrat Skyrienė & Paulauskas, 2013) West Central USA O. z. ripensis Pecos River (Willner et al., 1980; muskrat Skyrienė & Paulauskas, 2013)

SW Texas & SE New Mexico O. z. rivalicus Louisiana (Willner et al., 1980; muskrat Skyrienė & Paulauskas, 2013)

South West USA to E Texas O. z. spatulatus North West (Willner et al., 1980; muskrat Skyrienė & Paulauskas, 2013)

North West USA and W Canada O. z. Alaska muskrat (Willner et al., 1980; Skyrienė & Paulauskas, 2013)

S Alaska O. z. zibethicus Common (Willner et al., 1980; muskrat Skyrienė & Paulauskas, 2013)

SE Canada & East USA O. palustris Central Florida (Hershkovitz, 1971; palustris Rice Rat Wolfe, 1982; Wilson, 2005)

West USA O. p. natator Lower Keys (Hershkovitz, 1971; Rice Rat Wolfe, 1982; Wilson, 2005)

Lower , Central Florida, north of Rheomys raptor Hartmann’s (Voss, 1988; Wilson, hartmanni Water Mouse 2005)

Chiriqui & Rio Cotito, Panama R. r. raptor Goldman’s (Voss, 1988; Wilson, Water Mouse/ 2005) Panama Water

Mouse Costa Rica & E Panama R. thomasi Water (Voss, 1988; Wilson, chiapensis Mouse 2005)

Mexico & Chiapas R. thomasi Unnamed (Voss, 1988; Wilson, stirtoni subspecies 2005)

Chalatenango, El Salvador R. thomasi Thomas's (Voss, 1988; Wilson, thomasi Water Mouse 2005)

Mount Cacaguantique & San Miguel, El Salvador Myocastoridae Myocastor Argentine (Woods et al., 1992; coypus Coypu, Nutria Wilson, 2005) bonariensis

SE Brazil, CN Introduced to Argentina, Texas Paraguay & Uruguay M. c. coypus Coypu, Nutria, (Woods et al., 1992; Ratao do Bertolino et al., 2005; Banhado Wilson, 2005) Introduced to Central Chile Japan M. c. melanops Unnamed (Woods et al., 1992; subspecies Wilson, 2005)

S Chile & Argentina M. c. Santa Cruz (Woods et al., 1992; sanctaecruzae Coypu Wilson, 2005)

Santa Cruz, SE Argentinia Thryonomyidae Thryonomys Lesser cane rat (Skinner & Smithers, gregorianus 1990; Wilson, 2005) gregorianus

CE Africa T. g. sclateri Unnamed (Skinner & Smithers, subspecies 1990; Wilson, 2005)

Malawi Soricomorpha Soricidae bendirii Olympic Water (O'Neill et al., 2005; albiventer Shrew Wilson, 2005)

Olympic mountains, Mason Country, Washington, USA S. b. bendirii Bendire water (O'Neill et al., 2005; shrew Wilson, 2005)

SW Canada & NW USA S. b. palmeri Palmer water (O'Neill et al., 2005; shrew Wilson, 2005)

West USA S. palustris Northern (Wilson, 2005; albibarbis water shrew/ Churchfield, 2007; White-chinned Veron et al., 2008) water shrew/ E Canada & White-lipped North West swimming USA shrew S. p. brooksi Vancouver (Wilson, 2005; Island shrew Churchfield, 2007; Veron et al., 2008) S Vancouver

Island, Victoria & British Columbia, Canada S. p. gloveralleni Nova Scotia (Wilson, 2005; water shrew Churchfield, 2007; Veron et al., 2008) Nova Scotia, N New

Brunswick, E Quaebec, Canada & Wisconsin, USA S. p. Wisconsin (Wilson, 2005; hydrobadistes water shrew/ Churchfield, 2007; Great Lakes Veron et al., 2008) water shrew NE South Dakota, Minnesota,

Wisconsin, Michigan, USA & E Lake Superior, Ontario, Canada S. p. Labrador (Wilson, 2005; labradorensis water shrew Churchfield, 2007; Veron et al., 2008) Labrador, Astray Lake, Quebec, Canada S. p. navigator White-bellied (Wilson, 2005; water shrew/ Churchfield, 2007; Rocky Veron et al., 2008)

Mountain NW British water shrew/ Colombia, S Navigator Yukon, SW shrew Alaska, Canada & West USA S. p. Southern (Wilson, 2005; punctulatus water shrew/ Churchfield, 2007; Veron et al., 2008)

water shrew/ West Virginia, Appalachian & water shrew Maryland, USA S. p. turneri Ungava water (Wilson, 2005; shrew Churchfield, 2007; Veron et al., 2008)

Ungava Peninsula Condylura Star-nosed mole (Petersen & Yates, cristata cristata 1980; Wilson, 2005)

North & North West USA C. c. nigra Unnamed (Petersen & Yates, subspecies 1980; Wilson, 2005)

Nova Scotia, Grosse Isle, Quebec, Canada Galemys Pyrenean (Palmeirim & pyrenaicus Desman Hoffmann, 1983; pyrenaicus Wilson, 2005)

Pyrenees, SW France to NE Spain G. p. rufulus Spanish Desman (Palmeirim & Hoffmann, 1983; Wilson, 2005) Segovia, Sierra de Guadarrama, Spain Canidae Speothos Panaman bush (Beisiegel & Zuercher, venaticus dog 2005; DeMatteo & panamensis Loiselle, 2008; de

NE Colombia Oliveira, 2009) E Panama to Venezuela S. v. venaticus (Beisiegel & Zuercher, 2005; DeMatteo & Loiselle, 2008; de

NW South Oliveira, 2009) America S. v. wingei Southern bush (Beisiegel & Zuercher, dog 2005; DeMatteo & Loiselle, 2008; de

SE Brazil & E Oliveira, 2009) Paraguay Herpestidae Atilax Unnamed (Baker, 1992; Wilson, paludinosus subspecies 2005) macrodon , Congo, DR Congo, , Burundi and Rwanda A. p. mitis Unnamed (Baker, 1992; Wilson, subspecies 2005)

Ethiopia A. p. mordax Nyasa marsh (Baker, 1992; Wilson, mongoose 2005)

Tanzania A. p. nigerianus Nigerian marsh (Baker, 1992; Wilson, mongoose 2005)

Nigeria A. p. Cape marsh (Baker, 1992; Wilson, paludinosus mongoose 2005)

South Africa A. p. pluto Red river (Baker, 1992; Wilson, mongoose 2005)

Senegal, Gambia,

Nigeria, Sierra Leone, , Liberia, Niger, & Burkina Faso A. p. robustus Unnamed (Baker, 1992; Wilson, subspecies 2005)

Sudan, , & DR Congo A. p. rubellus Unnamed (Baker, 1992; Wilson, subspecies 2005)

Mozambique, Malawi & Zimbabwe A. p. rubescens Kilimanjaro (Baker, 1992; Wilson, marsh 2005) mongoose

NE DR Congo, to N Tanzania, & Uganda A. p. spadiceus Unnamed (Baker, 1992; Wilson, subspecies 2005)

Cameroon, & Equatorial A. p. Transvaal marsh (Baker, 1992; Wilson, transvaalensis mongoose 2005)

South Africa,

Transvaal, Angola, Namibia & Aonyx capensis Southern (Larivière, 2001a; capensis clawless otter Wilson, 2005)

S & SW Africa A. c. hindei Eastern clawless (Larivière, 2001a; otter Wilson, 2005)

East DR Congo & E Zambia

A. c. meneleki Ethiopian (Larivière, 2001a; clawless otter Wilson, 2005)

N Ethiopia A. c. microdon (Larivière, 2001a; clawless otter Wilson, 2005)

Cameroon & Nigeria A. c. philippsi Phillip’s otter (Larivière, 2001a; Wilson, 2005)

E DR Congo & Uganda to Burundi & Rwanda Aonyx cinerea Unnamed (Larivière, 2003; cinerea subspecies Wilson, 2005)

A. c. concolor Unnamed (Pocock, 1941; subspecies Wilson, 2005; Hussain et al., 2011; IUCN,

Myanmar 2013) extending up to Sumatra A. c. nirnai Unnamed (Pocock, 1941; subspecies Wilson, 2005; Hussain et al., 2011; IUCN,

High altitude 2013) southern India A. congicus Congo clawless (Larivière, 2001b; congicus otter Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

DR Congo A. c. poensis Fernando Po (Larivière, 2001b; clawless otter Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013) Equatorial Guinea Canadian river (Larivière & Walton, canadensis otter 1998; Wilson, 2005; canadensis IUCN, 2013)

E Canada & North West & West USA L. c. kodiacensis Kodiak river (Larivière & Walton, otter 1998; Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

Uyak Bay, Kodiak Island & Afognak Island, Canada L. c. lataxina South east (Larivière & Walton, Canadian river 1998; Wilson, 2005; otter/ Carolina IUCN, 2013)

otter to L. c. mira Prince of Wales (Larivière & Walton, river otter 1998; Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

SE Alaska L. c. pacifica Pacific otter (Larivière & Walton, 1998; Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013) Orgegon, Washinton & Alaska, USA & British Colombia, Canada L. c. Queen Charlotte (Larivière & Walton, periclyzomae otter/ Sea-Girt 1998; Wilson, 2005; otter IUCN, 2013)

British Colombia, Canada L. c. Mexican otter (Larivière & Walton, 1998; Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

Arizona, California, SW New Mexico & SE Nevada L. longicaudis Unnamed (Larivière, 1999a; annectensc subspecies Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

Endemic to San Juan L.l. colombiana Colombian otter (Larivière, 1999a; Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

Bonda & Santa Marta L.l. enudris Brazilian river (Larivière, 1999a; otter Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

Rio Maroni & French Guiana L l. incarum Peruvian river (Larivière, 1999a; otter Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013) Marcapata, Cusco & Peru L. l. longicaudis (Larivière, 1999a; Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

Endemic to Brazil L. l. platensis La Plata otter (Larivière, 1999a; Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013) Maldonado & Uruguay Lutra lutra Unnamed (Wilson, 2005; Ruiz- angustifrons subspecies Olmo et al., 2008)

Algeria & Morocco L. l. Unnamed (Ruiz-Olmo et al., aurobrunneus subspecies 2008)

Garhwal Himalayas & Nepal L. l. barang Southeast asian (Ruiz-Olmo et al., river otter 2008)

Thailand, Indonesia & Malaysia L. l. chiensis Chinese river (Ruiz-Olmo et al., otter 2008)

Southern China & Taiwan L. l. hanensis Unnamed (Wilson, 2005; Ruiz- subspecies Olmo et al., 2008)

Central Chinal

L. l. kutab Kashmir otter (Ruiz-Olmo et al., 2008)

Endemic to Kashmir L. l. lutra Northern river (Ruiz-Olmo et al., otter 2008)

L. l. meridionalis Caucasian otter (Wilson, 2005; Ruiz- Olmo et al., 2008)

Iran, Iraq, Syria, Israel, N Caucasia & Palestine & Transcaucasia Lebanon L. l. monticolus Hill otter (Ruiz-Olmo et al., 2008)

Northern India

L. l. nair Ceylon river (Ruiz-Olmo et al., otter, Indian 2008) otter

Southern India & Sri Lanka L. l. seistanica Central Asian (Wilson, 2005; Ruiz- otter Olmo et al., 2008)

Lebanon, Syria, Iraq,

Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Dzhungarsk Alatau

Lutrogale Maxwell’s (Hwang & Larivière, perspicillata otter/Iraq 2005; Wilson, 2005; maxwellid smooth coated IUCN, 2013) otter Southern Iraq

L. p. Unnamed (Hwang & Larivière, perspicillata subspecies 2005; Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

NE & S India, Myanmar and Sumatra L. p. sindica Unnamed (Hwang & Larivière, subspecies 2005; Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

N & NW India & Pakistan Mustela lutreola French mink (Youngman, 1990; biedermanni Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

W France

M. l. binominata Unnamed (Youngman, 1990; subspecies Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013) Caucasian Mountains M. l. cylipena Middle European (Youngman, 1990; mink Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

NW European

Russia, W Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus

M. l. lutreola Northern (Youngman, 1990; Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

W Asian Russia N Europe

M. l. novikovi Siberian mink (Youngman, 1990; Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

SW European Russia & E Ukraine M. l. Romanian mink (Youngman, 1990; transsylvanica Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013) Transylvania, Romania, Moldavia & Bulgaria M. l. turovi Caucasian mink (Youngman, 1990; Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

SW European Russia & E Ukraine

Neovison vison Californian mink (Larivière, 1999b; aestuarina Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

Oregon, Nevada & N California N. v. aniakensis Aniak mink (Larivière, 1999b; Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

Aniak, Alaska

N. v. Black-footed (Larivière, 1999b; energumenos mink/ Wilson, 2005; IUCN, Pacific mink 2013)

Western USA,

British Colombia & South Yukon, Canada N. v. Everglades mink (Larivière, 1999b; evergladensis Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

Florida, USA N. v. ingens Big mink/large (Larivière, 1999b; mink Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

Alaska & Yukon N. v. lacustris Hudson Bay (Larivière, 1999b; mink Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013) Central & W Canada & North Dakota, USA N. v. letifera Upper (Larivière, 1999b; Mississippi Wilson, 2005; IUCN, Valley mink 2013) Minnesota, Wisconsin, South Dakota, N , N & S N. v. lowii Unnamed (Larivière, 1999b; subspecies Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

E Canada N. v. lutensis Atlantic (Larivière, 1999b; saltmarsh mink Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

SE Coast of USA N. v. Kenai mink/ (Larivière, 1999b; melampeplus Dark-hued mink Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

Kenai Penisula, Alaska N. v. mink Southern mink/ (Larivière, 1999b; common mink Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

East USA

N. v. nesolestes Alaskan mink (Larivière, 1999b; Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

Alaska, USA

N. v. vulgivaga Louisian mink (Larivière, 1999b; Wilson, 2005; IUCN, 2013)

Coast of Louisiana & Mississippi

Pteronura Unnamed (Duplaix, 1980; IUCN, brasiliensis subspecies 2013) brasiliensis Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay & Brazil P. b. paranensis Unnamed (Duplaix, 1980; IUCN, subspecies 2013)

Paraguay &

Parana rivers in Brazil, Argentina & Uruguay Phocidae Phoca vitulina Lake Seal or (IUCN, 2013; mellonae Ungava Seal Committee on Taxonomy, 2014)

Endemic to Ungava Peninsula hispida Lake Ladoga (IUCN, 2013; ladogensis seal Committee on Taxonomy, 2014)

Endemic to Lake Ladoga P. h. saimensis Saimaa seal (IUCN, 2013; Committee on Taxonomy, 2014)

Endemic to Lake Saimaa Viverridae Cynogale (Veron et al., 2006; bennettii Veron et al., 2008; bennettii Cheyne et al., 2010;

Sumatra, IUCN, 2013) Malasia & Borneo C. b. lowei Lowe’s otter (Veron et al., 2006; civet Veron et al., 2008; Cheyne et al., 2010;

SW China, N IUCN, 2013) Thailand & N Vietnam Artiodactyla Hippopotamidaee Hippopotamus Cape (Eltringham, 1993; amphibious hippopotamus IUCN, 2013) capensis

Zambia to South Africa, Zimabwe, Botswana, Swaziland & Angola H. a. kiboko East African (Eltringham, 1993; hippopotamus IUCN, 2013)

Kenya, Rift Valley & Somalia Cetacea Iniidaef Inia geoffrensis Boto (IUCN, 2013; geoffrensis Committee on Taxonomy, 2014)

Endemic to Amazon river system I. g. Orinoco bufeo (IUCN, 2013; humboldtiana Committee on Taxonomy, 2014)

Endemic to Orinoco basin Phocoenidae Neophocaena Yangtze finless (Reeves et al., 2002; asiaeorientalis porpoise/ IUCN, 2013; Perrin, asiaeorientalisg Changjiang 2013) finless Yangtze River porpoise Platanistidae Platanista Susu, Ganges (IUCN, 2013; gangetica river dolphin Committee on gangetica Taxonomy, 2014)

Ganges- Brahmaputra- Megna & Karnaphuli- Sangu river systems P. g. minor Bhulan, Indus (IUCN, 2013; river dolphin Committee on Taxonomy, 2014)

Endemic to lower Indus basin