People's Committee of Dong Thap Province Department of Agriculture and Rural Development

PEOPLE'S COMMITTEE OF DONG THAP PROVINCE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Public Disclosure Authorized

PROJECT: MEKONG DELTA INTEGRATED CLIMATE RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS (MD-ICRSL) SUBPROJECT: IMPROVING THE ABILITY OF FLOOD DRAINAGE AND DEVELOPING STABLE LIVELIHOODS, CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN THE PLAIN OF REED (THE NORTHERN DISTRICTS OF DONG THAP PROVINCE) Public Disclosure Authorized

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

Dong Thap, April 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... 2 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...... 7 LIST OF FIGURES ...... 9 LIST OF TABLES ...... 12 INTRODUCTION ...... 15 1. THE ORIGIN OF THE SUBPROJECT ...... 15 2. COMPETENT ORGANIZATION TO APPROVE FEASIBLE STUDY, INVESTMENT PROJECT OR EQUIVALENT DOCUMENT ...... 16 3. LINKAGE BETWEEN THE SUBPROJECT AND OTHER PROJECTS, DEVELOPMENT PLANNING’S APPROVED BY COMPETENT STATE MANAGEMENT AGENCIES ...... 16 3.1. VnSAT project ...... 16 3.2. Land use planning till 2020 ...... 17 3.3. Flood planning in Mekong Delta...... 17 3.4. Project of community-based freshwater resources conservation and management in Vietnam ...... 18 3.5. Other related projects ...... 19 4. NATIONAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS AND WB SAFEGUARD POLICIES 19 4.1. Relevant National Laws and Regulations ...... 19 4.1.1. National laws and regulations are applied for the subproject environronmental and social assessment and environmental management ...... 19 4.1.2. Legal documents, decisions and official letters of related authorities on the subproject ...... 21 4.1.3. Documents and data of the subproject owner to be used in the process of environmental impact assessment ...... 22 4.2. Applicable WB Safeguard Policies ...... 22 5. ORGANIZATION OF THE ESIA REPORT ...... 24 6. METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 27 6.1. Methods of ESIA ...... 27 6.1.1. Rapid assessment method ...... 27 6.1.2. Impact identification method ...... 27 6.1.3. Mapping method ...... 27 6.1.4. Impact matrix method ...... 27 6.1.5. Household survey ...... 27 6.1.6. Focus group discussion and community consultation ...... 28 6.2. Other methods ...... 28 6.2.1. Method of information and data inheritance, summary and analysis ...... 28 6.2.2. Review of secondary data ...... 28 6.2.3. Field survey method ...... 28

6.2.4. Field observation ...... 28 6.2.5. Comparision method ...... 29 6.2.6. Consensus method ...... 29 6.2.7. Sampling and analyzing methods in laboratory ...... 29 CHAPTER 1. SUBPROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 30 1.1. SUPROJECT NAME AND OWNER ...... 30 1.2. SUBPROJECT OWNER ...... 30 1.3. SUBPROJECT LOCATION ...... 30 1.4. THE SCOPE OF SUB-PROJECT ...... 31 1.4.1. Subproject objectives and tasks ...... 31 1.4.2. Structural works ...... 32 1.4.3. Non-structural works ...... 52 1.5. CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE SUBPROJECT55 1.5.1. Dredging canals ...... 55 1.5.2. Strengthening semi-dykes and canal heads ...... 56 1.5.3. Executing culverts and pump stations...... 58 1.6. LIST OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT ...... 58 1.7. AFFECTED AREA OF THE SUBPROJECT ...... 60 1.8. MATERIAL SUPPLIES ...... 70 1.9. DISPOSAL SITES AND TRANSPORTATION ROUTES ...... 71 1.10. AUXILIARY WORKS ...... 73 1.11. INVESTMENT FUND AND IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE ...... 74 1.11.1. Investment fund ...... 74 1.11.2. Implementation schedule ...... 74 1.12. ORGANIZATION FOR THE SUBPROJECT MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION ...... 74 CHAPTER 2. NATURAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE SUBPROJECT AREA ...... 77 2.1. NATURAL CONDITION ...... 77 2.1.1. Geographical location of the subproject ...... 77 2.1.2. Infrastructure system and serices ...... 84 2.1.3. Geology and topography ...... 93 2.1.4. Climate and meteorology ...... 95 2.1.5. Hydrology and river system ...... 97 2.1.6. Erosion in the subproject area ...... 102 2.2. CURRENT STATUS OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ...... 102 2.2.1. Air quality ...... 102 2.2.2. Soil quality ...... 104 2.2.3. Sediment quality ...... 109 2.2.4. Surface water quality ...... 110 2.2.5. Groundwater quality ...... 117 2.2.6. Mineral resources ...... 119

2.3. CURRENT STATUS OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES ...... 120 2.4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION ...... 121 2.4.1. Current land use ...... 121 2.4.2. Social condition ...... 122 2.4.3. Economic condition ...... 136 2.5. CLIMATE CHANGE IN DONG THAP ...... 145 2.6. CHARACTERISTICS OF BACKGROUND CONDITIONS OF THE SUBPROJECT ...... 149 2.6.1. Natural receptors ...... 149 2.6.2. Socio-economic receptors ...... 150 2.6.3. Characteristics of background conditions at the construction sites ...... 154 CHAPTER 3. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 174 3.1. POSITIVE IMPACTS OF THE SUBPROJECT ...... 175 3.2. POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS AND RISKS OF STRUCTURAL WORKS ...... 176 3.2.1. Negative impacts during pre-construction phase ...... 179 3.2.2. Land acquision of the subproject ...... 179 3.2.3. Negative impacts during construction phase ...... 181 3.2.4. Negative impacts during operation phase ...... 221 3.3. POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS AND RISKS OF NON-STRUCTURAL WORKS...... 223 3.3.1. Waste generation ...... 223 3.3.2. Impact from expansion of livelihood models ...... 228 3.3.3. Impact of water quality on aquaculture models ...... 229 3.3.4. Social issues in flood related adaptation models ...... 229 3.3.5. Risks related to development of livelihood models ...... 230 3.4. OTHER IMPACTS OF THE SUBPROJECT ...... 231 3.4.1. Induced impacts ...... 231 3.4.2. Cumulative impacts ...... 232 3.4.3. Regional impacts ...... 233 3.4.4. Impacts of climate change on the subproject and vice versa ...... 234 CHAPTER 4. ASSESSMENT OF SUBPROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 239 4.1. NEED OF THE SUBPROJECT ...... 239 4.2. ANALYZING “WITH” AND “WITHOUT” THE SUBPROJECT...... 241 4.3. CONSIDERED TECHNICAL OPTIONS ...... 243 CHAPTER 5. PREVENTION AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 244 5.1. MEASURES FOR INTERGRATING INTO THE DETAILED DESIGN ...... 244 5.2. MITIGATION MEASURES FOR NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF STRUCTURAL WORKS...... 245 5.2.1. Mitigation measures for negative impacts during the preconstruction phase ... 245 5.2.2. Mitigation measures for negative impacts during the construction phase ...... 248

5.3. MITIGATION MEASURES FOR NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF NON- STRUCTURAL WORKS ...... 262 5.3.1. Adjustment of land use planning in accordance with the proposed models ..... 262 5.3.2. Development of brand and trade for products ...... 263 5.3.3. Guiding advanced techniques for production ...... 263 5.3.4. Planning and improving infrastructure to devide the area into compartments having similarities in water use ...... 263 5.3.5. Waste management from the livelihood models ...... 264 5.3.6. Addressing Social Vulnerability for livelihood models ...... 265 5.3.7. Risk of weather fluctuations to the models ...... 266 5.3.8. Risk of disease in aquaculture...... 266 5.3.9. Mitigation measures for negative impacts during the operation phase ...... 267 CHAPTER 6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 268 6.1. SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF SUB-PROJECT...... 268 6.1.1. Positive impacts ...... 268 6.1.2. Negative impacts ...... 269 6.2. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 270 6.2.1. During preconstruction phase ...... 270 6.2.2. During construction phase ...... 273 6.2.3. During operation phase ...... 309 6.3. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MONITORING ...... 316 6.3.1. Monitoring of Contractor’s Safeguard Performance ...... 316 6.3.2. Environmental Quality Monitoring ...... 316 6.3.3. Community-based monitoring ...... 319 6.3.4. Monitoring Effectiveness of the ESMP ...... 319 6.4. ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR ESMP IMPLEMENTATION ...... 320 6.4.1. Implementation arrangement ...... 320 6.4.2. Environmental compliance framework ...... 323 6.4.3. Reporting Arrangements ...... 327 6.5. ESTIMATED ESMP COST ...... 327 CHAPTER 7. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE ...... 330 7.1. SUMMARY ON THE PROCESS OF ORGANIZING PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 330 7.1.1. Summary of consultation meetings for CPC and other organizations directly affected by the subproject ...... 330 7.1.2. Summary of consultation meetings for community directly affected by the subproject ...... 330 7.2. Results of Public Consultation ...... 336 7.2.1. Results of public consultation on livelihood models ...... 336 7.2.2. Results of public consultation on ESIA report ...... 338 7.2.3. Opinions and commitments of the Subproject Owner on recommendations and requirements of concerned agencies, organizations and communities in the consultations ...... 340

7.3. Information disclosure ...... 341 CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND COMMITMENTS ...... 342 1. Conclusions ...... 342 2. Recommendations ...... 343 3. Commitments ...... 343 REFERENCES ...... 345 APPENDIX ...... 346 APPENDIX 1: RELATED LEGAL DOCUMENTS ...... 346 APPENDIX 2: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ...... 347 APPENDIX 3: LAYOUTS AND MAPS RELATED TO THE SUBPROJECT ...... 360 APPENDIX 4: ANALYSIS RESULTS OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ...... 361 APPENDIX 5: PUBLIC CONSULTATION DOCUMENT ...... 362 APPENDIX 6: PICTURES RELATED TO THE SUBPROJECT ...... 363 APPENDIX 7: DREDGED MATERIALS MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 364 APPENDIX 8: TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION CONSULTANT (CSC) ...... 370 APPENDIX 9: TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING CONSULTANT ...... 372

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

CPMU Central Project Management Unit of CPO CPO Central Project Office (MARD) CSC Construction Supervision Consultant CSEP Contract Specific Environmental Plan DARD Department of Agriculture and Rural Development DONRE Department of Natural Resources and Environment PDWR Provincial Division of Water Resources ECOP Environmental Codes of Practice EHSO Environment Health and Safety Officer EMC Environmental Management Consultant ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan EIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESC Environment Safeguard Coordinator ESMF Environment and Social Management Framework ESU Environment and Social Unit GOV Government of Vietnam GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism GRS Grievance Redress Service HH Household ICMB 10 Infrastructure Construction Management Board No. 10 IMC Independent Monitoring Consultant MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MD-ICRSL Mekong Delta Integrated Climate Resilience and Sustainable Livelihoods OP/BP Operation Policy/Bank Procedures PPC Provincial People’s Committees PMU Project Management Unit PPMU Provincial Project Management Unit RAP Resettlement Action Plan RPF Resettlement Policy Framework RA Residential area RL Residential line S/A Summer – Autumn

SIWRR Southern Institute of Water Resources Research SSC Social Safeguard Coordinator UXO Unexploded Ordnance WB World Bank W/S Winter – Spring NGO Non-Governmental Organization

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Location of the subproject...... 31 Figure 1.2: Typical cross section of Khang Chien canal dredging by blowing dredger ...... 33 Figure 1.3: Typical dredging cross section by backhoe dredger ...... 33 Figure 1.4: The overall map of structural works ...... 45 Figure 1.5: Location of constructions in Hong Ngu district ...... 46 Figure 1.6: Location of constructions in Thanh Binh district ...... 46 Figure 1.7: Location of constructions in Hong Ngu town ...... 47 Figure 1.8: Location of constructions in Tam Nong district ...... 48 Figure 1.9: Typical cross-section of reinforcing surface and talus on the field side of Muong Lon canal (Hong Ngu town) ...... 49 Figure 1.10: Typical cross-section of strengthening semi-embankment by Neoweb technology ...... 49 Figure 1.11: Typical cross-section of reinforcing west bank of Khang Chien canal (bordered with Tan Thanh – Lo Gach) ...... 50 Figure 1.12: Typical cross-section of reinforcing bank of Hai Thang Chin canal (bordered with Hong Ngu – Vinh Hung) ...... 50 Figure 1.13: Typical image of Cay Dua culvert B = 3.5 m (Hong Ngu) ...... 51 Figure 1.14: Basic design of the culvert on Ca Gao – Thanh Binh Canal (B=5m) ...... 51 Figure 1.15: Image of typical pumping station ...... 51 Figure 1.16: Flood production models of ICRSL project in Dong Thap province ...... 54 Figure 1.17: Seasonal calendar for flood livelihood models ...... 55 Figure 1.18: Dredging canal with dredger ...... 55 Figure 1.19: Dredging canal by vessel with a capacity of below 2000CV ...... 56 Figure 1.20: Constructing talus with Neoweb material technology ...... 57 Figure 1.21: Strengthening semi-dykes ...... 57 Figure 1.22: Constructing open culvert ...... 58 Figure 1.23: The benefit area of the subproject ...... 61 Figure 1.24: Natural receptors in the subproject area ...... 62 Figure 1.25: Sensitive receptors in Thanh Binh district ...... 68 Figure 1.26: Sensitive receptors in Tam Nong district ...... 68 Figure 1.27: Sensitive receptors in Hong Ngu town ...... 69 Figure 1.28: Sensitive receptors in Hong Ngu district ...... 69 Figure 1.29: Routes for construction material transportation of the subproject ...... 71 Figure 1.30: Dredging, transportation routes for sludge from dredging to the disposal sites .. 72 Figure 1.31: Management and implementation chart of the subproject ...... 76 Figure 2.1: In-land transportation in the subproject area – southern bank of Duong Gao canal ...... 85 Figure 2.2: Bridges along the canal dredging route of the subproject ...... 86 Figure 2.3: Boats travelling in the subproject area (a) in-field canals; (b) in horizontal canals ...... 86 Figure 2.4: Some common diseases in the subproject area ...... 93 Figure 2.5: Topography map of Dong Thap province ...... 94 Figure 2.6: Map of soil in Dong Thap province ...... 96 Figure 2.7: Map of maximum flood depth distribution in 2000 ...... 102 Figure 2.8: Location of air quality samples in 2017 ...... 104

Figure 2.9: Location of soil samples in 2017 ...... 105 Figure 2.10: EC contents in the subproject area ...... 106 Figure 2.11: pHKCl in soil sampling sites in the subproject area ...... 107 Figure 2.12: Organic matter contents of samples taken in the subproject area ...... 108 Figure 2.13: Total nitrogen contents of samples taken in the subproject area ...... 108 Figure 2.14: Location of sediment samples in 2017 ...... 109 Figure 2.15: Water samples in the subproject area in 2017...... 111 Figure 2.16: pH values of water samples taken in the subproject area ...... 112 Figure 2.17: EC values of water samples taken in the subproject area ...... 113 Figure 2.18: DO values of water samples taken in the subproject area...... 114 Figure 2.19: COD values of water samples taken in the subproject area ...... 115 + Figure 2.20: N-NH4 values of samples taken in the subproject area ...... 115 - Figure 2.21: N- NO3 values of samples taken in the subproject area ...... 116 3- Figure 2.22: P-PO4 concentrations of samples taken in the subproject area ...... 116 Figure 2.23: TSS concentrations of samples taken in the subproject area ...... 117 Figure 2.24: Locations of sampling sites of groundwater ...... 119 Figure 2.25: Map of current land use in the subproject area ...... 122 Figure 2.26: Age of household heads in the subproject area ...... 122 Figure 2.27: Dong Thap ethnic minority distribution ...... 124 Figure 2.28: Education of affected people in the subproject area ...... 127 Figure 2.29: Economic condition in the subproject area ...... 132 Figure 2.30: Technical condition in the subproject area ...... 133 Figure 2.31: Social network in the subproject area ...... 133 Figure 2.32: Assessment socio-economic condition in the subproject area ...... 133 Figure 2.33: Farmer priority to invest on governmental infrastructure in the subproject area ...... 134 Figure 2.34: (a) Credit sources in Dong Thap; (b) Households with debt in Dong Thap ...... 135 Figure 2.35: Farmer request for support to make livelihood transition in Dong Thap Province ...... 136 Figure 2.36: The scenarios of annual average temperature change (0C) in the South region 146 Figure 2.37: The scenarios of the annual rainfall change (%) in the South region ...... 147 Figure 2.38: Flood map corresponding to sea level rise of 100 cm in Dong Thap province . 148 Figure 2.39: Sensitive and important natural receptors in the subproject area...... 149 Figure 2.40: Socio-economic receptors in Thanh Binh district ...... 152 Figure 2.41: Socio-economic receptors in Tam Nong district ...... 152 Figure 2.42: Socio-economic receptors in Hong Ngu town ...... 153 Figure 2.43: Socio-economic receptors in Hong Ngu district ...... 153 Figure 3.1: Typical houses and vegetation along canals in subproject area ...... 180 Figure 3.2: Typical cross section in disposal sites for suction dredger ...... 199 Figure 3.3: Typical cross section in disposal sites for bucket dredger ...... 199 Figure 3.4: Attenuation of construction noise from the cuvert at Phu Thanh 3 canal ...... 201 Figure 3.5: Sluices and pump stations and canal system in Hong Ngu district ...... 203 Figure 3.6: Boat/barge transporting materials in the subproject area ...... 204 Figure 3.7: Transportation routes for construction materials of the subproject ...... 205 Figure 3.8: A pipeline of the suction dredger cross into a road ...... 206 Figure 3.9: Typical suction dredger and iron and timber brigdes along the dredging routes . 207

Figure 3.10: Typical layout of 3-m culvert under construction ...... 207 Figure 3.11: Typical cross section of Khang Chien canal dredging by blowing dredger ...... 210 Figure 3.12: Typical dredging cross section by backhoe dredger ...... 211 Figure 3.13: 05 dump sites make use from the earth ponds ...... 211 Figure 3.14: Raising shrimp and fish in flood seasons with net-pens ...... 224 Figure 3.15: Water levels in flood seasons in the area before and after the subproject construction ...... 235 Figure 3.16: Water flows in Khang Chien canal in flood season before and after the subproject construction ...... 236 Figure 3.17: Water flows in horizontal canals in flood season before and after the subproject construction ...... 236 Figure 3.18: Water flows in some infield canals in dry season before and after the construction of subproject works ...... 236 Figure 3.19: Water flows in Khang Chien canal in dry season before and after the construction of subproject works ...... 237 Figure 3.20. Water flows in horizontal canals in dry season before and after the construction of subproject works ...... 237 Figure 3.21: Water flows and water levels in Dong Tien canal in flood seasons ...... 238 Figure 3.22: Water flows in Khang Chien canal in the flood seasons...... 238 Figure 3.23: The largest volume of flood water conveyance on the Khang Chien canal in dry seasons ...... 239 Figure 5.1: Removal of bridges with clearance elevations lower than the height of the dredger ...... 256 Figure 6.1: Environmental monitoring sites during the construction phase ...... 318 Figure 6.2: Environmental monitoring sites during the operation phase ...... 319 Figure 6.3: Organization structure for safeguard monitoring ...... 320

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Summary of dredged canals dimension ...... 32 Table 1.2: Design parameters of culverts and pump stations ...... 34 Table 1.3: Dimension of electric pumping stations ...... 37 Table 1.4: Dimension of reinforcing the head of drainage canals in Hong Ngu town ...... 40 Table 1.5: Dimension of strengthening semi-dykes ...... 41 Table 1.6: Flooding livelihood models and location of demonstration sites ...... 52 Table 1.7: List of equipment and machinery using for the subproject ...... 58 Table 1.8: Number of workers in peak times ...... 60 Table 1.9: Distance from natural receptors to the subproject location ...... 62 Table 1.10: Distance from sensitive socio-economic receptors to the subproject location ...... 64 Table 1.11: Volume of materials for construction ...... 70 Table 1.12: Location and area of disposal sites ...... 72 Table 1.13: Total investment cost of the subproject ...... 74 Table 2.1: Details of dredged canals ...... 77 Table 2.2: Details of strengthening semi-dykes in the subproject ...... 78 Table 2.3: Details of strengthening overflow passage ...... 79 Table 2.4: Details of sluices and sewers ...... 80 Table 2.5: Details of pump stations ...... 82 Table 2.6: Existing irrigation works in the subproject area ...... 87 Table 2.7: Current status of embankment system ...... 87 Table 2.8: Current status of inlet and outlet structures ...... 88 Table 2.9: Current status of electric pump stations ...... 88 Table 2.10: Existing medium voltage lines in the subproject area ...... 89 Table 2.11: Number of medical staffs and health care station in the subproject districts/town ...... 93 Table 2.12: Monthly average temperature, humidity in Dong Thap in 2010 – 2015 (oC) ...... 96 Table 2.13: Monthly average rainfall in Dong Thap province, period 2010 – 2015 (mm) ...... 97 Table 2.14: Soil salinity classes by EC ...... 105 Table 2.15: Soil acidity clasification ...... 106 Table 2.16: Classification of organic matter in soil...... 107 Table 2.17: Assessment of soil in accordance with the total N ...... 108 Table 2.18: Analysis results of the sediment samples in the subproject area ...... 110 Table 2.19: Salinity classes of irrigation waters ...... 112 Table 2.20: Status of land use (ha) of the subproject districts /towns in 2015 ...... 121 Table 2.21: Socio-economic information of the subproject communes ...... 123 Table 2.22: Vulnerable affected households of the subproject ...... 124 Table 2.23: Occupations of the PAPs in the working age ...... 126 Table 2.24: Number of school pupils in the subproject area in the school year 2015 – 2016 127 Table 2.25: Houses of affected households ...... 130 Table 2.26: Types of toilets of of affected households ...... 130 Table 2.27: Common diseases of affected households ...... 130 Table 2.28: Domestic water sources affected households ...... 130 Table 2.29: Energy for cooking of affected households ...... 131 Table 2.30: Scales of Socio-economic condition assessment...... 131

Table 2.31: Economic restructuring of the subproject districts/town at current prices(%) .... 137 Table 2.32: Change of rice production over years in the 4 subproject districts/town ...... 137 Table 2.33: Area and yield of corn in the subproject area in 2015 ...... 138 Table 2.34: Area (ha) of other crops in the subproject area over years ...... 138 Table 2.35: Development of cattle and poultry over years...... 138 Table 2.36: Area of aquaculture (ha) in 2015 ...... 139 Table 2.37: Seasonal calendar of double rice cropping outside dykes ...... 139 Table 2.38: Seasonal calendar of My Quy commune, Thap Muoi district, Dong Thap province ...... 140 Table 2.39: Temperature variation (0C) compared to the baseline period in Dong Thap . Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 2.40: The changes of rainfall (%) compared to the baseline period in Dong Thap ...... 147 Table 2.41: Risk of flooding in Dong Thap province...... 147 Table 2.42: Distance from natural receptors to the subproject location ...... 149 Table 2.43: Distance from Socio-economic receptors to the subproject location ...... 150 Table 2.44: Site-specific conditions along the dredging item ...... 154 Table 2.45: Site-specific conditions in the sluices and pumping stations ...... 158 Table 2.46: Site-specific conditions along the embankment and spillway strengthening ...... 163 Table 2.47: Site-specific conditions around disposal sites ...... 169 Table 3.1: Level of negative impacts and risks ...... 177 Table 3.2: Summary on land acquisition of the subproject ...... 179 Table 3.3: Summary impacts due to land acquisition of the subproject ...... 179 Table 3.4: Noise level generated from these equipments using for the subproject ...... 182 Table 3.5: Levels of vibration caused by typical construction equipment ...... 184 Table 3.6: Assessment of impact level caused by vibration ...... 184 Table 3.7: Load of dust in the area due to soil excavation and filling activities ...... 186 Table 3.8: Total dredging volume and dredging time ...... 187 Table 3.9: Demand for fuel for the dredging in the subproject ...... 187 Table 3.10: Total amount of pollutant load generated from dredging machines ...... 188 Table 3.11: Pollutant concentration generated from the dredging ...... 188 Table 3.12: Air emissions from the 500L concrete mixer ...... 188 Table 3.13: Estimate the amount of toxic emissions from the concrete mixer for 100m of reinforcement/1 culvert in one day ...... 189 Table 3.14: Estimate trips of material transportation for the subproject construction ...... 189 Table 3.15: Load of dust and air emission from materials transportation of the subproject .. 190 Table 3.16: Specific receptors affected by noise, dust and exhaust gases...... 190 Table 3.17: Total volume of excavated and dredging materials...... 192 Table 3.18: Domestic waste generation of the subproject ...... 192 Table 3.19: Summary of solid and hazardous wastes generated from construction activities193 Table 3.20: Summary of wastewater from worker ...... 194 Table 3.21: Pollutants loads of domestic wastewater (untreated) ...... 194 Table 3.22: Pollutants concentrations of domestic wastewater ...... 195 Table 3.23: Performance of treatment of pollutants on septic tanks or similar works ...... 195 Table 3.24: Pollution loads due to subproject construction...... 195 Table 3.25: Pollutants generated from operation and maintenance of construction equipment and machinery...... 196

Table 3.26: Recovery time observed in the dredging areas ...... 197 Table 3.27: Total dredging volume, area and dredging time ...... 197 Table 3.28: Water quality of at the outlet of disposal site for dredging Nguyen Van Tiep canal ...... 199 Table 3.29: Site-specific impacts on each sensitive receptor ...... 213 Table 3.30: Emissions from 1 ha of shrimp with yields of 1.5 tons/ha ...... 225 Table 3.31: Emissions from 1 ha of shrimp with yields of 4 T/ha ...... 225 Table 3.32: The results of the application “one must five reductions” for W/S crop in 2018 in Gao Giong commune, Cao Lanh district, Dong Thap province ...... 227 Table 3.33: Estimated profit from production activities “one must five reductions” for the subproject ...... 227 Table 3.34: Summary of regional impacts for Components 2, 3 & 4 of the MDICRSL Project ...... 233 Table 4.1: Analysis for “with” and “without” the subproject...... 241 Table 4.2: Analysing the considered technical options ...... 243 Table 5.1: Effort in minimizing land acquisition for disposal sites of the subproject ...... 245 Table 5.2: Costs for the subproject RAP implementation ...... 246 Table 5.3: Mitigation measures for important natural and socio-economic receptors ...... 259 Table 6.1: Mitigation measures during the pre-construction phase of the subproject ...... 271 Table 6.2: ECOP as mitigation measures of general impacts related to Subproject’s activities during construction phase ...... 274 Table 6.3: Workers Codes of Conducts ...... 288 Table 6.4: Mitigation measures for specific impacts of structure works...... 289 Table 6.5: Mitigation measures for site-specific impacts ...... 293 Table 6.6: Mitigation measures during the operation phase ...... 310 Table 6.7: Environmental quality monitoring of the subproject ...... 316 Table 6.8: Cost for environmental quality monitoring ...... 317 Table 6.9: Institutional Responsibilities for the Project and Subproject Safeguard Implementation ...... 320 Table 6.10: Regular Reporting Requirements ...... 327 Table 6.11: Cost for ESMP in the entire subproject ...... 328 Table 7.1: Community consultation meetings on choosing livelihood models for the subproject ...... 331 Table 7.2: Community consultation meetings on ESIA report for the subproject ...... 333

INTRODUCTION

1. THE ORIGIN OF THE SUBPROJECT

The Mekong Delta (MD) is considered a hotspot of climate change and sea level rise as a consequence of the global warming effect. Due to the natural features of the Mekong Delta, the delta is low-lying and flat, at about 1.0 to 1.8 m above sea level, covering an area of nearly 4 million ha. In terms of socio-economic status, the Delta is home to nearly 20 million people, the largest agricultural and fishery region in Vietnam. The MD has 3 main ecological zones: flood-prone areas (4-7 months); middle-zone (the freshwater alluvium, shallow inundation, mild salinity intrusion) and coastal areas (over 6 months of salinity intrusion). Located in the upstream flood-prone area of the MD, the north of Dong Thap province are Hong Ngu district, Hong Ngu town, Tam Nong, Thanh Binh, etc. Two key economic sectors are agricultural production (focusing on rice and fruit) and aquaculture, including fishery. These two sources of livelihood depend heavily on climate, water, and land resource. Any change in these three resources will affect the ecology and livelihoods of the majority of the population living in the area. The use of financial resources to mitigate and adapt to climate change needs to focus on capacity building activities for the poorer helping the communities in the project area to integrate natural conditions into socio-economic development plans; investment in infrastructure systems, especially irrigation (dredging of canals, embankments, sewers, pumping stations and electrical systems) to actively supply water in dry seasons, wash the fields at the beginning of rainy seasons and control rational flood water to obtain sediments and natural fishery (fish, shrimp) in fields creating safe production, gradually shift 3-crop rice in the area and neighboring to flood-adaptive farming method. In parallel with the investment in technical infrastructure, livelihood models such as technical assistance (breed, breeding techniques, etc.), market access and branding are very important. The purpose of the project investment to stabilize the livelihoods of people living in the North of Dong Thap, where has no full dike and annual floods are frequent is to solve social justice in production with the areas are fully invested for 3-rice-crop production. Investment in infrastructure and livelihood models for safe production in floods will contribute to the employment of 15,651 households that will be highly productive in terms of socio-economic conditions. In addition, the project area stretching from Hong Ngu district, Hong Ngu town along two canals: Hai Thang Chin and Binh Thanh-Phu Thanh to Thanh Binh district will form a flood drainage route from upstream to downstream before reaching Tien River. This is a very meaningful task in terms of natural conditions as the Tram Chim National Park (NP), the wetland biodiversity of the MD, is located next to the project site. In addition, the Dong Thap Provincial People's Committee (PPC) has approved the investment plan for an important project: Vietnam-Sustainable Agriculture Transformation Project (VnSAT). So, there will be a sustainable agro-forestry production area, contributing to livelihoods stability of people in the northern districts of Dong Thap. Thus, the construction investment of the subproject “Improving the ability of flood drainage and developing stable livelihoods, climate change adaptation in the Plain of Reed (the northern districts of Dong Thap province)”, under the project “Mekong Delta Integrated

Climate Resilience and Sustainable Livelihoods (MD-ICRSL)” using the World Bank (WB) loan is necessary, in accordance with planning. The subproject meets the current production requirements as well as production conversion for floodplain areas in order to stabilize livelihoods, improve living standards for local communities, and contribute to the sustainable development of the subproject area in the context of climate change. The investment is beneficial for society, economy and environment and no future regrets. Besides the urgent benefits provided by the subproject as mentioned above, the implementation of the subproject will also cause some negative impacts on the natural and socio-economic environment of the sub-region. Pursuant to the provisions in Section 31: Projects on construction of irrigation, water supply, and drainage works in service of agriculture, forestry and fishery: Irrigation and drainage, water supply for an area of 500 hectares or more in Appendix II In Decree No. 18/2015/ND- CP, the subproject "Improving the ability of flood drainage and developing stable livelihoods, climate change adaptation in the Plain of Reed (the northern districts of Dong Thap province)" requires an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report. Furthermore, this subproject belongs to the ICRSL project, the implementation of the environmental safeguard policy of this subproject will be in line with the guidance in the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) approved in Decision No. 1262/QĐ-BNN-KHCN dated 12/4/2016 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD). Therefore, the owner had prepared a safety policy screening and the results showed that the subproject needs to prepare an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) to WB for approval. The purpose of this ESIA report is to figure out the impacts of the subproject implementation on the environment thereof proposing solutions to minimize and mitigate negative influences and harmonize investment objectives with environmental protection. This is also an opportunity for scientists, investors and decision makers to fully debate about the major impacts, thereof building an appropriate plan to minimize them.

2. COMPETENT ORGANIZATION TO APPROVE FEASIBLE STUDY, INVESTMENT PROJECT OR EQUIVALENT DOCUMENT

- Name of organization: People’s Committee of Dong Thap Province - Address: No. 12, Street 30/4, Ward 1, Cao Lanh city, Dong Thap province - Telephone: 0277.3851431 - 0277.3853112, Fax: 0277.3851615

3. LINKAGE BETWEEN THE SUBPROJECT AND OTHER PROJECTS, DEVELOPMENT PLANNING’S APPROVED BY COMPETENT STATE MANAGEMENT AGENCIES

3.1. VnSAT project

The Vietnam Sustainable Agricultural Transformation (VnSAT) with loan capital of WB, the total loan amount is USD 15.47 million, of which the counterpart fund from Dong Thap province is USD 2.37 million. The overall goal of the VnSAT project is to contribute to the implementation of the agricultural sector restructuring plan through strengthening the institutional capacity of the

16 sector; Renovation of sustainable farming practices and enhancement of value chains for rice and coffee in two key commodity production areas of Vietnam, the Mekong Delta and the Central Highlands. Objectives: - Economic objective: For the rice component: With 200.000ha of rice production of 140,000 household (HH)s applying advanced technology, farmers' profit per hectare may increase by 30% equivalent to 40 - 60 million per year. - Social objectives: Approximately 140,000 HHs in the Mekong Delta access to sustainable farming practices and linkages in the value chain from production to consumption with enterprises, cooperatives and farmers increase income by about 30%. - Environmental objectives: Minimize negative impacts on the environment by reducing irrigated water, fertilizer and pesticide used in cultivation. - Institutional capacity building: Institutional capacity building for agricultural restructuring in the MARD and project provinces. Accordingly, this subproject will combine with the VnSAT project to support socio-economic development in the northern districts of Dong Thap, improve and renovate sustainable farming methods; to adapt to climate change; and improve the value chain of agricultural production for the subproject area.

3.2. Land use planning until 2020

The orientation of land use in Dong Thap province in general and subproject area including 4 districts/town: Hong Ngu Town, Hong Ngu, Tam Nong, and Thanh Binh districts are basically agricultural land. The main activities of the subproject are still for agricultural production development. However, there will be demonstration models combining agriculture, aquaculture, and fishery. Thus, the investment in non-structural and structural works of this subproject does not change the land use planning and be in full compliance with the ability to apply the demonstration models of the subproject. The result is the basis for local authorities to alter land use for more effective exploitation of the construction system and high land-use efficiency thereof increase income.

3.3. Flood planning in Mekong Delta

The subproject area is still determined to maintain drainage capacity for MD including: - Decision No. 144/1999/QD-TTg dated June 21, 1999 of the Prime Minister approving the master plan on Flood water control and usage in the MD from present to 2010. According to the plan, the dike covered by the proposed project site is the non-flood control area. - Flood control planning and Water resources planning for the MD changed due to actual conditions, production needs and point of views on planning in each stage of socio- economic development in the region and overall MD. - According to the project “Dyke planning in the MD” implemented by the Southern Institute of Water Resources Planning in 2006, the project area was designated as the August-flood control area.

- The Mekong Delta Master Plan (MDP 1.1) also identifies the upstream area as flood control combining two rice crops, one rice + cash crop and aquaculture or natural aquatic resource exploitation. The livelihood models based on floods; sediment obtained from flood retention and adaptive measures; only flood control measures in the upper delta areas related to “priority” measures and “no regrets” is implemented; Spatial planning for flood distribution/drainage canals should be placed in appropriate areas to avoid regret and the large cost of future flood protection. - Up to the present time, regarding the planning and plans deployed throughout the MD, the subproject area is recommended to control flexibly only early floods (July - August). As such, the location of the subproject perfectly works in line with the MD flood planning and at the same time enhances the flood drainage capability of the area thanks to dredging main canals such as Khang Chien and some others in subproject area.

3.4. Project of community-based freshwater resources conservation and management in Vietnam

The project will build on the successful work carried out under the WWF-HSBC global freshwater partnership to date. WWF-Vietnam is proposing a 2-year project (Jan 2018- Dec 2019), which will contribute to the goal: Communities in key freshwater landscapes are engaged in freshwater conservation through education, citizen science and improved management, enhancing environmental, social and economic benefits. To achieve this goal, WWF-Vietnam, in collaboration with HSBC volunteers, will deliver on five main integrated objectives: - To train HSBC volunteers on Sustainability Learning Module and local water/climate change issues - To promote evidence-based conservation in freshwater conservation through citizen science - To support sustainable livelihoods for local communities through freshwater conservation and ecotourism - To support school-aged children to engage in issues around freshwater conservation through an environmental education program - To strengthen capacity for local government partners in water conservation management and practices to ensure the project receive a high level of engagement and water conservation policy support from local authorities. Wetland has functions of water storage and delay; sediment stabilization and phosphorus retention; nitrogen removal; thermoregulation; primary production; and habitat support for wildlife. Frequent monitoring and research activities within the project in TCNP are critical to maintaining these functions for wetland, ensuring the sustainability of wetland values. Through development of the Community-based Ecotourism Service Partnership (CESP) in Tram Chim NP, providing platform, provision of training in ecotourism services, development of a benefit distribution mechanism which supports local communities and conservation outcomes in the wetland including habitat restoration, the project will bring into balance the desires for tourism development, community livelihoods and sustainable development within one of Vietnam’s most important wetland areas.

Through structured educational experiences and activities targeted to varying age groups and populations, conservation education enables people to realize how natural resources and ecosystems affect each other and how resources can be used wisely. With awareness raising activities in TCNP, people develop the critical thinking skills they need to understand the complexities of ecological problems and are encouraged to act on their own to conserve natural resources and use them in a responsible manner by making informed resource decisions. In summary, through engagement in community education, citizen science and improved freshwater management, the project will have a genuine impact on the ground, both in terms of supporting local community engagement in key issues relating to freshwater conservation, but also in improving the value of environmental services within priority areas in Vietnam

3.5. Other related projects

There have currently a number of ongoing projects in the subproject area that addresses issues on management and mitigation of drought and flood risks as: - Project of building embankment system to cope with climate change and protect people's lives in Tram Chim town, Tam Nong district, Dong Thap province. - Project of construction of works to improve and upgrade the system of drainage canals for flood drainage and irrigation for the Plain of Reeds, Dong Thap province under the project of Greater Mekong sub-region flood and drought risk management and mitigation funded by ADB and AusAID. - Project on upgrading infrastructure for agricultural development and climate change adaptation in Cu Lao Tay, Thanh Binh district, Dong Thap province. This subproject and existing projects in the project area will contribute to the improvement of infrastructure for the development of livelihood models in the flood season, adaptation to climate change. 4. NATIONAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS AND WB SAFEGUARD POLICIES

4.1. Relevant National Laws and Regulations

4.1.1. National laws and regulations are applied for the subproject environmental and social assessment and environmental management

The following national laws and regulations are applied for the subproject environmental and social assessment and environmental management during the subproject preparation, construction, and operation: - Law on Environmental Protection No. 55/2014/QH13 of the National Assembly of the Vietnam Socialist Republic of Vietnam dated June 23, 2014. This law enacted policies and regulations on environmental safeguards, and rights and obligations of organizations, households, and individuals related to environmental protection activities. - Land law No. 45/2013/QH13 of the National Assembly of the Vietnam Socialist Republic of Vietnam dated November 29, 2013. This Law prescribes the regime of land ownership, powers and responsibilities of the State in representing the entire-people owner of the

land and uniformly managing land, the regime of land management and use, the rights and obligations of land users involving land in the territory of Vietnam. - Law on water resources No. 17/2012/QH13 of the National Assembly of Vietnam dated June 21, 2012 provides on management, protection, exploitation and use of water resources, as well as the prevention of, combat against and overcoming of harmful effects caused by water in the territory of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. - Law on natural disaster prevention and control No. 33/2013/QH13 dated June 19, 2013 provides natural disaster prevention and control activities; rights and obligations of agencies, organizations, households and individuals engaged in natural disaster prevention and control activities; and the state management of, and assurance of resources for, natural disaster prevention and control. - Law on Labor No.10/2012/QH13 of the National Assembly of the Vietnam Socialist Republic of Vietnam dated June 18, 2012 provides labor standards; rights, obligations and responsibilities of employees, employers, employees’ representative organizations and employers’ representative organizations in industrial relations and other relations directly related to industrial relations; and state management of labor. - Law on amending and supplementing a number of articles of the law on cultural heritages No. 32/2009/QH12 of the National Assembly of Vietnam dated June 18, 2009 to amend and supplement a number of articles of the Law on Cultural Heritages. - Law on biodiversity No. 20/2008/QH12 of the National Assembly of Vietnam dated November 13, 2008 provides for the conservation and sustainable development of biodiversity; rights and obligations of organizations, households and individuals in the conservation and sustainable development of biodiversity. - Decree No. 45/2015 / ND-CP dated May 06, 2015 of the Government regulating the establishment and management of water protection corridors. - Decree No. 38/2015/NĐ-CP of the Government dated 24 April 2015 on waste management including hazardous wastes, daily-life solid waste, ordinary industrial solid waste, liquid waste products, wastewater, industrial emissions and other particular wastes; environmental protection in discarded material imports. - Decree No. 18/2015/ND-CP dated February 14, 2015 of the Government on environmental protection planning, strategic environmental assessment, environmental impact assessment, and environmental protection commitment. - Decree No. 47/2014/ND-CP issued by the Government dated 15 May 2014 providing for compensation, support and resettlement when the State acquires land. - Decree No. 43/2014/ND-CP of 15 May 2014 of the Government detailing the implementation of a number of articles of the Land Law. - Decree No. 201/2013 / ND-CP of the Government dated 27 November 2013 detailing the implementation of some articles of the Law on Water Resources. - Circular No. 19/2016/TT - BYT of 30 June 2016 of the Ministry of Health guiding labor hygiene, laborers’ health and occupational diseases. - Circular No. 36/2015/TT-BTNMT of 30 June 2015 of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment on hazardous waste management.

- Circular No. 27/2015/TT-BTNMT dated 19 May 2015 of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment on strategic environmental assessment, environmental impact assessment, and environmental protection plan. - Circular No. 37/2014/TT-BTNMT dated June 30, 2014 of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment detailing compensation, support and resettlement upon land acquisition by the State. - Circular No. 146/2007/TT-BQP of the Ministry of Defense dated 11 September 2007 guiding the implementation of Decision No. 96/2006 / QD-TTg of the Government dated May 04, 2006 on management and Carrying out demining activities. - Circular 146/2007/TT-BQP by Ministry of Defense dated September 11 2007 guiding UXO clearance for project construction. The following national technical regulations and standards related to environmental quality and waste management are applied to the subproject: - QCVN 03-MT:2015/BTNMT: National technical regulation on the permitted limit of heavy metal on land - QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT: National technical regulation on ambient air quality - QCVN08-MT:2015/BTNMT: National technical regulation on water surface quality - QCVN 09-MT:2015/BTNMT: National technical regulation on underground water quality - QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT: National technical regulation on domestic wastewater. - QCVN 15:2008/BTNMT: National technical regulation on the pesticide residues in the soils - QCVN 19:2009/BTNMT: National technical regulation on industrial emission of inorganic substances and dust - QCVN 20: 2009/BTNMT: National technical regulation on industrial emission of organic substances. - QCVN 26:2010/BTNMT: National technical regulation on noise. - QCVN 27:2010/BTNMT: National technical regulation on vibration. - QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT: National technical regulation on industrial wastewater. - QCVN 43:2012/BTNMT - National technical regulation on sediment quality in fresh water areas.

4.1.2. Legal documents, decisions and official letters of related authorities on the subproject

- Official Letter No. 5350/VPCP-QHQT dated 10 July 2015 of the Government Office on the project “Integrated Rural Development to Improve Adaptation to Climate Change in the Mekong Delta”, assign the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) to implement the project. - Aide Memoire of the mission (project identification, technical team) of the WB during the missions: from 26/11/2014 to 15/12/2014; from 03/02/2015 to 05/02/2015; 30/03/2015 to 15/04/2015; 15-18/06/2015 and 06-17/07/2015; 21/09/2015 to 02/10/2015

- Decision No. 882/QD-BNN-HTQT dated March 19, 2015 of the Minister of MARD on assigning to the Central Project Management Board for irrigation projects (CPO) as the project owner in the preparation phase of investment of the Integrated Rural Development to Improve Adaptability to Climate Change in the Mekong Delta project (now known as the ICRSL project). - Official Letter No. 151/BNN-HTQT dated 29/02/2016 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development on the preparation for approval of the feasibility study report of the ICRSL project. - Decision No. 736/QD-TTg dated 29/4/2016 of the Prime Minister approving the list of the project “Mekong Delta Integrated Climate Resilience and Sustainable Livelihoods” for WB loans. - Decision No.1262/QĐ-BNN-KHCN dated 12/4/2016 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development approving the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) of the ICRSL project. - Decision No. 1693/QĐ-BNN-HTQT dated 09/5/2016 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development on approving the Feasibility Study Report of the project “Mekong Delta Integrated Climate Resilience and Sustainable Livelihoods (ICRSL)” funded by WB.

4.1.3. Documents and data of the subproject owner to be used in the process of environmental impact assessment

- Report on the feasibility study of subproject: Improving the ability of flood drainage and developing stable livelihoods, climate change adaptation in the Plain of Reed (the northern districts of Dong Thap province), prepared in 2017. - The analysis results of the baseline environmental data in the subproject area conducted by the Southern Institute of Water Resources Research in July 2017. - The results of the public consultations on the subproject in November 2017.

4.2. Applicable WB Safeguard Policies

The environmental and social screening for the subproject according to the criteria described in the Bank’s policy on environmental assessment has been carried out, and the result shows that the WB policies on Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01)1, Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04)2, Physical cultural resources (OP/BP 4.11)3, Forests (OP/BP 4.36)4, and Involuntary

1Full treatment of OP/BP 4.01 can be found at the Bank website: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/PROJECTS/EXTPOLICIES/EXTSAFEPOL/0,,contentMDK:2 0543912~menuPK:1286357~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:584435,00.html 2 Full treatment of OP/BP 4.04 can be found at the Bank website: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/PROJECTS/EXTPOLICIES/EXTSAFEPOL/0,,contentMDK:2 0543920~menuPK:1286576~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:584435,00.html 3Full treatment of OP/BP 4.11 is accessible at http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/PROJECTS/EXTPOLICIES/EXTSAFEPOL/0,,contentMDK:2 0543961~menuPK:1286639~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:584435,00.html 4 Full treatment of OP/BP 4.36 can be found at the Bank website: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/PROJECTS/EXTPOLICIES/EXTSAFEPOL/0,,contentMDK:2 0543943~menuPK:1286597~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:584435,00.html

Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12)5 are applied to this subproject (Table 0.1). The subproject also has to comply with the World Bank’s requirements on public consultation and Policy on Access to Information are triggered for this subproject. Dong Thap has a very small population of ethnic minorities in the subproject area. The ethnic Khmer, Cham, and Hoa have largely inter-married with Kinh and are largely integrated into the wider land holding Kinh communities. There are no segregated ethnic communities or villages in the area. The method for production of these ethnic minorities is similar to that of the Kinh people. The subproject has also to comply with the WB’s requirements on public consultation and Policy on Access to Information. The implementation of the policy on OP/BP 4.12 is addressed in the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) of the MD-ICRSL project, and the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) of this subproject. Table 0.1: Application of the WB’s safeguard policies to this subproject Policy Triggered Explanation/Actions (Yes/No) Environmental Yes The environmental and social screening result confirmed that Assessment the proposed subproject is classified as Category B because its (OP/BP 4.01) potentially adverse environmental and social impacts are site- specific, few if any of them are reversible, and in most cases, mitigatory measures can be designed more readily. However, ESIA was prepared to describe the potential negative impacts and the proposed mitigation measures to be implemented under the subproject including annexes providing information on public consultation, and ECOP to be applied during construction. The ESIA is consistent with the EIA report prepared according to the GOV’s EIA regulations including consultation with the local authority and the local community. The EIA report will be submitted to the agency (Dong Thap DONRE) for approval. Natural Habitats Yes The subproject area does not have sensitive natural habitats as (OP/BP 4.04) the WB’s guidelines but normal natural habitats that have been largely reclaimed for a long period of time. Possible impacts on water quality and ecology during the construction and operation phases will be monitored as part of the ESIA. Forest (OP/BP Yes There have no impacts on the forest during the subproject 4.37) implementation Pest Yes The subproject has initiated the pest management policy which Management has been agreed by local authorities in the subproject area. (OP 4.09) Indigenous No The screening result in the subproject communes on the ethnic Peoples (OP/BP minority showed that there have very few ethnic Khmer, Cham 4.10) and Hoa people in the subproject area but all of them have inter-married with Kinh and are largely integrated into the wider land holding Kinh communities. There are no segregated

5Detailed description of OP/BP 4.12 is available at the Bank website: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/PROJECTS/EXTPOLICIES/EXTSAFEPOL/0,,contentMDK:2 0543978~menuPK:1286647~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:584435,00.html

Policy Triggered Explanation/Actions (Yes/No) ethnic communities or villages in the area. The method for production of these ethnic minorities is similar to that of the Kinh people. Physical cultural Yes There are no historical, cultural, spiritual and archaeological resources sites of interest at all levels (local, provincial, national as well (OP/BP 4.11) as international) within the scope of the subproject land acquisition. Sensitive areas within the radius of 10 km of the construction sites are not intangible cultural assets at provincial, national as well as the international level (except Tram Chim National Park). A chance finds the procedure for the subproject is developed in Chapter 5. Involuntary Yes The subproject acquires land for construction. Avoidance of Resettlement resettlement was the main reason for the selection of the (OP/BP 4.12) subproject sites. In addition, the subproject owner has also prepared a resettlement action plan to deal with the impacts of land acquisition for the subproject. Dam safety Yes The subproject does not build dams (OP/BP 4.37) World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines World Bank-financed projects should also take into account the World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines6 (known as the "EHS Guidelines"). The EHS Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice. The EHS Guidelines contain the performance levels and measures that are normally acceptable to the World Bank Group and are generally considered to be achievable in new facilities at reasonable costs by existing technology. The environmental assessment process may recommend alternative (higher or lower) levels or measures, which, if acceptable to the World Bank, become project- or site-specific requirements. This subproject should conform to the general EHS Guidelines and industry specific EHS Guidelines on Aquaculture.

5. ORGANIZATION OF THE ESIA REPORT

The Southern Institute for Water Resources Research (SIWRR) has been selected by the subproject owner to prepare an ESIA report for this subproject, due to its legal status and experience. Information about the consultant: Southern Institute of Water Resources Research Represented by: Mr. Tran Ba Hoang - Position: Director Address: 658 Vo Van Kiet, Ward 1, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City Contact phone: (028) 39233700 - Fax: (028) 39235028 SIWRR was established in 1978 under the Decision No. 864 QD/TC dated 19 August 1978 of the Ministry of Water Resources (now the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development).

6The EHS Guidelines can be consulted at www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/Content/EnvironmentalGuidelines.

Over 37 years of operation, development, and growth, the Institute's activities are always parallel to the cause of agriculture and rural development, management and rational use of water resources, natural disaster mitigation, and land rehabilitation, environmental protection ... in the southern provinces, especially in the Mekong Delta. In terms of material facilities, the Institute has three specialized laboratories licensed by the Ministry of Construction including Environmental Chemistry Laboratory (LAS-1037) VIMCERTS 200, Laboratory of Foundation and Geotechnical Research (LAS-155), Building Materials and Structure Research Laboratory (LAS-143). The Institute has been accredited with ISO 9001-2008, in addition to recognized laboratories in the accreditation system. In terms of machines and equipment: In addition to conventional machines, the Institute's units are also equipped with much-advanced research equipment such as wind meter - Distomat wind meter; Echo-sounding meter, sediment measuring equipment for different environments, gas chromatography, atomic absorption (UHCM), carbon monoxide detector, total N, UV-Vis colorimeter, DO measuring instrument, pH, EC, salinity, opacity, noise, etc.... Software support: ArcGIS, remote sensing software, MIKE, HYDROGIS, DUFLOW, KOD, SAL, VRSAP, IMSOP, SOIL, SOICHEM. In order to carry out this report, the subproject owner and consultant has nominated a team of qualified and experienced professionals in both environment and English. Details of participants in the report are presented in Table 0.2. Table 0.2: List of people directly involved in the preparation of the ESIA report No. Full name Background Assigned tasks Signature I Subproject owner– Dong Thap DARD

1 Vo Thanh Water − Managing and directing the Ngoan resources implementation of the report

2 Huynh Van Water − Provide information about the subproject

Hieu resources − Coordinate with consultants to work with local departments II Consultant - Southern Institute of Water Resources Research

1 Vu Nguyen Environment − General management

Hoang and Social − Work with related organization to capture Giang Science the real situation of production and daily activities in the subproject area. − Contact authorities for public consultation − Consultation with the community − Be responsible for issues related to climate change

− Complete the report

− Lead the field review committee

− Defense the report before the appraisal committee

− Revise the report according to the opinion of the appraisal committee of Viet Nam and WB

2 Nguyen Van Water − Participate in gathering documents and Khanh Triet resources data to develop contents on water resources

− Responsible for hydrological flow and

No. Full name Background Assigned tasks Signature water resources

3 Duong Cong Water Works − Participate in gathering documents and Phieu data to develop contents on water works

− Responsible for issues related to water works and water navigation and transportation

4 Duong Cong Biology − Participate in gathering documents and Chinh data to develop contents on biology

− Public consultation

− Responsible for issues related to biology and biodiversity

5 Dong Thi An Analytical − Participate in gathering documents and Thuy chemistry data to develop contents on chemistry

− Responsible for taking and analyzing samples and issues related to fertilizer and pesticides.

6 Nguyen Kim Environment, − Field survey, collection and synthesis of Duyet Mapping and document and data

GIS − Responsible for water quality issues, develop maps for ESIA report

7 Pham Thi Culture − Field survey, collection and synthesis of Thuy Van document and data

− Develop a map of the relationship between subproject and natural and socio-economic subjects

− Responsible for issues of cultural resources, cultural and social impacts

8 Nguyen Water − Field survey, collection and synthesis of Quang Vinh Resources document and data

− Develop maps for the overall layout of the subproject and subproject items

− In charge of the natural and socio- economic conditions of the subproject.

9 Mai Thanh Institutions − Field survey, collection and synthesis of Trinh and policy document and data

− Be responsible for the institutional and policy issues

10 Huynh Dang Environment − Field survey, collection and synthesis of Ngoc Lan document and data

− Responsible for issues related to the air environment, monitoring program and environmental management

11 Pham Chi Social − In charge of socio-economic surveys of Trung Science households affected by the subproject.

− Assess the impact of the subproject on socio-economic development of the area

6. METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

6.1. Methods of ESIA

6.1.1. Rapid assessment method

The Rapid Assessment Method was issued by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1993. Basis of this method is the nature of materials, technologies, and rules of natural processes as well as experiences in rating pollution load. In Vietnam, this method is introduced and applied in many ESIA studies, performing the relatively accurate calculation of the pollution load in the context of limited measurement and analysis instruments. In this report, the pollution load coefficients are taken under the EIA guidelines of the World Bank (Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume II, Sectoral Guidelines, Environment, World Bank, Washington D.C 8/1991) and Handbook of Emission, Non-Industrial and Industrial source, Netherlands) and this is used in Chapter 3 of the report for rating pollution load due to implementing the subproject’s activities.

6.1.2. Impact identification method

This method is applied through the following specific steps: describe the environment system; identify the subproject components that affect the environment; and identify the full range of related waste streams, environmental issues to serve the detailed evaluation. This method is applied for Chapter 3 of the report.

6.1.3. Mapping method

This method is applied to assess spatial intervention of the subproject, in addition to the specific activities that cause impact and scope of influence can also use this method based on the results of the assessment of the impact of the subproject. This method is applied for Chapters 1 and 3 of the report to show the subproject interventions, subproject’s location and location of sampling sites.

6.1.4. Impact matrix method

Building a correlation between the effects of each project activity to each issue and environmental composition as shown in the impact matrix. On such basis, to orientate detailed contents to be studied with impacts. In this report, this method is used for Chapter 3. Matrix and its variants provide us a framework of the interaction of different actions /activities of a project with potential environmental impacts caused by them. In this report, a simple interaction matrix is formed where the subproject actions are listed along one axis vertically and EI are listed along the other side horizontally (Chapter 3).

6.1.5. Household survey

Household (HH) survey was conducted after the completion of the review of secondary data and field observations. Prior to field work, a household questionnaire was developed to guide the collection of additional data (see details in Appendix 2). Questionnaires developed include

(i) guide questions (for focus group discussion and community consultation); (ii) household survey (for interview selected households). 100% directly AHs due to land acquisition, 14/14 CPCs and 20% HHs in the beneficiary area of the subproject were surveyed for socio-economic conditions, their interest on the land compensation policy and livelihood models proposed in the subproject. The results of the survey will be a basis for assessing environmental impacts and proposing mitigation measures for the subproject.

6.1.6. Focus group discussion and community consultation

In addition to the above inquiry techniques, consultation sessions were carried out by in the form of focus groups discussion, and community meetings to confirm the findings of field observation as well as household interviews. Five consultation meetings with 240 participants on the content of ESIA report and receiving comments of participants and 4 meetings with 4 subproject districts/town for choosing livelihood models. Details of the consultation and the feedback from the consultations will be included in the ESIA report and the design of the subproject (Chapter 7).

6.2. Other methods

6.2.1. Method of information and data inheritance, summary and analysis

This method is to identify and assess natural conditions and socio-economic conditions of the subproject area through data and information collected from various sources such as the statistic yearbooks, regional socio-economic profile reports, and regional baseline environmental and relevant studies. At the same time, the inheritance of the available studies and reports is really essential to use up available findings and further identify limitations. In this report, data, information on the subproject information and socio-economic conditions in the subproject area are collected for relevant sources (Chapter 1-3).

6.2.2. Review of secondary data

Review of secondary data included a review of existing literature related to the subproject area and review of information available from the subproject documents. Of particular importance is the review of data/information available in the Feasibility Study of the subproject (prepared by SIWRR), and other relevant information, and statistics.

6.2.3. Field survey method

Field survey is compulsory for ESIA/EIA to identify the status of the subproject area, relevant surrounding sensitive receptors to select sampling positions, the survey of status of natural environment, hydrography, weather conditions, land use, vegetation cover, fauna and flora in the subproject area. These survey results will be used for assessment of natural conditions of the subproject area and used for Chapter 2 of the report.

6.2.4. Field observation

For the social assessment, field observation was a good source of information that helps verify the initial results obtained from the secondary data review. Field observations aimed at

28 collecting and complementing the information already available to contribute to the design of the household survey and guide questions (for group discussion).

6.2.5. Comparision method

The method is to assess environmental quality, effluent quality, pollution load, etc. On the basis of comparison with the concerning environment norms and standards, the regulations of the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment as well as the related researches and experiments in Chapter 3 of the report.

6.2.6. Consensus method

Based on knowledge and experiences in environmental science of ESIA, the specialists of the consultant team and other scientific research units within SIWRR will discuss and agree the findings of the ESIA.

6.2.7. Sampling and analyzing methods in laboratory

Sampling and analyzing samples of environmental components (soil, water, air) are integral to identify and evaluate the status of baseline environment quality in the subproject area as follows: - Surface and underground water quality: samples were taken and analyzed, complying with the Vietnam standards, and results compared with National Technical Regulation on Surface Water Quality (QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT) and National Technical Regulation on Underground Water Quality (QCVN 09/2008/BTNMT). - Ambient air quality: samples were taken and analyzed, complying with the Vietnam standards, and results compared to QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT– National Technical Regulation on ambient air quality. - Noise and vibration: samples were taken and analyzed, complying with the Vietnam standards, and the results compared to QCVN 26:2010/BTNMT- National technical regulation on noise and QCVN 27:2010/BTNMT- National technical regulation on vibration.

CHAPTER 1. SUBPROJECT DESCRIPTION

This chapter concisely describes the proposed project and its geographic, ecological, social, and temporal context, including any offsite investments that may be required (e.g., dedicated access roads, water supply, housing, and raw material and product storage facilities, land acquisition, implementation schedule and investment fund, etc.)

1.1. SUBPROJECT NAME AND OWNER

Subproject name: Improving the ability of flood drainage and developing stable livelihoods, climate change adaptation in the Plain of Reed (the northern districts of Dong Thap province) Belonging to the project: Mekong Delta Integrated Climate Resilience and Sustainable Livelihoods (ICRSL).

1.2. SUBPROJECT OWNER

− Subproject owner: Dong Thap Department of Agriculture and Rural Development. ▪ Address: Highway 30, My Tan Commune, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap Province ▪ Phone: (0277) 3851427, Fax: (0277) 3853514 ▪ Email: [email protected] ▪ Legal representative: Mr. Nguyen Van Cong - Director

− Representative of the subproject owner: Management Board of Dong Thap ICRSL. ▪ Address: 533, Highway 30, My Tan Commune, Cao Lanh, Dong Thap ▪ Tel: (0277) 3852.144; Fax: (0277) 3859.544 ▪ Legal representative: Mr. Vo Thanh Ngoan - Director

1.3. SUBPROJECT LOCATION

The subproject is established in 4 districts including Hong Ngu district, Hong Ngu town, Tam Nong district and Thanh Binh district, Dong Thap province. The demarcation of the subproject area is as follows: (i) the north borders Cambodia; (ii) the south is An Phong-My Hoa canal; (iii) the west is bordered by Canal No. 2 Tu Thuong and Hai Thang Chin canals; (iv) the east is Thong Nhat canal (see Figure 1.1).

Figure 1.1: Location of the subproject

1.4. THE SCOPE OF SUB-PROJECT

1.4.1. Subproject objectives and tasks

1.4.1.1. Objectives

− To create a flood retention area in the upper Plain of Reeds to avoid flood changes and affect other areas.

− To create favor conditions for production and selection of livelihoods in flood season, actively adapt to climate change, sea level rise, subsidence and drought, so that people in the project area increase their income; ensure stability and social security in flood season, avoid increasing the rate of poor or re-poor households.

− To enhance the added value of local production and diversify agricultural products in flood season.

1.4.1.2. Tasks

− Reviewing the current status of production and livelihood models accordance with the natural conditions and educational level in the direction of utilizing flood benefits, minimizing damages caused by flood, creating jobs and increasing income during flood season.

− Reviewing and assessing the current status of infrastructure in the project area for the upgradation and improvement of the technical infrastructure (canal dredging, dike strengthening, construction of sluices, culverts, pumping stations, breeding nets, etc.) to ensure the production of livelihood models in flood season and to adapt to climate change.

− Investing in upgrading semi-dike system to avoid dike break and create convenient transport infrastructure; ensure stable 2-rice crops (Winter-Spring, Summer-Autumn) in flood season.

− Connecting with other funded projects in the region (programs of new rural area development, small and medium electric pump stations, agricultural restructuring; VnSAT project, and others) to ensure “no regret” investment.

1.4.2. Structural works

In order to meet the above objectives, the proposed structural works will be carried out in the subproject including canal dredging, embankment and spillway lining/strengthening and rehabilitation or construction of sluices and pumping station, see Table 1.1 to Table 1.5. Table 1.1: Summary of dredged canals dimension No. Items Section Width Elevation Roof length of canal of canal coefficient (m) bottom bottom (m) (m) I Hong Ngu town 15,502 Khang Chien Canal (from Tan Thanh-Lo 1 9,300 Gach Canal to Hong Ngu-Tam Nong Canal) Section from K0+000 to K4+100 4,100 4 -3 1.5 Section from K4+100 to K4+752 652 8 -3 1.5 Section from K4+752 to K6+300 1,548 8 -3 1.5 Section from K6+300 to K9+300 3,000 8 -3 1.5 2 Khang Chien 1 Canal 2,652 8 -3 1.5 Hong Ngu-Tam Nong Canal (section from 3 3,550 4 -3 1.5 Canal 2/9 to Khang Chien Canal) II Tam Nong District 11,700 Khang Chien Canal (from border canal of 1 Hong Ngu-Tam Nong to border canal of 11,700 8 -3 2 Thanh Binh-Tam Nong) III Thanh Binh District 10,042 Khang Chien Canal (from border canal of 1 Thanh Binh-Tam Nong to An Phong-My Hoa 2,388 8 -3 1.5 Canal) Border canal of Thanh Binh-Tam Nong (from 2 4,476 4,5 -3 1.5 Khang Chien Canal to Thong Nhat Canal) Ca Cai Canal (from Khang Chien Canal to 3 3,178 5 -3 1.5 Hai Thang Chin canal) Total 37,244

K5+000

Sñaøo = 14.09 (m2)

-3.00

8000 MSS :-5.00

Cao ñoä maët ñaát töï nhieân

3.22

3.52

4.39

5.70

5.64

5.48

3.18

2.72

1.18

0.88

0.18

0.38

1.18

1.41

2.01

2.46

3.96

4.18

4.19

4.17

4.19

4.18

-0.92

-1.57

-1.72

-1.82

-1.92

-1.72

-1.32

-1.12 -0.52 Khoaûng caùch ñieåm ño 2.0 1.5 2.0 3.5 0.7 3.5 2.0 2.5 0.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

Figure 1.2: Typical cross section of Khang Chien canal dredging by blowing dredger

4.20 3000 3000 4.20 K3+200

Sñaøo = 14.13 (m2)

-3.00

4000 MSS :-5.00

Cao ñoä maët ñaát töï nhieân

1.78 1.78 1.81 2.49 2.55 3.09 3.38 2.95 2.36 1.50 0.20 0.05 0.70 1.50 2.15 2.91 2.66 2.48 1.79 1.77

-0.30 -0.30 -0.75 -1.40 -1.50 -1.00 -0.75 -0.10 Khoaûng caùch ñieåm ño 6.0 1.2 0.7 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 6.0

Figure 1.3: Typical dredging cross section by backhoe dredger

Table 1.2: Design parameters of culverts and pump stations No Item Area Irrigat Draina Pump Culvert dimension Embankment Medium- . ion ge station dimension Voltage Dimension line Bottom 3P-22KV L x W x H Aperture Length Elevation Width elevation (m) (ha) (m3/h) (m3/h) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) I Hong Ngu District 1 Nam Mung sluice 178.33 892 9,052 2.5x2.5 24.81 -0.5 6.3 5.5 2 Cay Dua sluice 178.33 892 9,052 3.5 26.2 -1 5.3 5 Repair of Dau Ca Cat sluice + 3 178.33 892 9,052 10x7 2.5x2.5 23.91 -0.5 6 5.5 Existing Pump Station Hau Ca Cat Sluice + Pump 4 267.50 1,339 13,578 14.5x16.2 3.5 10 -1 5.3 5 Existing Station Sau Quang Sluice + Pump 5 185.00 926 9,391 14.5x16.2 3.5 10 -1 5.3 5 500 Station Hau Muong Vop sluice + Pump 6 190.00 951 9,644 14.5x16.2 3.5 10 -1 5.3 5 80 Station Hau Bao Goc sluice + Pump 7 248.30 1,243 12,605 14.5x16.2 3.5 10 -1 5,3 5 80 Station II Hong Ngu town Ong On Sluice (irrigation) + 2x1.5x1. 1 137.0 686 6,954 10x7 22.11 -0.5 5 5.5 900 Pump Station (K1-Tan Hoi) 5 Bay Muoi Hai Sluice + Pump 2 270.0 1,351 13,705 14.5x16.2 3.5 10 -1 5.3 5 820 Station (K2-An Binh B) Ong Nhon Sluice + Pump 3 270.0 1,351 13,705 14.5x16.2 3.5 10 -1 5.3 5 300 Station (K2-An Binh B) 34

No Item Area Irrigat Draina Pump Culvert dimension Embankment Medium- . ion ge station dimension Voltage Dimension line Bottom 3P-22KV L x W x H Aperture Length Elevation Width elevation (m) (ha) (m3/h) (m3/h) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) 4 Hai Xang sluice (K1-Tan Hoi) 137.0 686 6,954 5x3.5 28.81 -0.5 5 5.5 Dia Sinh Sluice (K3-Binh 5 210.0 1,051 10,660 3.5x6.3 26.2 -1 5.3 5 Thanh) Tau Cuoc Sewer (K3-An Binh 6 A)-(combined irrigation and 460.0 2,302 23,350 2.5x2.5 20.6 -0.5 4.5 5.5 drainage) Kho Be Sewer (K3-An Binh A)- 7 188.0 941 9,543 2.5x2.5 31.12 -2 5 5.5 (irrigation) III Tam Nong district Sluice+ Pump Station of West bank of Phu Thanh 3 Canal 1 (Thong Nhat) (Compartment 598.0 2,992 30,354 10x7 2.5x2.5 20 -0.5 4 5.5 10 No.13)-(combined irrigation and drainage) Sluice + Pump Station of West 2 bank of Khang Chien Canal (Cu 120.0 600 6,091 10x7 2.5x2.5 20 -0.5 4 5.5 200 Lao Chim)-(irrigation) Sluice + Pump Station of West bank of An Long 2 Canal 3 412.0 2,062 20,913 10x7 2.5x2.5 20 -0.5 4 5.5 60 (compartment No.5 Phu Ninh)- (drainage)

No Item Area Irrigat Draina Pump Culvert dimension Embankment Medium- . ion ge station dimension Voltage Dimension line Bottom 3P-22KV L x W x H Aperture Length Elevation Width elevation (m) (ha) (m3/h) (m3/h) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) Sluice + Pump Station of North bank of Dong Tien Canal 4 (Compartment No.14)- 290.5 1,454 14,746 10x7 2.5x2.5 20 -0.5 4 5.5 1300 (combined irrigation and drainage) Sluice + Pump Station of North bank of Dong Tien Canal 5 398.7 1,995 20,236 10x7 2.5x2.5 20 -0.5 4 5.5 150 (compartment No.15), combined irrigation and drainage Sluice + Pump Station of West bank of An Long 2 Canal 6 412.0 2,062 20,913 10x7 2.5x2.5 20 -0.5 4 5.5 60 (compartment No.5 An Long), drainage IV Thanh Binh District Ca Gao Sluice (border the An 1 366.5 3,668 37,207 - 5 27 -2 4 6 50 Phong-My Hoa Canal) Ca Gao Sluice (border the 2 366.5 3,668 37,207 - 5 27 -2 4 6 50 Duong Gao Canal)

Table 1.3: Dimension of electric pumping stations Flow for Pump station Sluice Embankment LxB Elev- Flow Water No. of Medium- Irrigation Drain- age xH ation Head pumps Bot- Bot- Voltage Design- Top for Aper- Leng- tom tom line No. Item ned eleva- pump ture th eleva- eleva- 3P-22KV area tion place- tion tion (m) ment (ha) (m3/h) (m3/h) (m) (m) (m3/h) (m) (pump) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) Hong Ngu I District Muong Vop 1 95 475.4 4.822 10x6x5 4.50 1,500 5 2 1.5x2.5 23.91 -0.5 6 5.5 Existing Station 2 Chin Hue Station 178 892.4 9.052 10x6x5 4.50 1,500 5 3 1.5x2.5 23.91 -0.5 6 5.5 Existing Roc Nga Tu 3 252 1.259.3 12.775 10x6x5 4.50 1,500 5 3 1.5x2.5 19.75 -0.5 4.5 5.5 70 Station Don Ganh 4 126 630 6.387 10x6x5 4.50 1,500 5 3 1.5x2.5 19.75 -0.5 4.5 5.5 750 Station Repair of Bay 5 126 630 12.775 10x6x5 4.50 1,500 5 3 1.5x2.5 19.75 -0.5 4.5 5.5 2,000 Den Station 6 Bay Ngoi Station 126 630 6.387 10x7x5 4.50 1,500 5 3 2.5x2.5 19.75 -0.5 4.5 5.5 Existing 7 Bay Xe Station 268 1.338.6 13.578 10x7x5 4.50 1,500 5 3 2.5x2.5 19.75 -0.5 4.5 5.5 900 Hai Thuoc 8 248 1.242.7 12.605 10x6x5 4.50 1,500 5 3 1.5x2.5 19.75 -0.5 4.5 5.5 1,500 Station 9 Coi Dai Station 178 892.4 9.052 10x6x5 4.50 1,500 5 3 1.5x2.5 19.75 -0.5 4.5 5.5 1,500 Xeo Chon 10 123 613.0 6.218 10x6x5 4.50 1,500 5 2 1.5x2.5 19.75 -0.5 4.5 5.5 1,000 Station

Flow for Pump station Sluice Embankment LxB Elev- Flow Water No. of Medium- Irrigation Drain- age xH ation Head pumps Bot- Bot- Voltage Design- Top for Aper- Leng- tom tom line No. Item ned eleva- pump ture th eleva- eleva- 3P-22KV area tion place- tion tion (m) ment (ha) (m3/h) (m3/h) (m) (m) (m3/h) (m) (pump) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) 11 Ba Tuong Station 185 925.7 9.391 10x6x5 4.50 1,500 5 3 1.5x2.5 23.91 -0.5 5 5.5 100 II Hong Ngu town Kenh Cut Station 1 (K10, Binh 200 1.000.8 10.152 10x6x4.6 4.10 1,500 4.6 3 1.5x2.5 19.75 -0.5 4.1 5.5 150 Thanh) Ong Toi Station 2 137 685.5 6.954 10x6x4.6 4.10 1,500 4.6 3 1.5x2.5 23.91 -0.5 4.8 5.5 1,800 (K1, Tan Hoi) Bau Chua (K9, 3 195 975.8 9.898 10x6x4.6 4.10 1,500 4.6 3 1.5x2.5 19.75 -0.5 4.1 5.5 1,000 Binh Thanh) Ca Ro+Sam Sai 4 Station (K8, 188 938.3 9.518 10x6x4.6 4.10 1,500 4.6 3 1.5x2.5 19.75 -0.5 4.1 5.5 40 Binh Thanh) Ong Chieu 5 Station (K3, 140 700.6 7.106 10x6x4.6 4.10 1,500 4.6 2 1.5x2.5 19.75 -0.5 4.1 5.5 130 Binh Thanh) Bay Thuoc 6 Station (K2, 180 900.7 9.137 10x6x4.6 4.10 1,500 4.6 3 1.5x2.5 19.75 -0.5 4.1 5.5 1,000 Binh Thanh) Ut Le Station 7 211 1.057.1 10.723 10x6x4.6 4.10 1,500 4.6 3 1.5x2.5 19.75 -0.5 4.1 5.5 250 (K2, An Binh A)

Table 1.4: Dimension of reinforcing the head of drainage canals in Hong Ngu town No. Items Dimension Top Length Width Structure Note elevation (m) (m) (m) I Hong Ngu town Head of Thong Nhat canal bordered with So Reinforced concrete surface: 12 cm 1 200.00 4.00 +3.80 Surface and 2 talus Ha river (west bank) thick, reinforcing talus: 8 cm thick Head of Khang Chien canal bordered with Reinforced concrete surface: 12 cm 2 400.00 4.00 +3.80 Surface and 2 talus Tan Thanh – Lo Gach canal (2 banks) thick, reinforcing talus: 8 cm thick Head of Binh Thanh 2 canal bordered with Reinforced concrete surface: 12 cm 3 400.00 4.00 +3.80 Surface and 2 talus Tan Thanh – Lo Gach (2 banks) thick, reinforcing talus: 8 cm thick Head of Thong Nhat canal bordered with Tan Reinforced concrete surface: 12 cm 4 200.00 4.00 +3.80 Surface and 2 talus Thanh – Lo Gach canal (West bank) thick, reinforcing talus: 8 cm thick Head of Hai Thang Chin canal bordered with Reinforced concrete surface: 12 cm Surface and 1 talus 5 200.00 4.00 +5.00 Hong Ngu – Vinh Hung canal (east bank) thick, reinforcing talus: 8 cm thick Head of Khang Chien canal bordered with Reinforced concrete surface: 12 cm Surface and 1 talus 6 200.00 4.00 +5.00 Hong Ngu – Vinh Hung canal (east bank) thick, reinforcing talus: 8 cm thick Head of An Binh canal (Ba Anh bridge) Reinforced concrete surface: 12 cm 7 bordered with Hong Ngu – Vinh Hung canal 200.00 4.00 +3.80 Surface and 2 talus thick, reinforcing talus: 8 cm thick (east bank) II Hong Ngu district Head of Ca Sach canal bordered with So Reinforced concrete surface: 12 cm Reinforcing surface 8 160.00 4.00 As existing Thuong river (2 banks) thick, reinforcing talus: 8 cm thick and 2 talus Head of Coi Tieu canal bordered with So Reinforced concrete surface: 12 cm Reinforcing surface 9 160.00 4.00 As existing Thuong river (2 banks) thick, reinforcing talus: 8 cm thick and 2 talus Head of Coi Dai canal bordered with So Reinforced concrete surface: 12 cm Reinforcing surface 10 160.00 4.00 As existing Thuong river (2 banks) thick, reinforcing talus: 8 cm thick and 2 talus 40

No. Items Dimension Top Length Width Structure Note elevation (m) (m) (m) Head of Ca Cat sluice and pump station (2 Reinforced concrete surface: 12 cm Reinforcing surface 11 80.00 4.00 As existing banks) thick, reinforcing talus: 8 cm thick and 2 talus Reinforced concrete surface: 12 cm Reinforcing surface 12 Head of Nam Mung sluice (2 banks) 80.00 4.00 As existing thick, reinforcing talus: 8 cm thick and 2 talus Total 2,440 Table 1.5: Dimension of strengthening semi-dykes Dimension (m) No. Item Structure Note Length Foundation Surface Elevation Section I Hong Ngu district 12,980 1 Suon 2 canal: East bank route; top 5,550 5.00 3.50 +5.00 From K0+000 Reinforced Surface and canal- surface, canal side slope; field side concrete surface: side talus of all slope in weak places 12 cm thick, route Neoweb talus 2 North bank of Tu Thuong canal 2,130 5.00 3.50 +5.00 From K0+000 Reinforced Surface and canal- (from Suon 2 canal to Dia Cat concrete surface: side talus of all canal), road surface and 2 talus 12 cm thick, route Neoweb talus 3 West bank of Dia Cat canal, road 4,000 5.00 3.50 +5.00 From K0+000 to Reinforced Surface and canal- surface and 2 talus K4+00 concrete surface: side talus of all 12 cm thick, route Neoweb talus 4 North bank of Tu Thuong canal 1,300 5.00 3.50 +5.00 From K9+640 to Reinforced Surface (from the conjunction of Cay Da K10+940 concrete surface: canal to So Thuong bridge), road 12 cm thick 41

Dimension (m) No. Item Structure Note Length Foundation Surface Elevation Section surface

II Hong Ngu town 10,494 1 South bank dike of Muong Lon 3,350 5.00 3.50 +5.20 From K0+000 to Reinforced Surface: 3,350m canal (K3 zone, An Binh A, the K3+350 concrete surface: and field-side talus: section from Hai Thang Chin canal 12 cm thick, 3,220 m to Kho Be residential area) and the Neoweb talus field-side talus 2 North bank dyke of Khang Chien 1 2,600 4.00 3.00 From From K0+000 to Reinforced Surface: 2,600m and the field-side talus +4.20 to K0+630 concrete surface: and field-side talus: +5.20 12 cm thick, 1,750m +3.80 From K0+630 to Neoweb talus K2+600 3 West bank dike of Khang Chien 4,544 4.00 3.00 From From K0+000 to Reinforced Surface canal (from Hong Ngu – Vinh +3.90 to K0+900; From concrete surface: Hung canal to the border of Hong +5.10 K3+035 to 12 cm thick Ngu and Tam Nong) K3+600 +3.80 From K0+900 to K3+035; From K3+600 to K4+544 III Tam Nong district 30,775 1 East bank dike of Khang Chien 10,175 5.00 3.50 +3.50 From border canal Reinforced Surface canal (from border canal of Hong of Hong Ngu – concrete surface: Ngu – Tam Nong to Dong Tien Tam Nong to 12 cm thick canal) Trung Tam canal From From Trung Tam

Dimension (m) No. Item Structure Note Length Foundation Surface Elevation Section +3.50 to canal to Dong Tien +4.90 canal 2 North bank dike of Dong Tien 10,000 5.00 3.50 From From K0+000 to Reinforced Surface canal (from Hai Thang Chin canal +3.50 to K10+000 concrete surface: to Thong Nhat canal) +5.20 12 cm thick 3 East bank dike of Hai Thang Chin 10,600 5.00 3.50 From From K0+000 to Surface Reinforced canal (from An Binh canal to +3.50 to K10+600 concrete surface: border canal of Thanh Binh – Tam +5.80 12 cm thick Nong) IV Thanh Binh district 23,221 1 East bank dike of Khang Chien 3,094 5.00 3.50 From From K0+000 to Reinforced Surface canal (from Duong Gao canal to +3.50 to K3+094 concrete surface: border canal of Tam Nong) +4.30 12 cm thick 2 West bank dyke of Thong Nhat 4,917 5.00 3.50 From From K0+000 to Reinforced Surface canal (from An Phong – My Hoa +3.50 to K4+917 concrete surface: canal to Duong Gao canal) +5.60 12 cm thick 3 North bank dyke of An Phong – 6,050 5.00 3.50 From From K0+000 to Surface My Hoa canal (from Hai Thang +3.50 to K2+050; From Reinforced Chin canal to Thong Nhat canal) +4.90 K2+550 to K6+050 concrete surface: +3.50 From K2+050 to 12 cm thick K2+450 4 East bank dyke of Hai Thang Chin 5,585 5.00 3.50 From From K0+00 to Reinforced Surface canal (from An Phong – My Hoa +3.50 to K1+000; From concrete surface: to border canal Tam Nong) +3.80 K1+350 to 12 cm thick K2+150; From K5+100 to K5+585 +3.50 From K1+000 to 43

Dimension (m) No. Item Structure Note Length Foundation Surface Elevation Section K1+350; From K2+150 to K5+100 5 South dyke bank of Duong Gao 3,575 5.00 3.50 From From K0+000 to Reinforced Surface canal (from Khang Chien canal to +3.80 to K3+575 concrete surface: Thong Nhat canal) +4.30 12 cm thick Total 77.470

Figure 1.4: The overall map of structural works

Figure 1.5: Location of constructions in Hong Ngu district

Figure 1.6: Location of constructions in Thanh Binh district

Dredging canals Reinforcing semi-dykes Reinforcing canal heads Building open culverts Building sluices Figure 1.7: BuildingLocation pump of constructions stations in Hong Ngu town

Dredging canals Reinforcing semi-dykes Reinforcing canal heads Building open culverts Building sluices Figure 1.8: Location of constructions in Tam Nong district Building pump stations

Figure 1.9: Typical cross-section of reinforcing surface and talus on the field side of Muong Lon canal (Hong Ngu town)

Figure 1.10: Typical cross-section of strengthening semi-embankment by Neoweb technology

Figure 1.11: Typical cross-section of reinforcing west bank of Khang Chien canal (bordered with Tan Thanh – Lo Gach)

Figure 1.12: Typical cross-section of reinforcing bank of Hai Thang Chin canal (bordered with Hong Ngu – Vinh Hung)

Figure 1.13: Typical image of Cay Dua culvert B = 3.5 m (Hong Ngu)

Figure 1.14: Basic design of the culvert on Ca Gao – Thanh Binh Canal (B=5m)

Figure 1.15: Image of the typical pumping station 51

1.4.3. Non-structural works

Besides investment in structural items, there are non-structural items such as demonstration of livelihood models and training, technical support such as:

- Implementation of livelihoods models: identified 7 models in the subproject area spreading over 4 districts (to replace the precarious 3-rice production model) as follows: ▪ Model 1: 2 rice crops, 1 natural fish. ▪ Model 2: 2 rice crops, 1giant freshwater shrimp. ▪ Model 3: 1 rice, 1 cash crop, 1 natural fish. ▪ Model 4: 2 rice, duck, natural fish. ▪ Model 5: 1 rice, 1 natural fish, aquatic plants (lotus, Sesbania sesban). ▪ Model 6: 2 rice, 1 shrimp, natural fish. ▪ Model 7: lotus, cultured fish, tourism combination.

- Technical assistance: ▪ Organize training courses for people to operate, manage and regulate water for specific production models, ensure flood water easily enters into fields, create a passage for fish and other aquatic organisms in the floodplain ecosystem; ▪ Build and strengthen the organizational structure of community-based management, involving people in all production activities in the subproject area; ▪ Develop programs and training courses on farming techniques, plant protection, processing and preservation of post-harvest products for TOT and farmers in the beneficiary area. ▪ Support the capital to 03 hatcheries of the province to meet the need of the area. The number, location and scale of the proposed livelihoods models are presented in Table 1.6. Table 1.6: Flooding livelihood models and location of demonstration sites Number Area Scale No. Model Location of demonstration of trained (ha) (ha) household I. HONG NGU DISTRICT 3,047 2,584 90 Zone I, Binh Hoa Ha Hamlet 10 W/S rice + S/A rice - Thuong Thoi Hau B

1 + natural fish, 153 Zone III of Hamlet 2 and 1,187.3 cultured fish Hamlet 6 - Thuong Thoi Hau 10 B The area outside the dyke

under Binh Hoa Trung 22 10 1,110 W/S rice + S/A rice hamlet - Thuong Thoi Hau A 2 + giant freshwater Small dike area under Binh shrimp Hoa Ha Hamlet – Thuong 10 Thoi Hau B 90 Zone II of Hamlet 1 and 10 52

Number Area Scale No. Model Location of demonstration of trained (ha) (ha) household Hamlet 6 – Thuong Thoi Hau B Zone 2, Giong Bang Hamlet 700 960 10 W/S rice, ducks + – Thuong Phuoc 1 S/A rice, ducks+ 3 natural fish, Compartment No,1, Binh cultured fish Hoa Thuong Hamlet – 748 10 Thuong Thoi Hau A W/S rice + flood Zone I, Binh Hoa Ha Hamlet 4 vegetable + natural 50 100 10 – Thuong Thoi Hau B fish, cultured fish W/S rice + S/A rice + natural fish, cultured fish, Zone 2, Giong Bang Hamlet 5 511 10 aquatic plants – Thuong Phuoc 1 (lotus, Sesbania sesban,…) II. HONG NGU TOWN 2,206 1,437 60 Zone 3, An Hoa Hamlet – 467 332 10 An Binh A Zone 3, Hamlet 2, An Binh 277 162 10 W/S rice + S/A rice B Commune 1 + natural fish, Zone 10, Binh Ly Hamlet – cultured fish 77 345 10 Binh Thanh Zone 3, Binh Chanh Hamlet 450 266 10 – Binh Thanh W/S rice + S/A rice Zone 8, Binh Thanh A 2 + giant freshwater 375 302 10 Hamlet – Binh Thanh shrimp W/S rice + Winter rice + cultured Zone 5, Binh Thanh 3 560 30 10 fish/shrimp natural Commune fish III. TAM NONG DISTRICT 2,015 1,100 50 Compartment No,5 – An 352 186 10 W/S rice + S/A rice Hoa 1 + natural fish, Compartment No,5 – An 412 502 10 cultured fish Long Compartment – Phu Ninh 181 20 10 W/S rice + S/A rice Cu Lao Chim zone, Phu 2 + giant freshwater 120 22 10 Thanh B Commune shrimp (lotus + cultured Compartment No,13, Phu 3 950 370 10 fish) + tourist Tho Commune 53

Number Area Scale No. Model Location of demonstration of trained (ha) (ha) household IV. THANH BINH DISTRICT 2,409 653 50 Famer groups No. 3-4, 10 W/S rice + S/A rice Hamlet 2, Phu Loi commune 1 + natural fish, 909.75 217 Famer group No. 5, Hamlet cultured fish 10 3, Phu Loi commune W/S rice + S/A rice Famer group No. 6, Hamlet 2 + giant freshwater 701.7 186 10 6, Phu Loi commune shrimp Famer group No. 7 Hamlet 10 W/S rice + flood 4, Phu Loi commune 3 vegetable + natural 797.13 250 Famer group No. 8, Hamlet fish, cultured fish 10 2, Phu Loi commune TOTAL 9,677 5,774 250 Note: W/S= Winter – Spring; S/A = Summer-Autumn

Figure 1.16: Flood production models of ICRSL project in Dong Thap province

Month/ year Irrigation requirement

No Farming system Full flood Water 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Agust flood control supply/drainage

Winter spring rice + Summer-autumn rice + 1 Spring rice Summer rice Natural fish None Yes Yes Cultured fish, natural fish

Winter spring rice + Summer-autumn rice + 2 Spring rice Summer rice None Yes Yes Giant fresh shrimp giant freshshrimp

Winter spring rice + Vegetable +Cultured fish, 3 Spring rice Vegetable (chilli, maize,…) Natural fish None Yes Yes natural fish

Winter spring rice +summer-authumn rise / 4 Spring rice, duck Summer rice, duck Natural fish None Yes Yes duck + Cultured fish, natural fish

Spring rice + summer rice + natural fish, flood 5 vegetable (lotus, Dien dien (Sesbania sesban) Springe rice Summer rice Fish+ flood vege. None Yes Yes flowers,…) Spring rice + Summer rice + Shrimp/Cultured 6 Springe rice Summer rice shrimp/natural fish None Yes Yes fish, natural fish

7 Lotus + culltured fish + tourism Lotus + black breeding fish+ touris None Yes Yes

Figure 1.17: Seasonal calendar for flood livelihood models

1.5. CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE SUBPROJECT

1.5.1. Dredging canals a). From K0 + 000 to K4 + 100 of the canals of Khang Chien, Hong Ngu - Tam Nong, Tam Nong Thanh Binh, Ca Cai

3 - Embanking to block water from the fields with a bucket excavator of 0.8 m ; 3 - Dredging canal with dredger ≤ 1.2 m (Figure 1.8);

- Repairing and roofing the canal banks.

Figure 1.18: Dredging canal with dredger b). From K4 + 100 to K30 + 288 of the canals of Khang Chien and Khang Chien 1

3 - Embanking to block water from the fields with a bucket excavator of 0.8 m .

- Installing plastic pipe diameter d = 114 mm. 3 - Digging ditches by digging machine bucket 0.8 m .

- Dredging canal by a vessel with a capacity of ≤2000CV, pipe height ≤ 5 m, pipe length ≤1700 m from the dredging site to the sludge storage (Figure 1.9).

Figure 1.19: Dredging canal by a vessel with a capacity of below 2000CV

1.5.2. Strengthening semi-dykes and canal heads a). Constructing talus

- Digging of foundation pit: Using a digging machine with a capacity of 0.8 m3 digging pit holes for land pouring along the right bank or transporting to the ground to dry the soil and manually excavate the foundation and repair the foundation to achieve design elevation.

- Pilling melaleuca piles.

- Concrete foundation: Using a concrete mixer, stone 1x2 M250, pour the mixture interlaced into Melaleuca, this concrete layer must be compacted as concrete pre-stressed concrete. Any movement on the surface is only allowed after 24 hours.

- Installation of steel and coffer.

- Concrete: Using a concrete mixer, stone 1x2 M250. It is poured down with the gutter system, compacted by compactor 1.5KW, raked by handed rake. The concrete layer must be strong and waterproof.

- Executing talus: (i) creating a roof and bottom elevation as designed. At the roof of the talus, filling roof to the canal side, digging organic layer and level (teeth) to increase the adhesion, friction between the soil layer and the soil before embankment design; (ii) Apply 50 cm thick layer of soil, firmly compacted.

- Reinforcing dyke talus by E’GRID Geocell: NEOWEB is a cellular confinement system, manufactured from a HDPE alloy, it improved for concrete by structuring likely net.

- Neoweb material technology is cellular confinement, honeycomb-shaped cellular network that improves structural stability and structural reinforcement. The compartment system combined with the backfill material forms a composite structure, with enhanced geophysical and mechanical properties. The system separates, maintains and protects the interior backing materials in three directions, creating high strength in each direction (Figure 1.20).

Figure 1.20: Constructing talus with Neoweb material technology b). Reinforcing dyke surface

- Using bulldozer 110cv, compactor and water tank to compact sand on the road bed (ground foundation) with a tightness of K> = 0.95, ironing the slope in accordance with the design.

- Creating a slope across the road i = 3%; curbside i = 4%.

- Spreading plastic to waterproof and anti-dehydration for concrete, plastic fabric covered sand surface and sides of reinforced concrete panels.

- Processing reinforced plate of round steel Ø10, the distance between the two plates is 150mm and tied with zinc at each. The outer must rust-free, the reinforced mesh ensures the correct design.

- Reinforced concrete, stone 1x2 M250 in accordance with the design has a depression of 2 - 4cm, using the compactor to the ramp. Slope across the road 2%.

- Maintain concrete by watering or moistening by sanding the surface to prevent cracking and give the concrete enough strength.

- The horizontal joints of the knitting panels made of wood, on the plank are mastic asphalt.

- Construction of signboards (Figure 1.21).

Figure 1.21: Strengthening semi-dykes

1.5.3. Executing culverts and pump stations

- Digging foundation: (i) excavating the foundation including the sluice, bottom, wing wall by excavator 0.8m³. Digging to the elevation of the bottom pit; (ii) complete excavation to create foundation pit mold manually to the design elevation.

- Construction of foundation pit: (i) Pile concrete, reinforce foundation with a hammer weighing ≤1,2T; (ii) Pile melaleuca manually (iii) dredging and cleaning trowel before pouring concrete; (ii) drainage pits (if necessary).

- Construction of the head wall, wing wall, sluice, working floor, absorption basin, lifting frame.

- Executing sluice: digging the soil to fill the sluices, compact to reach the tightness of the design.

- Construction of knit sheet of roof: (i) install steel, formwork to concreting; (ii) install concrete sheet into the roof, dike, etc.

- Construction of road plates: (i) install steel, formwork prepares for concreting; (ii) install concrete sheet into necessary position...

- Clean and return the site (Figure 1.22).

Figure 1.22: Constructing open culvert

1.6. LIST OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT

The list of machinery and equipment to be used for the construction of the subproject is summarized in Table 1.7 and most of those are second hand. However, they are regularly maintained and the depreciation rate is only 10-20%. Table 1.7: List of equipment and machinery using for the subproject Number of No. Equipment Unit Quantity sites I Dredging canal 1 Excavator bucket, crawler - bucket capacity 0.80 m3 piece 3 6 2 Excavator Bucket - bucket capacity of 1.20 m3 piece 3 6

Number of No. Equipment Unit Quantity sites 3 Barge works - tonnage 300.0 T piece 3 6 4 Excavator bucket, crawler - bucket capacity 0.40m3 piece 3 6 5 Ironing machine - capacity 108.0 CV piece 3 6 6 Dredger - 1200 CV capacity piece 3 6 Ships and towing service (anchoring, oil supply, piece 6 7 3 etc.) - capacity of 360 CV 8 Floating crane, tow - lifting capacity 30T piece 3 6 9 Boats - capacity 23 CV piece 3 6 10 Portable generator - capacity 50.0 kW piece 3 6 11 Electric winch - pulling force 3.0 T piece 3 6 II Execution digging and embossing piece 1 Excavator bucket, crawler - bucket capacity 0.80 m3 piece 4 8 2 Ironing machine - capacity 108.0 CV piece 5 8 3 Dump Truck - 5,0 T piece 1 8 4 Automobile watering - capacity 5.0 m3 piece 1 8 5 Tanker Truck - Tonnage 7.0 T piece 1 8 III Execution of concrete piece Concrete compactor, table dressing - capacity 1.0 piece 8 1 4 kW 2 Concrete compactor, beamer - capacity of 1.5 kW piece 4 8 3 Self-propelled vibrator - 25T piece 1 8 4 Crankshaft hoists - lifting capacity 16.0 T piece 3 8 5 Crawler crane - lifting capacity 10.0 T piece 2 8 6 Tail breezier + crawler head - weight 9.0 T piece 3 8 7 Self-propelled airbags - weight 16.0 T piece 1 8 8 Self-propelled airbags - Weight: 9 T; piece 1 8 9 Self-propelled steel wheels - weight 10.0 T piece 1 8 10 Vertical Drilling Machine - Capacity 4.5 Kw piece 3 8 11 Concrete mixer - 250.0 litters capacity piece 3 8 12 Concrete mixer - capacity 500.0 litters piece 4 8 III Execution formwork piece 1 Grinder - power 1,0 kW piece 1 8 2 Grinder - 2.7 kW piece 2 8 3 Compressor, diesel engine - capacity 240.00 m3/h piece 1 8 4 Compressor, diesel engine - capacity 360,00 m3/h piece 2 8 5 Milling machine - capacity of 7.0 kW piece 2 8 6 Turning machine - 10 kW piece 2 8 7 AC welding alternator - capacity 23.0 kW piece 3 8 59

Number of No. Equipment Unit Quantity sites 8 Cutting machine - power 2.8 kW piece 1 8 9 Cutting machine Plasma piece 3 8 10 Shearing machine - capacity 15.0 kW piece 2 8 11 Steel bending machine - capacity 5.0 kW piece 4 8 12 Metal saw - capacity 2.7 kW piece 2 8

13 Hoist - lifting capacity 0.8 T - H lifting 80 m piece 3 8 Labor demand for subproject: Labor demand for subproject is expected to be 230-270 people on average and 300 people at peak (Table 1.8) during the construction phase and 10-15 persons in the operation phase. In the construction phase, the contractor will arrange camps for workers at the construction sites, camps with mobile toilets, health centers and clean water tanks. During operation, operators will live at the construction managing dwelling. Table 1.8: Number of workers at peak times Strengthening Culvert - Items Dredging canal Total semi-dikes pumps Worker (person) 20-30 30-40 180-200 230-270

1.7. AFFECTED AREA OF THE SUBPROJECT

− During the construction phase: ▪ Dredging: impacts on the surrounding area with the radius of about 500m and waste disposal sites, impacts are local, occur only during construction. Given that in some areas of raising aquaculture such as the head of Khang Chien canal adjacent to Vinh Hung - Hong Ngu canal (Pangasius farming area) and Cu Lao Chim section of Tam Nong district (white leg shrimp and giant freshwater shrimp farming). ▪ Strengthening semi embankments and spillways: Impacts on areas around the radius of 100-200m. This activity will affect households living along the strengthening routes. However, people live only in some main residential clusters, such as residential areas of Khang Chien, Ca No, An Binh B, North Dong Tien canal. The remaining population lives scattered along the hardening routes. The impacts are short-term, along the dike and can be controlled. ▪ Construction of culverts, pump stations: Impact radius 100-200m. This impact is mainly by noise. The culverts/pumping stations are concentrated in Hong Ngu town and Hong Ngu districts. Some sewers are located on the residential lines (RLs), the rest are outside the fields. Note that in Tam Nong district there is a sewer/pumping station in the compartment No. 13 located 70m away from Tram Chim NP. The main impact is noise, however, this culvert is small, and using melaleuca piles, Tram Chim NP is protected by a guard station, so the impact is low. Each sewer/ pumping station will be constructed in 3-6 months, maximum of 6 months to avoid the annual flood, the impacts can be controlled.

− During operation phase: When the construction of strengthening embankment, culverts, sluices and pumping stations is finished, it will actively support the livelihoods models

spreading to the whole area with the area of 22,806ha and improve the livelihoods of people in the whole subproject area (Figure 1.23).

Figure 1.23: The benefit area of the subproject There are no historical, cultural, spiritual and archaeological sites at all levels (local, provincial, national as well as international) in the subproject area. Some natural receptors around the subproject area include Tram Chim NP, Gao Giong Ecological Tourism Area, Lang Sen Wetland Reserve, Bung Binh Thien Ecosystem, Sam Mountain, Tra Su Melaleuca forest, Dai mountain, Cam mountain, Tuc Dup mountain. Most of these natural receptors are located 10 to 60 km from the subproject area, except Tram Chim NP adjacent to the subproject. See Figure 1.24 and Table 1.9 for details.

Figure 1.24: Natural receptors in the subproject area Table 1.9: Distance from natural receptors to the subproject location No. Name of receptors Distance to the Note: nearest construction nearest construction (km) 1 Tram Chim National Park 0.07 Culvert + West bank Pump Station of Phu Thanh 3 Canal (Thong Nhat) (Compartment No.13)- (combined irrigation culvert)

2 Gao Giong Ecological Tourism 10 Hardening semi-dyke of the Area northern bank of An Phong – My Hoa (from canal 2/9 to Thong Nhat canal)

No. Name of receptors Distance to the Note: nearest construction nearest construction (km)

3 Lang Sen Wetland Reserve 25.6 Culvert + West bank Pump Station of Phu Thanh 3 Canal (Thong Nhat) (compartment No.13)-(combined irrigation culvert)

4 Bung Binh Thien Ecosystem 15.5 Reinforcing semi-dyke of the eastern bank of Suon 2 canal

5 Sam Mountain 27.5 Reinforcing semi-dyke of the eastern bank of Suon 2 canal

6 Tra Su Melaleuca forest 37.4 Reinforcing semi-dyke of the eastern bank of Suon 2 canal

No. Name of receptors Distance to the Note: nearest construction nearest construction (km) 7 Dai Mountain 55.2 Reinforcing semi-dyke of the eastern bank of Suon 2 canal

8 Cam Mountain 47.8 Reinforcing semi-dyke of the eastern bank of Suon 2 canal

9 Tuc Dup Mountain 60.2 Reinforcing semi-dyke of the eastern bank of Suon 2 canal

No. Name of the object Distance to the Note: nearest construction nearest construction (km)

4 Thuong Thoi Hau B CPC 0.6 Cay Dua Sluice 5 Cau Muong Market 0.27 Cay Dua Sluice

II Hong Ngu Commune 1 Binh Thanh Primary School 0.25 Strengthening spillway of Binh Thanh 2 Canal, bordered with Tan Thanh – Lo Gach (2 banks)

2 Binh Thanh High School 2.3 Strengthening semi-dike: North bank of Khang Chien 1 canal 3 Binh Thanh CPC 2.0 Strengthening semi-dyke: North bank of Khang Chien 1 canal 4 An Binh B Primary School 0.20 Strengthening spillway: Khang Chien canal bordered with Hong Ngu – Vinh Hung Canal (the east bank)

No. Name of the object Distance to the Note: nearest construction nearest construction (km)

5 An Binh B CPC 0.60 Strengthening spillway: Khang Chien canal bordered with Hong Ngu – Vinh Hung Canal (the east bank) III Tam Nong District 1 Phu Thanh B Primary School 0.17 Strengthening semi-dyke: East bank of Khang Chien canal (bordered canal of Hong Ngu town-Tam Nong and Thanh Binh-Tam Nong

2 Phu Thanh A Wharf 0.05 Strengthening semi-dyke: North bank of Dong Tien canal (from canal 2/9 to Thong Nhat canal)

3 Phu Thanh A High School 0.19 Strengthening semi-dyke: North bank of Dong Tien canal (from canal 2/9 to Thong Nhat canal) 4 Phu Thanh A CPC 0.15 Strengthening semi-dyke: North bank of Dong Tien canal (from canal 2/9 to Thong Nhat canal) 5 Phu Tho CPC 0.2 Strengthening semi-dyke: North bank of Dong Tien canal (from canal 2/9 to Thong Nhat canal)

No. Name of the object Distance to the Note: nearest construction nearest construction (km) IV Thanh Binh District 1 Phu Loi Primary School 0.05 Strengthening semi-dyke: East bank of Khang Chien canal (from Duong Gao Canal to the bordered canal of Tam Nong)

2 Phu Loi Secondary School 0.05 Dredging Khang Chien Canal (from Tam Nong-Thanh Binh canal to An Phong-My Hoa canal)

3 Health Station of Phu Loi Commune 0.05 Dredging Khang Chien Canal (from Tam Nong-Thanh Binh canal to An Phong-My Hoa canal)

Figure 1.25: Sensitive receptors in Thanh Binh district

Figure 1.26: Sensitive receptors in Tam Nong district

Figure 1.27: Sensitive receptors in Hong Ngu town

Figure 1.28: Sensitive receptors in Hong Ngu district 69

1.8. MATERIAL SUPPLIES

− Sources for materials : In the construction site, there are only materials used for filling (soil), other materials such as iron, cement, timber, stone, sand must be bought and transported from other places. Iron, cement purchased in Dong Thap.

− Means to transport materials: mainly by waterway using barge or large boat. When approaching the site area, it is necessary to switch to other inland roads using vehicles. The remaining is carried manually (Figure 1.29). The main raw materials of the subproject are shown in Table 1.11. Table 1.11: Volume of materials for construction No. Materials Unit Mass Total Dredging Reinforcing Reinforcing Culverts, Pumping canals semi-dykes spillways sluices stations Dredging 1 100m3 4,188.,2 - - - - 4,188.2 mass Excavated 2 100m3 1,339.7 166.3 342.8 191.8 2,040.6 soils 3 Filling soils 100m3 - 1,657.2 10.7 276.9 230.9 2,175.6 4 Sand 100m3 - 276.9 4.0 3.3 - 284.3 Melaleuca 5 100m - 14,797.1 1,280.0 3,411.4 2,846.4 22,334.9 pile Concrete 6 100m - - - 253.8 - 253.8 pile 7 Concrete m3 - 52,855.8 3,345.5 6,184.6 4,292.3 66,678.3 Reinforcing 8 Ton - 3,256.3 127.8 765.4 375.4 4,524.9 steel 9 Formwork 100m2 - 354.3 84.0 213.6 152.4 804.2 10 Plastic sheet 100m2 - 4,163.7 703.2 124.5 163.4 5,154.9 11 Gabion unit - - 3,600.0 579.0 68.3 4,247.2

Figure 1.29: Routes for construction material transportation of the subproject

1.9. DISPOSAL SITES AND TRANSPORTATION ROUTES

The volume of excavated soil of the subproject is 204,600m3 and this soil will be reused in place for embanking and ground filling. No waste is disposed of. The total volume of dredged soil to be dumped is 418,820m3. It is anticipated that the entire volume of this material will be transferred to 7 disposal sites and 4 canal embankment routes to upgrade the August embankment. The ESIA consultant has conducted supplement site- survey at all proposed disposal sites and their surrounding areas to collect background information as a basis for assessment. These dumps will be located right along the dredging route to minimize the transport distance. Dredging, transportation routes for waste from dredging areas to the disposal sites and typical features of the disposal sites are shown in Figure 1.30.

Figure 1.30: Dredging, transportation routes for sludge from dredging to the disposal sites Table 1.12: Location and area of disposal sites No. Name of site Area Location Coordinate system VN2000, meridian axis (ha) 105o00, Projection 3o Corner X (m) Y (m) point I Disposal site 15,0 Binh Thanh (a) 1195925.58 541292.54 1 Site No.1 2.0 commune, Hong (b) 1196083.98 541321.18 Ngu town (c) 1196062.52 541441.48

(d) 1195904.26 541415.38 An Binh A, (a) 1194766.57 542514.04 2 Site No. 2 1.5 commune, Hong (b) 1194713.49 542429.77 Ngu town (c) 1194587.15 542510.97

(d) 1194640.23 542593.49 An Binh A, (a) 1192648.24 543921.47 3 Site No. 3a 2.31 commune, Hong (b) 1192614.90 543877.83 Ngu town (c) 1192266.96 544109.06

(d) 1192297.07 544153.68 4 Site No. 3b 1.76 An Binh B, (a) 1192687.28 544095.91

No. Name of site Area Location Coordinate system VN2000, meridian axis (ha) 105o00, Projection 3o Corner X (m) Y (m) point commune, Hong (b) 1192656.70 544050.03 Ngu town (c) 1192390.94 544226.49 (d) 1192421.63 544269.76 5 Site No. 3c An Binh b, (a) 1192365.68 544325.65 1.43 commune, Hong (b) 1192340.53 544276.30 Ngu town (c) 1192109.84 544396.61

(d) 1192134.99 544443.79 6 Site No. 4 Phu Thanh B, (a) 1189278.27 546269.42 5.0 Tam Nong (b) 1189204.83 546107.53 district (c) 1189036.81 546173.39

(d) 1189082.62 546390.33 7 Site No. 5 Phu Loi (a) 1175560.38 552520.72 1.0 commune, Thanh (b) 1175539.26 552497.48 Binh district (c) 1174759.71 553122.66

(d) 1174779.73 553144.51 Sites along II 6.66 canal bank 1 Khang Chien 1.64 An Binh B, First point 1199792.04 541195.39 canal section commune, Hong from K0- Ngu town End point 1195844.34 541863.95 K4+100 2 Border canal 1.42 An Binh B, First point 11898436.88 541661.598 of Hong Ngu commune, Hong - Tam Nong Ngu town End point 11913200.65 544845.839 3 Border canal 2.01 Phu Loi First point 11778279.31 550574.489 of Tam Nong commune, Thanh – Thanh Binh Binh district End point 11791187.45 554225.397 4 Ca Cai canal 1.59 Phu Loi First point 11766887.97 551455.724 commune, Thanh Binh district End point 11751618.87 548780.71

1.10. AUXILIARY WORKS

- The main source of electricity is from the national grid. Contractors will sign contracts with the electricity authority form districts/township in the subproject area to get electricity for construction activities. - Petrol and oil used for construction machines and transport vehicles are taken from petrol stations in the area. - Water for construction: can be used directly from residential water, surface water from rivers, canals near the construction sites. 73

- Worker camps: ▪ For dredging items: Construction is mainly on barges, so camp will not be built on canal banks but use barges as a camp for workers to rest in the working. After working hours, workers will move from the construction site to live with local people at 2 sides of the canal near the construction site. As a result, camps are not built. ▪ For strengthening embankment and spillways: With the characteristic of route construction, there have people living scattered along the two sides of the embankments and spillways, so there are no needs to build worker camps and the workers will live in the local people near the construction routes during their working there. ▪ For open culverts, sluices and pump stations: Each item will be provided with temporary houses for construction workers. Most of the culverts are small with an aperture of 1.5- 3.5m, only 2 sluices of 5-m aperture, so the construction area is small with only 400- 500m2/item. A typical construction site for a culvert is shown in the Appendix.

1.11. INVESTMENT FUND AND IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

1.11.1. Investment fund

Total investment of the subproject is 664,300,000,000 VND (In words: Six hundred sixty four billion, three hundred million VND). Details are in Table 1.13. Table 1.13: Total investment cost of the subproject No. Item Label Amount (VNĐ)

1 Compensation and land clearance cost GGPMB 45,439,000,000

2 Construction cost GXD 407,436,295,000

3 Management cost GQLDA 6,185,629,000

4 Consultant cost GTV 34,927,977,000

5 Other cost GK 23,586,948,000 6 Cost for non-structural activities Gsk 90,310,000,000

7 Contingency cost GDP 56,414,151,000

Total cost GVTN 664.300.000.000

1.11.2. Implementation schedule

− Preparing a feasibility report (FS) for approval: Quarter IV / 2018

− Implementation of compensation and land clearance: 2018-2019

− Implementation of subproject: 2018-2022

1.12. ORGANIZATION FOR THE SUBPROJECT MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION

- Subproject management agency: ▪ Dong Thap PPC is the investment decision maker, which will approve the subproject implementation, procurement plan, audit report of the subproject; its agencies include

Dong Thap DARD and ICRSL Project Management Board of Dong Thap that are responsible for implementing the subproject’s contents ▪ Dong Thap DARD is the subproject owner performing the coordinating function of the whole subproject. ▪ Dong Thap PPC, DPCs of Tam Nong, Thanh Binh, Hong Ngu and Hong Ngu Town in coordination with ICRSL Project Management Board of Dong Thap direct the subproject in the area, responsible for the whole compensation, land acquisition, resettlement for local people where the subproject takes place. The chart of management and implementation organization of subproject is illustrated in Figure 1.31.

Dong Thap PPC approves the subproject, allocates funds and Phases of preparation assigns DARD to be the subproject owner and construction

- Project manager

Representative of the subproject - Construction supervision owner (ICRSL PPMU) consultant - Technical consultant - Environmental Officer Subcontractors Contractors

Site manager

Quality Supervision and Technical

Department of the Contractor

Construction team

Worker camps (for sluices and pump Workers living in local people’s houses stations) (for construction by routes/lines)

Power Covered Personal Dust pin and First garbage protective Toilets (domestic water aid area (hazardous equipment waste) supply waste)

------Operation phase Subproject operation agencies

Figure 1.31: Management and implementation chart of the subproject

CHAPTER 2. NATURAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE SUBPROJECT AREA

This chapter assesses the dimensions of the study area and describes (a) relevant natural condition; (b) the current status of environmental quality; (c) biological environment; (d) socio-economic condition; (e) characteristics of construction areas. Also takes into account current and proposed development activities within the subproject area but not directly connected to the subproject.

2.1. NATURAL CONDITION

2.1.1. The geographical location of the subproject

The geographical locations of the dredged canals, strengthening semi-dykes, strengthening spillways, sluices and culverts, pump stations are illustrated in Table 2.1 to Table 2.5. Table 2.1: Details of dredged canals Coordinate system VN2000, meridian axis 105o00, Projection 3o Item First point End point X(m) Y(m) X(m) Y(m) I Hong Ngu Commune Khang Chien Canal (from Tan 1 Thanh Lo Gach Canal to Hong 1199623.489 541324.747 1195270.612 542336.454 Ngu – Vinh Hung Canal) Khang Chien Canal (from Hong Ngu – Vinh Hung to 2 1195130.039 542447.5 1191317.604 544843.412 border canal of Hong Ngu town – Tam Nong) Border canal of Hong Ngu town – Tam Nong (section 3 1189843.688 541661.598 1191320.065 544845.839 from Hai Thang Chin Canal to Khang Chien Canal) 4 Khang Chien 1 Canal 1196219.566 539499.861 1195686.516 542019.427 III Tam Nong District Khang Chien Canal (from border canal of Hong Ngu 1 town – Tam Nong to border 1191289.072 544873.829 1177800.262 550562.678 canal of Tam Nong – Thanh Binh) IV Thanh Binh District Khang Chien Canal (from Border canal of Tam Nong – 1 1177804.598 550585.768 1173686.312 553918.578 Thanh Binh to An Phong – My Hoa Canal) Border canal of Thanh Binh – 2 Tam Nong (from Khang Chien 1177827.931 550574.489 1179118.745 554225.397 Canal to Thong Nhat Canal)

3 Ca Cai Canal (from Khang 1176688.797 551455.724 1175161.887 548780.71 Chien Canal to Hai Thang 77

Coordinate system VN2000, meridian axis 105o00, Projection 3o Item First point End point X(m) Y(m) X(m) Y(m) Chin Canal) Table 2.2: Details of strengthening semi-dykes in the subproject No. Item Coordinate system VN2000, meridian axis 105o00, Projection 3o First point End point X(m) Y(m) X(m) Y(m) I Hong Ngu District Suon 2 canal: East bank route; 1 top surface, canal side slope; 1204809.513 524069.98 1201549.447 526845.291 field side slope in weak places North bank of Tu Thuong Canal (from the intersection of Suon 2 2 1201546.995 526851.367 1201136.413 528907.067 Canal to Dia Cat canal), top surface and 2 talus West bank of Dia Cat canal, top 3 1204358.911 527376.852 1201136.413 528907.067 surface and 2 talus North bank of Tu Thuong Canal 4 (from Cay Da canal to So 1198972.079 535969.598 198525.312 537322.524 Thuong bridge), the top surface II Hong Ngu Town South bank dike of Muong Lon Canal (K3 zone, An Binh A, the section from Hai Thang Chin to 1 1191625.481 541027.524 1192579.676 544109.937 Kho Be residential area, B = 3 m, and hardening the roof on the field side. West bank route of Khang Chien Canal (from Hong Ngu – Vinh 2 1195152.711 542397.353 1191329.873 544828.207 Hung Canal to Hong Ngu – Tam Nong Canal), B = 3 m North bank route of Khang Chien 3 1196173.144 539734.401 1195729.217 542015.728 1 Canal III Tam Nong District East bank route of Khang Chien Canal (from Hong Ngu – Tam 1 1191312.757 544894.454 1177857.127 550580.219 Nong Canal to Thanh Binh – Tam Nong Canal) North bank of Dong Tien Canal 2 (from Hai Thang Chin Canal to 1182860.504 543793.305 1181382.99 553781.148 Thong Nhat Canal) East bank of Hai Thang Chin 3 (from An Binh Canal to Thanh 1182860.504 543793.305 1188311.234 542178.761 Binh – Tam Nong Canal) IV Thanh Binh District East bank route of Khang Chien 1 1177816.313 550612.494 1175424.718 552586.737 Canal (section from Duong Gao 78

No. Item Coordinate system VN2000, meridian axis 105o00, Projection 3o First point End point X(m) Y(m) X(m) Y(m) Canal to Tam Nong Canal)

West bank route of Thong Nhat 2 Canal (section from An Phong-My 1178492.161 554337.932 1173667.306 555285.758 Hoa Canal to Duong Gao Canal) North bank route of An Phong-My 3 Hoa Canal (from Hai Thang Chin 1173914.283 549470.927 1173667.306 555285.758 to Thong Nhat Canal) East bank route of Hai Thang Chin 4 (section from An Phong- My Hoa 1179391.116 545803.175 1173914.283 549470.927 to Tam Nong Canal) South bank route of Duong Gao 5 Canal (section from Khang Chien 1175398.669 552629.023 1178492.161 554337.932 Canal to Thong Nhat Canal) Table 2.3: Details of strengthening overflow passage No. Item Coordinate system VN2000, meridian axis 105o00, Projection 3o First point End point X(m) Y(m) X(m) Y(m) Hong Ngu town (7 Canals; I 9 banks) Thong Nhat Canal border So 1 1204951.086 540672.541 1204785.32 540788.135 Ha river (West bank) Khang Chien Canal border 2 Tan Thanh – Lo Gach Canal 1199642.533 541320.775 1199453.623 541353.203 (2 banks) Binh Thanh 2 border Tan 3 Thanh – Lo Gach Canal (2 1200244.796 542602.254 1200090.718 542723.021 banks) Thong Nhat Canal border 4 Tan Thanh – Lo Gach Canal 1200850.734 543836.002 1200709.577 543965.867 (West bank) Canal 2/9 border Hong Ngu – 5 1194871.00 539922.756 1194691.022 539973.697 Vinh Hung Canal (East bank) Khang Chien Canal border 6 Hong Ngu – Vinh Hung 1195159.262 542475.104 1194991.023 542574.34 Canal (East bank) An Binh Canal (Ba Anh 7 Canal) border Hong Ngu – 1195454.786 545254.608 1195259.762 545307.116 Vinh Hung Canal (East bank) Hong Ngu district (3 canal II heads and 2 sluice heads) Canal head of Ca Sach 8 adjacent to So Thuong River 1204174.450 529732.203 1204100.377 529699.778 (2 banks)

9 Canal head of Coi Tieu 1203406.374 531731.338 1203346.111 531684.023 adjacent to So Thuong River 79

(2 banks)

Canal head of Coi Dai 10 adjacent to So Thuong River 1202943.033 532648.572 1202931.591 532572.968 (2 banks) Head of Ca Cat sluice and 11 pump station combination (2 1202377.661 533814.952 1202348.144 533793.117 banks) Sluice head of Nam Mung (2 12 1202172.523 534206.909 1202135.637 534189.941 banks) Table 2.4: Details of sluices and sewers Coordinate system VN2000, meridian No. Items axis 105o00, Projection 3o Description of surroundings X (m) Y (m) Address I Hong Ngu District The sluice is located on the Thuong Nam Mung canal, closed to 1 Nam Mung Sluice 1202152.255 534216.344 Thoi Hau B the residential area of Thuong Commune Thoi Hau B, the inside is the paddy field. The sluice is located on the Thuong Cay Dua canal, next to the 2 Cay Dua Sluice 1201451.413 535061.926 Thoi Hau B Cau Muong canal, with a few Commune households living, inside is the paddy field. The sluice is located on Ca Repair of Dau Ca Thuong Cat canal, closed to the 3 Cat sluice + Pump 1202371.526 533824.068 Thoi Hau B residential area Thuong Thoi Station Commune Hau B, inside is paddy field. The sluice is at the end of Ca Thuong Hau Ca Cat Sluices + Cat canal, next to the Tu 4 1200070.455 532393.553 Thoi Hau B Pump Station Thuong canal, surrounded by Commune paddy fields The sluice is located on the Thuong north bank of the Tu Thuong Sau Quang Sluice + 5 1198685.504 536880.441 Thoi Hau B canal, 500 m from the So Pump Station Commune Thuong River, surrounded by paddy fields Hau Muong Vop Thuong The sluice is located on the 6 Sluice + Pump 1202933.887 528019.689 Thoi Hau A east bank of Da Cat, Station Commune surrounded by paddy fields The sluice is located on the Thuong Hau Bao Goc Sluice north bank of Tu Thuong 7 1200772.466 530085.711 Thoi Hau A + Pump Station canal, surrounded by paddy Commune fields II Hong Ngu Commune

Sluices + Ong On The sluice is located on the Tan Hoi northern bank of So Ha river, 1 Pump Station (K1- 1200539.114 538561.781 Commune Tan Hoi) surrounded by paddy fields and some 100m from

Coordinate system VN2000, meridian No. Items axis 105o00, Projection 3o Description of surroundings X (m) Y (m) Address Pangasius HHs

The sluice is located on the west bank of Thong Nhat canal, on the residential route Sluices + Bay Muoi of An Binh B commune, near An Binh B 2 Hai Pump Station 1195370.282 547888.819 the sluice is some Commune (K2-An Binh B) households, inside is the paddy field and some 50m away from some Pangasius fish farmers. The sluice is located on the west bank of Thong Nhat Sluices + Ong Nhon An Binh B canal, near the sluice with a 3 Pump Station (K2- 1193474.39 548788.249 Commune household, inside is the An Binh B) paddy field and right next to the sluice has a catfish pond. The sluice is located on the west bank of Doi Ha, Hai Xang Sluice (K1 Tan Hoi 4 1201073.171 539157.614 surrounded by paddy paddies – Tan Hoi) Commune and some 50m from some Pangasius HHs The sluice is located on the west bank of Thong Nhat Dia Sinh Sluice (K3- Binh Thanh 5 1199828.778 544695.318 canal, near the sluice with 2 Binh Thanh) Commune households raising pangasius, surrounded by paddy fields Tau Cuoc Sluice The sluice is located on the (K3-An Binh A) – An Binh A northern bank of the HN-TN 6 1191152.576 544116.98 (combined irrigation Commune canal, surrounded by paddy and drainage) fields Kho Be Sluice (K3- An Binh A The sluice next to Kho Be 7 An Binh A)- 1192148.038 544363.55 Commune RA, inside is the paddy field (irrigation sluice) III Tam Nong District Sluice + West bank The sluice is located on the Pump Station of Phu west bank of Thong Nhat Thanh 3 Canal canal, with a radius of 200 m, (Thong Nhat) Phu Tho 1 1182944.779 553263.311 with about 10 HHs scattered, (Compartment Commune surrounded by paddy fields. No.13)- (combined The other side of the river is irrigation and Tram Chim NP drainage) Sluice + West bank The sluice is located on the Pump Station of Phu Thanh west bank of the Khang 2 Khang Chien Canal 1185955.545 547614.837 B Chien canal, surrounded by (Cu Lao Chim)- Commune the shrimp farming area (irrigation sluice)

Coordinate system VN2000, meridian No. Items axis 105o00, Projection 3o Description of surroundings X (m) Y (m) Address Sluice + West bank Pump Station of An The sluice is located on the Long 2 Canal Phu Ninh 3 1183304.27 545509.818 west bank of An Long 2 (Compartment No.5- Commune around paddy fields Phu Ninh)- (drainage sluice) Sluice + North bank Pump Station of The sluice is located on the Dong Tien Canal north bank of Dong Tien Phu Tho 4 (Compartment 1181974.728 549769.724 canal, surrounded by a Commune No.14)- (combined crowded residential area, irrigation and inside is paddy fields drainage) Sluice + North bank Pump Station of The sluice is located on the Dong Tien Canal north bank of Dong Tien Phu Tho 5 (Compartment 1181704.39 551632.86 canal, near the sluice with Commune No.13) - (combined only one HH, paddy field irrigation and inside drainage) Sluice + West bank Pump Station of An The sluice is located on the Long 2 Canal An Long 6 1184384.52 545291.111 west bank of An Long 2 (Compartment No.5 Commune around paddy fields An Long)- (drainage sluice) IV Thanh Binh District The sluice is located on the Sluice of Ca Gao canal, border the An Phong - canal (border the An Phu Loi 1 1173920.829 549745.681 My Hoa canal, 50m away Phong - My Hoa Commune from a few HHs, surrounded canal) by paddy fields. The sluice is located on the Ca Gao Sluice canal, border the Paddy Phu Loi 2 (border the Duong 1174487.24 552121.338 Channel, near the sluice with Commune Gao canal) a HH living, surrounded by paddy fields.

Table 2.5: Details of pump stations Coordinate system VN2000, meridian No. Items axis 105o00, Projection 3o Description of surroundings X (m) Y (m) Commune I Hong Ngu District

Coordinate system VN2000, meridian No. Items axis 105o00, Projection 3o Description of surroundings X (m) Y (m) Commune Located at the residential area of Muong Vop Thuong Thuong Thoi Hau A, Muong Vong 1 1204239.212 529660.481 Station Thoi Hau A canal, two crowded residential areas, paddy fields Located at the residential area of Thuong Thuong Thoi Hau B commune, the head 2 Chin Hue Station 1202551.482 533439.126 Thoi Hau B of Chin Hue canal, two crowded residential areas, the paddy fields Roc Nga Tu Thuong Located on the East bank of Suon 2 3 1204178.984 524369.24 Station Phuoc 1 canal, surrounded by paddy fields Don Ganh Thuong Located on the East bank of Suon 2 4 1203387.338 524907.921 Station Phuoc 1 canal, surrounded by paddy fields Repair of Bay Thuong Located on the East bank of Suon 2 5 1202653.801 526276.526 Den Station Phuoc 1 canal, surrounded by paddy fields Located on the West bank of Dia Cat Thuong canal, surrounded by paddy fields, there 6 Bay Ngoi station 1203462.751 527792.402 Phuoc 1 are 2 households living about 30m far from the station

Thuong Located on the north bank of Tu 7 Bay Xe Station 1199625.167 533830.507 Thuong canal, surrounded by paddy Thoi Hau B fields Hai Thuoc Thuong Located on the west bank of the Coi 8 1201618.174 530975.351 Station Thoi Hau A Tieu canal, surrounded by paddy fields Thuong Located on the south bank of the Coi 9 Coi Dai Station 1202725.693 531887.471 Thoi Hau B Dai canal, surrounded by paddy fields Located on the north bank of Ba Chanh Xeo Chon Thuong 10 1200137.851 536646.805 canal, surrounded by paddy fields, 200 Station Thoi Hau B m from the So Thuong River Located on the east bank of Cau Muong Ba Tuong Thuong 11 1199894.698 535101.227 canal, near the culvert has 3 households Station Thoi Hau B raising fish, the inside is the paddy field II Hong Ngu Commune Located on the west bank of Thong Kenh Cut Station Nhat canal, 300 m away from the 1 (K10, Binh 1204676.957 540862.968 Binh Thanh border station, surrounded by paddy Thanh) fields Located on the west bank of So Ha Ong Toi Station 2 1201570.345 538952.646 Tan Hoi river, near the station has two HHs, (K1, Tan Hoi) surrounded by paddy fields Bau Chua Located on the southern edge of Muoi 3 Station (K9, 1202319.399 540755.94 Binh Thanh Do canal, surrounded by paddy fields Binh Thanh Located on the south bank of the Sam Ca Ro + Sam Sai Sai canal, near the station is a few HHs 4 Station (K8, 1200981.928 540947.693 Binh Thanh raising blue crayfish, and fish farming, Binh Thanh) the inside is paddy fields.

Coordinate system VN2000, meridian No. Items axis 105o00, Projection 3o Description of surroundings X (m) Y (m) Commune Located on the East bank of Binh Ong Chieu Thanh 2, near the National Road 30, a 5 Station (K3 + 1200270.104 542691.206 Binh Thanh few HHs raising pangasius, surrounded Binh Thanh) by the paddy field. Located on the west bank of Binh Bay Phuoc Thanh 2, surrounded by paddy fields, 6 Station (K2, 1199558.949 543005.848 Binh Thanh 200 m away from the other side, there Binh Thanh) are two HHs raising pangasius, surrounded by paddy fields. Ut Le Station An Binh A Located on the northern bank of Muong 7 1192354.639 542334.07 (K2, An Binh A) Commune Lon canal, surrounded by paddy fields Nam Trieu Located on the northern bank of Muong 8 Station (K2, An 1192541.21 543118.78 An Binh A Lon canal, surrounded by paddy fields Binh A) III Tam Nong District West bank Station of An Located on the west bank of An Long 2, 1 Long 2 1187290.171 544699.312 An Hoa surrounded by paddy fields (Compartment No.5 An Hoa) IV Thanh Binh District Ho Dau Station (the east bank Located on the south bank of Duong corner of Duong Gao canal, surrounded by paddy fields, 1 1175434.02 552641.43 Phu Loi Gao Gao canal - 50 m from the opposite side of the canal Khang Chien is Phu Loi Secondary School canal)

2.1.2. Infrastructure system and services

2.1.2.1. Transportation

The transportation network in the subproject area has been continuously developing. Especially, the rural transport system has created a new movement in rural areas. a). Road traffic

The road network consists of 2,651 km of roads, the density per unit area is low (0.79 km/km2), but due to population density, the road density per head is high (1.60 km/1000 inhabitants and 30.5 m2/person).

- National highway (NH): ▪ NH. 30: 130 km long, along the banks of the Tien River from An Thai Trung (Tien Giang) to the city Cao Lanh and Ba Palace. ▪ NH. 54: from Vinh Long to Lap Vo town, NH. 80 from Vinh Long via Sa Dec to Kien Giang. Provincial roads have formed a network connecting urban centers to each other.

▪ NH. 80: starting from NH.1A (south of My Thuan old ferry), running along Tien river, Lap Vo channel, Cai Tau town, Sa Dec town, Lai Vung town, Lap Vo to Vam Cong ferry (NH.54 in Binh Thanh).

- Provincial roads: The provincial road (PR) network runs through the subproject area of about 400km, including roads: 841, 848, 850, 849, 851, 852, 853, 854. More than 100 district and inter-commune routes with a total length of more than 1000km. Distribution of traffic space is unreasonable in the north - south direction in the Plain of Reeds.

- Inland traffic: In-field roads are not developed due to flooding. Currently, inland fields are mainly land-based trails, some of which are covered with rocks that are only accessible during the dry season but completely inundated in flood season. It is very difficult for people to travel in flood-prone areas and unsafe to navigate due to high flow velocity in the flood season (Figure 2.1).

Figure 2.1: In-land transportation in the subproject area – southern bank of Duong Gao canal Based on the survey result of the ESIA consultant during the preparation of the report, there have 15 bridges along canals of Khang Chien, Khang Chien 1, Hong Ngu - Tam Nong, Tam Nong - Thanh Binh and Ca Cai. 5 out of 15 bridges are new reinforced concrete bridges with clearance elevation of 10m, located on the National Highway along the horizontal canals. The distance between these bridges is about 10m. The remaining 14 bridges are mainly wooden and iron bridges with clearance elevation of 5-7m, located along the Khang Chien canal (Figure 2.2). With these clearance elevations of bridges, vessels, barges of an average of 50- 100 tons can pass through. b). Water navigation

There are two large river ports, Tran Quoc Toan and Sa Dec, which are located on the Tien River to meet the demand for transportation of goods (previously only one Tran Quoc Toan port). Dong Thap has a very diversified and convenient waterway system, which connects two tributaries of Tien and Hau rivers. The local-managed waterways including 9 rivers with 152.7km long; 275 canals with 2,080km long and 48 creeks with 282.7 km long (Figure 2.1). In the subproject area, there are flood drainage canals such as Hai Thang Chin, Khang Chien, and Thong Nhat. There are also horizontal canals such as Tan Thanh - Lo Gach, Vinh Hung - Hong Ngu, Dong Tien, An Phong - My Hoa, etc. are major canals for transportation of big vessels, boats of 150-1,000 tons. In the field, the means of transporting agricultural products

and production equipment are mainly small vessels, ranging from 3 to 10 tons (2-3m wide and 5-10m long). See details in Figure 2.3.

Figure 2.2: Bridges along the canal dredging route of the subproject (a) (b)

Figure 2.3: Boats traveling in the subproject area (a) in-field canals; (b) in horizontal canals

2.1.2.2. Current status of water resources system

The water resources system in Dong Thap province includes canals, flood control embankments, irrigation culverts, electric pump stations, oil pumps, etc. which basically meet the requirements of agricultural production, shrimp and fish farming, etc. contributing to population distribution, combining waterway transport: 86

a). Canal system

For decades, the irrigation system has brought great effects on the development of agricultural production such as soil reclamation, crop transfer, intensive farming, population distribution, supply water for domestic use and completing inland and waterway transportation system, creating conditions for the development of economy, culture and society, but the infrastructure is still having limitations as in Table 2.6. Table 2.6: Existing irrigation works in the subproject area Axis canal/primary Sluices and Electrical No. District/town Total and secondary canals culverts pumping stations (route) (item) (item) 1 Hong Ngu district 201 8 104 89 2 Hong Ngu town 216 13 151 52 3 Tam Nong district 516 48 341 127 4 Thanh Binh district 381 35 168 178 Total 1,795 204 990 601 Source: Dong Thap Water Resource Department, 2016 b). Flood control embankment

In the four subproject districts, there are 144 compartments surrounded by embankments to protect people's life and production, with a total protected area of 72,363 ha, the total length of 1,656 km. The elevation is from +1.0 to + 6.5 m, the width is from 1.0 m to 25 m (Table 2.7). Some prevent-flood roads have combined with rural traffic, but most of them have not met the requirements of motorized vehicles, intra-field traffic for mechanizing agricultural production, large-scale production nor new rural criteria. Table 2.7: Current status of embankment system Serving Dimension (m) Number of Length No. District area compartments (m) (ha) Bsurface Top elevation 1 Hong Ngu district 16 11,395 193,364 2 ÷ 25 +(1.5 ÷ 6.4) 2 Hong Ngu town 25 9,051 232,710 2 ÷ 20 +(2 ÷ 6.5) 3 Tam Nong district 52 29,664 675,685 2 ÷ 8 +(2.5 ÷ 5.2) 4 Thanh Binh district 51 22,253 553,921 1 ÷ 14 +(1.5 ÷ 5.0) Total 144 72,363 1,655,680 c). Irrigation and drainage sluice/culvert

By 2016, there are 764 culverts in the 04 subproject districts/town. The number of sluices and culverts has contributed greatly to the improvement of irrigation and drainage condition, to better serve the requirements of agricultural production. However, the operation of the sluice system is mainly manual and not synchronous. So, the effect is limited (Table 2.8).

d). Electric pump station

According to the project of developing electric pumping stations in Dong Thap province up to 2020 approved by the PPC in Decision No. 439/QĐ-UBND.HC dated May 19, 2014. In the 2016-2020 period, 274 electric pumping stations will be built, and the service area will increase by 25.446 hectares, bringing the total agricultural acreage up to 203,494 hectares, equivalent to 94% of the cultivated area in 2015. The actual development shows that Dong Thap province has 180,749 ha/216,868 ha of agricultural production area which was actively irrigated/drained by an electric pump, raising the rate of service area by the electric pump to 83% with the total 1,008 stations, up 306 stations compared to 2009. The remaining areas are mainly irrigated and drained by oil pumps and gravity irrigation (Table 2.9). The scale of the service area of an average pump station is 180ha, the districts of the Plain of Reeds from 140 to 200 ha; The area between the two rivers (Lap Vo) is 60 - 120ha. Most of pump stations are makeshift and semi-solid without suction tank nor discharge tank; pump support system and equipment are made by people to fit the location; pump house and management mainly built by bamboo leaves and iron. Table 2.8: Current status of inlet and outlet structures Open culvert Underground culvert Scale of works Scale of works Serving Serving No. District/town Bottom Bottom Total area (BxH) area (BxH) Number elevation Number elevation (ha) m m (ha) (m) m Hong Ngu 1 21,241 30 2.0x5.0 0 1,725 74 1 0,5 104 district 2 Hong Ngu town 13,919 35 2.0x4 0 2,650 116 1 0,5 151 Tam Nong 3 14,543 57 1.5x4.5 -0.5 25,189 284 1 0 341 district Thanh Binh 4 9,139 22 3.0x5.0 -0.5 6,112 146 1 0 168 district Total 58,842 144 35,676 620 764 Table 2.9: Current status of electric pump stations Voltage Total In which Number Number Type transfor- SA District/ volume No. of of mer Irrigation Drainage town stations pumps SA SA (m3/h) (m3) (KVA) (ha) Number Number (ha) (ha) Total 446 856 0 1,179,900 42,915 73,195 444 68,395 2 4,800 Hong Ngu 700- 1 89 157 256,500 6,825 14,063 88 11,063 1 3,000 district 2000 Hong Ngu 700- 2 52 109 187,900 5,040 8,762 52 8,762 town 2000 Tam Nong 1400- 3 127 265 392,000 16,965 25,906 127 25,906 district 2000 Thanh Binh 600- 4 178 325 343,500 14,085 24,464 177 22,664 1 1,800 district 1200 Note: SA: serving area

2.1.2.3. Services, communication and clean water a). Electricity, communication and clean water

At present, clean water system does not entirely cover the subproject area. According to statistics, in 2017, the percentage of households living in the subproject districts/town using safe water was 91.56 to 97% of total households. DPCs direct specialized offices and communes/town to check and propose to handle the urgent problems that people are concerned about. In the subproject districts/town, the percentage of HHs using the national electricity grid is from 99.5 to 100%. In addition, the medium voltage power grid in the subproject area has basically been invested and developed to the subproject communes, there are 7/39 pump stations with medium voltage lines available for use, details are in Table 2.10. At the central of communes, waste is collected to a centralized disposal site of the commune. The waste from other areas is not treated. There is no centralized wastewater drainage system wastewater from domestic and production is discharged directly into rivers and canals. Table 2.10: Existing medium voltage lines in the subproject area No. Locations and figures Note 1 The medium-voltage line along Duong Gao canal where Ho Dau pump station will be built

2 The medium-voltage line along An Phong- My Hoa canal. This is the construction area of Ca Gao sluice

3 The medium-voltage line along Thong Nhat canal where sluices combined pump stations of West bank of Thong Nhat canal (Compartment No.13), Ong Nhon, Kenh Cut, Dia Sinh will be built

No. Locations and figures Note The medium-voltage line along Dong Tien canal where build the sluice and pump station of North Dong Tien (compartment No. 13 and 14)

4 The medium-voltage line along An Long 2 canal where the sluices and pump stations of Phu Ninh, An Long and An Hoa will be built.

5 The medium-voltage line along Khang Chien canal where Cu Lao Chim sluice and pump station will be built.

6 The medium-voltage line along Muong Lon creek where the sluices and pump stations of Ut Le, Nam Trieu, Kho Be and Tau Quoc will be built.

7 The medium-voltage line along canals of Binh Thanh 2, Sam Sai and Muoi Do and So Ha river where the sluices and pump stations of Bay Phuoc, Ong Chieu, Ca Ro, Ong Toi, Ong On, Bau Chua will be built.

No. Locations and figures Note

8 The medium-voltage line along rivers of So Thuong and So Ha, the border patrol road, and canals of Tu Thuong, Suon 2, Dia Cat and Cau Muong where the sluices and pump stations (Roc Nga Tu, Don Ganh, Bay Den, Bay Ngoi, Muong Vop, Muong Hau, Chin Hue, Dau Ca Cat, Nam Mung, Cay Dua, Xeo Chon, Sau Quang, Ba Tuong, Hau Ca Cat, Hau Bau Goc, Hai 91

No. Locations and figures Note Thuoc and Coi Dai) in communes of Thuong Thoi Hai A, Thuong Thoi Hau B and Thuong Phuong 1 will be built.

b). Medical care and health

In the subproject area, there are 54 adequate health services such as commune health stations, district hospitals, clinics, pharmacies... with a common radius of 1-5 km. Total employer of the medical station is 1073 staffs, including 220 medicine doctoral, physician: 316, nurse: 240, health-care aide: 144, pharmacist: 153 (Table 2.11). People can easily choose medical treatment centers, most of which are commune health stations, followed by district hospitals to treat some common diseases. During construction, nearly a hundred workers will be

mobilized per day. With such an infrastructure of health service, first aid and simple disease can be cured. Table 2.11: Number of medical staffs and health care station in the subproject districts/town No. District/town Health care Doctors Physicians Nurses Health- Pharmacist stations (people) (people) (people) care aide (people) (people) 1 Hong Ngu district 14 36 79 29 27 40 2 Hong Ngu town 9 67 70 80 38 32 3 Tam Nong district 14 54 78 62 34 40 4 Thanh Binh district 17 63 89 69 45 41 Total 54 220 316 240 144 153 Source: Statistical yearbook of the subproject districts/town in 2017 Common illnesses include cold, flu, respiratory, hepatics, dengue fever, due to the characteristics of tropical climates and high rainfall easily lead to disease outbreaks (Figure 2.4).

Figure 2.4: Some common diseases in the subproject area

2.1.3. Geology and topography

2.1.3.1. Topographical characteristic

The terrain has relatively flat. The main slope direction is from the Northwest to the South East, high in the border areas and along the Tien River, lower towards the center of Plain of Reeds, forming the lowland valley. The elevation is from 0.90 to 1.30 m, the highest is 1.67m, the lowest is 0.67m (Figure 2.5).

Figure 2.5: Topography map of Dong Thap province

2.1.3.2. Geological characteristic

The geological development history of Dong Thap province in general and the areas of 4 districts in the North Dong Thap in particular, is the same as in the Mekong Delta, with the formation of ancient sediment (Pleistocene sediments) and New sediment (Holocene sediment) through deposition of sediments of the sea and the Mekong river.

− Ancient sediment (Pleistocene sediments, Qm): distributed along the Vietnam-Cambodia border (Tan Hong) and sank under new silt. In Tam Nong district and north of Thap Muoi district, ancient sediment is very shallow, a few meters underground or exposed above the ground as mounds. Ancient alluvium slab clay can be used in the production of low-grade ceramic and tiles. 94

− New sediment (Holocene sediments, QIV): formed during the transitional period and back from about 6,000 years ago to date. Materials include gray, blue or brown clay and sand. The new sediment consists of two structures: the grayish clay layer beneath and the freshwater or brackish water deposits above it, forming a weak base on the surface of a thickness of 20-30m. The new semen is rich in organic matter, has a higher natural moisture content than the flow limit and has low mechanical values. New alluvial layers with an average compressive strength of 0.24 to 0.7 kg/cm2, the aggregate force 0.10 - 0.29 kg/cm2, are weak soils suitable only for the development of various types low-rise building.

− In general, the terrain of Dong Thap province is flat, suitable for the implementation of constructions serving the production and transport development. However, because the region has many canals so it costs a big budget for bridge construction; Weak ground requires expensive foundation reinforcement, especially for high rise buildings.

2.1.3.3. Soil condition

The characteristics of the main soils in Dong Thap are as follows:

− Alluvial soil accounts for 35% of the total area of the province. It is distributed along the Tien River with abundant water resource for irrigation, which is suitable for diversification of crops.

− Acid soils account for 34%, but only 21% (23,359 ha) are acid sulfate soils, which are used in Melaleuca plantation, the majority of which are acacia (deep acidity layer) used for rice cultivation with high productivity, but the degree of diversification of crops is much more limited than alluvial soil.

− Soil for bedding covers about 17% of the total natural area, of which about 30% is residential land, the remaining area is used for perennial crops, mainly fruit trees.

− Gray soil accounts for about 8% of natural area, although the fertility is not high, but quite suitable for growing vegetables - crops. Majority of the land area of Dong Thap is good soil type, favorable for intensive cultivation to increase productivity and reduce the price of many crops compared to many other regions in the Mekong Delta as well as the whole country. As shown in Figure 2.6, the subproject area is mainly sediment (about 70%), concentrated along the Tien River so it is very favorable for the development of the subproject. Only about 25% is alum soil, mainly alkaline soil, is located in An Binh B commune (Hong Ngu town) and Phu Thanh B, Phu Tho communes (Tam Nong district). Therefore, the construction in these communes should be carefully carried out.

2.1.4. Climate and meteorology

The subproject in particular, Dong Thap province, in general, is in a tropical monsoon climate, hot and humid; quite stable during the year. Every year the climate is divided into two distinct seasons corresponding to two monsoon patterns: the rainy season from May to November and the dry season from December to April. In the rainy season, rainfall accounts for 80-85% while in the dry season, rainfall only accounts for about 15 - 20%.

Figure 2.6: Map of soil in Dong Thap province Temperature: The monthly average temperature varies from 27.0 - 27.5oC. The variation between months is not large (about 4oC). April has the highest average temperature (nearly 29oC). January has the lowest average temperature (over 25oC). See Table 2.12 for details. Humidity: The average monthly humidity is 80-85% and varies with the season. It reaches the highest in the rainy season (June, August, September). The lowest is in February, March and December (see Table 2.12). Table 2.12: Monthly average temperature, humidity in Dong Thap in 2010 – 2015 (oC)

Monthly average Yearly Parameter I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII average Temperature (oC) 25,2 25,9 27,7 28,7 28,9 28,2 27,7 27,8 27,5 27,7 27,7 26,4 27,4 Humidity (%) 84 82 79 81 83 85 85 85 86 85 84 83 83 Source: Statistical Yearbook of Dong Thap, 2015 Evaporation: varies from 909.8 to 1,037.8 mm, the average is 983.7 mm. It is also the average of the Mekong Delta. There are differences between the two seasons, ranging from 66.7 mm to 79.9 mm in the rainy season and from 76.1 mm to 108.5 mm in the dry season. Rainfall: The region has average rainfall in the Delta, ranging from 1.392 to 2.388 mm. It distributes unevenly according to the seasons of the year. The rainy season is from May to November, accounting for 90-92% of the total rainfall, concentrating in September and

October. However, in late July to early August, only a small amount of rainfall is observed (Table 2.13). Table 2.13: Monthly average rainfall in Dong Thap province, period 2010 – 2015 (mm)

Month Yearly Year I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII average 2010 29.8 1.2 70.4 89.6 141 367.9 386.7 383.8 512.5 333.8 71.1 2387.8 2011 19.1 71.7 20.6 148.9 287.9 163.7 210.7 148.1 205.8 279.5 108.1 1664.1 2012 1.5 0.6 30.1 110.4 167.7 106.5 213 123.1 189 236 116.1 15 1309.0 2013 7.8 4.3 69.2 120.7 204.2 128.3 223.5 362 218.8 150.2 32.7 1521.7 2014 0.5 0.3 164.7 111.9 189.9 63.3 80.6 100.2 308.5 123.8 35.3 1179.0 2015 1 44.2 60.6 193.4 103.4 81.3 217.6 175.2 187.7 26.9 1091.3 Monthly 10.0 0.8 17.2 79.9 116.6 187.2 173.3 184.3 233.5 276.1 198.5 48.2 1525.5 average Source: Statistical Yearbook of Dong Thap, 2015 Wind: The subproject area has two main wind directions: North East (from November to April) and Southwest (from May to October). The wind speed is generally not high (mean 1.0 to 1.5 m/s, average maximum of 17 m/s). Due to deep inland, strong winds are usually from west to southwest. Sunshine: The subproject zone is relatively sunny, about 2,500 hours/year and about 6.8 hours/day. It tends to decrease in the direction northeast - southwest. High sunshine in the middle of the dry season, the average hours of sunshine are 7.6 - 9.1 hours per day. It is less sunny in the rainy season, about 5.1 to 7 hours per day.

2.1.5. Hydrology and river system

2.1.5.1. River network in the subproject area

The subproject area has a dense canal system consisting of natural and manual canals as follows: Tien River: The average width of the river is about 900m; bottom elevation is -15m, particularly in My Thuan bridge, it is quite deep, -38m. In further upstream, the river carries 77-78% of the flood in the main river. When crossing Vam Nao, it is redistributed to about 51 - 52% for the Tien River and 48 - 49% for the Hau River. The river flows through Dong Thap province, about 123 km length from Hong Ngu to Chau Thanh. Hau River: The length of Hau River belonging to Dong Thap province is 40km, also in the northwest-southeast direction from Lap Vo to Chau Thanh. The width is from 1.2 to 2.0km, and from -18 to -35m deep. There are islands along the river but they do not belong to Dong Thap province. These two rivers are the branches of the Mekong river. They are the main water source of a large region, including Dong Thap. Hong Ngu River: It is the last section of So Thuong River, which is the best drainage channel of the entire Vietnam - Cambodia border area, including rivers So Thuong and So Ha and the whole valley stretching along the border. The river is quite large, about 135 m width and -14 97

m depth in the flood period in Tan Hoi. At the gateway at Hong Ngu canal, the depth reaches -17 m. In contrast, the depth decreases sharply toward the border, from -8 m to -5 m. The river bed is pretty complex and marshy due to the accretion of sediment. The maximum flow across the River in the 1996 flood was 1,880 m3/s with total drainage of 7.49x109 m3. - So Thuong river is the main branch of Hong Ngu river, pouring water from the west. The width ranging from 120 - 60 m (from the border), the bottom elevation is about -10 m. - So Ha river is the eastern branch of the Hong Ngu River, with an average width of 45m and 20m depth; The bottom elevation is ≥ -4.17m (the first section of the canal of Doi Ha - Cai Co). Ca Cai canal: It is a natural canal, connected to TraBek river in Cambodia and runs directly to the central part of the Plain of Reeds. This is a large canal with a width of 115m; bottom elevation from -3 to -5 m. Due to being connected upstream, Cai Cai canal receives a large amount of water. During flood season, the flow rate in the canal is about 100 m3/s. Therefore, it plays an important role in flood control in the Plain of Reeds.

2.1.5.2. Horizontal axis canals

Besides vertical axis canals, the Plain of Reeds has dense horizontal canal system (North- South direction), which distributes irrigated water, contributes to acidification, soil reclamation and even flood distribution to the gateways along the Tan Thanh - Lo Gach. The area directly affecting the amount of flood from the border into the Plain of Reeds is the northern strip, stretching from the Tien River, including Hong Ngu and Tan Hong districts through Tan Hung, Vinh Hung, Thanh Hoa districts and Duc Hue (Long An province) with the main horizontal canals: - So Ha - Cai Co Canal: The canal connecting to So Ha River runs to Binh Tu, Long An Province, 66km long. In which, 34km located in Dong Thap province (bottom width = 20m, bottom elevation = - 4.17m); remaining section (bottom width = 10 m, bottom elevation = -3.17m). It has been invested in dredging and upgrading on the southern bank, supplying water (about 1.7m3/s-dry season, in Thong Binh) and regulating the overflow from the border into Plain of Reeds. - Tan Thanh - Lo Gach Canal: 51.4km long, connected to the Hong Ngu River. The first section is the old Sam Sai canal so it is not straight. Reaching Binh Thanh, the canal is straight with a bottom width of 24 to 16m, bottom elevation from -4.17 to -3.17m. As an important canal for irrigation and re-connected to the vertical canal system, Tan Thanh - Lo Gach canal is also responsible for distributing flood to the exit. In the future, the canal is expanded to meet the needs of irrigation and contribute to the reducing salinity of the Vam Co river system. - Hong Ngu Canal: beginning at Tien River and ended at Ram Rung canal (connected to Vam Co Tay river). The canal is 42km long, bottom width = 40m, bottom elevation - 4.17m. It has a great effect in irrigation and flood drainage for the northern part of the Plain of Reeds. Over the years, Hong Ngu Canal has contributed significantly to the socio- economic development of the region. The 28m length of the canal passes through Dong Thap province, from Hong Ngu Town to Phuoc Xuyen Canal. - Dong Tien - Duong Van Duong Canal: The canal connects to Tien river in An Long commune, Tam Nong district in West – East direction. The section from Tien river to 98

Phuoc Xuyen canal called Dong Tien canal, from there to Canal 12 is Duong Van Duong, the last segment is called Lagrange. The bottom width is 20m; Bottom elevation is -3.17 to 3.67m. - Nguyen Van Tiep Canal: This is a large canal, running from Tien river at Phong My estuary and connecting with Vam Co Tay supporting waterway transportation and trade, the channel has bottom width = 20 m; bottom elevation = -3.17 to 3.67 m. In addition, there are other canals such as An Binh, An Phong My Hoa-Nam Ngan-Bac Dong, Duong Thet-Can Lo Canal, and Canal No.1 to create water sources for the Plain of Reeds. The distribution of axial canals has guaranteed a distance of 8 to 10 km/canal. The axis of Phuoc Xuyen canal parallel to the Tien River and has the same function as the axis canal. In the dry season, the horizontal canals intake water mainly from Tien River and northern vertical canals. In between these channels are natural rivers and canals, including important creeks such as Ba Rang, Doc Vang Thuong, Doc Vang Ha, Cai Dau, Cai No, Binh Thanh, Tan Cong Chi, Phu Duc, Phu Hiep, Duong Thet Trong, Cai Beo, 307, etc.

2.1.5.3. Hydrology characteristic

Located in the Lower Mekong River, the hydrological regime of Dong Thap province is influenced by the hydrological regime of Tien and Hau river, the East Sea tide, the regional rainfall regime; Vam Co river system also brings certain effects. The sub-project area has a hydrological regime in dry season and flood season as follows: a) Hydrological regime in the dry season

Dry flow is directly affected by Tien, Vam Co Tay rivers and other factors. Under the impact of the tide, water enters the canals of Tan Thanh, Hong Ngu, Dong Tien - Duong Van Duong, Can Lo into fields, creating higher water level on Tien river, from Cao Lanh upward than the level in fields and Vam Co Tay, even in the driest month (April). During dry season, tide peak gradually decreases from Tien River into canals and to Vam Co Tay river; 138 cm at An Long 138 cm, Hong Ngu 125 cm, Tram Chim 84 cm, Hung Thanh 69 cm, Kien Binh 61 cm, in February; and, in May, at An Long 112 cm, Hong Ngu 99cm, Tram Chim 56cm, Hung Thanh 48cm, Kien Binh 44cm. The 15-day flow measurement at the end of April and early May shows that inflow from Hong Ngu is 17.27m3/s, An Long 9.01m3/s, Doc Vang Ha 2.01m3/s, Phong My 9.53m3/s. The main water supply for this area is from Tien river, through the main canals connecting Tien river and Vam Co Tay river. Canals of So Ha – Cao Co, Tan Thanh-Lo Gach and Hong Ngu are the three main axes that provide water for the central and eastern areas of the Plain of Reeds. During the driest period, in the first stage (in 1997), the average flow of one tide period from Tien River to the two canals is 19m3/s; In the later stage (2001), the average flow of one tidal wave was 42.5m3/s (about 2 times higher). The southward is the stronger influence of the East sea tide on the flow from rivers. The average tide in the mid-dry season only reached 4 - 8m3/s. b) Hydrological regime in flood season

Flood on main rivers: The Mekong river has an annual water volume of about 475 - 500 billion m3, of which the total water volume in the flood season (June-November) accounts for nearly 90%. Flood events in submerged areas in the MD in general, Dong Thap province, in particular, depends on flood peak, volume and type (height, peak time and duration); depends on the ability to lead water into fields and flood drainage; and, depends on tide and inland rainfall. From July to November every year, floods on Tien and Hau Rivers are formed due to rainfall in the upper Mekong and regional rainfall. Compared with upstream, the floods occur and end usually over a month later. The largest flow on the Tien River in My Thuan is about 16,000 - 18,000 m3/s, on the Hau River in Can Tho 21,000 m3/s. Floodwater flows into the Plain of Reeds in two directions: (a) from the Cambodian floodplain through So Ha - Cai Co canal, which accounts for 75 - 80% (called spill-flood); and (b) from Tien river follow canals of Tan Thanh - Lo Gach, Hong Ngu, Muong Lon, An Binh account for 24% ÷ 25% of total flood waters entering the Plain of Reeds. This amount of water runs to Tien river mainly through Highway 30 from the Phong My to An Huu and crosses Highway 1 from Co Co to Long Dinh, partly to two Vam Co rivers. Inland flood: Flood in the Plain of Reeds is caused by upstream flood of the Mekong River, tides in the East Sea, inland rainfall, topography, geomorphology, river network, traffic roads and other human activities. Flooding level depends on space and time in flood season. The inundation diminished in the direction of Northwest - Southeast. Flood depth and duration are different from year to year. At the end of July, beginning of August, while the water level in Tan Chau remains at 3.0 m and if high tide occurs, a blockage will cause inundation in the places near rivers and creeks, the flood events in 1978 and 1984 typically. In general, the flow is in the direction of West - East through the channels of So Ha - Long Khot, Tan Thanh - Lo Gach, Hong Ngu, Dong Tien to transfer water into the Palin of Reeds and drain to Vam Co Tay river. The beginning of flood season is the best time to absorb acid and alkaline water. Previously, when the water level of Tien River began to rise, water flows mainly in vertical axis canals into the Plain of Reeds. In early July and August, when the water level at Tan Chau up to 3.0m, water overflows the left bank of So Ha canal until the high flood, this overflow hinders the flow from Tien river. Flood water in the Plain of Reeds is drained in two directions: - The South back to Tien river from Thanh Binh to My Tho. - The East flows to Vam Co Tay River, Vam Co Dong flows to East Sea. As the water level in Tien river begins to rise, flood through the canal systems overflows into the Plain of Reeds in both directions west and north. In the west, flood water along the west- east channels enters the fields. On the north side of the So Ha canal, flood water runs in the channels from the border into fields as soon as the water level begins to rise, not until the Tan Chau water level reaches 2.50 m as before. This causes the water level in the interior of the Plain of Reeds in July and August to rise, such as the average water level in July and August

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in 1991-1994, in Moc Hoa is higher than in 1984-85 at 0.25- 0.35 m. Although the level Tan Chau in 1991-1994 was about 0.35 - 0.40 m lower than in 1984 - 1985. The drainage capacity of each channel is different, but the direction toward the west and the south is stronger than the east. Total discharge to the west (through National Highway 30) is 2,158m3/s, about 9.3 billion m3 of water; through Highway I in the south: 2,157m3/s about 10.8 billion m3. The discharge to the West (Tan An): 1.700 m3/s, about 10.2 billion m3. The gates of Can Lo, Thong Luu and Co Co are the largest outlets in the south. The drainage capacity of the channels linking Tien River and Vam Co Tay river to West-East direction such as Dong Tien - Lagrange, Nguyen Van Tiep A, etc. is poorer because it depends on the drainage capacity of Vam Co Tay river. Flood depth and duration Flood depth and duration varies from one place to another place, in the north of the province (on the road to Tan Hong), including So Thuong and So Ha to Tan Chau when the flood is blocked by the N1 route, so flooding occurs sooner than usual from August, with the depth of over 2.5 m. At the beginning or the end of December, flood starts to drain, the duration of flooding lasts more than 4 months. From Hong Ngu canal down to Nguyen Van Tiep canal due to the dyke of Hong Ngu, An Long, Nguyen Van Tiep the flow is blocked and flooding time slows down. At the end of September, the area is inundated until late December/early January, flooding duration is about 3 to 4 months, the depth is over 2.5m in the upper part and over 2m in the downstream. The south of Nguyen Van Tiep canal, between the Tien and Hau rivers due to the strong influence of the tide, should be better drained. Flood depth is around 1.0 m - 2.0 m, submergence time less than 3 months. As shown in Figure 2.7, flood in 2000 in the subproject area causes the greatest flood depth of 2.5 to over 4 m. The abundant flood water is also a favorable factor and perfectly suited to the purpose of the sub-project is to make use of flood water to increase livelihood and improve income for people in upstream.

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Figure 2.7: Map of maximum flood depth distribution in 2000

2.1.6. Erosion in the subproject area

Districts in the subproject zone located in the upper Mekong Delta. In the rainy season, upstream flood inundated the whole area in water. Therefore, under the effect of overflows with high water velocity while dike systems are often built close to the canal bank, so the erosion occurs every year, affecting transportation, socio-economic development. In recent years, the status of landslide in districts/town in subproject has been more complicated: in 2014, there were 40 landslide events in Hong Ngu district, in which 25 serious local-landslide cases in the communes along the Tien River; in 2015, at Hong Ngu town, there were 3 landslides of the Muong Lon canal, 400 m long, 1 m deep, and the landslide of the Thuong river is 13 m long and the most serious one is Tien river in An Lac ward with the length of 47 m. , 15 m deep, causing damage to one bamboo fish farm and one fish pond; In 2016 in Thanh Binh district, 13 hamlets were landslide, the risk of landslide was 42 points with 15.545 m long (the depth at the side of Thanh Binh is 20m), the total area of landslide is about 18,065 m2. The total number of households currently in the landslide belt is 1,352; in which 517 households required emergency relocation. Thanh Binh district in cooperation with communes and towns with households in the belt of landslides mobilize 36 HHs to move to a safe place; continue to relocate more away from the belt landslide.

2.2. CURRENT STATUS OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

2.2.1. Air quality

On May 5, 2017, the consultant conducted the measurement and sampling of air at 10 locations (Figure 2.8), detailed measurement results as shown in Appendix 3. These data serve as a basis for comparing the impact of excavation, the operation of machinery to the quality of the air environment and proposing mitigation measures. 102

National standards of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment have been used to assess the current status of the air quality: - QCVN 05: 2009/BTNMT: National Technical Regulation on ambient air quality. - QCVN 26: 2010/BTNMT: National Technical Regulation on noise. The results of the air quality analysis of the subproject zone show that: - Noise: Noise measurement at 10 air sampling locations in the subproject zone shows that the noise level in the area varies greatly from 36.4 to 69.4 dBA. However, the average values show that the noise level in the area is not too high, ranging from 52.3 to 61.2 dBA, according to the regulation (QCVN 26: 2010/BTNMT). The noisiest place is monitoring locations located near the canal where there are boats traveling and causing significant noise to the subproject zone. - Suspended dust: The results show that in the subproject zone, the dust content in the air ranges from 34 to 65μg/m3 and is within the specified limits (QCVN 05: 2009 / BTNMT column 1). This indicates that the air is not contaminated with suspended dust. This result also reflects the fact that the sub-zone is located far from traffic routes and urban areas, so the source of dust is almost nonexistent.

- NO2 content: NO2 in the air is mainly derived from fuel combustion. Analysis of NO2 content in the air at the sampling sites showed that the index only ranged from 16 to 38 μg/m3 within the specified limits of air quality (QCVN 05: 2009 / BTNMT column 1). This shows that the air environment in the area is relatively clean and not affected by NO2.

- SO2 content: Similar to NO2 gas, SO2 gas in the air is also generated primarily from the burning of fuel (petrol, oil, etc.). The results of the survey (Appendix 3) show that the SO2 content in the air is very low, ranging from 15 to 24 μg/m3, which indicates that the air environment in the area is not significantly affected by fuel burning. The survey results show that: The present condition of the air environment in the area is good, the content of toxic NO2 and SO2 is very low and always within the allowable range. Particularly, the amount of dust in the air is quite low due to limit sources. This is also a great pressure for the construction units, this unit should have solutions to control the impact of gas emissions from machinery and vehicles; dust from transporting fuel and materials as well.

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Figure 2.8: Location of air quality samples in 2017

2.2.2. Soil quality

Soil is a habitat, providing nutrients for the growth of many plants and microorganisms. All methods of land use and exploitation lead to changes in the characteristics of the soil environment and indirect impacts on the water environment. During construction, excavation work is unavoidable. This may have some impact on the environment. Accurate assessment of the land environment in the area is the basis for identifying changes that may occur during excavation as well as their impacts over time. This is the scientific and practical basis to propose reasonable solutions to overcome the construction process as well as when the system works. Therefore, in order to assess the quality of soil environment, in May 2017, the consultant unit took soil samples at 15 sites with different depth level (the first layer is 0-20 cm, 2nd layer is 50 - 70 cm deep, 3rd layer is 1.3-1.5 m deep). The location of soil samplings in the area is shown in Figure 2.9 and the results of the analysis of soil quality are attached in Annex 3.

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Figure 2.9: Location of soil samples in 2017 a). Salinity

Salinity is an important indicator in evaluating soils, especially for coastal soils that are influenced by tides. The salinity of the soil not only affects the plant but also influences the quality of the work due to the erosion of salt in the soil. Soil salinity is assessed through the electrical conductivity (EC) of soil extraction solution. Soil salinity is also measured through the total soluble salt content in the soil and content of -2 chloride and sulfate (SO4 ). Classification of salinity in the soil is shown in Table 2.14. The results of EC values of the soil samples are shown in Figure 2.10. The EC values range from 149 to 1365 μs/cm; Compared to the classification criteria in Table 2.14, most are non- saline or slightly saline. Particularly, at positions Đ2, Đ3, Đ4, Đ5, the soil is from slightly to moderately saline. Table 2.14: Soil salinity classes by EC Class EC 1:5 (µS/cm) Non-saline <400 Slightly saline 410–800 Moderately saline 810–1,600 Very saline 1600–3,200 Very saline >3,200 Source: Rana Munns.

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Figure 2.10: EC contents in the subproject area b). pH value

In order to assess the acidity of the soil, pHH2O and pHKCl are commonly used. To classify the acidity of the soil, pHKCl is often used (see Table 2.15).

The results show that the pHKCl values at monitoring sites ranged from 3.01 to 4.71 (Figure 2.11). There is a great difference in pH by location and depth. At monitoring locations (Đ2, Đ3, Đ4, Đ5), there are acid sulfate soils. The remaining positions have a slightly acidic pH. The above data imply that the soil in the area is contaminated with alum. This is also a concern for the construction units when building a system of special works, it is necessary to monitoring and adherence to technical solutions to limit the impact on sites affected by acid sulfate to the water environment. Table 2.15: Soil acidity classification

No pH KCl Soil acidity level 1 < 4,0 Extremely acid 2 4,0 – 4,5 Very strongly acid 3 4,5 – 5,0 Moderately acid 4 5,0 – 6,0 Slightly acid 5 6,0 – 7,0 Neutral 6 > 7,0 Alkaline Source: Le Van Khoa, 1996.

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Figure 2.11: pHKCl in soil sampling sites in the subproject area c). Organic matter concentration

Organic matter is an important indicator in determining the fertility of the soil, the content of organic matter in soil relative to the chemical composition of the soil. The results show that the correlation between organic matter and other physical, chemical and physic-chemical parameters will determine the fertility of the soil. The organic matter content of the soil directly affects the nutrient content, the digestibility of the soil and the conditions of its absorption and metabolism. Along with the cultivation, organic matter content in soil decreased due to the absorption of plants and the decomposition of organisms. However, the land is often replenished during the cultivation of surplus products; remnants of plants which are of great significance in returning nutrients to the soil. There are many ways to classify soil fertility. In India, it is thought that the fertility of the soil is determined by the NPK. In the MD the humus in a soil is divided into 5 groups (see Table 2.16). Analysis results of organic matter in the soil at the sampling sites in Figure 2.12 are shown that the concentration varies from 1.0% to 3.1%, the organic fertility ranges from poor to medium. Table 2.16: Classification of organic matter in soil No Organic matter (%) Class 1 < 1 Very poor 2 1 – 2 Poor 3 2 - 3 Average 4 3 - 5 Relatively rich 5 > 5 Rich Source: Le Van Khoa, 1996.

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Figure 2.12: Organic matter contents of samples taken in the subproject area d). Total nitrogen content

Most of the nitrogen content in the topsoil is in humus, up to 80% of the protein is in the bonding structures of the organic compounds and about 50% of them are amine. Thanks to the mineralization and microorganisms, they are converted into NH4+ and NO3- through which plants can absorb the nutrient. There are many levels used to evaluate nitrogen concentration in soil. In the MD it is divided into four levels as shown in Table 2.17. Analysis results (Figure 2.13) show that the total nitrogen concentration ranges from 0.13% to 0.29% (level average to relatively rich). Table 2.17: Assessment of soil in accordance with the total N No. TN (%) Class 1 < 0,1 Very poor 2 0,1 – 0,18 Average 3 0,18 – 0,3 Relatively rich 4 > 0,3 Rich Source: Tran Van Chinh, 2000.

Figure 2.13: Total nitrogen contents of samples taken in the subproject area 108

e). Heavy metal

The analysis result of soil samples shows that the subproject area is not contaminated by heavy metals. The heavy metals index is very low compared to the permitted limit (see Appendix 3 for details).

2.2.3. Sediment quality

To assess the status of the sediment quality, the consultant took 15 samples to assess the sediment quality in May 2017. (Figure 2.14) Analysis results of sediment quality in the subproject as shown in Table 2.18, pH value of soil samples in the subproject area show that the pH values at the monitoring sites ranged from 4.94 to 5.66. Comparison with soil/sediment classification indicates that sediment in the area is slightly acid. As such, during dredging, attention should also be paid to the dredging process as well as to the dredged sludge disposal areas to minimize the impact of alum from sediment. For heavy metals, heavy metal content in sediments is within the standard of QCVN 43:2012/BTNMT on the concentrations of heavy metals in freshwater sediments.

Figure 2.14: Location of sediment samples in 2017

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Table 2.18: Analysis results of the sediment samples in the subproject area Mn Cd Pb Zn As No. Symbol pHH2O mg/kg 1 TT1 5.66 305 0.14 32.1 118 0.30 2 TT2 5.34 273 0.11 32.6 128 0.26 3 TT3 5.37 179 0.10 30.0 129 0.37 4 TT4 5.50 182 0.12 32.2 120 0.19 5 TT5 5.46 173 0.14 32.4 118 0.11 6 TT6 5.47 203 0.08 32.6 114 0.14 7 TT7 5.52 198 0.12 34.1 141 0.16 8 TT8 5.43 206 0.11 30.2 135 0.37 9 TT9 5.41 208 0.12 32.0 137 0.33 10 TT10 5.26 219 0.16 31.2 127 0.21 11 TT11 5.23 208 0.14 32.7 138 0.20 12 TT12 5.19 224 0.10 32.4 125 0.18 13 TT13 5.21 208 0.12 29.3 123 0.16 14 TT14 4.94 215 0.11 31.9 117 0.34 15 TT15 5.71 379 0.14 32.6 115 0.21 QCVN 43 : 2012/BTNMT - 3.50 91.3 315 17.0

2.2.4. Surface water quality

In order to assess the status of surface water, our team arranged 20 water quality sampling sites in May 2017 (see Figure 2.15). The results of water quality analysis presented in Annex 3 is used as a baseline to assess the impacts of the construction on surface water quality during execution as well as when the whole system is put into operation. In addition, the results are analyzed and evaluated to identify negative factors to water environment at the present time, thereby proposing and developing solutions to mitigate adverse effects. Criteria for evaluation of surface water quality: QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT – National technical regulation on surface water quality regulating the classification of surface water quality for various water use purposes:

− Column A1: Water quality for domestic water supply and other purposes, such as columns A2, B1 and B2.

− Column A2: Water quality for domestic water supply but applying appropriate treatment technology; for aquatic plant and animal conservation, or purposes of use as columns B1 and B2.

− Column B1: Water quality for irrigation and drainage purposes or other purposes with similar water quality requirements or other purposes of use such as column B2.

− Column B2: Water quality suitable for transportation and other purposes with low water quality requirements. 110

Figure 2.15: Water samples in the subproject area in 2017 The results of the survey and analysis show that the current status of surface water quality in the subproject area is as follows: a). pH value pH is important in assessing water quality as it affects most biological and chemical processes. Previous studies have shown that pH limits for plant and aquatic life develop normally in the range of 6.5 to 8.5, if the pH is lower than 6, there is a sour taste affecting aquatic plants. , fisheries, fish, etc. the lower pH of water can cause death to fish, aquatic animals and plants. According to QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT column A1 the pH value is limited from 6.0 to 8.5. pH affects directly and indirectly on fish and shrimp life, influences physiological processes (changes in membrane permeability, disrupts salt and water exchange processes, affects respiratory process), growth (growth rate), nutrition (ability to food digestion), reproduction (mature, lay eggs, development of embryos). pH also affects the cell's ability to absorb O2 and CO2 emissions on crustaceans and mollusks. Low pH breaks down plant cell membranes and prevents the activity of certain enzymes leading to break food chains. The analysis shows that the pH value at the sampling sites ranging from 6.41-7.14 (Figure 2.16), indicating that the water is completely free of alum and is within surface water quality standard (QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT type A1). This is one of the favorable conditions for aquaculture, rice cultivation as well as domestic use.

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Figure 2.16: pH values of water samples taken in the subproject area b). EC value

The water conductivity (EC) is related to the presence of ions in water, which are usually salts 2- +2 of metals such as NaCl, KCl, SO4 , Ca . Electrical conductors are mainly caused by sodium 2 chloride. For fresh water contaminated with alum, the increase of EC in water due to SO4 -, Fe+2, Al+3 caused by the leaching of soil into the water. Table 2.19 shows the EC value of water in the Environment Protection Authority of Australia guidelines for wastewater irrigation. Table 2.19: Salinity classes of irrigation waters EC range No. Comments (μs/cm) 1 0 - 270 Can be used for most crops on most soils 2 270 – 780 Can be used if a moderate amount of leaching occurs. Plants with moderate salt tolerance can be grown, usually without special salinity management practices. Sprinkler irrigation with the more saline waters in this group may cause leaf scorch on salt-sensitive crops. 3 780 – 2340 Should not be used on soils with restricted drainage. Even with adequate drainage, best practice management controls for salinity may be required and the salt tolerance of the plants to be irrigated must be considered. 4 2340 – 5470 For use, soils must be permeable and drainage adequate. Water must be applied in excess to provide considerable leaching, and salt-tolerant crops should be selected 5 5470 Not suitable for irrigation except on well-drained soils under good management especially in relation to leaching. Source: Environment Protection Authority 1991 The result shows that the EC value varies from 100 - 378μs/cm. There is no big difference between high tide and low tide (Figure 2.17). The EC value is quite low, so it is suitable for

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irrigation of all crops with all types of soil. This factor does not also influence the use of this water to mix concrete, and the risk of corrosion of materials.

Figure 2.17: EC values of water samples taken in the subproject area c). Chloride concentration

Chloride is one of the important anions in water, an important indicator of salinity assessment. The chloride content in water varies greatly due to water source and salinity intrusion. Similar to the EC, chloride concentration in the subproject is not high, ranging from 14.0 to 38.0 mg/L and within the A1 threshold (250 mg/L) of QCVN08:2015/BTNMT on surface water quality. d). DO value

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is an important parameter in assessing the quality of water. An important oxygen source of animals, microorganisms living in water. Low levels of dissolved oxygen are a noticeable sign of polluted water. The results shown in Figure 2.18 indicate that the DO value varies from 0.5 to 5.8 mg/l. At all sampling sites, DO values do not meet the standard of surface water quality column A2, but mainly in the standard column B2 (QCVN 08-MT: 2015/BTNMT). The low DO content clearly indicates the surface water quality in the area is polluted by organic matters. e). BOD5 and COD concentrations

COD and BOD5 are two important parameters used to assess the level of organic pollution of water resource. COD is used to evaluate total organic matter in water sources while BOD5 is used to assess biodegradable organic matter levels. When this value is high, the water is contaminated by organic matter. When it decays, oxygen deficiency occurs in the aquatic environment, which directly affects the aquatic life. Oxygen deficiency leads to anaerobic digestion, which results in toxic gases. The metabolism of organic matter also generates other pollutants such as increased levels of eutrophication. The measurement results show that COD values in the project area vary greatly, ranging from 12.1 to 23.1 mg/l (Figure 2.19). Similar to the DO value, the COD values at the sampling

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sites do not meet the standards for surface water quality in column A but are mainly in column B (QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT). This implies that the water source is contaminated with organic matter. It is necessary to analyze pollution sources. f). Ammonium concentration

Ammonium is a product of metabolism of animals in water as well as decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms which the result is the conversion of nitrogen to ammonium; part of the ammonium is used directly by plants; the rest is converted to nitrite by + microorganisms. The presence of NH4 also indicates the level of conversion of organic + pollutants in water bodies. The presence of large amounts of NH4 is a potential negative + factor for aquatic animals as well as microorganisms. Analysis results of the N-NH4 in the subproject area in Figure 2.20 show that the surface water at the monitoring sites is polluted with ammonium nitrogen. The concentration varies considerably, ranging from 0.08 to 2.81 mg/l. Most of the samples do not meet the environmental standard column A but the standard column B (QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT). Particularly at points N2, N5, N8, N9, the value is even higher than the standard column B from 1.4 to 3.1 times. The value in high tide is higher than in low tide.

Figure 2.18: DO values of water samples taken in the subproject area

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Figure 2.19: COD values of water samples taken in the subproject area

+ Figure 2.20: N-NH4 values of samples taken in the subproject area g). Nitrate concentration

Nitrate is the highest oxidation stage in the nitrogen cycle and is the last stage in biological oxidation. In rural and suburban areas, the use of fertilizers can be a source of nitrate pollution. Nitrate can fluctuate seasonally with the growth of aquatic organisms as it is an important nutrient component of aquatic life. There have been numerous studies on the level of the poisoning of aquatic animals; Shrimp has to be exposed for a long time to the environment with high nitrate content. A series of lesions observed in shrimps exposed to high levels of nitrate are demonstrated by the elongated and non-epithelial cells, the hepatopancreas being damaged, bearded, poorly fed and abnormal metabolism. The results of the determination of N-NO3- content in Figure 2.21 show that most of the - samples have N-NO3 concentration of less than 2 mg/l, belong to the A1 standard. 115

- Figure 2.21: N- NO3 values of samples taken in the subproject area h). Phosphate concentration

In nature, phosphates are considered to be the product of the process of phosphorus, often found in the form of trace in natural water. High level of phosphate is a factor in the growth of algae. This phenomenon can be originated from the pollution of domestic water, agriculture or industrial wastewater that produces detergents or fertilizers. Therefore, the phosphate indicator is used to control the level of contamination of water. Results of P-PO43- analysis in water is similar to ammonium, the levels of phosphate at points N2, N5, N8, N9 are higher than the rest and exceed the permissible column A2 (0.2mg/L). At the remaining sites, the phosphorus concentration is relatively low or below the detection level (Figure 2.22).

3- Figure 2.22: P-PO4 concentrations of samples taken in the subproject area i). TSS concentration

The results of total suspended solids content (TSS) measurement varies considerably, ranging from 38.0 to 233.1 mg/l, the details are in Figure 2.23. There is a difference between high tide

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and low tide at the sampling sites. However, due to its sediment profile, the effect is not great and they are easily removed from water through simple solutions.

Figure 2.23: TSS concentrations of samples taken in the subproject area j). Total coliform

In natural water bodies, there are many types of living microorganisms involved in the purification of water resources, besides beneficial microorganisms that do not affect humans or animals, there are also many microorganisms that cause disease or affect human health, especially animals that are derived from warm-blooded animal feces. The results of the total coliform determination at the sampling sites show that the highly contaminated water is from 400 to 6.800MPN/100ml. This implies the poor environmental sanitation in the area. Water always show signs of infection by warm-blooded animal feces is a potential risk arising. From the actual sampling survey, there are quite a number of households living near canals; Due to poor infrastructure and limited economic conditions, domestic waste from livestock and poultry are regularly discharged into canals that contaminating water sources.

2.2.5. Groundwater quality

Basing on the hydro-geological characteristics, the groundwater resource in Dong Thap province is divided into water aquifers in order of characteristics from top to bottom as follows: - The first aquifer: is poor quantity, bad quality, type of sulfate-calcium-magnesia water, not meet the demand for water for domestic using. This aquifer has a total area of 1,036 km2 (30% of the province's natural area), located at a depth of 35-50m, tends to sink in the direction of north-south and northwest-southeast. - The second aquifer: irregular quality, total mineralization from 0.5-2.7g / L with average water level and irrigation capacity. This aquifer has a total area of about 1,168 km2, located at a depth of 90-120m, distributed mainly in the south and southeast. - The third aquifer: mineralization from 1.9-3.47g / L, distributed at a depth of 135-170m

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with the total area of 848km2, distributed mainly in three areas: Tam Nong East, Southeast Thap Muoi and Lai Vung, the bottom layer tends to sink east, southeast and southwest. - The fourth aquifer: distributed at a depth of 190-200m, with the flow of 14-26L/s, total mineralization from 0.5-0.6 g/L, good quality, type of water Bicarbonate - Sodium, which is abundant in water, is a promising water supply in the area. The total area of this area is about 788 km2, accounting for 23% of the province's area. It is widely distributed and occupies most of the large area in the north, with the bottom of the river tending to the east and southeast. - The fifth aquifer: distributed at depths of 350m or less, good quality, high pressure. This is the water supply prospect for the whole region. If classified by area, the groundwater of Dong Thap can be divided as follows: - The area north of Nguyen Van Tiep canal: underground water is 100-300m. Particularly, in Tan Hong district, the groundwater is 50-100m and can be used for living. - The area south of Nguyen Van Tiep canal and south of Tien river: abundant groundwater resources in different depths. In general, groundwater in Dong Thap province is considered to be abundant and is being exploited for production and living in urban and rural areas. However, the underground water source of the province is in danger of being reduced in quantity and quality. Clean water sources in rural areas do not meet the demand, so people have to exploit and use underground water. Under the subproject, the consultant has taken 5 samples of groundwater to assess the current status of groundwater quality in the subproject zone. The sampling location diagram is shown in Figure 2.24. The results in the area show that the water source is not contaminated with acid sulfate (the high pH value of 7.54-7.81), which meet the standards of groundwater and water quality for domestic use. Two out of five samples have a coliform value exceeding the prescribed limit. The total hardness and chlorine content of groundwater meets the Vietnamese standard for groundwater quality (QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT). The concentration of heavy metals is quite low. This indicates that groundwater in the subproject area is quite good for exploitation.

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Figure 2.24: Locations of sampling sites of groundwater

2.2.6. Mineral resources

The mineral resources are poor in Dong Thap, comprising mainly construction sand of various types which are distributed along river banks, islets, and clay for tile making as below

- Constructions sand: its reserve and quality are the best as of other provinces in the Mekong Delta. Sand is distributed along with riverine islets and headlands in the Tien River and the Hau River, convenient for exploitation and transport. Riverine sand is under the form of sediment by water currents and supplemented continuously by currents of the Mekong River.

- Clay has a substantial reserve and a widespread distribution throughout the province.

- Kaolin clay is generated from river sedimentation, distributing in the northern districts of Tan Hong, Tam Nong, and Hong Ngu Town. The mine layer is about 1 – 1.5 m under the surface soil of 0.6 to 1.3 m thickness.

- Peat was formed in the 4th century, having a reserve of about 2 million m3, distributing in districts of Tam Nong, Thap Muoi under the form of bed and ancient river bottom. Peat beds under the ground surface for 0.5 – 1.2 m have a combustion heat from 4,100 – 5,700 kcal/kg.

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2.3. CURRENT STATUS OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES

During execution and operation, it is unavoidable to have impacts on the surrounding environment as well as on the species. Therefore, the assessment of the current status of living resources in the affected area is very important, thereby providing appropriate mitigation measures, especially in the vicinity of Tram Chim NP where has high biodiversity. In order to assess the status of the subproject's biological resources, in addition to surveying and evaluating the actual situation at the subproject site, the report also refers to a number of secondary documents and data on the investigation and assessment of biodiversity status in Dong Thap province and subproject zone. According to the report of the current status of the environment in Dong Thap Province (2005-2009) of the Institute of Natural Resources and Environment (VNU-HCM), the biological resources of Dong Thap province are as follows:

- Aquatic species include bacteria, algae, aquatic plants, phytoplankton, zooplankton, zoobenthos floating in the water or muddy water. ▪ There are 282 species of algae in 7 phyla including Chrysophyta, Pyrrophyta, Euglenophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Bacillariophyta, and Xanthophyta. ▪ Algae as food for shrimp and fish with 201 species including Bacillariophyta, and Euglenophyta. ▪ Zooplankton contains 105 species, including: Rotifers, Copepoda, Coladeira, Protozoa, Molluscas. ▪ Zoobenthos contains 61 species belonging to the phyla of Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Insecta, Crustacea ▪ There have no species in the Red Book of Vietnam.

- Biodiversity at Tram Chim NP: The Park is located adjacent to the subproject area but the subproject will not impact on the Park. The flora and fauna of Tram Chim NP are diverse: ▪ Flora: abundant with 130 species, typical of wetland in the Plain of Reeds, including lotus, wild rice, Rhizoma cynodoin, Eleocharis, Ischaemum rugosum and Melaleuca forests. Tram Chim is wetland with two dominant vegetation populations: inundated grasslands and floodplain forests. ▪ Fauna: rich and typical for wetland environment, including: ➢ Aquatic species have 174 species of algae, 110 species of zooplankton, 29 species of bottom animals; phytoplankton has 349 species; Bacillariophyta of 150 species; zooplankton have 96 species; zoobenthos of 29 species; aquatic insects of 24 species. ➢ There are 55 species of fish. ➢ Water birds 198 species of 25 genera, 49 families. In particular, there are animals in the famous red book of Tram Chim is Sarus crane.

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2.4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION

2.4.1. Current land use

In the subproject area, most are agricultural land. By 2015, the area is 95,178.65 ha over 114,934 ha of natural land accounting for 82.8%. At each district/town of subproject area, the area used for agricultural production occupies 68% - 83% of the total land area. In the whole area of the 4 districts/towns of the subproject area, only Tam Nong district has a forest land of 7,577 ha, accounting for a small proportion of 16.0% of district and 6.6% of the natural land area of the subproject area. The forest area in Tam Nong district includes production forest, protection forest and special-use forest but is not within the subproject area. The annual crop land is 82,520.1 ha, accounting for 97.3%, the perennial crop land is 2,301.05 ha, accounting for 2.7%. Annual crops are mainly rice, crops and annual industrial crops. Table 2.20 and Figure 2.25 show that the area of the subproject zone is mainly paddy field land and rice-cash crop rotation land. This is a favorable advantage to achieve the objectives of the subproject. During the implementation of the subproject, there will be no need to change the land use purpose but only based on available agricultural land, flexible rice mixed with the model of aquaculture, crops to increase livelihood during flood season. Table 2.20: Status of land use (ha) of the subproject districts /towns in 2015 Natural Agriculture Forest Aquacult Special use Resident No. District/town land land land ure land land ial land 1 Hong Ngu town 12,184.40 9,610.32 - 537.04 1,672.79 363.83 2 Hong Ngu district 20,973.59 14,330.82 - 1,043.04 1,012.88 968.03 3 Tam Nong district 47,322 33,631 7,577 649 3726 1157 4 Thanh Binh district 34,454 27,249 - 530 2590 1591 Total 114,933.99 84,821.14 7,577 2,759.08 9,001.67 4,079.86 Source: Statistical yearbook of subproject districts/town in 2015

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Figure 2.25: Map of current land use in the subproject area

2.4.2. Social condition

2.4.2.1. Population

At present, in the subproject communes have a total natural land area of 401.96 km2. The total population in the subproject area is 34,864 households, equivalent to 139,013 people, of which the number of men and women is 68,932 and 70,081 respectively (Table 2.21). The natural population growth rate in 2017 in the areas was 1.39%. According to the survey data, the average number of people in a household is 4.0 people/HH which is higher than an average number of people in a household of the country with 3.89 (Statistic year book, 2017). The average age is 35.7 years old (Figure 2.26).

Figure 2.26: Age of household heads in the subproject area

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2.4.2.2. Poor rate

The rate of poor households in the affected communes is 9.4%, with 3,722 households and ranges from 3.1% (Tan Hoi commune of Hong Ngu town) to 18.5% (Thuong Thoi Hau B commune, Hong Ngu district). In addition, the communes with high poverty rates are Thuong Thoi Hau A (15%), Thuong Phuoc 1 (13%), and An Long (13.2%), Phu Tho (11.2%) and Phu Thanh B (10.96%) in Tam Nong district. Details are in Table 2.21. Poor households are concerned by the government and have specific plans for annual reduction. However, the gap between rich and poor as well as between low-income groups and high-income groups is increasing rapidly. Table 2.21: Socio-economic information of the subproject communes Numbe Populat Rate of Average Numb Population r of ion poor income Area er of poor No. District/Town density HHs in Mil VND (km2) HH HHs in (people/ Total Man Woman 2017 / people (HH) 2017 km2) (people ) (people) (people) (%) /year (hộ) I Hong Ngu town 1 Binh Thanh 48.43 226 2679 10,960 5,326 5,634 9.0 265 24.8 2 Tan Hoi 11.28 673 1770 7,597 3,685 3,912 3.1 58 37.5 3 An Binh A 27.13 496 3275 13,455 6,521 6,934 3.3 109 37.0 4 An Binh B 19.1 272 1239 5,187 2,519 2,668 3.5 47 37.5 II Hong Ngu district Thuong Thoi 1 13.54 557 1803 7,550 3,807 3,743 15.0 358 Hau A Thuong Thoi 2 14.42 545 2288 7,856 3,965 3,891 18.5 500 22.0 Hau B 3 Thuong Phuoc 1 34.41 586 5172 20,162 10,134 10,028 13.0 680 26.0 III Tam Nong district 1 An Hoa 26.3 388 2,590 10,217 5,096 5,121 7.8 211 37.0 2 An Long 18.5 731 3,392 13,525 6,746 6,779 13.2 384 37.0 3 Phu Ninh 15.3 543 2,084 8,315 4,148 4,167 9.0 204 37.0 4 Phu Tho 63.6 173 2,758 11,027 5,500 5,527 11.2 438 35.0 5 Phu Thanh A 21.6 547 2,963 11,815 5,891 5,924 7.4 223 35.0 6 Phu Thanh B 51.6 89 1,150 4,611 2,300 2,311 11.0 126 22.0 IV Thanh Binh district 1 Phu Loi 36.75 183 1702 6,736 3,294 3,442 6.5 119 Total 401.96 429.2 34,864 139,013 68,932 70,081 9.4 3,722 32.3 The interview 14 CPCs on the subproject area showed that there is a close relationship between landlessness and poverty. Most landless people are poor people, however, some people have little land are also the poor in the subproject area. Focus group discussion and in- depth interviews conducted with poor HHs (in the AHs due to land acquisition) and landless (in the beneficiary area) for the RSA in the subproject area in the 14 CPCs on December 2017, showed that the poverty and landlessness from generation to generation is a relevant feature of the vulnerabilities of a segment of the local population and these households, women have to work harder to earn for the household beside their daily housework. Incomes of local poor, depend much on the way they find for daily food, from hand to mouth: the 123

minimum is around 20,000 - 30,000 VND per day, the maximum is around 70,000- 80,000 VND per day, in petty trade and in paid labor for a cash crop, rice crop.

2.4.2.3. Ethnicity and vulnerable households

Dong Thap has a very small population of ethnic minorities in the subproject area (Figure 2.27). The ethnic Khmer, Cham, and Hoa have largely inter-married with Kinh and are largely integrated into the wider land holding Kinh communities. There are no segregated ethnic communities or villages in the area. In total of 366 affected households due to land acquisition, there are 6 vulnerable HHs including 02 war invalids and martyrs HHs, 3 HHs having people with meritorious services to the wars and 01 near poor HH (Table 2.22) who are acquired land for the subproject and total area of acquired land is higher than 10% of total current area.

Source: District Socio-Economic Report, 2017 Figure 2.27: Dong Thap ethnic minority distribution Table 2.22: Vulnerable affected households of the subproject Near poor and Mentally and Ethnic Total Social-policy HHs poor HHs (HHs) physically minority handicapped HHs War people, or people People with No District Near invalids meritorious Vietnamese Poor in poor physical poor and services to hero mother HHs health; Poor HHs women-headed martyrs the wars (HHs) HHs (HHs) (HHs) 1 Hong Ngu district 1 1 2 Hong Ngu town 2 2 4 3 Tam Nong district 1 1

4 Thanh Binh district Total 0 1 0 0 2 3 0 6

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2.4.2.4. Labor and job

In the subproject communes, the proportion of households engaged in agriculture is high in the occupational structure, accounting for 70-80% of the total number of households in each commune. Because the subproject is not located in the forest area, there are no households working in the forestry sector. Commercial, industrial and handicraft, construction and services strongly developed Tam Nong district and Hong Ngu town. With the main occupation of agriculture, the main source of income for households is from agriculture. Income from cultivation is mainly from rice, crops and fruit trees. Income from livestock is mainly from cattle, pigs, goats and poultry. Income from aquaculture is mainly from shrimp and Pangasius farming for export and other fish. Among the affected people, the percentage of dependents is quite high, accounting for 42%, including young people aged <20 years and elders, housewives, the remaining 29% is bread- winners working in agriculture, livestock: 16% is wage earners and state wages, 6% is hired laborers, 5% make their won business and 2% working in handicraft sector (See Figure 2.28).

2.4.2.5. Income and living standards of households

The survey data in the subproject area showed that the per capita income of the subproject communes is 32.3 million VND/person/year, ranging from 22.0 million VND/person/year (Phu Thanh B commune, Tam Nong district and Thuong Thoi Hau B commune, Hong Ngu district) to 37.5 million VND/person/year (Tan Hoi and An Binh B communes in Hong Ngu district), see detail in Table 2.21. As a likely consequence of economic growth, about 9.4% of the total survey household is living in poverty condition. Hardly, the poverty households in the subproject area can access the local infrastructures and public utility services as well as educational. The poor households in the subproject area have very limited access to the local existing infrastructures, services as well as education. An about 14.8% of total children under school age are uneducated or illiterate. The proposed subproject will create job opportunity for this group, to help them to earn additional incomes.

2.4.2.6. Education

The survey results on education level show that the level is rather low, 14.8% of people have not attended school, almost elderly; 36.1% have only completed primary school, most of them are middle-aged people from 40-60 years old and pupils of primary school age; 18.7% of people at the secondary level, these people are younger, commonly 30-40 years old and secondary school children; 16.1% of people finish high school; only 7.7% of trained workers and 5.8% of workers have college/university/postgraduate qualifications. By gender, it is noted that the percent of a female with lower education level is much higher than male. Thus, the level of education of the PAPs in the subproject area is quite low, so there should be solutions to support people in accessing and learning new livelihoods models when implementing the subproject (Figure 2.28).

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Table 2.23: Occupations of the PAPs in the working age Main occupations of the PAPs in the working age Total No. of PAPs in Seasonal No District surveyed Workers/ the working Agriculture Small business workers/ Hired Handicraft HHs Government officers age labors 1 Hong Ngu town 480 139 24 77 29 10 279 2 Hong Ngu district 900 261 45 144 54 18 522 3 Tam Nong 56 16 3 9 3 1 32 4 Thanh Binh 28 8 0 4 2 0 14 Total 1464 424 72 234 88 29 847

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Figure 2.28: Education of affected people in the subproject area In the 15 communes of the project, there are 14 communes with primary schools, junior high schools and pre-schools. Only An Long commune in Tam Nong district has no secondary school but the only commune has a high school. Most of the schools in the subproject communes have the good, solid or semi-permanent infrastructure. There are still some temporary schools. The number of elementary school pupils in the subproject communes is about 13,730, 6,975 pupils in secondary schools, and 833 high school pupils. The rate of drop-outs in the subproject area is low: from 0.03 to 0.2% in primary level, between 0.89 - 1.85% for secondary school and the high school is from 0.74 to 6.2%. Data on the total number of schools in the subproject districts/town are presented in Table 2.24. Table 2.24: Number of school pupils in the subproject area in the school year 2015 – 2016 Primary Secondary High No. District/town Kindergarten school school school 1 Hong Ngu district 4,915 13,120 6,996 2,163 2 Hong Ngu town 3,116 8,089 4,277 2,067 3 Tam Nong district 3,995 10,645 6,054 2,360 4 Thanh Binh district 5,206 14,398 7,844 3,018 Total 17,232 46,252 25,171 9,608 Source: Statistical yearbook of the subproject districts/town in 2017

2.4.2.7. Gender issue a). Labor share

The interview 14 CPCs on the subproject area showed that labor share between male and female are classified for different roles but equally respected. Men mostly work on fields and women take care of housework (cooking, cleaning, keeping money, raising children…). Women’s participation in rice growing is less than in vegetable cultivation. They are involved

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in light field works only like weeding in small patches, sowing and harvesting hot chili, beans. b). Out-migration as a typical strategy to tackle with the reduction/ decline of existing livelihoods

In these focus groups, it was reported that to leave the home countryside and migrate to the big cities to find jobs in industrial processing zones or in trade and services is a ‘first of all’ and foremost coping strategy to tackle the decline of livelihoods relying on the weather, climate and water resources. Local people have to migrate to big cites as Ho Chi Minh City, Binh Duong, Dong Nai provinces. In many households, husbands migrate and work out, send remittances to wives and children staying at home. Without men power, the women have to carry out all hard farming works by themselves while taking care of children and housework. In addition, they are more vulnerable to the disaster, i.e. flood, while the men are absent. c). Participation in training

As reported by participants of the focus group discussion, most participants in farmers training are male, it means that women are excluded from such capacity building activity. However, while the men migrate to work far away, women are the main labors in farming works. Regarding livelihood models, it is a subproject objective that 40% of beneficiaries have to be women. In the livelihood programs, women should be provided equally with opportunity in the various proposed activities (i.e. join training or be part of farmers groups or other livelihood activities). Women’ Union should also be involved as a facilitator during public consultation or training to facilitate the participation of women. d). Participation in family and community activities

Labor arrangement is seen as by gender in the subproject area. Although all activities are participated by both women and men, there is a different arrangement in each field; in agricultural activities, men involve the most in earth work, transportation, and women involve the most in care and breeding work. Labor arrangement in the province is not quite different from studies, analysis of existing labor arrangement in Vietnam: Women participate in production, reproduction and care activities while men are mainly engaged in manufacturing activities. Community activities such as community meetings, training on production activities and political organization activities, participation percentage of both spouses were approximately 50%, a participation rate of men is higher than women (8% in community meetings: 17% in training on production; and 24% in political organization activities). Thus, a key role in community activities participation is occupied by men. And this reflects the restrictions on women’s access to information, knowledge, including information, knowledge of production, family economic development. There is a link between active groups in labor arrangement by gender as follows: When women have to spend too much time on caring and reproduction activities, they will have no time for production and community activities; moreover, limited knowledge and information due to lack of time to participate in community activities makes it difficult to engage in production activities. Meanwhile, only production activities generate income and area assumed as more important activities. Clearly, the involvement of women is limited than men on project activities related issues, such as consultations, information disclosure, detailed measuring survey, compensation. An inequity will make women more vulnerable

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when there is no opportunity to participate. Although the percentage of women and men altogether engaged in family decision making is over 80.0% (98% for family large spending, 98% for children’s study/career, 89% for production investment), more men than women make decisions on family work, for instance, production investment is nearly definitely decided by men.

2.4.2.8. Sanitation and house condition

Housing The situation of houses, water, electricity, telephone and environmental sanitation, common diseases and access to health services 366 affected households due to land acquisition: - Only 2.7% of houses are permanent houses (one or more floors), 21.1% of semi- permanent houses (brick walls, iron roofs/roofs) and 76.2% are a temporary house (wooden wall or iron wall, simple house). This is a common type of house in the subproject area along the canals (Table 2.25). - Environmental sanitation of affected households: Only 5.3% of PAPs (19HHs) have a septic tank, 94.7% (347HHs) directly discharges into the environment. Toilets are used of AHs include Septic tank: 241HHs (65.8%), Double-vault latrine: 48 HHs (13.1%) and 45HHs of no toilets, and they use fields as their toilets (see Table 2.26). Health care - Climate change may have some impacts on the health of the people. Common illnesses such as colds and flu have been predominantly occurring in the northern provinces due to erratic weather changes, which nowadays occur in the Mekong Delta, with 39% and 40%, respectively. In addition, there are other diseases such as respiratory diseases, dengue fever and hepatitis (see Table 2.27). - In the subproject area, there are adequate health services such as commune health stations, district hospitals, clinics, pharmacies ... with a common radius of 1-5 km, people can easily choose medical treatment centers, most of which are commune health stations, followed by district hospitals to treat some common diseases. Water supply and energy Most people within the subproject area are reputed to rely on groundwater (drilled wells), piped water and surface water for domestic needs, 28% of respondents received water via metered water supply, the remaining 70% either shared meters (72%) or used wells, river water, rain water or purchased water from water vendors (Table 2.28). The water used for production is 100% from the river and canal. As for cooking purpose, the energy sources used by the PAHs include electricity, gas, wood, and coal. In which, 86.1% of the households use gas while 6.8% use wood and 4.6% use electricity. The rest uses energy from electricity for cooking (Table 2.29). Other services - 100% of PAPs use the national grid for lighting and living. - 100% of households use the telephone.

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Table 2.25: Houses of affected households Total Type of houses of Ahs No District surveyed Permanent Semi-permanent Temporary HHs house house house 1 Hong Ngu town 120 4 28 88 2 Hong Ngu district 225 5 41 179 3 Tam Nong 14 0 3 11 4 Thanh Binh 7 1 5 1 Total 366 10 77 279 Percentage 100 2.7 21.1 76.2 Table 2.26: Types of toilets of affected households Total Type of toilet No District surveyed Double- Septic Temporary No Overhung HHs vault latrine tank toilet WC latrine 1 Hong Ngu town 120 16 79 14 11 0 2 Hong Ngu district 225 29 148 18 30 0 3 Tam Nong 14 2 9 0 3 0 4 Thanh Binh 7 1 5 0 1 0 Total 366 48 241 32 45 0 Percentage 100.0 13.1 65.8 8.7 12.3 0.0 Table 2.27: Common diseases of affected households Total Common diseases No District surveyed Respir Chole Dysente Hepat Poiso Cold Flu Dengue HHs atory ra ry ics ned Hong Ngu 1 120 48 47 16 6 0 0 4 0 town Hong Ngu 2 225 90 88 29 11 0 0 7 0 district Tam Nong 3 14 6 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 district Thanh Binh 4 7 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 district Total 366 147 143 48 18 0 0 11 0 Table 2.28: Domestic water sources affected households Total Water for domestic use No District surveyed River/canal Tap Dug Rainwater Other HHs water water well 1 Hong Ngu town 120 0 25 95 0 0 2 Hong Ngu district 225 0 47 178 0 0 3 Tam Nong 14 0 14 0 0 0 4 Thanh Binh 7 0 7 0 0 0

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Total 366 0 93 273 0 0 Percentage 100.0 0.0 25.4 74.6 0.0 0.0 Table 2.29: Energy for cooking of affected households Total Energy sources for cooking No District surveyed HHs Wood Coal Gas Electricity 1 Hong Ngu town 120 4 10 103 3 2 Hong Ngu district 225 19 6 194 6 3 Tam Nong 14 1 1 12 0 4 Thanh Binh 7 1 0 6 0 Total 366 25 17 315 9 Percentage 100.0 6.8 4.6 86.1 2.5

2.4.2.9. Socio-economic condition in the subproject area

This section reviews the socio-economic condition of 366AHs in the subproject area through three major components: Economic, Technical and Social. Each major component consists of sub-components shown in Table 2.30. In order to compare these components, the answers from interviewees were coded into “1” as “Low”, “2” as “Medium” and “3” as “High”. The total scores were then calculated to assess general socio-economic conditions of the studied area. It is assumed that the weight of the components is equal. Table 2.30: Scales of Socio-economic condition assessment Major Scales Notes Sub-component component (1: low, 2: medium, 3: high) 1 = insufficient + serious 1. Income affording to shortages, 2 = lightly sufficient, expenses 3 = sufficient + surplus. 1 = poor + very poor-hungry, Based on interviewees’ 2. Living standard 2 = medium, 3 = rich + fairly assumption. rich. 3. Credit 1 = do not have enough Among indebted, 100% was for conditions to borrow, long-term investment (i.e. 2 = indebted, 3 = no need. production and education), 11% was for short-term uses (i.e. Economic daily use and health treatment). condition 4. Monthly income per 1 = <2 mil VND, 2 = 2-4 mil capita VND, 3 = >4 mil VND. 5. Asset condition 1 = 0 asset, 2 = 1-2 assets, It is counted on valued assets as 3 = >3 assets. Expensive furniture, Fridge, Hot-water tank, Computer, Microwave oven. 6. Land capital 1= 1-35 cong, 2= 35-70 cong, Each of the sites will have a 3= 70-110 cong. different classification. 7. House condition 1 = Temporary house, 2 = Semi-permanent house, 3 = Permanent house. 8. Production means 1 = basic means, - Basic means: Pump machine, 2 = advanced means, Motorized pesticide sprayer, 3 = big means. Fish net, Technical - Advanced means: Motorized condition rice husking machine, Milling machine, Grinding machine for animal feed, Electric

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generator, Motor boat, - Big means: Truck, Vehicle. 9. Sufficiency of 1 = lack seriously + insufficient, irrigation system in 2 = sufficient, 3 = abundant. dry season 10. Age/Experience 1 = <50 years old, 2 = 50-70 years old, 3 = >70 years old. 11. Education 1 = non-education + primary school, 2 = junior high school, 3 = > high school. 12. Asking for help 1= within family, - Within family: parents, 2= informal relations, brothers and sisters, children, 3= formal relations. relatives, - Informal relations: neighbors, friends, - Formal relations: Local Social government, the association network at working place; Local government, the association at living place. 13. Number of 1= non-participating, association 2= 1-2 associations, participating 3= 3-4 associations. Economic condition: In the subproject area, the interviewed households have limited land capital (66%) and asset condition (48%). However, they are able to earn a high income (50%) as well as highly afford to their expenses (45%). Their living standard and house condition are thought to be at a medium level with the rate of 60% and 80% respectively (Figure 2.29).

Figure 2.29: Economic condition in the subproject area Technical condition: Interviewees either are young or have insufficient experience. In addition, their education level is low. However, these people are willing to invest much more in advanced and big production means. Another advantage is that the irrigation system can provide enough water for agricultural and aquaculture production in the dry season (Figure 2.30).

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Figure 2.30: Technical condition in the subproject area Social network: Figure 2.31 shows both asking for help and association participating are at a low level.

Figure 2.31: Social network in the subproject area The total assessment of socio-economic condition: Figure 2.32 shows that economic condition is better than technical condition and social network. In total assessment, the percentage of people at medium level highest occupied (82%).

Figure 2.32: Assessment socio-economic condition in the subproject area

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2.4.2.10. What the farmers need to be invested by the government

Figure 2.33 shows the result of the question about farmer priority for the governmental investment to the region. This is a closed-question, the farmers had to choose three options regarding the prioritized order from high to low. Obviously, people paid more attention to the investment in infrastructure that facilitates transportation, including Roads and Bridges. Although this is a closed-question and respondent did not have any other choice, the result might have compared among the options to that the people’ target is merely for the short-term vision as of to focus on economic development rather than to stabilize the social welfare such as electric, water, health, education or recreation.

Figure 2.33: Farmer priority to invest in governmental infrastructure in the subproject area

2.4.2.11. Social Structures and Cooperatives to support Livelihoods, and credit access

In Dong Thap, the Women’s Union (WU) and Farmer’s Union (FU) are active in the project area. While the Women’s Union membership is open to all women, poor women, in particular, are attracted to the Women’s Union because can access various poverty reduction, micro-credit, income generation, job creation, and women’s health initiatives of the Women’s Union. The WU has also been running training workshops raising awareness in climate change and environmental protection, focusing on sustainable wild/natural fish catching by avoiding destructive fishing (such as not using small-mesh fishing net or electric devices, etc.)7. In contrast, the Farmer’s Union attracts only land holding men who are able to make practical use of the agricultural extension training courses that are run by the FU. Poor and landless households are generally excluded from this opportunity to gain new knowledge. The FU is also active in encouraging and facilitating the formation of self-help groups. Dong Thap, the project area included, has a reputation for having strong self-help groups, usually consisting of better off households, borne out of the solidarity that emerges when confronted with natural disasters such as floods. The subproject area has numerous self-help groups in which members gather savings in cash and use it as a financial source for each member to build a new house. Due to this cooperation, many can achieve access to a solid house confronting with flood, strong wind and heavy rain.

7 Focus Group Discussion, Women Group, Phu Tho commune, Tam Nong district, Dong Thap province, 14 October 2015

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Other activities that self-help groups are active with include: (i) pumping and drying rice fields, hiring combine harvesters; (ii) sharing labor or sharing information on the demand for laborers; (iii) hiring laborers to harvest/catch snake-head fish, and collecting cash to jointly buy fish nets and boats, and then sharing the work to harvest fish at the fish ponds as a collaborative group8. There is also a very strong presence of formal cooperatives (Hop Tac Xa) in the project area. Just in Tam Nong District alone, there are 38 active cooperatives, including 32 farming and 6 non-farming cooperatives. The services that these cooperatives provide include: pumping water for irrigation; discharging water to dry rice fields; buying and spreading fertilizer and pesticides; selling harvests; providing internal micro credit; seeding fields; and providing safe water supply for domestic use, etc. At present, there are a total of 7,677 members in 32 registered cooperatives. In 2014, the total revenue from 29 of the 32 cooperatives was 43,380 million VND, with net profits amounting to 7,308 million VND. Key success factors include: gaining economies of scale in production; reducing production costs; increasing net profits, etc.9 Apart from the credit that is available to members of the self-help groups and cooperatives, credit is available in the project area in the form of micro-credit for the poor from the Women’s Union, and the Social Policy Bank, though these are often limited. General credit for agricultural investments such as buying seed and inputs is available from the Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (Agribank), but this is restricted to land holders since they need land use right certificates to borrow from Agribank. The strong presence of the WU and FU, self-help groups and cooperatives suggests that there are strong community structures and cultures present that will ensure a collective approach to upscale the flood-based adaptation models. However, the household survey data in Dong Thap, 50% or more of households are indebted and have indicated that they would have difficulty in investing in new livelihoods (Figure 2.34).

(b)

Figure 2.34: (a) Credit sources in Dong Thap; (b) Households with debt in Dong Thap The household survey data also indicates that in Dong Thap, the highest priority support required by farmers to make the livelihood transition is investment capital followed by technical knowledge (Figure 2.35).

8 In depth interview in Phu Tho B hamlet on 13 December 2017 9 Special report of Tam Nong district’s Steering Committee for the development of Cooperative, Collective Economy, led by the District Communist Party, dated May 2017.

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78%

52% 34%

12% 4% 4% 4%

Capital Technique Market Seeding Price Secure Other livelihood

Figure 2.35: Farmer request for support to make livelihood transition in Dong Thap Province

2.4.3. Economic condition

Dong Thap province in general and the subproject area, in particular, is a long-standing agricultural production site, where natural resources and natural conditions can be classified as the most favorable for agricultural production in the MD. Alluvial soils occupy a large percentage with fresh water all year round should allow the formation of intensive agriculture of diverse crops, development of specialty fruit trees for year-round harvest combining with aquaculture which brings high profit. The economic resources of the subproject area are mainly agriculture, fisheries, processing agricultural products process and trade. The rural economy has changed, many industries and services developed in accordance with the conditions of each locality, collective economy, the farming economy is facilitated for the first stage of multi-sector direction development but the result is still limited. In recent years, the economic structure in the subproject area tends to reduce the proportion of agriculture - forestry – fishery (region 1) from 62.85% in 2013 to 60.79 for Hong Ngu district but increase the proportion of industry and service sector (region 3) from 27.91% in 2013 to 28.43% in 2015 (See details in Table 2.31). The development of industry focuses on the agricultural product processing industry, the rate of export of raw materials is still high, some traditional industries such as brick, tile and textile production still attract the investment but slow and small. Trade and services grow faster. Along with economic restructuring, the composition of the economic sector has moved positively. The cooperative economy and individual development have gradually exploited the potential and wisdom of the people. Many good production models have appeared. Over years, the subproject districts/town are getting more active in developing agricultural cooperatives, converting those under the Law on Cooperatives in 2012, step by step moving in production and create a focal point for farmers to actively link - sell products with businesses. In the districts/towns of the project area, agricultural cooperatives are increasingly being supported by districts/towns to support production development and service expansion through policy programs, development of electric pump stations, production of seeds, investment in infrastructure for crops conversion, construction of agricultural production links -consumption, etc. contribute to increasing income from irrigation services, agricultural materials, credit, etc. In Hong Ngu district, there are 13 cooperatives and 25 farmer groups; Hong Ngu town has 9 cooperatives and 18 farmer groups; Tam Nong district has 32 cooperatives and Thanh Binh district has 16 cooperatives. However, the economic restructuring of the subproject area is slow, the economic growth is neither stable nor sustainable, the economic competitiveness is low, the socio-economic

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infrastructure is poor, unsynchronized and not suitable to the advantages and the potential of the area. Table 2.31: Economic restructuring of the subproject districts/town at current prices(%) Economic Hong Ngu Hong Ngu Tam Nong Thanh Binh Year sectors district town district district Region I 62.85 54.57 60.24 54.68 2013 Region II 9.24 19.79 10.97 21.19 Region III 27.91 25.64 28.79 24.13 Region I 62.02 52.86 59.12 52.49 2014 Region II 10.56 20.24 11.88 22.29 Region III 27.42 26.9 29 25.22 Region I 60.79 51.02 58 42.24 2015 Region II 10.78 20.8 12.85 26.75 Region III 28.43 28.18 29.15 31.01

2.4.3.1. Agricultural, forestry and aquaculture productions a) Agriculture

Agriculture is the main economic sector, playing an important role in the economy of the subproject area. Outstanding agricultural activities of the subproject districts are rice, aquaculture and perennial crops. Rice: In recent years, the rice of the subproject area, in particular, has grown steadily; the intensity of crops has been maximized as much as possible. The area of rice cultivation in 2015 in the area is 168,081 ha, slightly lower than in 2014 and the yield of rice in 2015 is 1,009,728 tons lower than in 2014 (Table 2.32). Table 2.32: Change of rice production over the years in the 4 subproject districts/town Year Winter - Spring Summer -Autumn Autumn - Winter Whole year Area Yield Area Yield Area Yield Area Yield (ha) (T) (ha) (T) (ha) (T) (ha) (T) 2012 72,063 508,335 71,114 378,267 14,783 82,529 157,960 969,131 2013 71,724 495,765 70,441 372,051 24,266 132,388 166,430 1,000,203 2014 72,008 509,058 71,514 383,614 26,312 141,852 169,833 1,034,524 2015 69,425 479,116 61,186 385,062 27,469 145,550 168,081 1,009,728 Source: Dong Thap Statistical Yearbook, 2015 Calendar for seeding in the province, the highland seeding first, following by the low-lying area, and also depends on hydrological regime. The protected area with closed embankments may actively pump out the water to seeding earlier to avoid early floods effectively. Corn: The area for corn planting in the subproject area in 2015 is 3,494 ha, the yield is 28,295 tons (Table 2.33). In addition to rice, cash crops are the strengths of Dong Thap province in general and of the subproject area in particular. The main crops in the area are chili, watermelon, watermelon, sweet potato, sweet corn, lotus, white radish. The area of 7,958ha in the subproject area

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increased by 1,476ha compared to that of 2014. Area of fruit trees in 2015 in the subproject areas is 888.6 ha, up 39.0ha compared to 2014. Table 2.33: Area and yield of corn in the subproject area in 2015 District/town Corn Area (ha) Yield (ton) Hong Ngu district 1,019 8,838 Hong Ngu town 70 614 Tam Nong district 113 779 Thanh Binh district 2,294 18,064 Total 3,494 28,295 Table 2.34: Area (ha) of other crops in the subproject area over the years Annual trees Perennial trees Year Cash Industrial Industrial Fruit Others Others crops trees trees trees 2012 3,233 249 3,482 114.6 868.9 29 2013 6,390 517.2 2,847 113.6 855.2 31 2014 6,482 562.4 3,110 116.1 849.7 30 2015 7,958 971.2 2,394 118.3 888.6 26 Source: Dong Thap Statistical Yearbook, 2015 Animal husbandry: see details in Table 2.35. Table 2.35: Development of cattle and poultry over the years Year Buffalo cow Pig Goat Poultry 2012 1,381 5,215 37,737 1,211 1,332,813 2013 1,462 6,426 25,530 1,669 1,406,460 2014 1,494 7,849 27,179 1,984 1,345,100 2015 1,610 8,717 26,838 1,926 1,341,880 b) Aquaculture

Aquaculture is an advantage of Dong Thap province in general and in the subproject area in particular because of suitable water environment, good water quality and abundant food source but has been invested not long ago. Aquaculture is considered the second strength after rice. Dong Thap is now the leading province in terms of export Pangasius. In addition to the ponds and mudflats method, in the districts/towns of the project areas, there was effective exploitation of paddy fields in flood season. Fishery production in 2015 in Dong Thap in general and subproject zone particular will continue to face many difficulties, especially the prices of some main aquatic products such as pangasius, fish breed decreases continuously, minor floods affect the farming of prawn. By 2015, the aquaculture area of the districts/town of the subproject is 1,936 ha, yield: 205,253 tons, of which Pangasius: 168,953 tons, down 4,322 tons compared to 2014, especially in Tam Nong district and Thanh Binh district. In the districts/towns where there is only freshwater aquaculture and aquatic species include: catfish, freshwater prawn and other

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species. The fish farming area is 1,192 ha, accounting for 61.6% of the total aquaculture area, in which the area of Pangasius farming accounts for 69.5% of the total fish farming area. The area of nursery is 244ha, of which nursing surface area is 175 ha accounting for 72% (Table 2.36). Table 2.36: Area of aquaculture (ha) in 2015 No. District/town Total Shrimp Fish Other Fingerlings 1 Hong Ngu district 244 0 170 0 74 2 Hong Ngu town 307 75 124 3 105 3 Tam Nong district 882 415 451 1 15 4 Thanh Binh district 503 0 447 6 50 Total 1,936 490 1,192 10 244 Source: Statistical yearbook of the subproject districts/town c) Current livelihood models c1) Double rice cropping In the double rice cropping system, the first crop (the Winter-Spring crop) is from December to end of February. After about a 4-week break, the second crop, (the Summer-Autumn crop, alternatively Spring-Summer) starts in early April and is harvested in the middle of July. In this system, land plots are also surrounded by dykes, with low ones at about 2 meters from the ground that allow floodwater to flow into the floodplain field after the harvest of the second crop. In the past, the second crop usually ended in August, so the low dykes became known as August Dykes. The land is let lie fallow and inundated for almost the entire flood season. At the end of November, when the water level recedes and the surface of the low dykes is exposed, farmers pump water out of their land plots to sow the Winter-Spring crop (Table 2.37). Table 2.37: Seasonal calendar of double rice cropping outside dykes Jan Feb Mar April May June Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Rainy season Peak Water rising Peak season Crop 1 (Winter- Spring) Crop 2 (Summer- Autumn) Fishing or unemployment Flooded In this system, the field receives nutrient-rich sediments from the Mekong floodwater to replenish the soil. As floodwater overtops the low dykes, it flows in a sheet-flow regime, effective for flushing out toxins from the previous crops from the field. The sediments help reduce the use and cost of fertilizers and pesticides for the next crops, as the sediments act as natural fertilizers. Also in this system, rice stems tend to be stronger and less subject to diseases and pest attacks. The flooded field during the flood season is used for fishing for home consumption by the better off and for income by the poor or landless. Fishery resources

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in the flood season are considered common property and everyone has free access to it. This setting has socio-economic implications in enabling the poor and landless to make a living. In this cropping system, water is pumped out from the field during the early part of the first crop (Winter-Spring crop) and pumped in after that at 2-week intervals. During the second crop (Summer-Autumn crop), water is pumped in at every 2-week intervals as well. Water shortages and hot temperatures are the main issues with this crop. This system has several drawbacks. Each farming household has to arrange water pumping on their own, something that is relatively inconvenient compared to the triple cropping system where large electric pump stations take care of irrigation for the entire large field inside a polder. The timing of crops in this cropping system needs to be flexible depending on floodwater fluctuations, especially at the start of the Winter-Spring crop, which has to wait for the water to recede in order to pump water out of the field. The roads that are not heightened might be inundated at this time of the flood season, hindering transportation activities. The land is typically inundated annually, so households cannot develop fruit tree orchards behind their houses. When not protected by high dykes, farmers either build their houses on stilts or dig a pond and use the soil to build a high mound for the foundation of the house. Household aquaculture fish ponds require high dykes around them to protect from flooding. c2) Triple Rice Cropping The actual timing of the crops varies several weeks from one place to another and from year to year. To visualize this calendar, Table 2.38 presents a typical schedule for the triple cropping system. Table 2.38: Seasonal calendar of My Quy commune, Thap Muoi district, Dong Thap province Jan Feb Mar April May June Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Rainy season Peak Water rising season Peak Crop 1 (Winter- Spring) Crop 2 (Summer- Autumn) Crop 3 (Autumn- Winter) As shown in Table 2.38, the timing of the three crops is as follows:

- Crop 1 (Winter-Spring). In the second half of October, when water starts receding, farmers pump rainwater out of the polders to prepare the land and to sow seeds for the Winter-Spring crop.

- Crop 2 (Summer-Autumn). After the harvest of the first crop in January, there is a break time of about 2 weeks before the second crop is sown. During this crop, water has to be pumped in from the surrounding canals into the field for an average seven times, at 2-week internals. The second crop is harvested at the end of May.

- Crop 3 (Autumn-Winter). After a 2 week break, in mid-June the third crop is sown to be harvested at the end of September, coinciding with the peak of the annual flood. During this crop, rainwater also has to be pumped out of the field for an average 7 times, at 2-week intervals. Towards the end of the crop, the risk of dyke breakage and leakage increases with the rise of the water level. In Thap Muoi district, after the harvest of the third crop,

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water is released into the field until there is a layer of standing water about 60cm in low lying parts for about 20 days before it gets pumped out for planting the next crop. The higher grounds are, however, not flooded. In Tan Hoi commune, Hong Ngu Township, no water is released into the field. In the triple rice-cropping system, the break times between two crops is very short, lasting for only 2 weeks. Farmers have to burn or plow over to bury the stubble from the previous crop. The short break time does not allow the buried stubble to decompose. As floodwater is kept out of the polders at all times, sediments and the attached nutrients do not enter the field to replenish the soils. According to local pump operators, little sediment can enter the fields through water pumping because, during the “sediment season” (the flood season), water is mainly pumped out from the field. Water is pumped in only during the dry season when there is little sediment in the water. In terms of labor, a land-owning farmer today practicing triple rice cropping within polders has to do so very little physical work, as most of the necessary heavy tasks from plowing, pumping, harvesting, trashing, and transporting are done by machines. Transporting rice in the field out to the dykes can also be done by tractor or buffalo cart. For each polder, there is a pump station built and operated by a private investor from either within or outside the community. The owner of the pump station is also the main caretaker of the dyke as he has a strong stake in case the dyke breaks. Farmers today do not have to dry their rice before selling. Buyers come to the dykes and buy fresh rice from them. It must be noted that care should be taken when comparing yield today in fresh rice with past data of yield in dry rice. Weeding work, done mostly be women, is limited or even not necessary at times, as weeds are largely controlled by herbicides (which contribute to water pollution). Other petty tasks are hired out to the landless laborers in the community. However, the petty tasks provide little employment to the laborers as it takes only one to two person-days of work for a hectare of land. The work tasks that require labor are land preparation, sowing, fertilizer broadcasting, compensation planting, and chemical spraying. In the triple rice cropping system, farmers sow seeds at the same time, advised by the commune agriculture officials, and harvest their crop at about the same time. This means that the demand for labor at the harvest seasons is very high for a short period. While the local poor laborers do not have enough employment during the year, during this time they cannot provide enough labor to meet the high demand. In Thap Muoi district, farmers explained that they hire large organized groups of laborers from other provinces, such as from Thot Not district in Can Tho, to work during the short labor-demand seasons like the sowing and harvesting times. This practice takes away employment opportunities from the landless locals in the communities and forces them to migrate out to the industrial zones. The middle-aged and elderly laborers who stay behind are left with little opportunity for petty agriculture employment tasks. The typical setting of a polderized area is described as follows. A polder ranging from several hundred to several thousand hectares in size is usually in a rectangular shape with 4 dykes and associated canals on the sides, one or two of which are newly built or heightened from existing low dykes (August dykes), and the other one or two are heightened from existing rural roads in front of houses by a canal or river. The newly built ones are typically scarcely or not inhabited at all. Behind each house, there is usually a stretch of land 150-200 meters to the back used for fruit tree gardening, animal husbandry, pond aquaculture purposes, and family burial grounds. In Thap Muoi district, with a long history of triple cropping inside the

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polders, the homestead system has adapted to the no-flood conditions. Houses, graves, animal pens, fish ponds are built low on the ground. A proposal for periodic floodwater release into the polders will be met with resistance from the majority of land holders who fear damages to their properties. c3) Floating Rice Floating rice used to be a main staple food crop in the Plain of Reeds and Long Xuyen Quadrangle. The area of floating rice dwindled rapidly after 1975 due to the rapid expansion and intensification of short-term, high yield rice. From 0.5 million hectares before 1975, in 2012 the extent of floating rice shrank to about 60 ha in An Giang and some small areas in Dong Thap. The diversity of floating rice variety has also reduced from five to a single remaining variety at present. Research on floating rice farming system is being carried out by the Research Center for Rural Development (RCRD), An Giang University on 2014 showed that soil in the floating rice field is softer and less heavy than the surrounding soils as it contains more organic material. In the 2014 flood season, the researchers found 49 plant species and 35 fish species, mainly white migratory fish, many of which are of high commercial value. The results show that floating rice field is rich in biodiversity. The main reason for the disappearance of floating rice is its low yield and the long growth duration. A floating rice crop lasts for 6 months which is twice as long as the duration of common rice fetching a yield of 2.5-3.0 tons/ha, half of that of common rice. In the area, the economic outcome for floating rice farming can be higher than that of triple rice cropping if floating rice is combined with other crops such as using the straws from floating rice for planting Allium chinense. Similar conclusions on the financial advantages of combining floating rice with other cash crops were documented in a GIZ study (2014). The challenge with floating rice is to secure a reliable market for organic floating rice-based products (rice and Allium chinense). As a result, the current total production of floating rice is small at about 100 tons annually, and branding has been a challenge. Dong Thap province is also interested in restoring floating rice in the province. Presently, the private Ecofarm Company and the state-run Vinafood 2 Company have a stated commitment to buying all floating rice from farmers at the price of 12,000 VND/kg, which is about 2.5 times that of normal rice. c4) Giant freshwater shrimp Giant freshwater shrimp are raised in the floodplain fields that are without dykes or with low dykes during the flood season. Farmers consider shrimp aquaculture highly profitable, almost 3 times that from the flood season crop of rice, but at the same time risky. It requires a large investment to buy seed, feed and building low dykes, which poorer households cannot afford. The profit fluctuates greatly with the market price from year to year and depends on the quality of seed and price of inputs. The yield of shrimp depends on the behavior of the floodwater. High floodwater saves farmers on the cost of feed, as shrimp can derive food from the floodwater. The length of the flood season is of crucial importance to shrimp yield. If floodwaters recede early, there is not enough time for shrimp to mature (5 months is required). A closed low dyke system is required for retaining water at the end of the flood season. For shrimp farmers, the longer the inundation period the better as rice farmers want to pump water

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out to sow the next rice crop right after the floodwater recedes in order to expose the dykes. Although shrimp aquaculture is being encouraged by provincial and local authorities as an alternative to triple rice cropping, farmers still hesitate due to the risk and because of the large capital required for building the enclosing low dyke system (for retaining water) as well as buying seed and feed. In Binh Thanh commune, Hong Ngu Township, for example, the total area under shrimp aquaculture shrank from 91 hectares in 2014 to 71 hectares in 2015. According to Dong Thap Department of Fisheries, the total area of giant freshwater shrimp aquaculture in Dong Thap in 2014 was 1,100 hectares, producing 1,700 tons of shrimp. Aquacultured shrimp are fed with manufactured pellets and wild captured fish and snail. Farmers indicate that at present, there is no observable water pollution caused by effluent from shrimp aquaculture yet, as the area under shrimp aquaculture is small and floodwater can still flow freely during peak time. But they warned that scaling up might cause pollution in the future. At the end of the flood season when water levels are lower and the floodwater flow is weak, disease outbreaks can occur as water becomes polluted with the accumulated residues of feed and waste from shrimp farming. Shrimp aquaculture land plots downstream of other plots can be affected by the ones located upstream.

2.4.3.2. Industry and construction

In 2015, the industrial and construction sector well developed but in small scale. The main work is mechanical repair and processing, household electronic; food processing, beverages; processing agricultural and aquatic products, consumer goods; husking, polishing rice; garment, etc. and products for construction. Industry and handicraft: There are more than 2,674 industrial and handicraft production bases currently operating in 4 districts/towns of the subproject area. The production value in 2015 is estimated at VND 7,784.5 billion and attracted about 14,755 employees. Construction: step by step improving infrastructure, contributing to promoting socio- economic development in districts/towns. Many important projects in the fields of transportation, irrigation, markets, and administrative works have been invested for construction, repairs and put into use. Last years, Hong Ngu town has invested in the construction: Vincom center of Vingroup; supermarkets of Saigon Co.op; hospital of Thai Hoa International Hospital Joint Stock Company; Mekong resort of Sao Mai group. In Tam Nong district, there is also a program to build residential clusters and routes, the second phase: 1,789 HHs/1,939 HHs in 2015 and 1,614 HHs will be disbursed to build houses while at the eastern residential area of the provincial road (PR.) 855, measures to prevent subsidence is being carried out. Hong Ngu district in 2015 has completed the use of the project of Hoa Binh bridge, Long Huu bridge, Ba Nguyen canal bridge, inner paddy field, Ba Bay ditch, Long Khanh A1 primary school, Thanh Binh has invested in infrastructure in Binh Thanh Industrial Park with many positive results to contribute effectively to the local budget. The district is also calling for investment in Tan Thanh industrial cluster in the specialty of the area: chili, cracked rice, pangasius, corn, etc.

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2.4.3.3. Trade and services

Trade: trade and services have made positive changes, bringing into full play the potentials and strengths of each sector and domain, especially those with high added value, thus contributing significantly to the economic growth of the districts/towns of the subproject area. The domestic trade has been expanded, promoting the role of circulation of goods and services, contributing considerably to the development of production and stabilizing people lives. Goods gradually meet the demand for production, consumption and life. Estimated value of goods is higher than that of 2014. The main agricultural products in districts such as rice milling and pigs are quite good, producers are profitable so the purchasing power in the population increases considerably. Trade turnover increased sharply in the group of essential goods, consumption, raw materials for feeding, construction materials, interior decoration. The management of the market, inspection and control of business activities is carried out regularly. Construction of commercial infrastructure has significantly developed, investment in markets with many sources of capital. Import and export: Despite many difficulties, enterprises have actively sought, maintained and expanded the market for key commodities such as processed aquatic products, etc.

2.4.3.4. Tourism

Generous natural conditions and submerged in-land ecosystem have awarded Dong Thap province with multiple valuable ecotourism resources. The first which should be mentioned is Tram Chim NP, known both locally and internationally. This is a miniature ecological model of Plain of Reeds and the habitat of red-head cranes – a precious bird species protected by the world. Tram Chim NP also achieves 7 out of 9 criteria in the Ramsar list of wetlands of international importance. Next is Gao Giong ecotourism site. This is a 2,000ha complex of Melaleuca forest where more than 15 species of precious birds live, nest and lay eggs. Besides, the site offers a rich variety of aquatic resources, etc. Situated by the bank of annually windy Tien River of fertility and sun, the flower village of Sa Dec is the homeland of hundreds "uncanny flowers and strange herbs". The village – one of the flower centers in the South – covers an area of around 300ha for planting flowers and ornamental trees. Here, you can see scarce and priceless bonsai of hundreds of years old. In addition to economic importance shown in high incomes brought to the regional economy, Sa Dec flowers also include cultural, art, esthetic and environmental-protecting values. Having been planned for construction, the Sa Dec flower village will soon become an interesting tourist site bearing original particularities of the Mekong Delta. Dong Thap also has a long-term history with different cultural and historical relics. Go Thap historic site is a national cultural and historic site with a complex of 5 typical relics: Go Thap Muoi, Co Tu Towel, tomb and monument of Doc Binh Kieu, Go Minh Su and Ba Chua Xu Temple. Especially, archaeologists have discovered Oc Eo cultural relics of Phu Nam Kingdom which was around 1,500 years ago. Besides, Go Thap, in the centre of the vast Plain of Reeds, still maintains a wide ecological environment and beautiful landscapes. The Ministry of Culture – Sports and Tourism has approved the project of constructing an ecotourism site in Go Thap with recreational areas; the project of 10-storey Lotus culinary tower; Thap Muoi wildlife conservation and showroom site; historical and religious relics preservation and introduction site; and ecological site with various lotus ponds, cajuput forests

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and bird grounds and fishing. The South regional committee relic is anticipated to be built and restored. Moreover, Go Thap festival (lunar March and November each year) with cultural and art activities and a folk festive atmosphere has become a remarkable event in Southern provinces that attracts hundred thousands of visitors. Meeting spiritual needs of all levels, religious and cultural tourism in Go Thap is an interesting and particular form of tourism which is potential to grow. Xeo Quyt relic – the revolutionary base during the US resistance war of wetlands – is covered with 20ha of primary cajuput forest and contains relics restoring part of the historical period of previous Kien Phong provincial committee. The revered Nguyen Sinh Sac historical site with an extended area of nearly 11ha located in Cao Lãnh city is a construction work to commemorate Nguyen Sinh Sac – the father of the greatest-ever leader of Vietnam's people - President Ho Chi Minh. Within the site, ancient Hoa An traditional village is also restored with Cai Tom canal, garden, coconut trees, plum trees, mango trees, monkey bridge, bamboo bridge, village wandering paths along the site, especially ancient houses such as “Dinh”-like (a Chinese character) house, Bat Dan house, San house, Noc Ngua house, etc. In Dong Thap, tourists can listen to sweet and tormenting Dong Thap chantey on borderless lotus fields or rice fields, visit the ancient architecture remains of Kien An Cung Pagoda (Ong Quach pagoda), Go Quan Cung – Giong Thi Dam monument, Doc Binh Vang Palace worshipping Tran Van Nang famous general, or My An crane garden, etc. Traditional trade villages is one of the strengths to develop tourism in Dong Thap such as: Dinh Yen mat, Rach Ba Dai building yard village, Long Thuan towel weaving village, Hong Ngu fish breeding village, etc. specialty such as Lai Vung mandarin, Chau Thanh longan, Cao Lanh mango, Phong Hoa grapefruit, Lai Vung nem (fermented pork), Hoa An plum, Sa Giang shrimp cracker, and Sa Dec noodle; and folk dishes such as grilled field mice, "dien dien" flower sour soup, braised anabas fish in clay pot, grilled snakehead fish in young lotus leaf, snakes, frogs, and pickled mud fish, etc. are also advantages for tourism that attract visitors to come and enjoy.

2.5. CLIMATE CHANGE IN DONG THAP

According to the report on the scenarios of climate change and sea level rise for Vietnam the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment published in 2016, the content of the climate change scenarios for Dong Thap by the end of the 21st century is summarized as follows: 0 - Temperature in Dong Thap province from now to 2100 seems increasing 0.7-1.8 C (RCP4.5 scenario) and 0.9-3.30C (RCP8.5 scenario). Temperature rising and abnormal changes will increase the development of pests and diseases, which affect agricultural production. At the same time, temperature rising will make aquaculture in the region less effective if water-levels are not meet the maintenance of stable habitats (see details in Table 2.39 and Figure 2.36).

- Rainfall in Dong Thap province from now to 2100 also tends to increase, and the annual rainfall rises 10.0 - 17.2% (RCP4.5 scenario) and 11.0-23.7% (RCP8.5 scenario), especially in rainy seasons (see details in Table 2.40 and Figure 2.37).

- Sea level rise in Dong Thap from now to 2100 tend to increase causing risk of flooding due to sea level rise and impacts of climate change on Dong Thap province is as shown in Table 2.41 and Figure 2.38.

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If the sea level rise concurs with the flood-water coming due to climate change, it will cause flooding and serious damage to the region, people will be very difficult to protect their summer crops and infrastructure, control floods in the region, as well as to make full use of flood-water source to develop livelihoods and raise living standards. Therefore, dredging drainage canals will better the flood drainage in flood seasons. As well as the upgrading of the low embankment, spillways, culverts and pumping stations will help to regulate and store floodwater for the development of livelihoods for local people in flood seasons. Table 2.39: Temperature variation (0C) compared to the baseline period in Dong Thap Scenario RCP4.5 Scenario RCP8.5 Time 2016-2035 2046-2065 2080-2099 2016-2035 2046-2065 2080-2099 Spring 0.8 (0.4-1.2) 1.5 (0.9-2.0) 1.9 (1.2-2.8) 0.9 (0.6-1.3) 1.8 (1.3-2.8) 3.4 (2.7-4.4) Summer 0.7 (0.3-1.2) 1.4 (0.9-2.1) 1.8 (1.2-2.6) 0.9 (0.4-1.4) 1.8 (1.3-2.7) 3.3 (2.7-4.7) Autumn 0.7 (0.3-1.1) 1.3 (0.9-2.0) 1.8 (1.2-2.5) 0.8 (0.4-1.2) 1.8 (1.3-2.7) 3.3 (2.6-4.4) Winter 0.8 (0.4-1.2) 1.5 (1.1-2.0) 1.8 (1.2-2.4) 0.9 (0.6-1.2) 1.9 (1.5-2.5) 3.3 (2.8-4.1) Annual average 0.7 (0.4-1.2) 1.4 (0.9-2.0) 1.8 (1.2-2.6) 0.9 (0.6-1.2) 1.8 (1.4-2.6) 3.3 (2.7-4.4) temperature Note: The value in parentheses is the variation around the average value of the under marginal 10% and the upper marginal of 90%

Figure 2.36: The scenarios of annual average temperature change (0C) in the South region

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Table 2.40: The changes in rainfall (%) compared to the baseline period in Dong Thap Scenario RCP4.5 Scenario RCP8.5 Time 2016-2035 2046-2065 2080-2099 2016-2035 2046-2065 2080-2099 Spring 11.2 (4.2-18.8) 28.5 (12.1-44.7) 20.2 (7.0-32.9) 14.1 (2.1-26.1) 19.3 (9.4-29.3) 35.5 (24.5-45.2) Summer 4.3 (0.7-8.1) 5.2 (-2.9-13.5) 7.7 (1.8-13.1) 8.6 (4.1-13.2) 11.8 (7.3-15.9) 12.6 (5.4-19.9) Autumn 9.2 (-1.2-19.2) 7.5 (-7.5-22.5) 6.1 (-3.8-15.8) 1.6 (-7.0-10.2) 9.7 (0.6-18.3) 11.8 (-1.9-25.8) Winter 48.6 (3.3-88.4) 50.7 (22.2-79.2) 90.0 (17.1-151.0) 30.5 (5.4-55.3) 35.3 (5.0-66.2) 53.8 (9.6-99.2) Annual average 10.0 (4.8-15.1) 17.9 (8.9-28.0) 17.2 (5.3-28.4) 11.0 (4.4-17.4) 16.2 (10.7-22.2) 23.7 (15.6-32.0) rainfall Note: The value in parentheses is the variation around the average of the under marginal 20% and the upper marginal 80%

Figure 2.37: The scenarios of the annual rainfall change (%) in the South region Table 2.41: Risk of flooding in Dong Thap province The risk of flooding (% of area) corresponds to sea Natural area District/city level rise (ha) 50cm 60cm 70cm 80cm 90cm 100cm Cao Lanh 49,126 0.42 0.77 1.30 1.80 2.53 7.39 Chau Thanh 24,585 1.73 3.07 3.61 4.27 5.11 7.30 Hong Ngu 21,711 0.18 0.50 0.60 0.90 1.06 1.25

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Lap Vo 24,546 KĐK 0.01 0.05 0.23 0.66 2.65 Lai Vung 23,914 0.89 0.98 1.12 1.58 4.25 11.72 Tam Nong 47,412 0.04 0.12 0.25 0.39 0.65 1.17 Thanh Binh 34,230 0.02 0.04 0.11 0.21 0.39 0.51 Thap Muoi 53,368 0.46 1.19 1.68 2.13 2.94 9.36 Tan Hong 31,113 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.14 0.30 0.59 Cao Lanh city 10,830 0.17 0.32 0.52 0.67 0.71 0.95 Hong Ngu town 11,462 0.29 0.67 1.32 2.11 2.68 2.97 Sa Dec city 5,919 0.01 0.06 0.14 0.28 0.83 4.32 Province 337,860 0.36 0.69 0.96 1.28 1.94 4.64 Note: The subproject districts/town are highlighted

Figure 2.38: Flood map corresponding to sea level rise of 100 cm in Dong Thap province

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2.6. CHARACTERISTICS OF BACKGROUND CONDITIONS OF THE SUBPROJECT

2.6.1. Natural receptors

Some natural objects around the subproject zone include Tram Chim NP, Gao Giong Ecological Tourism Area, Lang Sen Wetland Reserve, Bung Binh Thien Ecosystem, Sam Mountain, Tra Su Melaleuca forest, Dai mountain, Cam mountain, Tuc Dup mountain. Most of these natural receptors are located 10 to 60 km from the subproject zone, except Tram Chim NP adjacent to the subproject. See Figure 1.24 and Table 1.9 for details.

Figure 2.39: Sensitive and important natural receptors in the subproject area Table 2.42: Distance from natural receptors to the subproject location No. Name of receptors Distance to the Note: nearest construction nearest construction (km) Culvert + West bank Pump Station of Phu 1 Tram Chim National Park 0.07 Thanh 3 Canal (Thong Nhat) (Compartment No.13)- (combined irrigation culvert) Hardening semi-dyke of northern bank of Gao Giong Ecological 2 10 An Phong – My Hoa (from canal 2/9 to Tourism Area Thong Nhat canal)

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Culvert + West bank Pump Station of Phu Lang Sen Wetland 3 25.6 Thanh 3 Canal (Thong Nhat) (compartment Reserve No.13)-(combined irrigation culvert) Bung Binh Thien Strengthening semi-dyke of eastern bank of 4 15.5 Ecosystem Suon 2 canal Strengthening semi-dyke of eastern bank of 5 Sam Mountain 27.5 Suon 2 canal Strengthening semi-dyke of eastern bank of 6 Tra Su Melaleuca forest 37.4 Suon 2 canal Strengthening semi-dyke of eastern bank of 7 Dai Mountain 55.2 Suon 2 canal Strengthening semi-dyke of eastern bank of 8 Cam Mountain 47.8 Suon 2 canal Strengthening semi-dyke of eastern bank of 9 Tuc Dup Mountain 60.2 Suon 2 canal

2.6.2. Socio-economic receptors

Socio-economic receptors in the subproject area can be counted as primary, secondary, high school, market, people's committees, clinics, border guard stations. These located near the construction site in the subproject with a common distance of 50 - 600m, so it should be noted during the construction process. See Table 1.10 and Figure 1.25 to Figure 1.28 for details. Table 2.43: Distance from Socio-economic receptors to the subproject location Distance to the No Name of receptors nearest construction Note: nearest construction . (km) I Hong Ngu District 1 Border Station 0.8 Muong Vop Pump Station 2 Thuong Thoi Hau A CPC 0.98 Muong Vop Pump Station Thuong Thoi Hau B 3 0.79 Xeo Chon Pump Station Secondary School 4 Thuong Thoi Hau B CPC 0.6 Cay Dua Sluice 5 Cau Mong Market 0.27 Cay Dua Sluice II Hong Ngu Commune Strengthening spillway of Binh Thanh 1 Binh Thanh Primary School 0.25 2 Canal, bordered with Tan Thanh – Lo Gach (2 banks) Strengthening semi-dyke: the north 2 Binh Thanh High School 2.3 bank of Khang Chien 1 canal Strengthening semi-dyke: the north 3 Binh Thanh CPC 2.0 bank of Khang Chien 1 canal Strengthening spillway: Khang Chien 4 An Binh B Primary School 0.20 canal bordered with Hong Ngu-Vinh Hung Canal (the east bank)

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Distance to the No Name of receptors nearest construction Note: nearest construction . (km) Strengthening spillway: Khang Chien People’s Committee of An 5 0.60 canal bordered with Hong Ngu-Vinh Binh B Commune Hung Canal (the east bank) III Tam Nong District Strengthening semi-dyke: the east bank of Khang Chien canal (bordered 1 Phu Thanh B Primary School 0.17 canal of Hong Ngu town-Tam Nong and Thanh Binh-Tam Nong Strengthening semi-dyke: the north 2 Phu Thanh A Wharf 0.05 bank of Dong Tien canal (from canal 2/9 to Thong Nhat canal) Strengthening semi-dyke: the north 3 Phu Thanh A High School 0.19 bank of Dong Tien canal (from canal 2/9 to Thong Nhat canal) Strengthening semi-dyke: the north People’s Committee of Phu 4 0.15 bank of Dong Tien canal (from canal Thanh A 2/9 to Thong Nhat canal) Strengthening semi-dyke: the north People’s Committee of Phu 5 0.2 bank of Dong Tien canal (from canal Tho commune 2/9 to Thong Nhat canal) IV Thanh Binh District Strengthening semi-dyke: the east bank of Khang Chien canal (from 1 Phu Loi Primary School 0.05 Duong Gao Canal to bordered canal of Tam Nong) Dredging the Khang Chien Canal 2 Phu Loi Secondary School 0.05 (from Tam Nong-Thanh Binh Canal to An Phong-My Hoa Canal) Dredging the Khang Chien Canal Health Station of Phu Loi 3 0.05 (from Tam Nong-Thanh Binh Canal Commune to An Phong-My Hoa Canal)

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Figure 2.40: Socio-economic receptors in Thanh Binh district

Figure 2.41: Socio-economic receptors in Tam Nong district

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Figure 2.42: Socio-economic receptors in Hong Ngu town

Figure 2.43: Socio-economic receptors in Hong Ngu district

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2.6.3. Characteristics of background conditions at the construction sites

Characteristics of background conditions at the construction sites of the subproject are described in Table 2.44 to Table 2.47. Table 2.44: Site-specific conditions along the dredging item No. Work Item/Location and photos/map Noticeable Features

1 Khang Chien canal section from Tan Thanh – Lo Gach to An Phong – My Hoa 1.1 Km 0 – Km 4+100 The two sides of this section are fields, no inhabitants

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No. Work Item/Location and photos/map Noticeable Features 1.2 From km 4+800 to Km 8+600 This section starts from the section adjacent to the canal - Vinh Hung - Hong Ngu stretching to Kho Be residential line (RL). People are scattered on the canal banks, concentrating mainly at the head of Vinh Hung - Hong Ngu canal with the length of about 1.5km and Kho Be RL with the length of about 700m.

1.3 From Km 9+400 to Km K12+400 This section starts from Hong Ngu - Tam Nong border canal to An Binh canal. There have about 20 households living scattered along the two sides of Khang Chien canal.

1.4 From Km 12+400 to Km 20+600 This section starts from Ca No residential cluster of Phu Thanh B commune, Tam Nong district, to the residential cluster (RC) of Phu Thanh A commune. People are scattered along two sides of the Khang Chien canal and in Ca No residential cluster (with the length of 250m) and in Phu Thanh A residential cluster of (with the length of 1,000m). There have sensitive receptors as Phu Thanh B primary and secondary schools

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No. Work Item/Location and photos/map Noticeable Features and Phu Thanh A high school, Phu Thanh A CPC and a small ferry.

1.5 Km 25+00 to Km 30+300 This section starts from Tam Nong- Thanh Binh Canal to An Phong-My Hoa Canal. In this section, people live scattered on both sides, mainly concentrated in the Khang Chien RL with about 1 km long and in the RL has the Health Station of Phu Loi Commune and Phu Loi Secondary School (both are 50m far from the section)

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No. Work Item/Location and photos/map Noticeable Features

2 Khang Chien 1 canal This section starts from So Ha River to Khang Chien canal. In its 2 sides are mostly fields, people only live in the sub-section of 500m near the NH30

3 Border canal from Hong Ngu town to There are mainly fields and no inhabitants Tam Nong on the 2 side of the canal.

4 Border canal from Thanh Binh to Tam There are mainly fields and no inhabitants

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No. Work Item/Location and photos/map Noticeable Features Nong on the 2 side of the canal.

5 Ca Cai Canal from Khang Chien canal to There are mainly fields and no inhabitants Hai Thang Chin canal on the 2 side of the canal.

Table 2.45: Site-specific conditions in the sluices and pumping stations No. Work Item/Location and photos/map Noticeable Features 1 Muong Vop pump station The station is located at the head of Muong Vop creek, near the Thuong Thoi Hau A commune RL, Hong Ngu district Both sides are crowded, inside is paddy fields.

2 Chin Hue pump station The station is located in Chin Hue creek, near the RL of Thuong Thoi Hau B, Hong Ngu district Both sides of the station are crowded people and in the field side is paddy fields.

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3 Dau Ca Cat sluice + pump station The sluice is located on Ca Cat canal, near the RL of Thuong Thoi Hau B, Hong Ngu district, in the field side is paddy fields.

4 Nam Mung sluice The sluice is located on Nam Mung canal, near the RL of Thuong Thoi Hau B, Hong Ngu district, in the field side is paddy fields.

5 Cay Dua culvert The sluice is located on Cay Dua creek, next to Cau Muong creek, belongs to Thuong Thoi Hau B commune, Hong Ngu district There are a few households living near the culvert and in the field side are paddy fields. Cau Mong market is 270m far from the culvert

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6 Kho Be sluice (K3-An Bình A)- (sluice The sluice is next to Kho Be RL, Hong Ngu for irrigation) town, in the field side is paddy fields.

7 Bay Muoi Hai culvert + pump station (K2- The sluice is located on the west bank of An Binh B) Thong Nhat canal, on the RL of An Binh B commune, Hong Ngu district. Near the culvert is some households, in the field side is rice fields and 50 meters far from the sluice is Pangasius ponds

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8 Ong Nhon culvert + pump station (K2-An The sluice is located on the west bank of Binh B) Thong Nhat canal, a side of the sluice next to the RL, in the field side is rice fields and a pangasius pond

9 Sluice+ Pump Station of Khang Chien The sluice is located on the west bank of canal West bank (Cu Lao Chim)- Thong Nhat canal, Tam Nong district. (irrigation sluice) Surrounding areas are giant freshwater shrimp ponds

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10 Culvert + pump station of West bank of The culvert is located on the west bank of Phu Thanh 3 canal (Thong Nhat) Thong Nhat canal, Tam Nong district. There have 10 households living scattered in a radius of 200m The other side of the culvert is Tram Chim NP

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Ho Dau pump station (East corner of The station is located on the south bank of Duong Gao-Khang Chien canals) Duong Gao canal, Thanh Binh district. It is surrounded by rice fields, 50m from the other side of the canal is the Phu Loi secondary school

Table 2.46: Site-specific conditions along the embankment and spillway strengthening No. Work Item/Location and photos/map Noticeable Features 1 Spillways 1.1 Ca Sach canal head, adjacent to So Thuong The strengthening section next to the RA River (2 banks) of Thuong Thoi Hau A commune, Hong Ngu district

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No. Work Item/Location and photos/map Noticeable Features

1.2 Coi Tieu canal head of adjacent to So Thuong The strengthening section next to the RL River (2 banks) of Thuong Thoi Hau A commune, Hong Ngu district

1.3 Coi Dai canal head adjacent to So Thuong The strengthening section next to the RL River (2 banks) of Thuong Thoi Hau A commune, Hong Ngu district

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No. Work Item/Location and photos/map Noticeable Features

1.4 Head of Ca Cat sluice and pump station (2 The strengthening section next to the RL banks) of Thuong Thoi Hau B commune, Hong Ngu district

1.5 Nam Mung sluice head (2 banks) The strengthening section is behind Nam Mung sluice, in the RL of Thuong Thoi

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No. Work Item/Location and photos/map Noticeable Features Hau B commune, Hong Ngu district

1.6 Hai Thang Chin canal border Hong Ngu – The strengthening section is located in the Vinh Hung Canal (East bank) RA at the head of Hai Thang Chin canal, adjacent to Hong Ngu - Vinh Hung canal

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No. Work Item/Location and photos/map Noticeable Features 1.7 Khang Chien Canal next to Hong Ngu – Vinh The strengthening section is located in the Hung Canal (East bank) RA at the head of Thong Nhat canal, adjacent to Hong Ngu - Vinh Hung canal

2 Embankment 2.1 West bank route of Khang Chien Canal (from People live scattered along the canal and Hong Ngu-Vinh Hung Canal to Hong Ngu - concentrated only in the area near Hong Tam Nong Canal Ngu-Vinh Hung canal and Kho Be RC belonging to 2 communes of An Binh A and An Binh B of Hong Ngu district.

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No. Work Item/Location and photos/map Noticeable Features

2.2 East bank route of Khang Chien Canal (from People live scattered along the canal and Hong Ngu-Tam Nong border canal to Thanh concentrated only in Ca No RC (Phu Binh-Tam Nong border canal) Thanh B) and the RC of Phu Thanh B, Tam Nong district

2.3 East bank route of Khang Chien Canal People live in Khang Chien RL with a (section from Duong Gao Canal to Tam Nong length of about 400m, Phu Loi Commune, border canal) Thanh Binh District Phu Loi 2 primary school is 50m far from the route

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No. Work Item/Location and photos/map Noticeable Features

2.4 North bank of Dong Tien canal (from Hai 50m far from the strengthening section is Thang Chin canal to Thong Nhat canal) Phu Thanh A Wharf

Table 2.47: Site-specific conditions around disposal sites No. Work Item/Location and photos/map Noticeable Features

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1 Site No.1 The side is surrounded by fields

2 Site No. 2 The side is surrounded by fields

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3 Site No. 3a, 3b, 3c These sites are located 2 communes of An Binh A and An Binh B, Hong Ngu town and behind Kho Be RL The sites make use of the earth ponds which used to exploit soil for leveling Kho Be RL.

4 Site No. 4 The site is located in Phu Thanh B, Tam Nong district and from the site through An Binh canal is Ca No RC The site makes use of the earth pond of exploiting soil for leveling Ca No RC

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5 Site No. 5 The site is located behind Khang Chien RL in Phu Loi commune, Thanh Binh district This site makes use of the earth pond which used to exploit soil for leveling Khang Chien RL.

6 Disposal sites along canal banks 6.1 Khang Chien canal section from K0- The side is surrounded by fields K4+100

6.2 Hong Ngu-Tam Nong border canal The side is surrounded by fields

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6.3 Border canal of Tam Nong – Thanh Binh The side is surrounded by fields

6.4 Ca Cai canal The side is surrounded by fields

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CHAPTER 3. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Chapter 3 evaluates and forecasts environmental impacts, including positive, negative, accumulating impacts on the physical environment (soil, water, air), biological environment, and the socio-economic status of the subproject area relating to the selected plans for each subproject work and based on the current status of the natural and socio-economic environment of the area. The subproject will cause certain impacts on the natural environment and the socio- economic condition. The task of the environmental impact assessment is to create an initial environmental baseline and to evaluate subproject impacts on environmental resources which should be detailed for each subproject activity. The forms and levels of environmental impact assessment of the subproject are considered in different perspectives and aspects: direct - indirect, longterm - short term, cumulative, non- cumulative, severe, medium, light, negligible, adverse or harmful, minimizable, unminimizable, unknown impacts. It is noted that although the potential negative impacts of structure works (canal dredging, semi-embankment and spillway lining/strengthening and rehabilitation or construction of sluices and pumping stations) to be invested under this subproject is in line with the key findings of the REA or ESMF for the MD-ICRSL project that it will generally increase the level of air, noise, vibration, and water pollution as well as increasing local traffic congestion including road safety risks and disturbance to local residents and they could be mitigated by (a) ensuring that contractors apply good construction practices and initiate/maintain close consultation with local authorities and communities throughout the construction period; and (b) close supervision of field engineers and/or environmental officer as recommended in the REA. However, to comply with the Government’s expectation for the EIA analysis, the ESIA also included the results of the analysis related to air/noise and water pollution in Section 3.4.1. As suggested by the REA, these impacts will be mitigated through the application of the Environmental Code of Practices (ECOP) and which has been prepared in line with the ESMF. Potential negative impacts of the subproject activities during operation of the livelihood models have also been found to be small to moderate, and they can be mitigated through technical assistance to be provided during the preparation and implementation of the livelihood development models (in non-structure work of this subproject). The technical assistance will also address the need for extensive consultation with water users and key stakeholders during the development and possible impacts due to expansion of the livelihood model without adequate management and control.

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3.1. POSITIVE IMPACTS OF THE SUBPROJECT

Two components have been proposed in this subproject, including structural works and non- structural works. The proposed structural works include canal dredging, embankment and spillway lining/strengthening and rehabilitation or construction of sluices and pumping stations. Non-structural works are related to agricultural production demonstration models. Implementation of the subproject will bring positive impacts for the subproject areas as follows: Positive impacts on drainage and flooding: The dikes in the region are identified as the August dikes with the purpose of preventing early floods to protect production in combination with the open culverts, underground culverts, pump stations and spillways at the head of main canals people can take initiative to collect and drain water at late flood seasons to promote production. During main floods, the dikes will be flooded and flood water is drained via spillways into fields and culverts to increase flood drainage and develop the livelihoods in the direction of flood exploitation. As a result, the Subproject basically neither prevent main floods nor change the flood situation compared with the current status of soil dikes. The only difference is that thank to the strengthened dikes (reinforcing of dikes, construction of culverts, sluices, and spillways), people will actively bring flood water into their fields at beginning flood seasons, store and take initiative in draining flood water at ending flood seasons to reduce damages compared to the current soil dikes. Positive social impacts: the subproject implementation will include development plans to help the population in the subproject area, including: (i) contribute to local employment during the flood seasons: previously, when floods come, local people leave their fields to other provinces to find jobs. When implementing the subproject, people can continue to make a living with suitable models of their own or work for other aquaculture households, which contribute to stabilizing the local economy; (ii) improve the road network of the subproject communes and districts: the current state of the semi-dikes is mostly soil or macadam roads. The road surface is only 0.4 to 0.8m wide. Pedestrians and motorcycles on roads are not convenient, especially when it rains. When floods start the roads are completely useless. The subproject will carry out dike reinforcement; therefore, they will be roads for residents in dry seasons, early flood seasons and late flood seasons. Thus, the subproject implementation will improve road traffic condition compared to the current status. The roads also serve people to transport raw materials for rice production in dry seasons and agricultural products when harvesting. Contributing to economic development: Thank the system of August flood control as semi- dikes, open culverts, underground culverts, spillways, the flood time will be slower and more stable. People are peaceful to have enough time to grow another cash crop or rice crop, etc. after the W/S crop. In addition, the diversification of crops such as the models of vegetables, aquatic plants and lotus plants will diversify agricultural products, increase the value of rice production. Improving environmental pollution and risks: Thank the rotation with other crops or other aquaculture models instead of specialized rice cultivation as before, it contributes to the reduction of pest and disease outbreaks in the next crops as well as reduces the use of plant protection chemicals in the next crops. In addition, the production of rice under IPM and aquaculture under VIETGAP standards will increase the soil nutrition, reduce pests, reduce the amount of fertilizer for rice in the next crop and increase profits for farmers.

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3.2. POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS AND RISKS OF STRUCTURAL WORKS

As mentioned above, the ESIA consultant conducted supplement thorough site visit to identify site-specific features and prepare descriptions notes for the construction area of canal dredging; semi-embankment and spillway lining/strengthening, and rehabilitation or construction of sluices and pumping stations (including the medium voltage power lines). Potential negative environmental and social impacts and risks below are mainly applicable to the structural works. The scale of potential impacts is classified as below: - None (N) - No impact; - Low (L) - Low impact: minor impacts, localized and reversible, temporary - Medium (M) - Medium impacts: moderate impacts, localized, negligible with the application of mitigation measures; - High (H) - High risk of impacts on environment and society, manageable and reducible with the application of mitigation measures. The potential socio-environmental impacts and risks associated with structural and non- structural works in this subproject are screened and assessed in Table 3.1.

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Table 3.1: Level of negative impacts and risks Physical Biological Social Others Solid Forest, Fish, Land Physical Livelihood, Local flood, Components Air, noise, Soil, waste, Indigenous Off-site natural aquatic acquisition, cultural community traffic, vibration water dredged peoples impacts ecosystem life resettlement resources disturbance safety sludge Canal Dredging Preparation L L L N N M N N L L L Construction L M M L L M N L L M M Operation L L L L L N N N L N N Remarks Small and medium scale works with small impacts. Most impacts of small and medium scale works are localized and temporary and can be mitigated through the application of technical solutions and good construction management practice with strict supervision, inspection and consultation with the local community Sluice gate and pumping station rehabilitation/construction Preparation L L L N N M N N L L M Construction M M M L L L N L L M M Operation L L L L L N N N L M N Remarks Small and medium scale works with small impacts. Most impacts of small and medium scale works are localized and temporary and can be mitigated through the application of technical solutions and good construction management practice with strict supervision, inspection and consultation with the local community Embankment and spillway lining/strengthening Preparation L L L N N L N N L L M Construction M M M L L L N L L M M Operation L L L L L N N N L M N Remarks Small and medium scale works with small impacts. Most impacts of small and medium scale works are localized and temporary and can be mitigated through the application of technical solutions and good construction management practice with strict supervision, inspection and consultation with the local community Piloting livelihood models Preparation N N N N N N N N N N N Construction N N L N L N N N N N N Operation N M M M N N N N M L L Remarks With the small area of demonstration of livelihood models, raising aquaculture on biosecurity will cause low impacts on environment. Environmental perspective scaling up of these models would bring more benefit than harm. However, there would be risks of model failure forcing farmer revert

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Physical Biological Social Others Solid Forest, Fish, Land Physical Livelihood, Local flood, Components Air, noise, Soil, waste, Indigenous Off-site natural aquatic acquisition, cultural community traffic, vibration water dredged peoples impacts ecosystem life resettlement resources disturbance safety sludge back to the intensive shrimp aquaculture. Therefore, the risk could be assessed as moderate

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3.2.1. Negative impacts during the pre-construction phase

Land acquisition and site clearance are the main activities to be undertaken in the preparation phase that have potential social and environmental impacts and risks. Issues related to site clearance including dust, noise, solid waste generation, interruption of existing services such as power supply, and safety risks related to the demolition of structures. In addition, safety during site clearance may also be at risk due to some unexploded objects may still be left underground from the war. These potential impacts and risks are discussed in detail below.

3.2.2. Land acquisition of the subproject

Impacts of land acquisition: Only the structural components acquire land and livelihood models does not. During subproject preparation, Subproject Owner and the FS Consultant have tried to minimize land acquisition through site selection. However, the land acquisition would be unavoidable. In total, the subproject will acquire 9.48 ha of crop land and 0.6ha of residential land in 15 communes of 4 districts and towns in Dong Thap province. In addition, the subproject also uses some land on canal sides, ditches sides and public land for disposal sites. Table 3.2 and Table 3.3 summarizes the impacts of land acquisition and site clearance. Table 3.2: Summary of land acquisition of the subproject Area of land Structures on acquired Tree (trees) acquired (m2) land (m2) No. Items 2 rice- Semi- Residential Solid Temp. Fruit crop solid Timber Bamboo land house house tree land house 1 Dredging canals 45,000 Strengthening semi- 2 13,430 123 10 103 330 4,985 dyke Strengthening 3 18,051 3,516 8 6 10 250 7 overflow passage 4 Culverts, sluices 9,900 2,350 1 5 8 25 156 3 5 Pump stations 8,400 Total 94,781 5,989 1 23 117 365 5,391 10 Table 3.3: Summary impacts due to land acquisition of the subproject Total Ethnic Permanent impacts Temporary minorities impacts No. of No. of AH No. of No. of Production Residential No. of No. of Land AH AH physically land land affected AH acquisition displaced acquisition acquisition graves (m2) HH (m2) (m2) 366 0 366 141 9.48 0.60 0 0 0

Land acquisition will affect 366 households (HHs) or 1,464 people. 141 houses of these affected HH will be relocated in which one is a permanent house, 117 temporary houses and 23 semi-permanent houses (Figure 3.1). Among these, 113 temporary and semi-temporary

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houses are relocated for strengthening 77.47km semi-dyke. In addition, 5,756 trees including 5,391 timber trees (Eucalyptus, Lauclea, Samanea saman) and 365 fruit trees (mango, jackfruit, etc.) will be cut down. In 366 affected households, 341 households lost their production land. Of this, 43 households lose 20% of their land (account for 11.7%).

Figure 3.1: Typical houses and vegetation along canals in the subproject area Social impacts on displaced households: According to subproject FS, only 141 houses will be affected, mainly are temporary houses for production, these households still have houses in the concentrated residential clusters and areas near the affected houses, no households have to relocate. Impacts on households losing production land (agricultural land): The households losing production land would be affected in terms of income and livelihoods. With a local population depending much on agricultural activities for a living and on highly seasonal job opportunities, low qualifications and the lack of skills will further limit their ability to find non-agricultural jobs so as to generate incomes. The people who may suffer from the adverse impacts or be exposed to the risk of further impoverishment due to the loss of production land include: (i) female household heads (single, widowed or with husbands incapable of working) having dependents, (ii) people with disabilities and helpless elderly people, (iii) poor people in accordance with the criteria of the Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs, and (iv) people without land. The subproject will provide assistance in livelihood restoration and training for income losers, especially vulnerable households. The above assessment shows that the impact level of land acquisition in the Subproject is moderate. In order to address the potential impacts related to land acquisition, adequate compensation, support and assistance should be provided to the affected households. A RAP (Resettlement Action Plan) has been developed to set out compensation and support protocols

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for the affected households to address the potential impacts of land acquisition. The key contents of RAP are summarized in Chapter 5.

3.2.2.1. Environmental Impacts and Risks of Site Clearance

Issues related to site clearance including dust, noise, solid waste generation, interruption of existing services such as power supply, and safety risks related to a power line or demolition of structures. These potential impacts and risks are discussed in detail below. Dust and Noise. Tree cutting and house demolition will generate dust and noise. Demolition of a house may take 2 to 5 days. As the affected houses are mostly made of corrugated roofs/ walls, wood or temporary shelters, a certain amount of dust will be generated and noise from a temporary house would be negligible. Tree cutting by sawing machine would generate noise level up to 80dBA and the area affected would be within 20 - 30m diameter. Despite of relative large quantity of site clearance, the houses and trees are distributed scatter in 15 communes in 4 districts and towns thus the impacts of noise and dust from site clearance would be temporary, localized, at low and can be managed by avoiding sensitive hours such as late night, lunch break and student’s hours. Solid Waste Generation. Demolition of 141 houses (mostly temporary) and other structures for the subproject will generate demolished materials of concrete, bricks, wood, tiles, etc. and biomass of 5,391 trees, spreading over 15 communes (be done in form of “rolling”). Most of the demolition waste materials are suitable as fill materials and the affected households can produce wood fuel from the trees and compost from the rest of the waste vegetation materials and remaining wastes of demolition will be sold and no waste materials left in the construction sites. These conditions result in the subproject having minor land clearance activities and therefore the emission of dust, gases as well as solid waste generation during this pre-construction phase will be limited. Conclusion: Impacts of pollution caused by the subproject during the construction phase are small, because a small amount of houses and trees need to be demolished and in addition, the construction area is rural with a small population size.

3.2.2.2. Safety Risks related to Unexploded Ordnances (UXO)

The subproject area was suffered from wars in the past. Therefore, there could be a risk that some UXO may still remain underground. If not cleared, the UXOs may be exploded under the impacts of s some construction activities and cause serious injury, even loss of lives and damages to the properties including construction equipment. UXO clearance has been proposed in the management plan will be done prior to construction commencement.

3.2.3. Negative impacts during the construction phase

3.2.3.1. Common Construction Impacts and Risks

Canal dredging, embankment and spillway lining, construction of pumping stations will cause common environmental impacts and similar risks, including: - Noise, vibration, dust and exhaust gas emission; - Generation of solid waste and wastewater

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- Impacts on hydrology and drainage - Increased erosion and land slide risks - Disturbance to roadway and water way traffic, and increased traffic safety - Biological impacts and risks - Impacts on archaeological historical structures - Social impacts and issues related to labour influx - Safety risks for communities and workers.

a). Noise, Vibration, Dust and exhaust gas emission (a1). Noise The main sources of noise during the construction phase will be from the operation of equipment and construction plants used for dredging, construction/repair of sluice gates and pumping stations, lining of embankment and spillways such as excavator, tractor, leveling machine, boat tug, dredger, bulldozer, concrete mixer etc. Noise level generated from these equipment are listed in Table 3.4 indicated that noise level within 1 m from any machine or construction equipment would exceed standard applicable to common areas. At distance from 20-50m, only noise levels from most equipment are below standard applicable to the common area but exceed that of the special area. For special areas, noise level meets standard only if the operating equipment or construction plant is at least 50m away. It should be noted that the level of noise depends on the kinds of machinery and particular construction activities on the sites. In fact, mobilization of noise generation equipment will deeply rely on the construction activities undertaken on the site, which means that all the above equipment will not be mobilised at the same time. In addition, during the actual construction, some machine and equipment may be operated at the same time at the same location thus the level of noise at one specific location may be higher than the figures given in Table 3.4. Table 3.4: Noise level generated from these equipment using for the subproject Noise level at 1 m Noise level Noise level Equipment from source (dBA) at 20m at 50 m used for No. Facilities from from Range Average source source (dBA) (dBA) 1 Backhoe excavator 72 - 84 78 52 44 Dredging 2 Tractor 77 - 96 86.5 60.5 52.5 3 Excavator, leveling 80 - 93 86.5 60.5 52.5 machine 4 Boat for blowing dredger 85-96 88.3 61.3 53.2 1 Bucket excavator 72 - 84 78 52 44 Culverts, 2 Bulldozer - 93 67 59 pump stations, 3 Scraper, grader 80-93 86.5 60.5 52 semi- 4 Truck 82-94 88 62 54 embankment, 5 Concrete mixer 75 - 88 81.5 55.5 47.5 spillways

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Noise level at 1 m Noise level Noise level Equipment No. Facilities from source (dBA) at 20m at 50 m used for 6 Concrete pump 81- 84 82.5 from56 from48 source source 7 Pile driving hammer 81-115 98 82.4 65.6 2 big culverts (dBA) (dBA) 8 Welder 71 - 82 76.5 48.5 40 Culvert, 9 Compactor 74 - 77 75.5 48 39.5 pump station, semi- embankment, spillways QCVN 26:2010/BTNMT for 55 dBA special areas from 6-21h QCVN 26: 2010/BTNMT for 70 dBA common areas from 6-21h The noise would impact directly construction workers on site and residents near or along the construction route. According to calculations, within 20 meters, noise intensity is evenly over 82.4dB. As this is the noise threshold, if humans are continuously exposed to such intensity, they will suffer from fatigue and unpleasant feelings. If noise exceeds 90dB, it will adversely affect hearing. Noise from dredging: Most receptors are located farther than 50m from the construction sites. Such areas as the sites for the construction of dredging are all within 100-200m from the residential area (RA)s. From these distances, noise generated by various types of machines would smaller than 70 dB (QCVN 26-2010/BTNMT from periods of time from 06:00 am to 21:00). Impacts from noise can thus be assessed to be negligible. However, noise generated by night-time construction (21:00-06:00 am) can still exceed permitted limits. Therefore, mitigation measures would be needed for the workers on the construction site to avoid long exposure to loud noise and to reduce the noise level. The impact level of noise is assessed as being medium. Noise from lining of embankment and spillways: There are some densely populated areas located in the north bank of Dong Tien canal (Tam Nong district), the east bank of Khang Chien canal in Phu Loi commune (Thanh Binh district) and Kho Be canal with the distance to the construction site of embankment and spillways of 5 to 10m. The reinforcement sites pass people’s houses, which directly affects these households and noise is unavoidable. Noise will affect each area intermittently in about 3 months of construction of 4-5km dyke section. The impacts of noise would be more sensitive in the early morning and in the evening, can be managed by placing machines/equipment at least 20 m from houses and turn them off when not in use. Noise from the construction of sluice gates and pump station: Hammer will be used for pile driving at two sluice gates of 5-m aperture on Ca Cai canal and Duong Gao canal. However, there have no residential areas or sensitive receptors within 20m, 50m from these sluices and the distance from Tram Chim NP to these sluice gate are about 8km, with these levels of noise would not affect/disturb on birds in the Park. Noise from materials transportation: According to the calculations, to transport materials to construction sites requires 30 trips of barges (type 30 tons, for 1 coming time and 1 going out time). The types of material are mainly purchased from the central districts/towns such as Hong Ngu, Tam Nong, Thanh Binh and transported to the construction sites with an estimated

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distance of 20km and the transport time is estimated 6 months for a culvert/pump station. The effect of the noise of vessels is in the form of the line (along the transport route) but the impact at 1 point on the transport route only appears in 1-2 minutes. In fact, the construction in rural areas is mainly in fields and the noise impact by the transport of construction materials is small and local. It is noticeable that Conclusions: The impacts of noise caused by construction of the subproject are moderate negative impacts, and contractors need to be strict compliance with proposed mitigation measures during the construction phase. (a2) Vibration The construction process with the use of means and equipment can give rise to vibration in the earth foundation. Such vibration is transmitted along the earth environment but is strongly reduced in proportion with distance. The levels of vibration generated by number of construction equipment are given in Table 3.5 and Table 3.6. Table 3.5: Levels of vibration caused by typical construction equipment No. Machine/Equipment PPV at 7.62 m Corresponding Lv (mm/s) at 7.62 1 Compression-type piling driver + High level 0.463 112 + Normal level 0.196 104 2 Rammer 0.064 94 3 Pile driving hammer 0.027 87 4 Big bulldozer 0.027 87 5 Driller 0.027 87 6 Heavy truck 0.023 86 7 Drilling hammer 0.011 79 8 Small bulldozer 0.001 58 Source: D.J. Martin. 1980, J.F. Wiss.1974, J.F. Wiss. 1967, David A. Towers. 1995 Table 3.6: Assessment of impact level caused by vibration No. Type of work PPV (mm/s) Approximate Lv (VdB) 1 Reinforced concrete, steel, wood (without plastic) 0.153 102 2 Technical concrete, normal mason works (without 0.092 94 3 Unprocessed wood and major mason works 0.061 98 4 Housing oversensitive to vibration 0.037 90 Source: Swiss Consultants for Road Construction Association, "Effects of Vibration on Construction" VSS-SN640-312a, Zurich, Switzerland, April 1992 Based on the results presented in Table 3.5 and Table 3.6, the impact of vibration is mostly from the pile driving hammer and the safe distance for bearing strong impacts from vibration is about 10 meters from the generating source. During the construction phase, hammers are

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only used for the construction of 2 sluice gates of 5m, however, there are no sensitive objects in this area. There are some houses within 10m of the construction site of lining of embankment and spillways, the majority of houses are corrugated iron roofs, not solid houses, so the vibration can cause risks of cracks and breakage. In addition, 70m from the construction site of 3m sluice at Phu Thanh 3 Canal is Tram Chim NP, however, this is small ones, so only reinforcing foundation by melaleuca piles is required, therefore no significant vibration is generated. Conclusions: The impacts of vibration caused by the construction of the subproject are moderate negative impacts, and there needs to be strict compliance with proposed mitigation measures during the construction phase. (a3) Dust Dust from soil excavation: Based on the environmental assessment sourcebook, Volume II, Sectoral guidelines, environment, World Bank, Washington D.C8 / 1991, dust emission from soil excavation is calculated by the emission coefficient (E) as follows:

Among them: E: Pollution factor (kg/ton) k: Average grain structure value (0.35) U: Average wind speed in construction area (3.6 m/sec) M: Average soil moisture (20%)

3.6 1.4 0.2 Thus 퐸 = 0.35푥 0.0016푥 ( ) /( )1.3 = 0.0229 kg of dust/ton of soil 2.2 2 The volume of dust coming from soil excavation and filling is calculated by the following formula: W = E x Q x d In which: W: Amount of dust (kg); E: Pollution factor (kg/ton); Q: volume of soil excavation and filling (m3); d: soil density (d = 1,5 ton/m3). As dredged materials are wet, dust would be generated mostly from excavated materials and wastes. The volume of excavated materials in the subproject are presented in Table 3.7. The total excavation volume of 21 culverts and 21 pump stations is 104,236m3. On average, one work generates 2,482m3 of excavated soil within the duration of 10- 20 days. If calculating the average of 15 days/work, the concentration of dust generated by excavation in the construction sites of culverts/pump stations is 5.6kg/day/work. This amount is not many as the excavation mostly takes place inner canals, along primary and secondary canals, where the soil is humid, surrounded by rice, etc. Only a few items of culverts/pump stations are located on RAs such as Thuong Thoi Hau A, Thuong Thoi Hau B in Hong Ngu district, on the patrol border, Kho Be RA, where behind is rice field. Dust is local in the construction sites and in the windward areas, which directly affects workers involved in the construction.

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The total excavation volume of dike and spillway reinforcement is 345,482 m3. On average, one work of 100m long will generates 3,455m3 of excavated soil within the duration of 10 days. If calculating the average of 10 days/work, 11.8kg of dust will be generated each day along 100m of the reinforcement in the construction sites. This amount is high but the excavation mostly takes place along infield pathways and roads, therefore the impact is moderate. It is important to note that in some reinforcement sites, the population is crowded like the north bank of Dong Tien canal (Tam Nong district), the east bank of Khang Chien canal in Phu Loi commune (Thanh Binh district), and Kho Be RA. Dust only causes local pollution in the construction sites and in the windward areas, which directly affects workers involved in construction within the sites. Conclusion: The dust pollution caused by excavation is moderate. In addition, managerial and technical measures to minimize dust pollution will be strictly enforced during the subproject implementation as presented in Chapter 4. Table 3.7: Load of dust in the area due to soil excavation and filling activities Items Volume of Average Excavation Total load Daily excavated excavated duration of dust average materials materials (day) (kg) load of dust per (kg/day) site/section Culverts and 104,236 2,482 15 85.2 5.6 pump stations Spillway and 345,482 3,455 10 118.7 11.8 embankment Total 449,718 5,937 25 203.9 17.4

(a4) Air emission

The main sources of SO2, NOx, CO, THC emission will be from: the exhausts of a) dredging equipment; b) boats and barges used for material transportation; and c) construction plants. Emission at volumes dependent on the amount of fuel consumed, configurations and status of the machines/equipment. From dredging equipment Up to 3 items will be used for each section of canal dredging (1 bucket excavator and 2 bucket chain excavators, or just one suction dredger). Emission can be calculated based on the volume of dredged materials as below. For 1.2 m3 bucket dredger, under the continuous operation, on average every 2 minutes it will finish one bucket of dredging sediment from canal bottom to the canal bank. Thus, one day (1 shift of 8 hours), it will dredge about 280m3. For 1200CV suction vessel, under the continuous operation condition, on average one day (1 shift of 8 hours), it will dredge about 1,000m3. The total dredging volume and dredging time in the canals in the subproject area are calculated in Table 3.8. Fuel consumption is calculated in Table 3.9. Currently, in Vietnam’s market, there is mainly diesel type 0.05%S; the emission of 1kg of this diesel at the temperature of 200oC is 38m3, the amount of diesel used by bucket dredger 1.2m3 is 34L/h and dredging vessel at the dump sites is 62L/h. Using WHO pollution coefficient and assuming the density of diesel is 0.835kg/L, the load and concentration of air pollutant are presented in Table 3.10 and Table 3.11.

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The calculated results show that the main source of air pollution is from by bucket dredger accompanying with other facilities as barge and tug. Conclusion: Air pollution caused by the operation of dredging machines is small because this area is mainly in the field with good air quality, almost no inhabitants, and 2-3 workers for the dredging and this activity takes place over a short time (1-2 days). However, contractors need to strictly follow dust and noise pollution during operation of concrete mixing stations. Table 3.8: Total dredging volume and dredging time Length Volumne Time No. Section (m) (m3) (day) I By suction dredger 22,040 271,858 272 Khang Chien canal (from Tan Thanh-Lo Gach 1 26,188 255,728 256 to An Phong - My Hoa) 1.1 From K4+100 to K6+300 2,200 18,349 18 1.2 From K6+300 to K10+300 4,000 66,673 67 1.3 From K10+300 to K14+100 3,800 85,479 85 1.4 From K14+100 to K17+700 3,600 39,933 40 1.5 From K17+700 to K21+100 3,400 30,951 31 1.7 From K27+900 to K30+288 2,388 14,343 14 2 Khang Chien 1 canal 2,652 16,130 16 II By bucket dredger 15,304 146,958 525 Khang Chien canal section from K0+000 to 1 4,100 59,092 211 K4+100 Border canal from Hong Ngu town - Tam Nong 2 3,550 30,419 109 (from 2/9 canal to Khang Chien canal) Border canal Thanh Binh Tam Nong (from 3 4,476 35,358 126 Khang Chien canal to Thong Nhat canal) Ca Cai canal from Khang Chien canal to Hai 4 3,178 22,089 79 Thang Chin canal TOTAL 37,244 418,816 797 Table 3.9: Demand for fuel for the dredging in the subproject Number of Fuel consump- Time Total fuel No. Dredging method equipment tion (L/ship) (day) using (L) (item) I By sucking Suction dredger 1200CV 3 500 91 95,150 II By bucket Bucket dredger 1,2m3 3 270 175 99,225 Barge 3 201 175 73,868 Tug boat 3 201 175 73,868 Total 342,110

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Note: The operating frequency of bucket dredger and suction dredger is 0.7, other equipment is 0.3 (most of the time is waiting for the next dredging)

Table 3.10: Total amount of pollutant load generated from dredging machines Pollutant No. Dredging machines Aldehyde CO Hydrocarbon NOx SO2 SO3 Dust Emission factor when using 0.24 0.24 0.24 8.56 0.93 0.01 1.78 diesel (kg/T of diesel) (WHO 1993) Total load (kg) 1 Suction dredger 19.1 19.1 19.1 680.1 73.9 0.8 141.4 2 Bucket dredger 1.2m3 19.9 19.9 19.9 709.2 77.1 0.8 147.5 3 Barge 14.8 14.8 14.8 528.0 57.4 0.6 109.8 4 Tug boat 14.8 14.8 14.8 528.0 57.4 0.6 109.8 Source: Rapid Environmental Assessment, WHO, 1993 Note: Weight percent of sulfur in the fuel is 0.05%. Table 3.11: Pollutant concentration generated from the dredging Pollutant concentration (mg/s) No. Dredging machines Aldehyde CO Hydrocarbon NOx SO2 SO3 Dust 1 Suction dredger 0.81 0.81 0.81 28.94 3.14 0.03 6.02 2 Bucket dredger 1.2m3 0.44 0.44 0.44 15.64 1.70 0.02 3.25 3 Barge 0.33 0.33 0.33 11.64 1.26 0.01 2.42 4 Tug boat 0.33 0.33 0.33 11.64 1.26 0.01 2.42 From a concrete mixing plant. During the construction in each culvert or each 100m length of lining, one 500L concrete mixer will be arranged with a fuel level of 28.8 L/shift for the construction. The plants mainly produce noise and gaseous from diesel engines. The forecast of the gaseous and dust from the mixing plant is calculated in Table 3.12. The concrete placement for these activities will take place in about 10 days. Thus, the air emission from the plant at each culvert/pump station or 100m length of lining is shown in Table 3.13. Most culverts/pump stations are located in a field, outside RAs, except a few culverts/pump stations are located on RAs: Thuong Thoi Hau A, Thuong Thoi Hau B (Hong Ngu district) along the patrol border, Kho Be culvert near Kho Be RA. Most reinforcement sites are located in fields, far RAs, except a few reinforcement sites located on RAs: the north bank of Dong Tien canal (Tam Nong district), the east bank of Khang Chien canal in Phu Loi commune (Thanh Binh district) and some locations crossing Kho Be RC. Conclusion: Air pollution caused by the operation of concrete mixing stations is small because small concrete mixing plants will be used. There are only some people reside within 100m of this process, and 2-3 workers for the operation of a concrete mixing station and the activity takes place over a short time. However, contractors need to strictly follow dust and noise pollution during operation of concrete mixing stations. Table 3.12: Air emissions from the 500L concrete mixer No Pollutant Emission factor (kg/T of diesel) 1 Aldehyde 0.24 2 CO 0.24

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No Pollutant Emission factor (kg/T of diesel) 3 Hydrocarbon 0.24

4 NOx 8.56 5 SO2 4.67 6 SO3 0.07 7 Dust 1.78 Source: EPA, Dinh Xuan Thang, 2007 (S in DO is 0,25%) Table 3.13: Estimate the number of toxic emissions from the concrete mixer for 100m of reinforcement/1 culvert in one day Total load for 1 Emission factor Load for 1 day No. Pollutant culvert/100m of (kg/day) (kg/T of diesel) reinforcement (kg) 1 Aldehyde 0.24 0.007 0.069 2 CO 0.24 0.007 0.069 3 Hydrocarbon 0.24 0.007 0.069

4 NOx 8.56 0.247 2.465

5 SO2 4.67 0.134 1.345

6 SO3 0.07 0.002 0.020 7 Dust 1.78 0.051 0.513 From material transportation The subproject area has a dense system of rivers, canals, which is convenient for transportation of materials by waterway, including sand, stone, cement and machinery. Lining embankment and spillways will use onsite filling soil so the impact will be within the construction site at the distance of <50m. For the 13,505m3 shortage of filling soil for construction activities in Hong Ngu and Thanh Binh districts will be exploited at the disposal sites along Khang Chien canal to minimize transportation impact and cost. As a result, the impact of dust and gaseous is moderate. Other materials are filling sand, steel, stone, etc. that need to be transported to the sites from other places about 37,030 tons for 43 culverts/pump stations and 87,678 tons for 79.91km embankment and spillway lining. Materials are mostly purchased from the central districts and towns to the construction sites with an estimated traveling on the distance of 20km and during 6 months for the construction items. With the emission coefficient of diesel-powered boats and barges as shown in Table 3.14 the dust and air emission generated by the material is shown in Table 3.15. Table 3.14: Estimate trips of material transportation for the subproject construction Volume of Loads of Number of Average Item materials to be vehicles/boats trips (trip) number of trip transported (T) (T) per day (trip) 1. Culverts/ pump stations 1.1. For 43 culverts/ pump 37,030 1264.2 6.88 stations 30 T 1.2. For 1 Culvert/ pump 882 29.4 0.16 station 2. Embankments and

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spillways 2.1. For 79.91km 86,678 879.01 87.90 100 T 2.2. For 100m 109 1.1 0.11 Table 3.15: Load of dust and air emission from materials transportation of the subproject

Item Bụi SO2 NOx CO VOC 1.For 1 culvert/pump station Total load (kg) 1.294 1.176 67.032 8.702 2.822 Average daily load (kg/day) 0.007 0.007 0.372 0.048 0.016 2.For 100m lining Total load (kg) 0.048 0.044 2.508 0.326 0.106 Average daily load (kg/day) 0.005 0.004 0.251 0.033 0.011 Transportation of excavated soil after reuse for the subproject: The amount of residue excavated materials from the culverts and pump station is 2,677m3 and each culvert/pump stations exceeds about 100-200m3 of excavated soil and this soil is reused for the reinforcement of adjacent semi-dikes within the sites from 100-200m by 10-ton truck in the period of 10-20 days. It means that only 1-2 truck for residue soil a day. Conclusion: Air pollution caused by transporting construction and residue excavated materials is moderate, however using water transportation for bulk goods will reduce the amount of dust generated. Technical measures and management to minimize pollution from dust will be applied strictly in the process of implementing the subproject as per Chapter 6. (a5) Locations most sensitive to dust, noise and vibration Table 3.16 indicates the areas possibly affected by noise, dust and exhaust gases. Table 3.16: Specific receptors affected by noise, dust and exhaust gases No Name of receptors Distance to the Note: nearest construction . nearest construction (km) I Hong Ngu District 1 Cau Mong Market 0.27 Cay Dua Sluice II Hong Ngu Commune 1 Binh Thanh Primary 0.25 Strengthening spillway of Binh Thanh 2 School Canal, bordered with Tan Thanh – Lo Gach (2 banks) 2 An Binh B Primary 0.20 Strengthening spillway: Khang Chien School canal bordered with Hong Ngu-Vinh Hung Canal (the east bank) III Tam Nong District 1 Tram Chim National 0.07 Culvert + West bank Pump Station of Park Phu Thanh 3 Canal (Thong Nhat) (Compartment No.13)- (combined irrigation culvert)

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No Name of receptors Distance to the Note: nearest construction . nearest construction (km) 2 Phu Thanh B Primary 0.17 Strengthening semi-dyke: the east bank School of Khang Chien canal (bordered canal of Hong Ngu town-Tam Nong and Thanh Binh-Tam Nong 3 Phu Thanh A Wharf 0.05 Strengthening semi-dyke: the north bank of Dong Tien canal (from Hai Thang Chin canal to Thong Nhat canal) 4 Phu Thanh A High 0.19 Strengthening semi-dyke: the north School bank of Dong Tien canal (from Hai Thang Chin canal to Thong Nhat canal) 5 Phu Thanh A CPC 0.15 Strengthening semi-dyke: the north bank of Dong Tien canal (from Hai Thang Chin canal to Thong Nhat canal) 6 Phu Tho CPC 0.2 Strengthening semi-dyke: the north bank of Dong Tien canal (from Hai Thang Chin canal to Thong Nhat canal) IV Thanh Binh District 1 Phu Loi Primary School 0.05 Strengthening semi-dyke: the east bank of Khang Chien canal (from Duong Gao Canal to bordered canal of Tam Nong) 2 Phu Loi Secondary 0.05 Dredging the Khang Chien Canal (from School Tam Nong-Thanh Binh Canal to An Phong-My Hoa Canal) 3 Health Station of Phu 0.05 Dredging the Khang Chien Canal (from Loi Commune Tam Nong-Thanh Binh Canal to An Phong-My Hoa Canal) b). Solid waste generation, including hazardous wastes Solid waste generation includes four main types depending on sources: (i) excavated and dredging materials from canal and construction sites, (ii) construction wastes; (iii) domestic wastes from worker’s accommodation; and (iv) hazardous wastes. Excavated and dredging materials The volume of dredged materials and excavated materials of the proposed work items are presented in indicating that relative large volume of dredged and excavated materials will be generated, at 622,875 m3. While some excavated materials will be reused for back filling, the remaining will need to be disposed of (Table 3.17). The subproject selected 11 sites with a total land area of 21.66 ha for disposal of dredged and residual excavated materials. As discussed in Chapter 2, soil in the subproject area do not have heavy metals and low contain acid sulfate soil, therefore wastewater from the excavation of foundation pits for will have no significant impact on the soil quality and agricultural production around the sites.

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Table 3.17: Total volume of excavated and dredging materials N Volume Reuse Disposal Note Work Item o. (m3) (m3) (m3) 1 Canal Dredging 418,816 0 418,816 2 Sluice Gates and Pumping 53,456 53,456 0 50,779 m3 used for sluice Stations gates and pumping stations and 2677 m3 for embankments and spillways 3 Embankments and spillways 150,603 150,603 0 Total 622,875 203,875 418,816

Construction wastes The process of excavating, backfilling and reinforcing the embankment surface will generate construction solid wastes as soil, cement bag, iron and steel scraps, stone, debris, etc... The soil dropping during the embankment backfilling: the volume of backfill soil droppings during the excavation and covering is moderate and the impact from this waste to the environment is identified as moderate. Construction waste: includes cement bags, iron and steel scraps, construction stones and sand, is the waste from up to 200,000 cement bags, all is to be collected and not littered in the environment especially the canals. Clearing of shrubs and plants on the old embankment route: this is carried out for soil excavation. The plants in this area are mostly shrubs and are not much in quantity so the construction units must proactively clear and clean the old embankment surface for soil extraction. Though the risk of any environmental impact of the materials is low, the construction teams must treat the waste properly never dumping any into the canals to cause flow clogging or to affect the water environment. Domestic wastes from camps As estimated that each worker on site discharges an average of 0.4kg of domestic waste daily. Most of the waste is easily biodegradable, there are also some non-degradable wastes such as packaging materials including plastic bags, plastic bottles…). The volume of domestic wastes generated by the workers of each work item and the entire subproject are estimated in Table 3.18. Table 3.18: Domestic waste generation of the subproject No. Work Item Number No. of Wastes Construction Total of sites Workers generated duration at volume of (site) at each from each each site domestic site site/day (kg) (day) wastes (kg) (person) 1 Canal Dredging 372 6 1.8 3 1,674 2 Culvert and Pumping 43 4 1.2 180 9,288

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Stations Embankments and 3 799 4 1.2 10 9,588 Spillways Total 1,214 14 4.2 - 20,550 The total amount of generated domestic waste from entire subproject is 20.55 tonnes for 4 years of construction. Without proper management, such amounts of generated domestic waste would become a polluting source, giving rise to bad smells and pathogenic factors from microorganisms. However, the workers will be located at 1,214 different construction sites and each site only generates from 1.2 to 1.8kg of domestic waste (equivalent to the domestic amount of 1-2 households in the area), and therefore, If the waste management is good, the impact level is assessed to be low. Hazardous waste and materials Hazardous solid waste are mostly oil contaminated materials. As regulated in the Circular No.36/2015/BTNMT issued on 30 June 2015 of MONRE, they include empty fuel and lubricant boxes, cans, asphalt, petrol, fuels, paints, and other hazardous solid waste such as light bulbs, battery, etc from worker camps. The volume of hazardous waste depends on the number of mobilized equipment/machinery and based on monitoring experience from many construction sites it is expected that only a small amount of hazardous waste will be generated. Other kinds of hazardous waste include batteries, wastes contaminated by printing inks, etc. with a small amount (about 5 kg/month/work) expected. However, these are not be generated at the construction sites but in operational offices, worker camps and maintenance areas. Discharged oil and oily contaminated waste from regular maintenance also are identified as hazardous wastes. The level of pollution of the lubricant on the water source is very large due to the extent of their spread on the water surface, the ability to decompose slowly, which creates a membrane separating the water and the air environment, preventing oxygen diffusion into the water source which will directly affect the aquatic fauna, especially aquatic animals, shrimp and fish. This oil can also be attached directly to aquatic animals and in large amounts can cause death. The amount of generation is estimated as i) the amount of oil discharged from equipment oil change for one time is 7 liters; and ii) frequency of maintenance is 230 work shifts (Table 3.19). Hazardous waste is expected to be of average volume, and it could create serious negative impacts on the environment, and therefore will be collected, transported and treated by a licensed agency according to the provisions of the Hazardous Waste Management. Conclusions: The negative impacts of domestic and construction solid waste, and hazardous wastes are moderate. The subproject owner and contractors must apply measures to mitigate impacts during the construction phase. Table 3.19: Summary of solid and hazardous wastes generated from construction activities No. Hazardous waste Discharged Oily drags Containers, packaging oil (L) (kg) materials (kg) 1 Dredging 840 250 50 2 Culverts and pump stations 602 903 602 3 Embankments and Spillway 168 240 168 Total 1,610 1,393 1,010

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c). Wastewater generation Wastewater generated during the construction phase include: i) domestic wastewater from workers’ accommodation; ii) construction wastewater, mainly from equipment washing. Wastewater from worker camps. Per capita worker’s water demand is prescribed in QCXDVN 01:2008/BXD at about 45 liters/person/day including water for washing, cooking and personal hygiene. The amount of wastewater generated is calculated as 80% of the water used daily. Thus, the amount of domestic wastewater generated is about 2.7m3/day for 75 workers. Table 3.20: Summary of wastewater from worker No. Construction site Number of Total volume Volume of workers of water use wastewater (people/day) (m3/d) (m3/d) 1 Dredging 30 1.35 1.08 2 Culverts and pump station 20 0.9 0.72 3 Embankment and spillway 25 1.125 0.9 Total 75 3.375 2.7 Content of wastewater includes suspended solids, oil, and grease, high concentrations of organic matter, residue, dissolved organic matters (through the BOD5, and COD indicators), nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus) and microorganisms. World Health Organization (WHO) pollutant emission estimates for developing countries are shown in Table 3.21. The estimated average concentration of pollutants in the domestic wastewater before treatment through septic tanks are listed in Table 3.22. Based on the pollution load, a number of workers and wastewater flow, we calculate the pollutant concentration in wastewater by the following formula:

In which: - C: Pollutant concentration, (mg/L)

- C0: Pollutant load, (g/day) - Q: Wastewater flow, (m3/day) Comparing the pollutant concentrations in untreated domestic wastewater with the QCVN 14:2008, Column B, most of the parameters exceed the standard (Table 3.23 and Table 3.24). To minimize the impact, the investor should require the contractor installing mobile toilets inside the construction area to serve the needs of the labor activities. Therefore, the amount of domestic wastewater is collected and be treated by the local treatment system, hence, the impact is low. Table 3.21: Pollutants loads of domestic wastewater (untreated) No Pollutants Pollution factor (g/person.day) In developing countries like Vietnam Vietnam 1 BOD5 45 - 54 50 2 COD 72 - 102 85 3 TSS 70 - 145 100

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No Pollutants Pollution factor (g/person.day) In developing countries like Vietnam Vietnam 4 Total N 6 - 12 9 5 Total P 0,8 - 4 2.5 Source: WHO, 1993. Table 3.22: Pollutants concentrations of domestic wastewater TT Pollutants Concentration (mg/l) 0 1 BOD5 (20 C) 450 - 540 2 TSS 700-1450 3 TN 60-120 4 TP 20 5 Microorganism (MPN/100ml) Total Coliform 106-109 Fecal coliform 105-106 Source: Hoang Van Hue, 2012. Table 3.23: Performance of treatment of pollutants on septic tanks or similar works TT Pollutants Performance of treatment (%)

1 BOD5 50 2 COD 45 3 TSS 65 4 Total N 70 5 Total P 75 Source: Institute of Natural Resources and Environment, 2005. Table 3.24: Pollution loads due to subproject construction TT Pollutants Pollution load (kg/ngđ) Untreated Treated by septic tank

1 BOD5 12.25 6.13 2 COD 20.83 11.45 3 TSS 24.50 8.58 4 Total N 2.21 0.66 5 Total P 0.61 0.15 Wastewater from barges. Barges will be used to transport materials for the subproject construction of 2 sluices at Ca Cai canal (barges of 100T) and reinforcement of semi-dikes and spillways (barge of 100 to 200T). Wastewater coming from the barges is estimated at about 1-1.5m3/day for 2 sluices construction and 2 to 4 m3/day for reinforcement of semi- dikes and spillways. Factors causing water pollution of waste water is grease, suspended solids, organic matter, nutrients (N, P) and microorganisms. Wastewater from operation and maintenance of construction equipment and machinery. This kind of wastewater contains organic substances, oil, and suspended solids. The wastewater, generated from regular maintenance, includes: i) machine maintenance (about 4 m3/day); ii) machine cleaning (about 7m3/day); iii) machine cooling (about 2m3/day).

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However, the volume of water supply required for this purpose on the site is heavily dependent on the compliance and operations of the contractors (Table 3.25). To prevent drainage from reaching water bodies, equipment and truck maintenance areas will be captured and treated. Table 3.25: Pollutants generated from operation and maintenance of construction equipment and machinery Source of wastewater Concentration of pollutant Volume (m3/day) (mg/l) Dredging Culvert/ Embankment COD Oil and SS Pump station and spillway grease From maintenance 2 0.5 - 1 0.5 - 1 10-15 - 25-40 From cleaning 4 1 -1.5 1 -1.5 20-32 0.4-0.8 60-80 QCVN08-MT:2015/ 10-15 0.1-0.2 20-30 BTNMT (column A) QCVN08-MT:2015/ 30-50 0.1-0.3 50-100 BTNMT (column A) d). Impacts on Water quality Impact on the water environment caused by the dredging Impacts of dredging on surface water quality would be the most important environmental concern of the Subproject. Bottom sediment will be disturbed and suspended solids will be spread into the water. The dredging process affects the following environmental components: Sediment disperse and deposition: The dredging affects the aquatic life of some species. The most direct impact is the removal of substrates including benthic organisms and suffocation of invertebrates and loss of their habitat. There are also other impacts associated with dredging due to the effects of suspended solids on aquatic life. A number of experiments and studies on the impact of suspended solids on aquatic life have been made. For example, DOER (2000) reviewed these studies and related evidence of suspended solids related to dredging. The study found that at the high turbidity of the suspended solids, eggs and larvae of fish are one of the most sensitive species to the level of suspended solids in water. A group of free- swimming creatures like fish is able to swim out of highly disturbed areas. The sediment particles deposited on the bottom or dispersed make the creatures move out of the area due to loss of stable habitat. The crustacean species are almost unaffected by sedimentation caused by dredging because sedimentation level affects more than 10,000 mg/l (DOER 2000). The disturbance increases the decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms. Oxygen in the water reduces the immediate impact on aquatic organisms, indirectly affecting aquatic resources. The high concentration of suspended solids in water due to prolonged dredging will limit sunlight to the water layers, affecting photosynthesis of algae, seaweed, moss, and irritating fish (As small particles into gills cause asphyxiation. The hydrological regime in the region (tidal currents, flows) also has a significant effect on sediment dispersion. This increases the turbidity of the water. The rehabilitation of the dredging areas: The estuarine experiences are used as reference materials to assess the rehabilitation periods of the dredging areas. Among the available data on the rehabilitation of riverside benthic organisms, the notable materials are the USACE and USEPA scientific reports. According to the USACE report, if the substrate is stable at a small and average speed, the recovery time of a dredging area will be less than 5 years. The measurements from the US EPA relating to the restoration in the dredging areas in Alaska river shows that the restoration of the biodiversity of invertebrates is determined after one

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year (AM Prussian et al. 1999). The reports in the world relating the coastal dredging show that the rate of restoration of the benthic organisms after dredging that loss their habitat varies greatly (Nedwell & Elliot 1998; Newell, Seiderer & Hitchcock 1998). The recovery rates and habitat are listed in Table 3.26. Table 3.26: Recovery time observed in the dredging areas No. Name of the dredging area Habitat Recovery time 1 Coos Bay, Oregon Sludge is often disturbed 4 weeks 2 Cagaliari Bay, Sardinia Canal mud 6 months 3 Mobile Bay, Alabama Canal mud 6 months 4 Goose Creek, Long Island Lagoon mud >11 months 5 Klaver Bank, North Sea Sand - gravel 1-2 years 6 Chesapeake Bay Mud - sand 18 months 7 Lowestoft, Norfolk Gravel >2 years 8 Dutch coast Soil 3 years 9 Boca Ciega Bay, Florida Seashell-sand 10 years Source: Nedwell & Elliot 1998; Newell, Seiderer & Hitchcock 1998 in http: //www.ukmarinesac.org.uk/activities/ports/ph5_2_2.htm#a1 The general observations show that the fastest rate of recovery appears in estuarine areas where smooth sediment is disturbed and opportunistic species predominate. In general, the recovery period increases in stable sand and gravel areas, where there are long-lived species with complex biological interactions that control the structure of the dominant organisms. The study in the polluted estuarine area in the North East of England indicates that the recovery period of the benthic community is more than 6 months (M.P. Quigley and J.A. Hall, 1999). The Study in a small dredged area (2,625m2) in a similar environment at the North African port of Ceuta also indicates that it took about six months for the disturbed area to be re-structured to allow the benthic communities to recovery to the same level as in the undisturbed region (Jose M Guera-Garcia et al., 2003). The duration of dredging is calculated based on the total volume of dredged sediment, at 418,816m3 and the capacity of dredger as shown in Table 3.27. Because 1.2m3 bucket dredger has a small capacity, the construction time is longer and produces more suspended solids in the water than blowing dredger. According to the calculations, if each mean of construction is in charge of one dredging section, the construction by bucket dredger will be longer although the construction volume is much smaller than the section of the suction dredger. Table 3.27: Total dredging volume, area and dredging time Length Volumne Time No. Section (m) (m3) (day) I By suction dredger 22,040 271,858 272 Khang Chien canal (from Tan Thanh-Lo Gach to 1 26,188 255,728 256 An Phong - My Hoa) 1.1 From K4+100 to K6+300 2,200 18,349 18 1.2 From K6+300 to K10+300 4,000 66,673 67 1.3 From K10+300 to K14+100 3,800 85,479 85

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1.4 From K14+100 to K17+700 3,600 39,933 40 1.5 From K17+700 to K21+100 3,400 30,951 31 1.7 From K27+900 to K30+288 2,388 14,343 14 2 Khang Chien 1 canal 2,652 16,130 16 II By bucket dredger 15,304 146,958 525 Khang Chien canal section from K0+000 to 1 4,100 59,092 211 K4+100 Border canal from Hong Ngu town - Tam Nong 2 3,550 30,419 109 (from Hai Thang Chin canal to Khang Chien canal) Border canal Thanh Binh Tam Nong (from Khang 3 4,476 35,358 126 Chien canal to Thong Nhat canal) Ca Cai canal from Khang Chien canal to Hai 4 3,178 22,089 79 Thang Chin canal Total 37,244 418,816 797 The dredging experiences from other areas show that the dredging affecting range is highly dependent on the flow velocity and flow rate. In the dry season, the flow at Khang Chien canal and some canals in the subproject area range from 9 to 17 m3/s. At this rate, the spread can range from 1 to 3km. Although the construction equipment by 1.2m3 bucket dredger and 1200CV suction dredger minimize the disintegration of the sediment in the water environment in the narrow areathe duration is extended, therefore the environmental impact is considered average and local. This effect will end when the dredging operation is finished. At dredging sites of the subproject area, the dredging cross-section only accounts for about 10% of the cross-sectional area of the dredging canals, the surrounding organisms can move to the newly dredged area. Therefore, basicall, the benthic organisms can recover around 4-8 weeks after dredging. The surface water will be affected longer if using bucket dredger. Accordingly, Khang Chien canal section from K0 to K4+100 (the section between Tan Thanh - Lo Gach canal with Hong Ngu - Vinh Hung canal) will be mostly affected. Along Hong Ngu - Vinh Hung canal in Binh Thanh commune, Hong Ngu town, there are many aquaculture ponds, especially those who raise Pangasius (catfish). In addition, there is a shrimp farming area in Cu Lao Chim in Phu Thanh B commune, Tam Nong district. Therefore, there should be a concentrated construction solution, speeding up the construction of these locations to minimize the impact on these areas.

Impact on the water environment from the disposal sites As mentioned above, there are total of 7 disposal sites to be selected for dredging along Khang Chien and Khang Chien 1 canals, it is quite convenient to use suction dredger to suck sediment into dump sites, in which 05 dump sites are currently earth ponds, which were exploited for filling residential areas, namely dump sites: 3a, 3b and 3c at Kho Be residential area, 01 dump site at Ca No residential area, and 01 dump site at Khang Chien residential area. 2 others will be embanked to +5.2m to store dredged sludge (Figure 3.2). In addition, at 04 locations of canals that use bucket dredger, sediment is contained in the compartments to ensure that it does not overflow to surrounding paddy fields (Figure 3.3). Most of the disposal sites are surrounded by rice fields, 5 sites located near/behind the residential area. Details of disposal sites are shown in Table 2.47.

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During the dredging process, a large amount of water is pumped up with the sediment into the dump sites. Water from the dredging site containing high suspended solids is the risk of affecting the quality of the receiving source without good deposit. The references to the analysis results of the water quality of the outlet of the dredged canal of Nguyen Van Tiep (Km 113 + 500) in My Dong commune, Thap Muoi district and the end point (Km 143 + 500) in Phong My commune, Cao Lanh district are presented in Table 3.28. The results show that the water quality of the outlet has the TSS from 9 to 25 times higher than that of the standard: QCVN 40: 2011/BTNMT.

Figure 3.2: Typical cross section in disposal sites for suction dredger

Figure 3.3: Typical cross section in disposal sites for bucket dredger Table 3.28: Water quality of at the outlet of the disposal site for dredging Nguyen Van Tiep canal No. Section Parameter F.Coli T0(0C) pH DO (mg/l) SS (mg/l) MPN/100ml 1 SRA-114 27,5 6,9 2,2 1700 620 2 SRA-116 27,5 6,7 2,1 1800 700 3 SRA-118 29 7,2 3,5 1600 420 4 SRA-120 29,5 7,2 2,2 2220 530 5 SRA-122 27,1 6,42 3,26 1920 250 6 SRA-124 29 6,31 4,17 1580 420 7 SRA-126 29 6,5 3,9 1900 370

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8 SRA-128 30,5 6,32 3,29 1660 340 9 SRA-134 32,9 6,9 4,6 1950 260 10 SRA-136 33,6 6,95 4,79 1520 180 Source: Project of Transport Development for the Mekong Delta - WB5. e). Impact on hydrology and drainage Impact on hydrology and drainage due to construction culverts, pump stations: As the characteristics of the subproject area is the upstream flood area and the annual amount of water flow is very large. The flood water levels in the fields rise. Therefore, the construction of culverts will mainly in dry season. Each construction item of culverts, pump stations will be constructed within no more than 6 months to avoid floods. The excavation and filling are usually carried out in early dry season, therefore the impact of rainwater runoff during the construction of foundation pit is negligible. Impact on hydrology and drainage caused by dredging: The dredging does not require diversion of water flows. The dredging cross-section is quite smaller than the water cross- section in the areas, thus, the construction is not large enough to affect the water flows but helps open up and increase the flows at dredged locations. Impact on hydrology and drainage caused by reinforcing embankments and spillways: Due to the characteristics of the subproject area, which is upstream flood area. The amount of water from floods is very large, making the flood water level in the fields rise, therefore the construction of culverts will mainly in dry seasons. Each of the reinforcement routes will be carried out in less than 6 months to avoid flooding. The earthworks for reinforcement of August dikes and spillway are usually carried out in early dry season, therefore the impact of rainwater overflow during construction of dike and spillway reinforcement is low. Impact when canal sections are blocked for embankment lining: The construction of the head of the canal does not block the flow, in the process of lining the canal heads only the excavation of the foundation pit to the level of +0.5 is exposed to canal water, stretching from 80-200m depending on the hardening of the canal head. After that, the piles will be driven with a density of 16 piles/m2 and the foundation pits will be poured by concrete to level + 1.0m. In addition, this activity occurs completely in the dry season, when the water level at the canals is low, close to the water level in foundation pit, the entire roof and road surface are completed constructed on the ground, so the impacts on water quality are considered low and local, ending soon after the concreting of pits are completed. f). Biological Impacts Impacts on Tram Chim National Park: As mentioned above, there is a culvert combined pump station of 2.5m (Phu Thanh 3 Canal) willbe built 70m from Tram Chim NP. This construction is likely to affect Tram Chim NP including dust, noise, vibration, waste, exhaust gases and mobilization of workers, construction works. According to a research conducted by USFWS Wildlife Conservation Society on the impact of noise on wildlife, declines in densities of woodland and grassland bird species have been shown to occur at noise thresholds between 45 and 48 dB, respectively; while the most sensitive woodland and grassland species showed declines between 35 and 43 dB, respectively. Songbirds specifically appear to be sensitive to very low sound levels equivalent

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to those in a library reading room (~30 dBA) (Foreman and Alexander 1998). However, the culvert construction has the highest noise level of 90dB, calculated by the distance of 70m from the construction site to the national park, the impact of noise to birds is small (Figure 3.4). Beside, mobilization of construction worker will cause illegal hunting wild life species and cutting forest trees for their food to the Park. However, there have only 4-5 workers to build this culvert within 6 months, so the impact is assessed as low and the contractors will have a measure to manage this impact.

Figure 3.4: Attenuation of construction noise from the culvert at Phu Thanh 3 canal Impact onthe aquatic ecosystem: - From dredging: Given the aquatic ecosystem in the subproject area, especially in the dredged canals, are the most common species in the Plain of Reeds. There are no species in the Red Book which are at risk of extinction and need protection. Dredging canals will inevitably affect the benthic fauna in the dredging areas. However, the dredging areas are very small compared to the areas of the canals and the organisms are able to migrate to non-dredged areas and recover after 1-2 months. The impact on the aquatic ecosystem is not great and there is no risk of widespread impact on the surrounding areas. - From the transportation of materials for construction: As mentioned above, the construction of culverts, pump stations, embankments and spillways related to the water environment is the transportation of materials for construction. The transport of construction materials takes place in a long time that requires the average number of vehicles of 6 trips/day only for 1 culvert/pump station and 1.22 trips/day for 100m of the lining. With such a volume of transport, its impact on the aquatic life is small. However, the source of waste that may affect the aquatic ecosystem isa hazardous waste (machine lubricant, viscosity). If the construction units do not take proper solutions to control this source in accordance with the regulations to emit large amounts of hazardous waste into the environment, the risk of damaging aquatic ecosystem will be massive deaths in the water. This is what the Subproject Owner, as well as the construction units, must closely control the waste source.

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Impact on other animals and plants: The vegetation cover in the subproject area is not natural but is people’s long-term cultivation area, which is not a wildlife habitat. The animals are mainly birds, mice, toads, frogs, etc. The vegetation here is mainly growing along canals, ditches, gardens, yards, earth ponds where the soil is exploited for filling residential areas, and paddy fields, thus the impact on the natural vegetation and wildlife and the ecosystem is considered very small and temporary and without affecting the outside the construction sites. g). Impacts and risks on historical and cultural heritages Construction activities may affect religious and cultural structures such as pagodas or temples by dust, noise, and vibration, disturbing traffic or access to these works, or cause visual impacts or a nuisance if construction materials and wastes are loaded improperly. Loud noise may also affect religious procedures. There are also no important historical and cultural sites identified in the subproject construction sites. However, during construction, there might be chances that historical or cultural artifacts would be found. The procedures for addressing these situations are included in the chance find procedures in Chapter 6. h). Waterway transport disturbance and safety risks From dredging The canal dredging is mainly implemented on the water surface and does not require transport of sludge to disposal sites. At the sections where contractors use canal banks to dump sludge like K0 + K4 + 100 of Khang Chien canal, and canals of Hong Ngu-Tam Nong, Thanh Binh - Tam Nong and Cai Cai, only 1 barge and 1 tug boat are increased to the construction sites and each location takes place more than 2-3 days. In Khang Chien and Khang Chien 1 canals, Contractors will apply the blowing method that sucks sediment directly at canal bottom via discharge pipes to pump sediment to dumping sites at the maximum distance of 1700m. This method does not require vessels/barges for transporting sediment and increase only one dredger in each area which appears no more than 2-3 days. Therefore, there is no change in the water environment in this area compared to the current status. In dredging areas that maintain regular operations, there will be certain affection to the boat navigation. The results of the field survey and based on the dredging sections, some major impacts from construction to the waterway are identified as follows:

− Local transport jam of boat and barges on the regional flow.

− There may be a collision causing a risk of unsafety to the navigation on the canals. Therefore, without good navigation signing, control and regulation, a collision between other ships/boats with dredging bargesare quite possible. When an accident occurs, damages will be considerable, for example, loss of material and property, affection of construction progress and circulation of ships/boats on canals, and even loss of human life. However, as mentioned in section 2.1.2.1.b, as the cross section of Khang Chien canal is quite large, ranging from 40-50m, other boats are still able to navigate. For branch canals like Hong Ngu-Tam Nong, Thanh Binh-Tam Nong, and Ca Cai, the cross-section is smaller at 20-30m where there are small boats to sail. In the field, the means of transporting agricultural products and production equipment are mainly small vessels, ranging from 3 to 10 tons (2-3m wide and 5-10m long), so these boats will be passing easily while dredging.

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In horizontal canals such as Tan Thanh - Lo Gach, Vinh Hung - Hong Ngu, Dong Tien, An Phong - My Hoa, etc. are major canals for transportation of big vessels, boats of 150-1,000 tons so adding 1 suction dredger will no impacts on waterway transportation (see Figure 2.3). Therefore, the impact on the waterway is low and can be minimized through a traffic safety plan on canals is proposed in Chapter 4. From culverts and pump stations Most culverts/pump stations are small with an aperture of 1.5-5.0m which are mainly built on infield canals that connect to major canals in the region. The construction is mainly inland, thus the construction impact on navigation is negligible. We can see that Hong Ngu district is the area where many culverts and pumping stations are built (18/43 culverts and pumping stations). These will help to perfect the irrigation infrastructure for the area, thereby improving production efficiency for the people. The construction will take place in parallel with the production process so it will inevitably affect the production activities of people. However, all sluices and pump stations will not be built at the same time, but in each item and in one area of the canal system. Therefore, in the same area, many construction items will be arranged in order to minimize the impact on the production of people (Figure 3.5).

Figure 3.5: Sluices and pump stations and canal system in Hong Ngu district The main affection to water navigation is the transportation of construction materials. As calculated in Table 3.14 above, each culvert/pumping station is built in 6 months which requires about 30 trips of 30-T barges to transport construction materials in the routes in Figure 3.7. As a result, this activity will increase the average waterway traffic by 6 days per trip in the construction area of each culvert/pumping station. However, all culverts/pump stations will not be constructed at the same time but will be phased into 4 years. Each year about 10 culverts/pump stations in 4 districts/towns in the subproject area are built. As a

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result, for the construction of 10 culverts/pump stations, the total volume of waterway traffic will increase by 1.6 voyages/day. From semi-dikes and spillways It should be noted that at the culverts/pump stations there is the construction of other working items like reinforcement of dikes and spillways, dredging Khang Chien canal and its branches, the navigation density will accumulate and the impact will increase. Therefore, the mitigation measures described in Chapter 5 should be applied. About 20 km of semi-dikes and spillways lining will be built each year. According to the calculations Table 3.14 above, for every 100 meters of lining, it will increase 0.11 trip, so within six months of the dry season, the lining will increase 22 trips of boat a day. As such, the total number of trips of boats will increase by 23.76 trips a day during the dry season. However, these work items are spread over four districts/town. So in each district/town, the number of boat trips increased during the dry season to transport materials for the construction of public works is 6 trips/day, equivalent to about 1 hour/trip (due to the construction day). The subproject area has a dense canal system so it is very convenient to transport materials by waterway. Therefore, the impact of the transportation of materials during construction is assessed as moderate and this activity will have to apply the mitigation measures mentioned in Chapter 5.

Figure 3.6: Boat/barge transporting materials in the subproject area

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Figure 3.7: Transportation routes for construction materials of the subproject i). Road way transport disturbance and safety risks From dredging The subproject construction mainly takes place on the surface water with the total length of 37,244km of canals. All construction equipment and materials are transported by waterway, thus, negative impact during construction does not appear on roads. However, during pumping sludge by suction dredgers from the dredging area to 7 dump sites, the pipelines will cross into the roads along the canals causing traffic disruption (Figure 3.8). However, this impact happens in a short time and localized. The sections where canal banks are used for dumping sediment at site like K0 + K4 + 100, Hong Ngu-Tam Nong canal, Thanh Binh - Tam Nong canal, Ca Cai canal with the length of 15.3 km are only small, low embankments, which are soil paths of 0.8-1.5m wide with low elevation of +2.0 to +3.0m and do not meet the elevation of August dikes. In these sections, the traffic is mainly on the opposite sides (which meet the elevation of August dikes and the roads are filled with macadam and are reinforced). Therefore, the dredging construction does not affect the local traffic in the region and the impact is small and localized.

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Figure 3.8: A pipeline of the suction dredger cross into a road In addition, using suction dredgers will temporarily remove bridges with clearance elevations below the high of dredgers (up to 4-5m) or careless of workers will impacts on the bridges leading to interruption local people movement or agro products transportation. For five concrete bridges, this effect will not occur. For 14 iron and timber bridges, most of them have clearance elevations of 5-7m and the agricultural products in this area are usually shipped by waterway, however, the dredging in these areas are only about 5-7 days so the impact on traffic is small (Figure 3.9). Contractors will, however, apply measures in Chapter 5 to mitigate this impact.

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Figure 3.9: Typical suction dredger and iron and timber bridges along the dredging routes From culverts and pump stations Most drainage/pump stations are built on infield pathways/trails along major canals as Thong Nhat, Tu Thuong, Khang Chien, Muong Lon, Dong Tien, etc. In the infield trail, the number of people moving is not high but when the construction units do not take solutions to make temporary paths or suitable direction for people, it can generate social concerns from people. However, most canals have two banks, one side is soil trail but another is stone or concrete or asphalt road that people are able to move when there is construction on soil trail, it will be active to organize for people’s smooth movement. The Subproject owner and the construction companies must have detailed traffic coordination plan to ensure that the construction does not affect the movement of people. With the above characteristics, the level of impact from construction activities to road traffic is determined to be small. Separately, at the culverts/pump stations along the border patrol in the communes of Thuong Thoi Hau A, Thuong Thoi Hau B of Hong Ngu district, including Muong Vop pumping station, Nam Muc sluice, Chin Hue pumping station, Ca Cai culvert combined pumping station, which is close to the main roads and residential areas with crowded traffic and transport means, the constructio, as well as the transportation of materials, will not avoid impact on the traffic in the 2 communes above. Therefore, means of transport and construction should be avoided peak hours to prevent traffic congestion and residents' daily activities. At the same time, when transporting materials across the roads to the works, it is necessary to send regulators and traffic instructions to minimize the impact.

Figure 3.10: Typical layout of 3-m culvert under construction

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From semi-dikes and spillways The reinforcement will affect the traffic of people living near the sites, for example the residential areas in the north coast of Dong Tien canal (Tam Nong district), in the east bank of Khang Chien canal, Phu Loi commune (Thanh Binh district) and some locations passing through the residential areas like Kho Be residential area. The remaining routes are located in the field, far from residential areas. Therefore, at the construction sites, it needs to make way for people. The contractors can construct half way by half way to not impede the movement of the people. j). Social impacts and labor influx issues The subproject involves will mobilize 75 workers per day working over a period of up to 4- years on diverse construction activities. This causes the potentially negative social impacts of labor influx including: (i) conflicts arising from increased demand on/use of existing infrastructure, services and utilities, including transportation, health, education, water and sanitation, waste management, public utilities and community, religious, and recreational facilities and loss of land for access routes; (ii) increase in criminal activity and alcohol and drug abuse, domestic violence, prostitution, smuggling and gang activity; (iii) increase in gender-based violence, including sexual harassment and sex with underage children, deriving from the dramatic rise in the characteristic of labor influx - men, money, movement (influx), and mixing (i.e., social interaction); (iv) increases in communicable diseases, including respiratory problems, diarrheal diseases, vector-borne diseases (e.g., malaria), and sexually transmitted infections (e.g., HIV/AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, hepatitis B); and (v) child labor. However, these construction workers were mobilized in 15 communes of the province. The influx of workers at the site will increase demand for food, entertainment and therefore pushing up the trading and services in the region to develop. Services established will satisfy the demand for normal life and livelihood of workers, officers working at the site. This will help to solve the demand on job and increasing income to local residents. In addition, depending on the ability of local working force, they will be selected to work at some subproject components and get paid. At subproject components where requiring simple work or work will be done by manual method: cutting tree, transporting rock, soil material by simple vehicle, watering to cure concrete, preparing the foundation excavation, grassing at dam abutments, etc... the Contractor and sub-contractors shall be allowed to hire local labor to perform such a work. People who are hired to work at the site will have the chance to learn new technology, get familiar and know how to operate machine and vehicle. Gradually their knowledge will be improved and they will be a positive and efficient factor affecting knowledge, to cultural, spirit life of local residents. k). Safety and health risks for the community and the workers Occupational safety and worker health. Construction activities incur the occupational risk of employee injury or mortality. The following sources could create a high risk of accident: UXO at construction sites; electric shock and electrocution while conducting excavations such as from encountering power cables. Common diseases in the subproject area include flu, dengue fever, hand-foot-mouth, digestive diseases, pinkeye, and scarlet fever to be recognized frequently. The worker may get the risk of being affected by these diseases. Besides that, if workers get infected, their illness may be spread to others including the local people. In addition, workers may get sick because of unsafe living conditions, unsafe food and inappropriate personal protection equipment (PPE).

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Conclusions: Impacts caused by unsafe working conditions are considered as moderate negative impacts during the construction phase. It is important to implement mitigation measures to ensure safety for all workers, local communities and ensure the planning of emergency responses if accidents happen. Fire and explosive emergencies. Emergencies of fire and explosion could be incurred through fuel storage and unsafe use of electrical equipment. The consequences are extremely adverse and could cause injuries, disabilities and loss of life. The reasons for fire and explosion are (i) unsafe or inappropriate firefighting systems and management at fuel storage areas on construction sites; (ii) electric generator supplying energy for machinery, equipment could cause electrical incidents resulting in fires; (iii) use of heating equipment could cause fire or occupational accidents such as burns. Conclusion: The emergencies are a moderate negative impact. Because these emergencies could occur any time thus it requires a specific emergency preparedness and response plan to be in place at the construction site as well as appropriate equipment to minimize the probability of these emergencies. Waterway incidents. Because almost all the materials will be transported by water, accidents can occur due to boats colliding during the travel to the work sites. These incidents can cause serious impacts to the environment, especially to the water quality, such as increasing turbidity by stirring the river and canal bed on contact or through oil spills from engine damage. It is notable that waterway accidents in Khang Chien canal, especially the risk of vessel collision when passing through the dredged areas as the canal is one of the major flood drainage and important navigation axes in the area, the area of material yards, large culverts such as Ca Cai canal adjoining An Phong - My Hoa canal and Duong Gao canal. The above incidents may affect human life, property (boats) and the construction (collision of the means of construction dredging and transportation of materials). Oil may be dispersed into the environment when vessels and means of construction are wrecked, polluting the water environment and aquatic organisms and the use of water in production and daily life. Conclusions: The emergencies are a moderate negative impact because there likely is a low frequency of occurrence. However, if an accident happens during the construction phase it could create a significant impact on habitat, people and properties. Therefore, an appropriate rapid response plan is needed to ensure the management of emergencies.

3.2.3.2. Specific impacts and risks related to dredging

Besides general impacts which happen in all investment projects, implementing the subproject also cause specific impacts, depending on specific types of construction, types of background conditions and type of construction methods of the subproject area. As the background of the dredging area is that affecting by acid sulfate soils and some areas along the canal dredging area aquaculture, and using earth ponds for disposing of dredged sludge, so dredging in this subproject causes specific impacts including: a). Impacts on aquaculture in relation to reduced water quality As mentioned above, one of the background conditions of the subproject area is the focal large number of aquaculture households, which is dominant with commercial catfish culture along big canals like Vinh Hung-Hong Ngu, Tan Thanh-Lo Gach, An Binh, Dong Tien. Giant freshwater prawn farming is concentrated in Cu Lao Chim, Phu Thanh B commune, Tam Nong district. The dredging will increase the water turbidity that affects the water intake for aquaculture in the above areas.

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For catfish, the replacement of water is frequent with a cycle of about 10 days/batch with a water change of 30-50% of the water in a pond. For the Giant river prawn culture, now farmers tend to reduce changing water to limit disease. The water source is usually supplied at the beginning of flood season to avoid polluted water due to stem rots. If possible, replace water equal to 20-25% of surface water in the afternoon. If the water clarity is below 50cm, it needs to change the water and fill CaCO3 or 2 CaMg(CO3) with 100-300kg/ha. With this fertilization, the impact of dredging activities on shrimp farming can be minimized. As such, the increase in turbidity in the water will affect the aquaculture water change, especially the catfish aquaculture due to a large amount of water to be changed. Therefore, there should be concentrated construction solution to speed up the construction progress at the locations near the aquaculture areas and announce the dredging schedule in order that people can make a plan for changing water to minimize the impact on these areas. With the above characteristics, given that only good construction time is achieved, the impact of dredging on aquaculture is small and it is controlled when constructors comply with the dredging schedule and the mitigation measures in Chapter 5. b). Risk of erosion along banks of canals due to dredging activities Basically, the dredging work will take place on the existing elevation to the elevation of - 3.0m. Except for the sections from K21+100 to K27+900 of Khang Chien canal, where the natural elevation is lower than the designed elevation, which is no need to dredge, in other sections of Khang Chien canal and its branches, the elevation ranges -0.7m to -2.90m and the common is -1.6 to -2.5m. Thus, in Khang Chien canal, it needs to dredge 0.1 - 2.3m deep and the common dredging depth is 0.5 to 1.4m deep, the bottom width is 8.0m, the slope coefficient is m = 1.5 (Figure 3.11). For branch canals, the depth requires deeper dredging from 1.5m, the bottom width is 4.0 m, the slope coefficient m = 1.5 (Figure 3.12). The dredging cross-section area of Khang Chien canal ranges at 5- 30m2 and the typical is 10 to 12m2. For the branch canals, it is 12 to 19m2. Accordingly, the dredged area accounts for a very small portion, only 10% of the cross- section area of the dredged canals. Thus the possibility of occurrence of bank erosion in the construction process seems to be very small.

K5+000

Sñaøo = 14.09 (m2)

-3.00

8000 MSS :-5.00

Cao ñoä maët ñaát töï nhieân

3.22 3.52 4.39 5.70 5.64 5.48 3.18 2.72 1.18 0.88 0.18 0.18 0.38 1.18 1.41 2.01 2.46 3.96 4.18 4.19 4.17 4.19 4.18

-0.92 -1.57 -1.72 -1.82 -1.92 -1.72 -1.32 -1.12 -0.52 Khoaûng caùch ñieåm ño 2.0 1.5 2.0 3.5 0.7 3.5 2.0 2.5 0.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Figure 3.11: Typical cross section of Khang Chien canal dredging by blowing dredger

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4.20 3000 3000 4.20 K3+200

Sñaøo = 14.13 (m2)

-3.00

4000 MSS :-5.00

Cao ñoä maët ñaát töï nhieân

1.78 1.78

1.81 1.81

2.49 2.49

2.55 2.55

3.09 3.09

3.38 3.38

2.95 2.95

2.36 2.36

1.50 1.50

0.20 0.20

0.05 0.05

0.70 0.70

1.50 1.50

2.15 2.15

2.91 2.91

2.66 2.66

2.48 2.48

1.79 1.79

1.77 1.77

-0.30 -0.30

-0.75 -0.75

-1.40 -1.40

-1.50 -1.50

-1.00 -1.00

-0.75 -0.75 -0.10 -0.10 Khoaûng caùch ñieåm ño 6.0 1.2 0.7 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 6.0

Figure 3.12: Typical dredging cross section by backhoe dredger c). Impacts and risks at disposal sites Embankment break the sludge disposal sites As mentioned above, total volume of sludge disposal is 418,816 m3, in which 271,858m3 dredged by suction dredger and stored in 7 disposal sites along Khang Chien and Khang Chien 1 canals, in which 05 dump sites are currently earth ponds, which were exploited for filling residential areas, with deeps ranging from 8-10m (Figure 3.13); and 2 others will be embanked to +5.2m to store dredged sludge (Figure 3.2). It is easily for suction dredgers to assess to these sites.

Figure 3.13: 05 dump sites make use from the earth ponds In addition, at 04 locations of canals that use bucket dredger, sediment is contained in the compartments to ensure that it does not overflow to surrounding paddy fields (Figure 3.3). It means that dredged sludge is stored in the dump with the height enough. However, in the event of unexpected incidents, all dredged sludge in the dump-sites will overflow into canals and paddy fields affecting the surrounding production area, increasing the turbidity of suspended solids in water, especially in the areas where there is aquaculture like Cu Lao Chim in Tam Nong district and Pangasius farming areas. In addition, the increase of suspended solids in the water will directly affect the aquatic animals and plants in the area. Comments: The embankment break at dredged sludge dump-sites is low and mainly occurs from dredging flood drainage canals but when the incident occurs, its impact is very large and sudden and difficult to cope. Therefore, the Subproject Owner must have a positive preventive plan as well as an emergency response plan to manage the incident as it occurs. Acid sulfate soil Dredging may expose acid sulfate soil but the analysis result of sediment samples in Chapter 3 show that sediment is slightly affected by acid sulfate. Should acid soils be encountered

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they could seriously affect the surrounding land through acidic run-off from the removed soil. The acid may kill soil-dwelling organisms, plants and fish. However, sediment from dredging is stored in the earth ponds or compartments. Sediment in the run-off from stockpiles may smother adjoining farmland when improperly stockpiled during the wet season and emit a foul odour that may cause a nuisance to nearby residents. The acid can also produce aggressive soil conditions detrimental to concrete and steel. Dredged sludge after being pumped into dump sites, when there is rain, it does not significantly affect the outside but appears in sediment compartments because the compartments are reinforced by embankments at the elevation of +5.2m high and 3.0m wide (Figure 3.2 and Figure 3.3). If good management not to let water drain out, the impact is considered negligible and local. Hence, acid from acid sulfate soil may not be a serious problem in the dump sites.

3.2.3.3. Specific impacts and risks related to embankment lining a). Disruptions to irrigation/ drainage services As mentioned above, the construction of the head of the canal does not block the flow, so there are no disruptions to irrigation/ drainage services in the area. b). Risk of erosion due to embankment and spillway lining The excavation work is mainly related to the foundation pit at the bottom of the slope to prevent erosion, the depth of excavation at these locations to the elevation of 0.5 m, then proceed to reinforce the foundation with cajuput piles and concrete the foundation pit to elevation + 1.0m. As mentioned above, excavation of the foundation pit to the level of +0.5 is exposed to canal water. After that, the piles will be driven with a density of 16 piles/m2 and the foundation pits will be poured by concrete to level + 1.0m. In addition, this activity occurs completely in the dry season, when the water level at the canals is low, close to the water level in foundation pit, the entire roof and road surface are completed constructed on the ground, so the risk of erosion is low.

3.2.3.4. Specific impacts and risks related to sluice gate and pumping station construction a). Risk of erosion/landslide due to the construction of culverts and pump stations The culverts are mainly small (with the aperture of 1.5-3.5m) and located on the embankment of the field canals and depth of pit excavation of 2.0m so the risk of erosion is low. Only 2 culverts of 5.0m in Thanh Binh district require in-water construction and the pit excavation to the elevation of -3.0 may cause a landslide. In order to limit the risk of erosion and to affect the flow of water in the area, the 2 culverts are constructed in coffer dams, thus significantly reducing the impact on the surrounding area. In addition, the upper and lower roofs have reinforced during the construction of the culverts and pump station. Therefore, the risk of erosion is minimized. The pumping stations are built on the earth surface with a depth of pit excavation lower than 1.5m. Before the concrete pits were poured, the reinforced concrete piles and reinforced concrete piles at these sites were reinforced. So the risk of erosion is small. b). Flooding when water is pumped out of the foundation As the characteristics of the subproject area are the upstream flood area and the annual amount of water flowing is very large. The flood water level in the fields rises. Therefore, the construction of culverts will mainly inthe dry season. Each construction item of culverts,

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pump stations will be constructed within no more than 6 dry months to avoid floods. The excavation and filling are usually carried out in early dry season, therefore the impact of rainwater runoff during the construction of foundation pit is negligible. In the rainy season, construction sites and machinery, as well as workers’ camps, should be properly arranged to minimize the discharge of pollutants in wastewater into canals and especially into rice fields in the downstream of the culverts/pump stations. c). Specific issues related to the construction of 18,400m of medium voltage lines The subproject will repair some existing pump station and build some new pump stations, which need to install electricity grids for them. Detailed the medium voltage lines need to be installed is showed in Table 1.2 and Table 1.3. From the tables, there are 7/39 pump stations with medium voltage lines available for use, 32/39 other pumping stations need to be connected to the 22 kV medium voltage grid. The medium voltage power grid in the subproject area has basically been invested and developed to the subproject communes. Therefore, the medium voltage power supply for the subproject pump stations only needs to install a wire from the communes to the pump stations. There are 17/32 pump stations with distances less than 300m from medium-voltage lines, 14/32 stations with a distance less than 1,000 m and the longest distance to the line is Bay Den pump station (2000m). The activities of installing medium-voltage lines are normal activities in the area. All lines are built in the poles, the area occupied by the poles is very small (about 1 m2/pole), the pole routes are mainly along with the traffic routes so there will be no effect of land acquisition as well as no significant environmental impact in the area. However, the subproject area is a flood prone area as well as low infrastructure conditions, so if all lines not managed well from the time of construction will be a potential impact on people’s health. As such, the subproject owner should have a plan for managing the lines in both design and operation phases to ensure the requirements specified in the grid safety.

3.2.3.5. Site-specific impacts

Table 3.29 summarizes site-specific impact and risks of the subproject. Table 3.29: Site-specific impacts on each sensitive receptor No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks photos/map Features I Dredging canal 1 Khang Chien canal from Tan Thanh – Lo Gach to An Phong – My Hoa 1.1 From km 4+800 to Km 8+600 Kho Be - Increased construction wastes, residential waste, water, exhaust gases, dust route is and noise affecting local people’ about health 700m long - Traffic disruption where the pipelines of suction dredger cross over the road to the disposal site - Traffic disruption where the bridge having clearance elevation lower than the height of the suction dredger - Impact on aquaculture due to high

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No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks photos/map Features turbidity - Traffic safety risks to the community, especially at night - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol and drug abuse, domestic violence, prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, gender-based violence and diseases transmission 1.2 From Km 12+400 to Km 20+600 Ca No RA - Increased construction wastes, with the waste, water, exhaust gases, dust length of and noise affecting local people’ 250m health - Traffic disruption where the pipelines of suction dredger cross over the road to the disposal site

- Traffic disruption where the bridge having clearance elevation lower than the height of the suction dredger - Impact on aquaculture due to high turbidity - Traffic safety risks to the community, especially at night - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol and drug abuse, domestic violence, prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, gender-based violence and diseases transmission Phu Thanh - Increased construction wastes, B Primary waste, water, exhaust gases, dust and and noise affecting students’ health Secondary - Lessons affected by noise and School vibration

1.3 Km 25+00 to Km 30+300 Khang - Increased construction wastes, Chien waste, water, exhaust gases, dust residential and noise affecting local people’ route with health the length - Traffic disruption where the of 1km pipelines of suction dredger cross over the road to the disposal site - Traffic disruption where the bridge having clearance elevation lower than the height of the

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No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks photos/map Features suction dredger - Impact on aquaculture due to high turbidity - Traffic safety risks to the community, especially at night - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol and drug abuse, domestic violence, prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, gender-based violence and diseases transmission

Health - Increased construction wastes, Station of waste, water, exhaust gases, dust Phu Loi and noise affecting patients’ health Commune - Conflicts between construction is 50m far workers and patients and their from the families section

Phu Loi - Increased construction wastes, Secondary waste, water, exhaust gases, dust School is and noise affecting students’ health 50m far - Lessons affected by noise and from the vibration section

II Sluices and pumping stations 2.1 Muong Vop pump station The - Increased construction wastes, residential waste, water, exhaust gases, dust route of and noise affecting people’ health Thuong - Vibration caused by the Thoi Hau construction machinery may A affect houses commune, - Increase in criminal activity and Hong Ngu alcohol and drug abuse, domestic town violence, prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, gender-based violence and diseases transmission - Impact on waterway transportation 2.2 Chin Hue pump station, Dau Ca Cat The - Increased construction wastes, culvert and pump station, Nam Mung residential waste, water, exhaust gases, dust culvert route of and noise affecting people’ health

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No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks photos/map Features Thuong - Vibration caused by the Thoi Hau B construction machinery may commune, affect houses Hong Ngu - Increase in criminal activity and town alcohol and drug abuse, domestic violence, prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, gender-based violence and diseases transmission - Impact on waterway transportation - Impact on taking water for production - Increase the risk of incidents 2.3 Kho Be culvert Kho Be - Increased construction wastes, residential waste, water, exhaust gases, dust route, and noise affecting people’ health Hong Ngu - Vibration caused by the town construction machinery may affect houses - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol and drug abuse, domestic violence, prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, gender-based violence and diseases transmission - Impact on waterway transportation - Impact on taking water for production - Increase the risk of incidents 2.4 Bay Muoi Hai culvert and pump The - Increased construction wastes, station residential waste, water, exhaust gases, dust route of An and noise affecting people’ health Binh B - Vibration caused by the commune, construction machinery may Hong Ngu affect houses town - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol and drug abuse, domestic violence, prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, gender-based violence and diseases transmission - Impact on waterway transportation - Impact on taking water for production - Increase the risk of incidents 2.5 Ong Nhon culvert and pump station Pangasius Fish death due to water pollution

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No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks photos/map Features pond

2.6 Culvert and pump station at the west Shrimp Shrimp death due to water pollution side of Khang Chien ponds

2.7 Phu Thanh B culvert and pump Tram Chim - Vibration caused by the station National construction Park - Illegal entry of construction workers to cut trees and shoot birds

2.8 Ho Dau pump station Phu Loi - Increased construction wastes, Secondary waste, water, exhaust gases, dust School, and noise affecting students’ health 50m far - Lessons affected by noise and from the vibration station - Vibration caused by the construction machinery may affect wall, the gate of school - Risks of traffic and works accidents to teachers and students

III Embankment and spillways 1 Spillways 1.1 Ca Sach, Coi Dai and Coi Tieu Reinforcing - Increased construction wastes, spillways head of Ca waste, water, exhaust gases, dust Sach canal, and noise affecting students’

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No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks photos/map Features near RA of health Thuong - Vibration caused by the Thoi Hau A, construction machinery may Hong Ngu affect houses district - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol and drug abuse, domestic violence, prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, gender-based violence and diseases transmission - Increase waterway incidents

1.2 Ca Cat, Nam Mung culverts and RL of - Increased construction wastes, pump stations Thuong waste, water, exhaust gases, dust Thoi Hau B and noise affecting people’ health - Vibration caused by the construction machinery may affect houses - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol and drug abuse, domestic violence, prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, gender-based violence and diseases transmission - Impacts on waterway transportation

1.3 Hai Thang Chin canal Hai Thang - Increased construction wastes, Chin RA waste, water, exhaust gases, dust and noise affecting people’ health

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No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks photos/map Features - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol and drug abuse, domestic violence, prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, gender-based violence and diseases transmission

1.4 Thong Nhat canal Thong - Increased construction wastes, Nhat RA waste, water, exhaust gases, dust and noise affecting people’ health - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol and drug abuse, domestic violence, prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, gender-based violence and diseases transmission

2 Embankment 2.1 West bank of Khang Chien Kho Be - Increased construction wastes, residential waste, water, exhaust gases, dust cluster and noise affecting students’ health - Vibration caused by the construction machinery may affect houses - Impact on road traffic - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol and drug abuse, domestic violence, prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, gender-based

violence and diseases transmission 2.2 East bank of Khang Chien canal Ca No RA - Increased construction wastes, (from Hong Ngu – Tam Nong to waste, water, exhaust gases, dust Thanh Binh – Tam Nong) and noise affecting students’ health - Vibration caused by the construction machinery may affect houses - Impact on road traffic

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2.3 East bank of Khang Chien canal Khang - Increased construction wastes, (from Duong Gao canal to Tam Nong Chien RL, waste, water, exhaust gases, dust border canal) Phu Loi and noise affecting students’ commune health - Vibration caused by the construction machinery may affect houses - Impact on road traffic - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol and drug abuse, domestic violence, prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, gender-based violence and diseases transmission

IV Disposal Sites 1 Site No. 3a, 3b, 3c The dump - Risk on subsidence and landslide site makes for residential areas around this use of the area earth pond - Odor from dredged sludge thathas - Increase turbidity in canals due to been discharged water from the exploited disposal site to fill the Kho Be RA in 2 communes of An Binh A and An Binh B, Hong Ngu Town so it is located just behind Kho Be RA 2 Site No. 5 The dump - Risk on subsidence and landslide site makes for residential areas around this use of the area earth pond - Odor from dredged sludge

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No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks photos/map Features that has - Increase turbidity in canals due to been discharged water from the exploited disposal site to fill the Khang Chien RA in Phu Loi commune so it is located just behind Khang Chien RA

3.2.4. Negative impacts during the operation phase

3.2.4.1. Accessibility to water surface after the embankment is lined

Currently, people in the project area use water for living and production through culverts and pump stations. The embankment in the region is identified as the August embankment with the purpose of preventing early floods to protect production in combination with the open culverts, underground culverts, pump stations and spillways at the head of main canals people can take initiative to collect and drain water at late flood seasons to promote production. So after lining embankment will not effect onthe accessibility to the water surface of the local people.

3.2.4.2. Impacts on the increasing use of agrochemical

It should be noted that the choice of crop rotation must be appropriate, which do not require too many pesticides, even rice. At the same time, a cultivation process is not too complicated to minimize economic risk factors. Thanks to the system of August flood control as semi-embankments, culverts, sluices, pump stations, spillways, the flood time will be slower and more stable. People are peaceful to have enough time to grow another cash crop or rice crop, etc. after the W/S crop. The production of rice under IPM and aquaculture under VIETGAP standards will increase the soil nutrition, reduce pests, reduce the amount of fertilizer for rice in the next crop and increase profits for farmers. Thanks to the rotation with other crops or other aquaculture models instead of specialized rice cultivation as before, it contributes to the reduction of pest and disease outbreaks in the next crops as well as reduces the use of plant protection chemicals in the next crops.

3.2.4.3. Impact on hydrology and water quantity

The embankment in the regionis identified as the August embankment with the purpose of preventing early floods to protect production in combination with the open culverts, underground culverts, pump stations and spillways at the head of main canals people can take initiative to collect and drain water at late flood seasons to promote production. During main

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floods, the dikes will be flooded and flood water is drained via spillways into fields and culverts to increase flood drainage and develop the livelihoods in the direction of flood exploitation. As a result, the subproject basically neither prevents main floods nor changes the flood situation compared with the current status of soil dikes. The only difference is that thank to the strengthened dikes (reinforcing of dikes, construction of open culverts, underground culverts, and spillways), people will actively bring flood water into their fields at beginning flood seasons, store and take initiative in draining flood water at ending flood seasons to reduce damages compared to the current soil dikes.

3.2.4.4. Damage of culverts

Risks and incidents occurring during the operation of the works are largely due to subjective reasons and sometimes objective reasons. The main causes of risks and incidents are as follows: (i) the quality of construction works initially does not guarantee the technical quality; (ii) improper operation of the works; (iii) the regular maintenance and repair do not conform to the regulations; (iv) failure to fully comply with the operational procedures for the maintenance and repair of culverts. Damage of culvert gates which cannot operate opening and closing will cause a great impact. It can be said that if it fails to open and control the flood water in the water storage apartments to serve natural fish and other types of aquatic culture in flood season, giant freshwater shrimp, etc. it will greatly affect production and economy and loss production instability. The risk of this damage is very small, however, once it occurs, it will mainly affect the production and cause loss of income if there is not timely remediation.

3.2.4.5. Damage of semi-dike landslide, and sedimentation

Apart from culvert damages, there may be problems of semi-dike and spillway landslides. When large annual floods come, the dikes will be flooded for two to four months. In spite of being hardened with concrete, the risk of landslide may occur because the subproject area is located in the upstream flood area which has strong waves and winds. The spillway routes will be similar, which are main works of flood water intake for the main drainage canals in the area, therefore it is unavoidable that the risk of annual landslide may be too strong to collapse embankment and affect production and the floodplain livelihood models inside the water storage apartments. Dredging Khang Chien canal and a number of canal branches will increase the flood drainage capacity in the area but increase the risk of a landslide along canals as well as sedimentation after a period of operation. Infield small canals will be at risk of sedimentation after several floodwater storage seasons in the storage apartments to maintain livelihood development. The risk of this occurrence may occur annually and the Subproject Owner should conduct annual monitoring to minimize the impact of the incident.

3.2.4.6. Traffic accidents

Traffic accidents damage property and lives because vehicles do not meet technical requirements or drivers do not concentrate or fail to comply with the traffic rules on the reinforced dike road (77.47km). However, this problem can be prevented by installing traffic signs on the road and encouraging people to strictly follow the traffic rules and using quality vehicles, etc.

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3.2.4.7. Explosion and fire of electric pump station

The subproject pump stations are powered by electrics, therefore during the operation, the risk of short-circuit failure resulting in damage to the works may happen. If the problem occurs, it will affect the irrigation water supply for production. However, this risk is very rare but the Subproject Owner should conduct annual, periodically monitoring and maintenance to minimize the impact of incidents.

3.3. POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS AND RISKS OF NON- STRUCTURAL WORKS

3.3.1. Waste generation

3.3.1.1. Waste from aquaculture

A rather important orientation of the subproject is the development of the livelihood model when the traditional 2-rice production is shifted to 2-rice (applied integrated pest management) combined with 1 aquaculture crop or another cash crop to improve livelihoods in flood season, resulting in higher economic efficiency. Depending on each aquaculture activity, there will be different impacts on the environment and many aquaculture activities will improve the environment as follow: - Model 1: 2 rice crops + 1 natural fish crop: growing 2 rice crops of winter-spring and summer-autumn from November to August which meet VietGap standard, towards environmentally friendly and traceable organic production. Fish are raised naturally in compartments in flood seasons from August to November and harvested when flood season ends. Fish are kept in net-pens to prevent losses. Then floodwater from the compartments will be drained for starting a new crop. - Model 2: 2 rice crops + 1 giant freshwater shrimp crop: growing 2 rice crops of winter- spring and summer-autumn from November to August which meet VietGap standard, towards environmentally friendly and traceable organic production. Giant freshwater shrimps will have been nursed in small ponds of households (account for 20-30% of the total production area of each household) since summer-autumn rice crop. After harvesting summer-autumn rice crop, flood water will overflow into the field and this floodwater will also bring nursed shrimp into the field. Shrimps will be kept in net-pens to prevent losses and harvested when flood season ends. - Model 3: 1 rice crop + 01 cash crop + 01 natural fish crop: growing a winter-spring rice crop from November to March, followed by a cash crop (chilli, corn…), and in August when flood water comes, natural fish will be raised from August to November and then harvested after ending flood season. Fish will be kept in net-pens to prevent losses. After fish are harvested, floodwater will be drained for starting a new crop. - Model 4: 2 rice crops + 1 duck crop + 01 natural fish crop: this model also grows 2 rice crops of winter-spring and summer-autumn from November to August. During the 2 rice crop production, ducks will be raised to take advantage of duck’s eating insect pests in the rice to reduce diseases and ducks can eat scattered rice seeds after harvest to reduce the amount of food for ducks. After flood comes, the field will be full of floodwater and it’s the time for raising natural fish in net-pens

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- Model 5: 1 rice crop + 1 natural fish crop + 1 aquatic plant crop (lotus, Sesbania sesban, etc.): The model will produce 01 stable winter-spring rice crop from November to March, then plant 1 floating rice crop in combination with naturally raising fish during flood season. Fish are raised like the above models. - Model 6: 2 rice crops + 1 natural shrimp/fish crop: This model produces 2 rice crops of winter-spring and summer-autumn. In flood season, naturally raising shrimps/fish will be kept in net-pens and harvested when flood season ends. - Model 7: lotus + natural fish + tourism: This model produces lotus all year round, raises freshwater fish in lotus ponds, and combines with tourism activities from Tram Chim NP nearby. Lotus is an aquatic plant that can treat the environment, its whole body and roots can self-decay and do not generate waste to the environment. The activities that generate waste will be from tourism activities and will be evaluated in the following section. Among 7 models, 6 models are raising natural fish which do not require feeding (Figure 3.14). Fish will eat phytoplankton in floods stored in the compartments; therefore, there have no impacts on the environment. Only the model of 2-rice crop + 1 Giant fresh water shrimp is likely to affect the environment.

Figure 3.14: Raising shrimp and fish in flood seasons with net-pens Raising giant river prawn at the density of 1-5 shrimp/m2: This activity remains very extensive (wild feeding, just releasing stockings, no need to feed or feed very little because the density of shrimp is thin and shrimp can feed with phytoplankton, plankton in water). Due to the low density, the shrimp feeding will be mainly from nature. In the last months of a crop, supplementary food will be used to feed shrimps, however, this amount is not many, only accounting for 20-40% of feeding industrial shrimp. Due to the low density, it is not necessary to organize eliminating natural enemies or use of chemicals. Therefore, the impact of this activity on the environment is not much. In fact, the estimated shrimp production of the subproject model is 1.3-1.5 tons/ha. The aquaculture with low production capacity is also a factor to bring about economic efficiency. Table 3.30 shows that one shrimp crop (6 months) of 1 ha with a yield of 1.5 tons of shrimps will generate into the environment around 1.68 tons of organic waste (0.16 kg/m2), 66.15 kg N (approximately equivalent to the urea amount used for 0.5ha of rice). With the above calculation of generated waste, it is obvious that the level of impact is not significant and is within a limit that the water environment can be easily self-purification and impacts onthe environment are moderate.

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It is assumed that the scale of the water surface in the feeding area and the extreme assumption is that all waste is concentrated in the final 2 months of a crop, the amount of organic waste from shrimp culture will be 5.3 grams/m2/day. This is relatively low compared to the self-cleaning capacity of the natural environment (from 5-40g organic matter/m2/day). Thus, with the form of extensive farming as introduced in the subproject, the disperse of pollutants into the environment is considered very small. If the shrimp density is strictly complied, with the scale of 100 ha during the subproject implementation and expected to replicate to 1,000ha in the area of about 10,000 ha, the impact of shrimp culture on the environment remains small and the substances discharged from the shrimp culture are within the self-purification of the natural environment. Table 3.30: Emissions from 1 ha of shrimp with yields of 1.5 tons/ha No. Item Calculation method Quantity (T) 1 Shrimp yield (ton/ha) 1.5 2 Feeding stuff FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio) =1,4 2.1 Waste generated (mainly Amount of feeding stuff*80% 3 1.68 organic waste) (Shrimps uptake 20%, waste 80%) Nitrogen containing waste Amount of feeding stuff*5%*63% 4 (feeding stuff with 6%N 0.06615 (Shrimp uptake 37% N, waste 63%) =39% raw protein) Phosphorous containing waste Amount of feeding stuff *1,2%* 55% 5 0.01134 (feeds with 1,2%P content) (Shrimp uptake 45% P, waste 55 %) Assuming the shrimp farmer will want to cultivate intensively at a greater density with higher production yields, expectedly the 4 ton/ha/crop develops the risk of a high waste discharge Table 3.31. Table 3.31: Emissions from 1 ha of shrimp with yields of 4 T/ha No. Item Calculation method Quantity (T) 1 Shrimp yield (ton/ha) 4 2 Feeding stuff FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio) =1,4 5.6 Waste generated (mainly Amount of feeding stuff*80% 3 4.48 organic waste) (Shrimps uptake 20%, waste 80%) Nitrogen containing waste Amount of feeding stuff*5%*63% 4 (feeding stuff with 6%N =39% 0.1764 (Shrimp uptake 37% N, waste 63%) raw protein) Phosphorous containing waste Amount of feeding stuff *1,2%* 55% 5 0.03024 (feeds with 1,2%P content) (Shrimp uptake 45% P, waste 55 %) Table 3.31 shows that if the industrial shrimp culture is conducted with a modest yield of 4 T/ha, the waste from one hectare of shrimp culture will be very large, including 4.4tons of organic waste (0.44 kg/m2), 176.4kg Nitrogen (corresponding to the production of 1.5 ha of rice). This is a factor that needs to be considered in order to direct people to apply suitable production models. Solid waste feed stuff packages

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Packaging waste from feeding and treatment of aquatic animals… The composition of food packages is mainly nylon, silk yarn, and organic matters – the main component of food attached to packages. The composition of antibiotic packages contains chemicals and antibiotics. According to the survey data from aquaculture households with the 2ha model, this waste amounts about 1kg/day. Although the volume of waste generated from each model is small, it is a pilot model for replication in the region. Therefore, the subproject owner should have training programs on how to efficiently and environmentally manage this waste. Impact of disease and antibiotic use from aquaculture Most aquaculture processes are natural and populated but we cannot control all farming households. Increasing the aquatic density or using antibiotics or over feeding can cause water pollution. In addition, poor farming techniques can cause disease, which affects the quality of water and spread the disease rapidly to surrounding and downstream areas.

3.3.1.2. Waste from rice cultivation

In term of rice intensive farming, farmers need to use a certain amount of fertilizer and pesticides to protect their crops. Both actions cause environmental impacts including excess fertilizer in agricultural production is a source of nutrient eutrophication; pesticides pollute the environment as well as become residues in products that affect the quality of products. Basically, rice is still the priority option in the subproject. In 7 models, 6 models are engaged in rice production: 1 model of retaining W/S crop, 4 models of retaining S/A crop, 1 model for floating rice cultivation, while there is only 01 model for planting cash crops and 01 model of lotus planting. However, the rice cultivation here to be applied the IPM, which aims to produce organic rice with its environment and traceability. Basically, the rice production by these models will not differ from the current rice production. However, when applying the IPM, it will reduce the use of fertilizer and pesticides and thus reduce the impact of rice production on the environment compared to the current ones. At the same time, it contributes to the maintenance and rehabilitation of natural aquatic species in flood seasons in the growth and development environment. Agricultural and fishery extension is one of the key tasks of the Subproject. It is expected to organize training on the IPM and “one must five reductions” for local farmers. This is a precondition for the development of the production models that reduce costs, fertilizers and pesticides bring economic benefits to people as well as reduce waste to the environment. Experience from the “one must five reductions” model in Gao Giong commune, Cao Lanh district, Dong Thap province implemented by the Agricultural Extension Center in collaboration with Thuan Tien Agricultural Service Cooperative in September 2017 within the framework of VnSAT Project shows that when applying the “one must five reductions” model, 1 ha of paddy field reduced 60 kg of rice seed, 35 kg of fertilizer (decreased 25 kg of nitrogen, 30 kg of phosphate but increased 20 kg of potassium), increased one time of herbicides but reduced 2 times of pesticides, and the farmer’s profit increased by 1.3 million VND/ha/crop compared to the normal cultivation practice. Thus, good application of the “one must five reductions” model, profit from rice production in the subproject area is 11.3 billion VND/crop. This also reduces 218.2 tons of nitrogen, 261.8

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tons of DAP (47 tons of nitrogen and 126 tons of P2O5), but increases 174.5 tons of potassium fertilizer to the environment. In summary, the “one must five reductions” model will reduce the use of 305.4 tons of fertilizers of all types, therefore, reduces the loading of waste into the environment in the subproject area and the adjacent areas (Table 3.33). For plant protection pesticides, each type has a specific dose. For example, aphid pesticide powder is usually used with 30 to 150 g/ha/time or aphid pesticide emulsion is used with 0.25 to 2L/ha/time. However, if only calculating for the use of aphid pesticide powder of 50g/ha on average, after one year in the subproject area farmers can reduce a total of 0.44 tons of pesticide (decrease 0.87 tons of pesticide, aphidicide and increase 0.44 tons of herbicides). Therefore, the application of the “one must five reductions” model brings benefits and economic efficiency (increase profits) while reduces the use of pesticides and ensures the environment. Table 3.32: The results of the application “one must five reductions” for W/S crop in 2018 in Gao Giong commune, Cao Lanh district, Dong Thap province Cultivation with One must five Normal cultivation No. Item Unit reductions Difference Quan Quan Total Total tity tity 1 Cost of materials 6,812,500 8,707,000 -1,894,500 1.1 Rice seeds kg 100 1,300,000 160 2,080,000 -780,000 1.2 Fertilizer 315 2,860,000 350 3,235,000 -375,000 Urea kg 125 800,000 150 960,000 DAP kg 120 1,500,000 150 1,875,000 Potassium kg 70 560,000 50 400,000 1.3 Pesticides 2,652,500 3,392,000 -739,500 Weeds time 2 547,500 1 220,000 Snails time 1 280,000 1 270,000 Aphids time 2 1,185,000 Others time 3 1,825,000 3 1,717,000 2 Labor costs time 7,419,000 6,818,000 601,000 3 Other costs ha 1.0 332,000 361,000 4 Total cost 14,563,500 15,886,000 -1,322,500 5 Yield (fresh) kg 6,500 6,500 0 6 Total revenue VND 37,700,000 37,700,000 - 7 Profit VND 23,136,500 21,814,000 1,322,500 8 Profitability ratio 1.59 1.37 0.22 Source: Dong Thap DARD, 2018 Table 3.33: Estimated profit from production activities “one must five reductions” for the subproject

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Difference for One must Normal Difference the subproject No. Item Unit five cultivation for 1 ha (8,727ha of rice reductions cultivation ) 1 Rice seeds kg 100 160 60 523,620 2 Fertilizer 315 350 35 305,445 Urea kg 125 150 25 218,175 DAP (18% nitrogen, 46% kg 120 150 30 261,810 phosphate) Potassium kg 70 50 -20 -174,540 3 Pesticides 8,727 Weeds time 2 1 -1 -8,727 Snails time 1 1 - - Aphids time 2 2 17,454 Others time 3 3 - - 4 Profit Mil. VND 1.3 11,345

3.3.1.3. Wastes from tourism activities

The development of tourism is associated with the model No.7: lotus – cultured fish – tourism. Because the model is located next to Tram Chim NP, it is successful only when being combined with the number of visitors from the Park. However, when this activity develops, a large number of domestic wastes will be discharged into the environment. According to the data from the Management Board of Tram Chim NP, the number of visitors to Tram Chim in 2016 was 83,000 turns, an average of 227 visitors per day. However, visitors, in fact, concentrate on weekends (Saturdays and Sundays) and holidays. Thus, the highest number of visitors can be up to 728 turns per day. At the location of the model, the time for rest, sightseeing, taking pictures, eating takes as maximum as 2 hours. On average, one person per day can emit 0.3 kg of solid waste. Thus, the amount of solid waste generated at the model site for 2 hours will be about 0.07 kg/person. Accordingly, the maximum amount of waste generated at the model site is about 51kg. At the destinations, there are waste collection systems, trashes and signboards; therefore, the waste is collected so as not to be released into the environment. At the same time, there are septic toilets at the destinations, therefore all waste water will be collected and treated. So the impact on the environment is average and appropriate mitigation measures will be applied as given in Chapter 4.

3.3.2. Impact from expansion of livelihood models

The large-scale development of a group of products while not having access to market for the outputs can lead to bank debt, poverty and landlessness.

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Conflicts of water use may arise if the embankment for each production model is not properly completed. Among all models, the model of W/S rice – floating rice – natural fish in Binh Thanh commune- Hong Ngu town requires flood water into fields at the beginning of flood season from June to November, which is different from the existing production (usually taking flood water in August), therefore, the transformation should be carried out synchronously in each compartment to avoid conflict in water use. However, this conflict is low because when being developed on the large scale, the model is planned in detail and planned for appropriate exploitation and use of water resources, not to let develop spontaneously. Using upstream water for aquaculture possibly affects downstream water quality and downstream water use. In the absence of floods, it is possible to affect downstream water.

3.3.3. Impact of water quality on aquaculture models

The results of upstream water monitoring show that this is upstream area but the water quality is average due to the impact of commercial catfish culture, mainly in Hong Ngu town and Tam Nong district, along the main canals as Vinh Hung – Hong Ngu canal and other canals. It affects aquaculture activities due to high TSS, high organic pollutants and low DO. It may cause adverse effect to fish, shrimp and livestock. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare supportive measures like supplemental aeration, mesh net, etc. to respond when the situation occurs. The use of plant protection chemicals and fertilizers of previous crops in the subproject area or the use of plant protection chemicals and fertilizers in adjacent areas may affect the water quality significantly and hence affect aquaculture products. This is a very important point to be noted when deploying the Subproject on a large scale.

3.3.4. Social issues in flood related adaptation models

3.3.4.1. Impacts on ethnicity

As mentioned above, Dong Thap has a very small population of ethnic minorities in the subproject area. The ethnic Khmer, Cham and Hoa have largely inter-married with Kinh and are largely integrated into the wider land holding Kinh communities. There are no segregated ethnic communities or villages in the area. So the impact on ethnicity is negligible.

3.3.4.2. Impacts on cultural heritage

There were no concerns over the loss of cultural heritage in Dong Thap as a result of the proposed livelihood changes. In double rice cropping areas, ancestral graves have never been built on flooded land or if they have, they are built on raised platforms to keep them above flood water. In long established triple cropping areas, ancestral graves are present within the high dykes. However, since these areas are presently not being targeted by the project, there is no issue at present regarding the need to compensate for their relocation. If the project at a later stage implements flood-based livelihoods that replace the third rice crop, the relocation of graves will be an issue.

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No other types of cultural heritage like places of worship or cultural practices were identified as being of concern.

3.3.4.3. Impacts on employment

The addition of flood season aquaculture in the subproject area to 2-rice crop livelihoods will result in marginal increases in labor demand as there will be an additional flood season crop where there was none previously. However, labor demand (eg. installing, maintaining and monitoring nets, harvesting, transportation) will be marginal because of the extensive nature of the aquaculture. This marginal increase will also be needed to offset the potential loss of fishing grounds for the poor. During the flood season, the flooded fields are considered open access areas for fishing. The erection of aquaculture nets for shrimp and fish around the bunds of farms will reduce the amount of open access area that can be exploited by the poor.

3.3.4.4. Impacts on poverty and landlessness

In general, there is a close link between poverty and landlessness in the area. Most of the poor focus group participants indicated that they were either landless or land poor. To survive, the landless participants work as paid laborers on fish and shrimp farms, rice farms, tending cash crops, or work in services such as small-holder trading or transporting goods by motorbike. The declining wild capture fishery is no longer an attractive proposition for many poor. Reasons of poverty in the subproject area that were cited by focus group participants include the lack of productive land, lack of employment opportunities, lack of job skills, having too many children, lack of capital/access to funds and local credit. Because the subproject aims to support and facilitate land-use change, the direct beneficiaries of the subproject are land holders. Agricultural mechanization, particularly in rice, and declining capture fisheries has already hit the poor hard. The subproject will result in negative impacts on employment opportunities for the poor and likely increase inequality unless the subproject pro-actively provides opportunities for the poor. However, during the implementation of livelihood models, the local authorities will encourage agribusiness (particularly vertically integrated companies) companies to extend their value chains to create employment opportunities for the poor.

3.3.5. Risks related to development of livelihood models

3.3.5.1. Risk of market

At present, it is lack of a clear and stable market for the products of the models. The transformation of agricultural structure do not have adequate research on market, consumer demand, agricultural development planning trend, etc. Therefore, the mass transition to the new economic model likely lead to production failure when there is no demand for output and stable price market. No flood is the risk that affect the culture of giant river prawn and the development of floating rice if there is no solution to regulate water.

3.3.5.2. Abnormal weather conditions affect the models

At present, a series of reservoirs and dams have been built in the upstream of the Mekong River, leading to the problem of the downstream water regulation. Especially in recent years,

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the water level in the Mekong River is decreasing in flood seasons combined with abnormal weather which lead to no floods and there may not be enough water for the aquaculture models. In contrast, big floods may destroy the aquaculture nets that cause loss of aquatic resources.

3.3.5.3. Risk of disease

In shrimp aquaculture, epidemics are the most unavoidable factor. This is a high-risk factor for farmers. In many areas farmers loss all crops and can not restore and abandon farming. In case the risk of damage is usually very large and there must be mechanism and policies to support farmers to restore their production.

3.3.5.4. Resistance from farmers

Proposed livelihood models are existing models in the area, in accordance with the natural conditions of each districts, with community consultation during the proposal process. Moreover, during the implementation of the livelihood models, the subproject owner will conduct technical training, brand development, support in finding markets so the people's resistance is very small.

3.4. OTHER IMPACTS OF THE SUBPROJECT

3.4.1. Induced impacts

3.4.1.1. Induced impacts of structural works

Land use change at disposal sites: As metioned above 10.5/15 ha of land for disposal sites is earth pond (surface water) which are formed building of the residential clusters over the flood in 2000. As it is formed from the soil exploitation of for the construction of residential clusters, these ponds areas are quite deep (from 8 to 15m) so they have not been used for agricultural production for a long time. After filling up by dredged sludge, the ponds can be used for argiculture production, so the induced impact is low. More sustained fresh water supply will be provided for livelihood models leading to more use of pesticides. Pesticides are toxic chemicals designed to be deliberately released into the environment. Although each pesticide is meant to kill a certain pest, its excessive use will lead to contamination the air, soil and water when they run off from fields, escape storage tanks, are not discarded properly and especially when they are sprayed aerially.

3.4.1.2. Induced impacts of non-structural works

Given that aquaculture farming could bring more benefits to farmers, it is likely that expansion of the aquaculture activities and/or the proposed models could occur quickly without inadequate management and/or control. From the environmental and social perspectives, implementation of these models may trigger induced impacts which include (i) changes in land use from rice cultivation to aquaculture; (ii) disease spread; (iii) degradation of natural habitats, and (iv) increasing water pollution. These, in turn, would negatively affect biodiversity, water supply, and income of the poor who may not afford aquaculture farming. These induced impacts should be addressed comprehensively at the provincial and local levels. Currently, land use in this region is mainly 2 and 3 rice crops production. The activities of a subproject are to change some of the production activities in order to improve and increase the

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income of the local people. This activity will change the land use purpose in the region; however, this is the process which requires time. Based on the result of some livelihood models which have been piloted in the subproject, the subproject owner will step by step prepare the schedule planning and time to change the land utilization to be suitable, avoid the case that local people will self-study and self-develop not following the plan, avoid the conflict during the operation and utilization of the land which is not suitable with the natural features and utilization condition of the water resource. There is a risk of mass production posing a threat of disease spread on a wide scale especially in the expansion of aquaculture farming areas. In production, concentration development poses a risk of infectious diseases to the aquatic species due to a variety of breeds or due to cross-infection of a disease from one farm to the others. The quenching of an epidemic in a large farm is also difficult because it is unable to find and kill the pathogen simultaneously in a large area. Therefore, sometimes the disease is stopped affecting in one place but is still inactive at another place, therefore, this source of disease continues to spread out to the environment. This is the popular pattern among the shrimp farming areas. The shrimp farming is not constant throughout the year as there are 4-5 months off in the dry season but there is still a risk of spreading disease to the area from an affected fish pond/ shrimp farming compartment. Animals such as birds may be poisoned by pesticide residues that remain on food after spraying. An application of pesticides in an area can eliminate food sources that certain types of animals need, causing the animals to relocate, change their diet, or starve. Fish and other aquatic biota may be harmed by pesticide-contaminated water. Application of herbicides to bodies of water can cause plants to die, diminishing the water's oxygen and suffocating the fish. Community health and safety issues during the production of annual crops may include the following: i) Potential exposure to pesticides caused by spray drift, improper disposal and use of packaging and containers, and the presence of pesticides in potentially harmful concentrations in postharvest products; ii) Potential exposure to pathogens and obnoxious odors associated with the use of manure; and iii) Potential exposure to air emissions from open burning of crop waste. Pesticides should be managed to avoid their migration into off-site land or water environments by establishing their use as part of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy and as documented in a Pesticide Management Plan (PMP). When developing the aquaculture area outside of the planned area will cause the conflict in water resource utilization and the infrastructure. Regarding the raising scale not following the plan, the local resident people develop the industrial raising which may lead to the risk of environmental pollution, not only degrade the raising environment but also having impacts on the raising activities in the same region.

3.4.2. Cumulative impacts

It can be seen that aquaculture brings benefits to farmers. As a result, there will be an unplanned increase in the farming area. In the consideration of the environmental and social viewpoint, the implementation of these models may have implications for: (i) conversion from the use of rice land into aquaculture land; (ii) spread of diseases; (iii) risk of degradation of natural habitats, and (iv) increase of water pollution. Massive production results in the risk of disease outbreaks, especially for expanded aquaculture areas. In production, the focal raising increases the risk of infected diseases due to

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multiple sources of varieties or because when a breeding farm is affected with a disease, it may become an infected source to the surrounding. The elimination of diseases in large farms is also difficult as it is not possible to destroy the disease at the same time on a large scale. When a disease is extinguished at this point, others are carrying germs and are spreading sources of diseases to the environment. This natural law is quite common in brackish shrimp culture areas. Although Giant river prawn farming in the region is not bred year round (4-5 months in the dry season, people do not culture Giant river prawn), however, the risk that one area is affected with a disease, the whole region to be affected is still present. Conflicts on water-use need to be managed. The difference in water use among winter-spring rice, summer rice, natural fish raising and other production models results in the need for the works that divide these production areas to avoid embankment break when floods overflow water from floating-rice fields to summer rice fields and to other crop areas. In addition, conflicts of water-use occur not only in the subproject area but also between the subproject area and the downstream area.

3.4.3. Regional impacts

The REA analysed the regional impacts of the subprojects under Components 2, 3, and 4 of the MD-ICRSL project are summarized in Table 3.34. Most of the regional impacts are positive, and the REA suggests that the negative regional impacts can be mitigated at the subproject level by the implementation of the ESMP. It is noted that although the potential negative impacts of works (dredging canals, strengthening semi-embankment, lining spillways and building sluices and pump stations) to be conducted under this subproject is in line with the key findings of the REA for the MDICRSL that it will generally increase the level of air, noise, vibration, and water pollution as well as increasing local traffic congestion including road safety risks and disturbance to local residents and they could be mitigated by (a) ensuring that contractors apply good construction practices and initiate/maintain close consultation with local authorities and communities throughout the construction period and (b) close supervision of field engineers and/or environmental officer as recommended in the REA. The regional negative impacts of the subproject activities during operation of the dykes and culverts and application of the livelihood models can be mitigated through technical assistance to be provided during the preparation and implementation of the livelihood development models. The technical assistance will also address the need for extensive consultation with water users and key stakeholders during the development of sluice operations and possible impacts due to the expansion of aquaculture farming the livelihood model without adequate management and control. In addition, the water resources monitoring program and MARD real-time operations system for hydraulic infrastructure under Component 1 of the MD-ICRSL project will inform information for the management of these regional impacts (Table 3.34). Table 3.34: Summary of regional impacts for Components 2, 3 & 4 of the MDICRSL Project Demand on Significant impacts Impact Activity natural resources Intensity/Extent/Duration Rating Installing Increased flood • Surface water quality issues from conversion Moderate water/flood retention in the to aquaculture and freshwater shrimp M/Sr/Mt control project area. • Increased flood retention in the upper Delta structures in Changes in Moderate H/R/Mt the upper hydrological • Increased nutrients and sediments during delta flow and land Moderate flood season M/Lo/Mt

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use. • Reduced flood risk to downstream provinces Moderate H/R/MT • Protection of high value agriculture (fruit Moderate trees) M/Lo/Mt • Conflict over water use M/Lo/St Moderate • Improved ecosystem connectivity from Moderate changes in hydrological flow M/Sr/Mt New livelihood Pilot areas of • Increased income from converting from triple Moderate models in the land (ha) for rice to rice + aquaculture M/Lo/Mt upper delta alternative • Increased surface water pollution from farming. Moderate freshwater shrimp and aquaculture M/Sr/Mt • Increased fertiliser and pesticide use for new Moderate vegetable crops M/Sr/St Expanding Conversion of • Reduced income for intensive shrimp farmers Moderate aquaculture land for M/Lo/St and shrimp sustainable • Conflict between fresh and brackish water farming shrimp farming. Minor uses M/Lo/St • Improved surface water quality from reduced Moderate intensive shrimp M/Sr/Lt • Reduced use of groundwater M/Sr/Mt Moderate Note: - Impact intensity is evaluated as high (H), medium (M), or weak (W) - Spatial extent is evaluated as regional (R), sub-regional (Sr), or local (Lo) - Duration is evaluated as long-term (Lt), medium term (Mt), or short term (St) - Color codes: Blue for positive regional impacts; Grey for negative regional impacts

3.4.4. Impacts of climate change on the subproject and vice versa

To forecast the flood drainage capacity, flood storage capacity and adaptability to the climate change of the subproject, the hydraulic-hydrographic regime of the region has been simulated based on MIKE-11 model (Danish Institute of Hydraulics and Environment (DHI)) with the following options: (i) without the subproject construction in the subproject area (existing works) (HT) and (ii) with building the structure works of the subproject as mentioned in Section 1.4.2 (PA1). Scenarios for calculating as follow:

− Baseline scenario (HT): Calculate to simulate water-flow regime in the average flood year of 2009, in the driest year of 2010, and the typical flood year of 2011, with the terrain and current status updated to 2015 for other regions and updated to 2017 for Dong Thap province.

− Scenario I: Calculate the scenario of sea level rise under MONRE’s scenarios, plus impacts of upstream changes (increase in incoming water flow).

3.4.4.1. Forecasting the ability of flood drainage, flood retention

The comparison of the current condition (before construction of structural works of the subproject) with the effectiveness of the subproject after dredging canals, culverts, pumping

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stations, dykes and spillways at the canal upstream which have been completed and put into operation shows as follows. a) In flood seasons

− Water levels: After the subproject structure works completion, the water-levels are almost unchanged, as shown in Figure 3.15.

In the upper of Coi Tieu canal In the upper of Khang Chien canal

In the upper of Duong Gao canal In the upper of Hong Ngu canal Figure 3.15: Water levels in flood seasons in the area before and after the subproject construction

− Water flows: On the dredged canals after dredging water flows in these canal has increased significantly, which are about 30-50 m3/s in flood seasons. Therefore, the drainage capacity on these canals will increase, conveying more water on the canals. As for the horizontal canals, the water flows have increased insignificantly. Details are in Figure 3.16 and Figure 3.17.

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Figure 3.16: Water flows in Khang Chien canal in flood season before and after the subproject construction

Water flow in Hong Ngu canal Water flow in Dong Tien canal Figure 3.17: Water flows in horizontal canals in flood season before and after the subproject construction b) In dry seasons

− The calculation results that in case of the subproject completion, the water levels in the canals are almost unchanged, but on the dredged canals, the conveying capacity of water has improved significantly (see Figure 3.18). 3 − The water flows in the dredged canals have increased significantly, averaging 5-15 m /s of increasing. In the dry season, with more water to be conveyed, there will be an improvement in many aspects of the water needs of people. On the horizontal canals, the water flows are almost unchanged. Please see Figure 3.19 and Figure 3.20 for details.

In upper of Suon 2 canal In upper of Hong Ngu – Tam Nong border canal Figure 3.18: Water flows in some infield canals in dry season before and after the construction of subproject works

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Figure 3.19: Water flows in Khang Chien canal in dry season before and after the construction of subproject works

In Hong Ngu canal In Dong Tien canal Figure 3.20. Water flows in horizontal canals in dry season before and after the construction of subproject works Therefore, it can be seen that the investment in the construction of the subproject works when they go into operation will not significantly change the water levels on the canal system. However, they will significantly improve the water conveyance capacity on the canals in the subproject region, especially at dredged canals with an increase of 5-15 m3/s in dry seasons and 30-50 m3/s in flood seasons. This will improve the capacity of flood drainage. The additional water supply will improve the water demand of the people in many aspects as well as increase the ability of water exchange and circulation to improve the environment in the area. At the same time, increasing water flows on the canals while the water levels remain almost unchanged will increase the amount of water stored on the canal system. In addition, the annual flood-water source will be retained in the fields, covered by August embankments and culverts and pumping stations for the development of flood-season livelihoods. Accordingly, flood water-levels will be kept in the fields at 1.5-2.0m compared to the natural ground after floods run dry and keep water until the end of flood season. In the case of low floods, the pumping system will be used to supply water from the canals into the fields to adapt to the stable water levels for flood season livelihoods. Under the current conditions, in low flood

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years, the water levels in the fields are only at 0.5-1.0m. In many areas with high terrain like Hong Ngu district and Hong Ngu town, flood-water drains quickly within 10-15 days, making it difficult to keep flood-water. Therefore, when the works of the subproject are in completion, they will intensify the capacity of flood storage for the subproject region.

3.4.4.2. Assessing impacts of the subproject to climate change and sea level rise a) In flood seasons On the axial canals, the water flows and water levels in case of with the subproject are more different than in the case of without the subproject. However, on some dredged axial canals, like Khang Chien canal, the flows of flood conveyance in the climate change condition is significantly increased, about 70 m3/s compared to the case of not dredging and about 40m3/s in the case of current status. See details in Figure 3.21 and Figure 3.22.

Figure 3.21: Water flows and water levels in Dong Tien canal in flood seasons

Figure 3.22: Water flows in Khang Chien canal in the flood seasons b) In dry seasons In dry seasons, the impact of the subproject construction on water levels is almost negligible. Dredging canals will improve the water conveyance in the canal system, increase water taking, as well as provide water for users. For example, in Khang Chien canal, the average flow increases about 5-6 m3/s compared with the current condition and increases about 10m3/s compared to the non-dredged case (Figure 3.23).

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Therefore, in the conditions of climate change and sea level rise, in addition to the impacts of upstream development (incoming water-flow is increasing), there will be an increase in annual flood flows. The works of the subproject to be constructed will improve the ability of flood drainage in the region and the adaptation to climate change. At the same time, the increase in temperature due to climate change in the future will affect the aquaculture in the region, especially shrimp farming. When there are the works of the subproject, flood-water will be stored in the August-dykes to serve the livelihood development in flood seasons with the water-level averaging 1.5-2.0m. In case of low flood years, we can use the pumping stations to pump water from canals to the fields to gain the water-level of 1.5-2.0m to serve aquaculture in flood seasons. The stable water-levels will help stabilize the temperature in the water environment, which will help stabilize production thank to temperature increase and climate change adaptation.

Figure 3.23: The largest volume of flood water conveyance on the Khang Chien canal in dry seasons CHAPTER 4. ASSESSMENT OF SUBPROJECT ALTERNATIVES

This chapter systematically compares feasible alternatives to the proposed subproject site, technology, design, and operation–including the “without subproject” situation–in terms of their potential environmental impacts; the feasibility of mitigating these impacts; their capital and recurrent costs; their suitability under local conditions; and their institutional, training, and monitoring requirements. For each of the alternatives, quantifies the environmental impacts to the extent possible, and attaches economic values where feasible. States the basis for selecting the particular project design proposed and justifies recommended emission levels and approaches to pollution prevention and mitigation.

4.1. NEED OF THE SUBPROJECT

Floods are the natural process that maintains productivity and promotes dynamic development in the MD. Annual floods supplement important nutrients to the soil of agricultural production. Climate changes may increase floods more clearly. The main challenge is to keep floods naturally and to protect the downstream provinces from over-flooding.

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The subproject is implemented in the upstream. It will upgrade existing semi-dike and build culverts to expand flood retention in rainy seasons. The culverts will let annual floods cross the dike, which helps expand agricultural production in the Plain of Reeds and Long Xuyen Quadrangle in Kien Giang, Dong Thap, An Giang provinces. The infrastructure will support the conversion from 03-rice crops to 02-rice crops combined with raising floating plants or aquaculture (freshwater fish or shrimp). The semi-dikes (August dikes) upgraded from soil to concrete will reduce maintenance cost and facilitate transportation. The subproject will protect agricultural values. The construction of culverts in the subproject area will provide water for agriculture in rainy seasons. Currently, dikes are built to control floods and intensify rice, preventing floods from entering floodplains for 03-rice crop growing area. The culvert operation will control the water level in the subproject area and promote floating vegetables, aquaculture and freshwater shrimp culture. Water-use conflicts may occur among growers of different benefits and the areas of increased flood retention. The positive effect of the increased flood retention is the supplement of sediment and nutrients from the Mekong River, which helps reduce fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural activities. The dikes will help the smart agriculture and sustainable agricultural practices transform into aquaculture. The Subproject can change the hydrological upstream flow that affects the natural resources and habitats of aquatic species. However, the August dikes will divide the delta and reduce the ability of ecosystem connectivity, leading to a decline in fishery. The flood retardation may increase the biodiversity in the flooded ecosystem. The development of upstream livelihood models will assist farmers in the transition of three- crop rotation. Providing supportive measures to farmers for their alternatives to rain-fed rice is an important way to switch from 03-crop rice to floating vegetables or freshwater fish and shrimp. The upper three-crop rice gives lower yield while the production cost is higher. Increasing rice production leads to using more pesticides and fertilizers, reducing the cost benefits of A/W crops and increasing surface water pollution. Farmers also found that their paddy fields are less fertile due to the reduction of deposition of silt from high dikes and flood control structures. The Subproject will support proper livelihoods in flood seasons in the region, including diversification of agricultural and aquaculture production models. This helps the enhancement of value chains and linking farmers to businesses and markets. The shift to high-value agricultural production will provide many positive social benefits to local communities and households involved in livelihood models. In order to ensure sustainability, the Subproject must consult with the community to ensure that farmers change to alternative farming. The rehabilitation of the prone-flooding area will provide more nutrients and sediment in flood seasons but the impact of increased use of pesticides and fertilizers should be considered. The high-value livelihood models for farmers (fruit trees) may require higher inputs of fertilizers and pesticides. Environmental impacts of farming giant freshwater prawn and freshwater fish are attributable to organic waste, agrochemicals, antibiotics, disease outbreaks and impacts on endemic fish species in the Mekong Delta and the wetlands, which should be considered. In order to minimize environmental impacts, an IPM program will be implemented for the Subproject as part of the ESMP. Monitoring the surface water quality will need to be implemented in the subproject area.

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4.2. ANALYZING “WITH” AND “WITHOUT” THE SUBPROJECT

This section aims at analyzing environmental and social impacts in the “with” and “without” subproject alternatives (Table 4.1): - In the case of “without” subproject: There are no investment in the construction of infrastructure as well as no solutions to support the production activities of local people, therefore the production activities take place as usual. - In case of “with” subproject: the subproject will implement 02 components: Structural component (dredging canals, strengthening semi-embankments, lining spillways, construction sluices and pump stations), non-structural component (development of livelihood models; investment in technology and non-construction solutions). Table 4.1: Analysis for “with” and “without” the subproject Impacts Without With Impact on socio-economy Land clearance There is not land clearance due to land Acquisition 20ha of land for due to land acquisition construction of works acquisition Infrastructure - The culvert system does not meet the Embankment and spillways are requirement for flood control in August. hardened. Culverts and pump The pipe culverts are mainly temporary stations are built solidly. Canals without open/close systems or if there are are dredged to facilitate the water open/close systems, the operation flow to ensure the regulation of encounter difficulties. water sources for production. - The embankment system is not high enough (mostly at the elevation of +2.5m, the surface is small at about 2.0m wide). Many sections are broken, eroded which require reinforcement every year. At present, there is not soil-filling for many important sections. - The main canal system is rapidly deposited, resulting in a lack of water for agricultural production. - Regarding the waterway and road transport system: it is unable to combine the current dikes for rural traffic due to annual flooding, erosion and landslides. The main canal system runs dry, which seriously affects the transportation of machinery and materials for production and agricultural products by waterways, especially in dry seasons. Stabilization of Unstable production because the dikes may Being more active in production production be broken at the beginning of flood seasons as the dike system has been and temporary culverts cannot regulate the solidified, the affection of early water source. flood is almost eliminated and by the end of the flood season, we can take time to bring water to

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Impacts Without With produce winter crops to contribute to limiting impact of the early next year flood. Economic loss Every year, local people and local The dike embankment to be authorities must maintain the embankment solidified will not cost for for production. maintenance. Loss caused by The dike embankment has not been It is almost impossible to be flood solidified, therefore sometimes the broken at early flood seasons. embankment may be broken causing damage to production and rehabilitation cost. Development of People mainly cultivate rice, which has a Develop ecological models; livelihood low yield. eliminate rice monoculture; models switch to the production modes which are suitable to the water conditions (shrimp, rice, fish in natural flood season); plant vegetables (meeting the market demand); grow lotus; develop tourism; diversify production objects to contribute to stable production and income increase. People change to new production methods which are suitable for flood conditions. They can live with floods and benefit from floods to develop production. Settling jobs in People do not have jobs or have to work People’s applying livelihood flood seasons for other areas models in flood seasons not only create income but creates jobs and contributes to stabilizing society. Enhance The products do not have stable output Products in the region are product values markets marketed and brands are in the region developed to increase values and profits for farmers. Impact on the environment Impact on the There is not an impact on the drainage of There is no impact on the ability of flood the main crops. drainage of the main crops. drainage Impact on the The production activities are not skillful; IPM program; “one must, 5 environment therefore, people use more fertilizers and reduce” program is widely pesticides than the actual demand. implemented throughout the Due to lack of production techniques, subproject area, contributing to despite excess fertilizers, the yield is not the reduction of fertilizer and high and somewhere increases drug reducing the amount of pesticides resistance pests. to be used.

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4.3. CONSIDERED TECHNICAL OPTIONS

Position, techniques in the subproject components are well studied before giving the selection of options. In which the techniques for strengthening embankments is considered between two alternatives: concreting the talus by (i) traditional technology and (ii) Neoweb technology. From there, make an optimum choice for the subproject techniques (Table ). Table 4.2: Analysing the considered technical options Elements Option 1: Using concrete M250 for the Option 2: Using concrete M250 for top of dike and side slope with traditional the top of dike and side slope with materials. NEOWEB. Featured Using traditional concrete. NEOWEB is a cellular confinement system, manufactured from a HDPE alloy, it improved for concrete by structuring likely net. It could improve the quality of side slope protections and can be applied for the flood area. About the The body is covered with soil compacted Side slope protections: NEOWEB material and K = 0.85, the surface covered with stone and concrete. Side slop protection structure and reinforced top of the dike with material: plastic layer; Neoweb 660- concrete M250 and 12 cm thick, 75 with grid cell 42x50cm, thick reinforced both side slopes of the dike 7.5cm; Concrete ciment M250 thick with concrete in 8 cm thick. 7.5cm. Structure

Technical - It is difficult to control construction - Good application both for requirements quality during implementing dike. manufacturing and implementing - It is difficult to control the thick - The thick of neoweb is fixed that concrete layer make easy to control the thick - The steel couldleak by acid water concrete layer. - NEOWEB is made by material that resistant to oxidation, salt water resistance, and it is applied in many countries on over the world. Cost 195,682 VND/m2 190,066 VND/m2, reduction of 3%

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Elements Option 1: Using concrete M250 for the Option 2: Using concrete M250 for top of dike and side slope with traditional the top of dike and side slope with materials. NEOWEB. estimation compare to normal method Construction Building time is longer, require - It is simple to construction and formworks; faster time of construction. - Neoweb could give a higher capacity of concrete mass as well as manageable by manufactury according to ISO. Conclusion Non-selected Selected option

CHAPTER 5. PREVENTION AND MITIGATION MEASURES

This chapter covers mitigation measures to address impacts which highlighted and assessed in Chapter 5. While commonly-known social and environmental impacts and risks of construction activities can be addressed through Environmental Codes of Practices (ECOP), specific mitigation measures should also be proposed to addressed sub-project specific impacts predicted based on site-specific conditions and typology of investments. Some measures can be proposed for incorporation into engineering design to address potential impacts/risks and/or bring about added values of the works provided.

5.1. MEASURES FOR INTEGRATING INTO THE DETAILED DESIGN

In order to promote environmentally friendly development and the ability to adapt to climate change as well as to ensure the achievement of subproject objectives, a number of measures have been integrated into the FS preparation and detailed design of the subproject:

- Decrease land acquired for the subproject (see detail in Section 5.2.1).

- Relevant livelihood models are produced in the direction of organic, VietGap standards, biosafety... have traceability and brand names.

- Using sustainable materials for strengthening embankments, the Neoweb technology will be applied instead of the traditional reinforced concrete technology. This is a grid-shaped system, which is perforated and sanded to improve structural stability. This solution will make the construction simpler and reduce construction time. Neoweb material is durable,

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applies permanently to works and easy to control due to materials produced in the factory in controlling quality according to ISO standards. The choice of sustainable building materials will be important in ensuring that the subproject is sustainable in the context of climate and natural conditions.

- Safety signs during the construction and operation of the subproject have been considered and included in the detailed design process of the subproject.

5.2. MITIGATION MEASURES FOR NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF STRUCTURAL WORKS

5.2.1. Mitigation measures for negative impacts during the preconstruction phase

As discussed in Chapter 3, the key site-specific impacts for the subproject during preconstruction phase are impacts on households whose land is acquired permanently and temporarily; impacts from landmines and explosives which still persist in the ground; and (iii) construction site clearance. To prevent and/or mitigate these impacts, the subproject owner will perform the following tasks:

5.2.1.1. Proposed measures for land acquisition

Minimize impacts due to land acquisition for the subproject: ▪ To carry out the dredging of 37,244km of canals, 7 disposal sites and 4 embankment routes are needed to contain sludge with a total area of 21.66ha. However, during the preparation of the FS and the detailed design, efforts have been made to minimize acquired land by using public land (6.66 ha) and 10.5ha of earth ponds. These ponds are used to exploit soil for building residential clusters to protect people from the flood in 2000, so the area of land acquisition is reduced considerably (Table 5.1). ▪ The locations of the culverts/pumping stations are mainly built on the embankments, field canals. As a result, the acquired area is reducing significantly ▪ The strengthening of embankments only implements in the existing ones where the elevation is lower than the water level in early floods (August floods) and narrow widths, the area of land acquisition is reduced. This resulted in a significant reduction in the impact of land acquisition, affecting only 141 houses, mainly temporary housing for production, no relocated households. ▪ No acquisition of temporary land: As the subproject's construction items are scattered and spread across the subproject area, each work item is quite small, hardened routes are on existing land, culverts and sewers have small aperture so the subproject will take advantage of the vacant land area on the embankment and canal routes to execute the construction items. Table 5.1: Effort in minimizing land acquisition for disposal sites of the subproject Land acquisition for disposal site (m2) Before implementing efforts After implementing efforts No Type of land to minimize land acquisition to minimize land acquisition Private land Public land Private land Public land 1 Rural residential land 0 0 0 0 2 Land for rice field 0 85,000 0 45,000

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Water surface area (earth 3 105,000 50,000 105,000 0 ponds) 4 Land along the canal bank 66,600 0 66,600 0 Total 171,600 135,000 171,600 45,000 In addition, the most effective mitigation measure is the implementation of the RAP that has been developed specifically for the subproject. In particular, the compensation and support policy is designed in line with the WB’s policy priorities, with compensation and support provided to all AHs before announcing the decision on land acquisition and compensation at replacement cost. Compensation costs are detailed in the RAP of the subproject as follows:

- All those affected regardless of ownership status or socio-economic status will be provided with compensation and support for the loss of property, income and production-business activities at replacement cost and restoration of living standards, income and production capacity to the subproject level.

- Land prices to calculate compensation (compensation, assistance) are determined close to the land use right transfer cost in the market under normal conditions. When there is a difference compared to the actual price of land use right transfer in the market, it must be adjusted accordingly.

- Land will be compensated “land for land”, or in cash, according to PAP’s choice whenever possible. The choice of land for land must be offered to those loosing 20% or more of their productive land. If land is not available PPMU must assure itself, that this is indeed the case. Those loosing 20% or more of their land will have to be assisted to restore their livelihood. The same principles apply for the poor and vulnerable people losing 10% or more of their productive landholding.

- PAPs who prefer “land for land” will be provided with land plots with the equivalent productive capacity for lost lands or a combination of land (a standard land plot) in a new residential area nearby for residential land, and cash adjustment for the difference between their lost land and the land plots provided.

- PAPs who prefer “cash for land” will be compensated in cash at the full replacement cost. These PAPs will be assisted in rehabilitating their livelihoods.

- Compensation for AHs and structures at the value of new construction of houses and structures that have technical standards equivalent to the affected houses

- To disseminate broadly about the economic development and compensation policies of the government to local communities. Disseminate about the subproject implementation in accordance with rights and duties and laws. Disclose compensation rates (details of each affected asset) to the affected people. Disclose and inform accurately the compensation amount of each household.

- To support vocational training for members of the severely affected households due to land acquisition for the project. To manage the potential impacts related to land acquisition and site clearance, the subproject Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) has prepared with a budget of 43,439,000,000 VND to support households who are affected by land acquisition. Of which the support cost is the biggest (24,419,030,000VND) – accounting for 56.2% of the total compensation cost (Table 5.2). Compensation costs are based on a survey of market land prices and consultation with affected people. Table 5.2: Costs for the subproject RAP implementation

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Unit price No. Items Unit Area Amount (VND) (VND) A Compensation and assistance 36,055,597,280 A.1 Land compensation 6,535,750,000 A.1.1 Residential land m2 5,989 300,000 1,796,700,000 A.1.2 Paddy field land m2 94,781 50,000 4,739,050,000 A.2 House compensation 3,121,457,280 Permanent houses (1 house with A.2.1 m2 40 2,901,920 116,076,800 area of 40m2) Semi-solid houses (23 houses A.2.2 m2 920 1,100,000 1,012,000,000 with average area of 40m2/house) Temporary house (117 houses A.2.3 m2 4680 425,936 1,993,380,480 with average area of 40m2/house) A.3 Crops, trees compensation 1,979,360,000 A.3.1 Fruit trees tree 365 610,000 222,650,000 A.3.2 Wooden trees tree 5,391 30,000 161,730,000 A.3.3 Bamboo trees bush 10 200,000 2,000,000 A.4 Assistance 24,419,030,000 Support to stabilize the life of A.4.1 affected households (6 months x Person 196 1,530,000 299,880,000 30kg/person/ month) A.4.2 Vocational conversion assistance m2 94,781 150,000 14,217,150,000 A.4.3 Transportation allowance house 141 4,000,000 564,000,000 House rental allowance (6 months A.4.4 HH 141 6,000,000 846,000,000 x 1,000,000 VND/month ) Resettlement support (141 A.4.5 HH 141 60,000,000 8,460,000,000 households losing their houses) Social assistance for vulnerable A.4.6 32,000,000 households HHs of wounded soldiers HH 2 8,000,000 16,000,000 HHs of having revolutionary HH 3 4,000,000 12,000,000 merit Near poor HHs HH 1 4,000,000 4,000,000 B Management costs 721,111,946 C Sub-total 36,776,709,226 D Contingency 7,355,341,845 E Income restoration program 516,460,000 Cost for the relocation of 790,488,929 F electric lines Total 45,439,000,000 Source: Resettlement action plan of subproject, 2019

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Feasibility of the measures: The subproject owner has prepared a Resettlement Action Plan, organized a consultation meeting on the subproject construction, affected peoples in the subproject area agreed on the principle of land acquisition and procedures, all households were willing to donate land for the subproject construction. So, the above solutions are practical and will be highly feasible. Effectiveness of the measures: The subproject has allocated funds for compensation and support, the compensation also coordinated by the WB’s experts, compensation steps have been approved by WB and Vietnam.

5.2.1.2. Proposed measures for UXOs risk

The subproject owner has allocated budget for UXO clearance in areas where construction items will be constructed. The subproject owner will sign a contract with the military command of Dong Thap province to conduct UXOs clearance at the construction sites. UXOs will be carried out immediately after completion of land compensation and before site clearance activities. Feasibility of the measures: Mine clearance was assigned to a professional unit, this work has also been done a lot in other projects in the Mekong Delta in general and Dong Thap province in particular so the feasibility of the measure is very high. Effective of the measures: There is a dedicated process for UXO clearance implemented by the Ministry of Defense, so if the procedure is followed, the risks from UXO are solved.

5.2.2. Mitigation measures for negative impacts during the construction phase

5.2.2.1. Measures to mitigate general impacts

Major impacts of the subproject will be caused by the construction of infrastructures for livelihood models and transportation of construction materials and waste. Most negative social and environmental impacts can be mitigated through measures generally applied to most other construction projects such as noise, dust, water, waste impact mitigation. Mitigation measures specified in ECOPs (see further details in Table 6.2) are considered as part of the environmental and social management plan (ESMP) for the subproject (see further details in Chapter 6). The mitigation measures specified in ECOPs will be included in the bidding documents and construction contract. Typical mitigation measures specified in ECOPs include: (i). Dust generation and air pollution (ii). Impacts from noise and vibration (iii). Water pollution (iv). Impacts from noise and vibration (v). Management of stockpiles (vi). Solid waste management (vii). Management of excavated soil and dredged sludge (viii).Disruption of vegetative cover and ecological resources (ix). Traffic management

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(x). Interruption of utility services (xi). Restoration of affected areas (xii). Worker and public safety (xiii).Communication with local communities (xiv). Chance find procedures a). Proposed measures for the impacts of dust and exhaust Measures will be taken to control, minimize the impact on air quality including: - Only use construction machines with emission levels satisfying TCVN 6438-2005 - Cover the means of transporting loose materials - All equipment used in construction must comply with Vietnamese regulations on engine exhaust (QCVN 05: 2009/BTNMT). Prior to the implementation, the operator’s vehicle documentation and emission test results will be submitted to the owner. - Barges transporting materials to the subproject must within inspect the time, materials must be covered by canvas to avoid dropping and spreading materials on the way. - Construction machines should use low sulfur fuel (lower than 0.5% S), encouraging contractors to use diesel with a sulfur content of 0.25%. - Do not burn waste on site. - Each site specifiesthe number of doors for the means of transportation to and from the site. - Maintaining the speed of vehicles related to construction at 40 km/h or slower on roads within 200m of the site. b). Proposed measures for the impacts of noise - All equipment used in the construction must be inspected to ensure the noise level is below the prescribed. - The construction units of dykes and culverts must commit to maintaining the equipment regularly, especially with the noise reduction part for the construction area. - The material supply contractor must commit to regularly maintain the barges to ensure the noise level of the equipment when it comes to transportation, must be within the allowable noise range. - In sensitive construction areas (adjacent to residential clusters, schools, etc.), the contractor must select appropriate execution time to avoid causing a nuisance to the people. Specifically: (i) at the location near the school, the time of construction will be chosen on Saturdays and Sundays, no construction will be held during studying time; (ii) at the construction sites near the residential area, construction activities are organized in the daytime only. If working at night is required, the contractor has to inform the community at least 2 days in advance. - Arrange the means which generate noise at a suitable distance so that the noise spreading to residential areas not greater than 70dBA.

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- Barges transport materials to the site at daytime only, do not work at night to avoid noise affecting people’sleep. Feasibility of the measures: the impacts could be minimized through technical control and management, which are highly feasible. However, it does not completely mitigate and should always be monitored by the subproject owner and local authorities. Effectiveness of the measures: Due to pre-operational verification and proper regulation, the above measures included in the bidding documents are a prerequisite for contractors to ensure that during construction Complying with National Technical Regulation on noise and QCVN 27:2010/BTNMT during construction. c). Proposed measures for the impacts on road traffic - In the areas where both sides of the canal have trails, no construction is taken simultaneously on both sides. Only one side will be constructed and the other will be left for people to move. Priority for construction of the roads with poorer conditions. - At locations far from bridges across canals, temporary bridges (but quality assurance) will be arranged for people to move between the two banks. - In areas where there is only one route when constructing the dykes, the construction units must create temporary roads for people to move through the construction area. - In case of no temporary road, inform people about the time of construction, the absence of a temporary road and alternative directions to know and choose the appropriate direction. - At canals that can not open temporary routes, right at the beginning of the canal, the construction units must put up signboards and arrange cadres in charge of guiding the roads in replacement for the people. Feasibility of the measures: Proposed mitigation measures are easy to implement, not high technical requirements, suitable to the conditions in the construction area so all construction contractors can implement. Effectiveness of the measures: By implementing all these measures, the negative impacts on road traffic will be controlled without interrupting the traffic of the people. d). Proposed measures for the impacts on waterway - Transportation companies have to check waterway system in advance to select appropriate barge capacity. - Before transporting materials, the companies have to notify the plan for the current lanes and docks being allowed to be used. For the rest, they have to ask for the permission of inland waterway management units before transportation. - The transport unit must coordinate with the river management agency to put up the signboards on the canals belonging to the transport route. - Barges must be inspected to meet the conditions for transportation. - Barges transported in accordance with the specified load. - Due to small canals, barges are not allowed to travel in the horizontal canal at night to prevent accidents. - When parking at berths at night, all means must have warning light signals.

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Feasibility of the measures: Mitigation measures can be applied through technical control and management, which are highly feasible. However, it is not completely mitigated and should always be monitored by the subproject owner and the local authorities. Effectiveness of the measures: It is a common practice for the construction units so the capability to apply to the reality is high. The application will limit great impacts on waterway traffic to ensure safety and avoid accidents. e). Proposed measures for the impacts on socio-economy and security - Put the information board at the subproject site, clearly state the name and contact number of the Site Manager so that people can contact in case of any recommendations or complaints about security, environmental or health problems related to construction activities. Records of grievances, complaints and how to resolve them have to be retained and kept available to the Monitoring Engineer and the PPMU. - Inform the people about the progress of construction, the temporary disruption of utility services, public services. - Officials participating in technical supervision and construction on site must be declared temporary residence/temporary absence. These officials should respect the culture and beliefs of local people, not to cause special disturbances to the belief of local people. - When conflicts occur, the Contractor and the Subproject Owner must coordinate with local authorities to solve conflicts on culture and interests. - Gamblingis strictly prohibited in the camp. Site managers are responsible for supervising and controlling the camps so that they do not get drunk in the camp and on the site. - Notify local people about construction progress, temporary disruptions of services. - Restrict construction activities at night. If construction can not be avoided at night, notice to the community at least 2 days in advance and repeat one day prior. - To minimize the impact of workers on the community, the following measures will be taken: ▪ The contractor is encouraged to hire local labors to perform simple tasks. In case of hiring labors from other places, the temporary residence must be registered for workers. Organize training on health, safety and environment for workers before assigning work. ▪ The contractor’s workers will be prohibited from carrying out the following behaviours: (i) cutting trees outside the construction site, burning waste and vegetation after clearing; (ii) causing disorder, hygiene in cultural and historical buildings; (iii) voluntarily set fire outside the camp; (iv) to arbitrarily drive a vehicle, machine or means of construction; (v) use alcoholic beverages during working hours; (vi) Littering on the site of maintenance of vehicles, construction machines and equipment outside the permitted area; and (vii) bickering, fighting and causing public disorder. Feasibility of measures: This is a common management measure in society so it is high feasibility, all units can be applied. Effectiveness of measures: Applying measures will minimize negative impacts on socio- economic development , social order and security.

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f). Proposed measures for solid wastes management - For domestic wastes: ▪ Provide rubbish bins for workers to throw domestic waste. ▪ For recyclable waste that will be classified for recycling; ▪ For organic waste, will coordinate with people near the construction site to dig holes to compost green-fertilizer. - For construction wastes: ▪ All construction waste must be collected for proper disposal treatment, not to be released into the natural environment, especially canals. ▪ For the construction formwork of the sewers, must be taken out of the construction site when completed. ▪ For construction waste such as sand, excess rock, can be used to reinforce dikes or other items connected to the sewer. ▪ Cement bags must be collected to be recycled or sold to scrap collectors to re-use. It is strictly forbidden to be disposed into the natural environment, especially in the canal. ▪ Arrange material yards on the construction sites to avoid dispersing materials into the surrounding environment. ▪ When completion, have to clean the site; for the excess material, have to be removed out of the subproject area to serve other construction sites. ▪ Excessive sand in construction must be collected and removed from the site. - Hazardous wastes: ▪ The contractors, the transportation companies supplying materials for construction must organize the collection of all lubricants each time they are replaced then stored and transported to the establishments having regenerative functions in accordance with regulations in Circular No. 36/2015/TT-BTNMT. ▪ Fuel containers must also be disposed of in accordance with the hazardous waste regulations. Do not directly dispose of the environment nor sell with other waste. ▪ Sign contracts with the company are able to treat hazardous waste to collect and process periodically. ▪ The Contractors must notify the supervision consultant and the management board of any spill or accident; take appropriate troubleshooting action if necessary; ▪ Provide a report explaining the cause of the spill or incident, the troubleshooting action, consequence/damage of the incident, proposed remedies. Feasibility of measure: All construction contractors can implement all of those measures through technical and management solutions. They are non-complex and have been widely applied in many sites so their feasibility is high. Effectiveness of the measure: All proposed mitigation measures should be included in the bidding documents and will be a contract clause of the package as a basis to ensure the compliance of the contractors. Applying the measures will reduce the negative impact of the waste generated by the construction activities. However, the effectiveness depends greatly on

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the level of the contractor’s compliance so the subproject owner has to regularly control throughout the construction phase. g). Proposed measures for water pollution - For domestic wastewater: At the construction camps, portable toilets must be installed. Periodically, construction units must sign a contract with urban management departments of Tam Nong, Hong Ngu, Thanh Binh districts and Hong Ngu town to suck septic tank to the place where processing properly. - For water washing concrete mixing equipment can be used to irrigate the land surface of the sites of new dykes to reduce dust emissions, cement in the wash water can slightly increases the linkage of land on the new dyke. - For the surface of the old dike excavation, the vegetation cover should be created immediately after completing excavation. - Soils scattered from the old dyke should be collected and compacted to avoid washing out during rain. - Domestic waste must be collected according to the regulations on the site, not letting domestic solid wastes and wastewater spread to the surface of construction works as well as to canals. The organic waste will be treated by digging holes for composting green-ferilizer next to the site. Non-organic waste will be collected and sorted: recyclable waste will be collected by the collector; non-recyclable waste will be concentrated and periodically transported to the waste treatment plant of Tam Nong, Hong Ngu, Thanh Binh districts and Hong Ngu town. - The construction equipment must be controlled not to drop machine oil into the environment. Feasibility of the measure: All construction contractor can implement through technical and management solutions as they are not complicated. The solutions have been widely applied in many sites so the feasibility is high. Effectiveness of the measure: All proposed mitigation measures should be included in the bidding documents and will be a contract clause of the package as a basis to ensure the compliance of the contractors. Applying the measures will reduce the negative impact of the waste generated by the construction activities. However, the effectiveness depends greatly on the level of the contractor’s compliance so the subproject owner has to regularly control during the construction phase. h). Proposed measure for labor influx To mitigate impacts due to labor influx of the subproject, the subproject workers must to implement the Codes of Conducts during construction time as follow: - Compliance with applicable laws, rules, and regulations, with applicable health and safety requirements; - Prioritise the use of local labours, particularly ethnic minorities - The transportation, storage and use of illegal substances including weapons are prohibited; - Do not involve in social evils. Do not quarrel or fight that cause social disorder

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- Do not catch, hunt, trade, keep in cage or usage of wildlife or wildlife products. Do not bring domestic animals in camps - Do not use alcohol during working hours, smoking at the construction site is prohibited; - Non-Discrimination (for example on the basis of family status, ethnicity, race, gender, religion, language, marital status, birth, age, disability, or political conviction) - Interactions with community members with an attitude of respect and non-discrimination) - Sexual harassment (for example to prohibit the use of language or behavior, in particular towards women or children, that is inappropriate, harassing, abusive, sexually provocative, demeaning or culturally inappropriate) is prohibited - Violence or exploitation (for example the prohibition of the exchange of money, employment, goods, or services for sex, including sexual favors or other forms of humiliating, degrading or exploitative behavior) is prohibited - Protection of children (including prohibitions against abuse, defilement, or otherwise unacceptable behavior with children, limiting interactions with children, and ensuring their safety in project areas) - Avoidance of conflicts of interest (such that benefits, contracts, or employment, or any sort of preferential treatment or favors, are not provided to any person with whom there is a financial, family, or personal connection) - Respecting reasonable work instructions (including regarding environmental and social norms) - Protection and proper use of property. Maintain sanitation and safe conditions in both camps and construction sites. Prohibit theft, careless usage of resources, set fire without being authorised or pollute the environment - Duty to report violations of this Code - Violations of the Codes of conducts will lead to disciplinary actions Feasibility of the measure: All measures can be implemented through technical and management solutions, as they are not complicated. The solutions have been widely applied in many sites so the feasibility is high. Effectiveness of the measure: All proposed mitigation measures should be included in the bidding documents and will be a contract clause of the package as a basis to ensure the compliance of the contractors. Applying the measures will reduce the negative impact of the waste generated by the construction activities. However, the effectiveness depends greatly on the level of the contractor’s compliance so the subproject owner has to regularly control during the construction phase. i). Proposed measures for ensuring security and health of workers and community - Carry out training on safety, hygiene and health for construction workers before commencing work. - Provide workers and laborers with protective clothing (gloves, dust masks, boots, glasses, etc. Depending on the nature of work). - Organize training for workers to raise awareness of HIV/AIDS and epidemics in the region. - The camp area should arrange mosquito nets to limit the diseases caused by mosquito.

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- Coordinate and cooperate closely with the localities to make good community hygiene when symptoms of the disease appear in the area. - Coordinate and cooperate with local authorities in preventing and combating social evils. - Upgrade the construction area elevation of pumping stations and sluices up to least 2 meters high. - Install barriers, fences, signs at open holes, ensuring lighting at night when upgrading embankments and overflow passage. - Implement necessary measures to ensure absolute safety for construction workers and communities at the construction site. Feasibility of the measure: All measures can be implemented through technical and management solutions, as they are not complicated. The solutions have been widely applied in many sites so the feasibility is high. Effectiveness of the measure: All proposed mitigation measures should be included in the bidding documents and will be a contract clause of the package as a basis to ensure the compliance of the contractors. Applying the measures will reduce the negative impact of the waste generated by the construction activities. However, the effectiveness depends greatly on the level of the contractor’s compliance so the subproject owner has to regularly control during the construction phase. j). Proposed measures for chance find procedures There are also no important historical and cultural sites identified in the subproject construction sites. There are schools, residential areas near the construction sites but impacts on them are likely small and to mitigate potential noise impacts, equipment with low noise signatures will be used, and if necessary, noise barriers will be installed. No adverse impacts on other historical and cultural heritage features are expected during the construction phase of the subproject. However, to deal with chance finds during the construction phase, a chance find procedures are developed for the subproject. If the Contractor discovers archaeological sites, historical sites, ruins and other objects, including family graves and/or individual graves during excavation or construction, the Contractor should: ▪ Stop construction activities where it has been exposed; ▪ Preliminary description of the area or site discovered; ▪ Protect the area so that it does not damage or lose any movable objects. In the case of moveable antiques or sensitive ruins, night protection must be provided until the provincial authorities or the provincial Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism, or Archaeological Institute to take over; ▪ Notify the Supervision Engineer, who will immediately notify the subproject owner, responsible local authority and Institute of Archeology (within 24 hours or less); ▪ The local authority will be responsible for protecting and preserving the site before deciding on the appropriate procedures. ▪ Implementation of the competent decisions related to the management of the findings will be notified in writing by the relevant local authority. ▪ Construction work at the site can only be resumed after permission from the responsible

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local authority and the Dong Thap PPMU related to the safeguarding of the heritage. Feasibility of the measures: All measures can be implemented through technical and management solutions, as they are not complicated. The solutions have been widely applied in many sites so the feasibility is high. Effectiveness of the measures: proposed measures in accordance with the customs and beliefs of the Vietnamese people.

5.2.2.2. Measures to mitigate site-specific impacts a). Site-specific measures of canal dredging

- Preparing the dredged material disposal plan (DMDP) for dredging (see detail in Appendix 7) - Dredging method: Use water-filled bucket excavator to minimize turbidity and water disturbance in the dredging area. - Installation of lighting at night must be done if this is necessary to ensure safe traffic circulation. - Place signs around the construction areas to facilitate traffic movement, provide directions to various components of the works, and provide safety advice and warning. - Employing safe traffic control measures, including canal signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions. - When dredging below wooden and iron bridges with clearance elevations lower than the height of the dredger, the constructor must temporarily remove these bridges (Figure 5.1) and inform alternative bridges for local people a week before dredging. In case there have no alternative bridges, the constructor must install temporary bridges for local people movement.

Figure 5.1: Removal of bridges with clearance elevations lower than the height of the dredger - Inform alternative roads for local people a week before dredging where the pipelines of the suction dredger across over the roads. - Arrange appropriate construction time. In case of people’s aquaculture in the radius of 1- 2km who need water for aquaculture, do not dredge at the peak tide. - Prior to pumping dredged sediment into dump sites, the Subproject Owner will notify the local authorities about the dredging plan.

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- Operate dredging bucket in accordance with the process and speed to limit disperse of sediment when collecting bucket too fast. - Tug boats, barges transporting sediment into dump sites will be covered to prevent odors into the surrounding environment during transport. Sediment should be transported within the permited capacity of barges to avoid leakage into canals on the way. This measure will reduce odor to the environment about 40-70% if without covering during the transport. - Do not pump the sediment into the dump sites at night, if there are complainants about foul odor from the dump sites, the construction teams must consider stopping the construction to take appropriate measures. - In order to minimize impacts from dredging activities to aquaculture water-taking by users, when preparing the construction, the construction companies should coordinate with local people to inform the construction plan, construction time and time to stop construction on the local media to the aquaculture farmers to plan to take water before the construction time or not when the water sources are affected by dredging. - The results of sediment analysis show that the metal concentration in the river sediment meets the environmental standard which can be used for planting and leveling after dewatering. - The Subproject Owner require the Contractors in charge of dredging to regularly inspect dump sites, dredged sediment, especially after heavy rainfall to consider damages caused by the flow, soil erosion or deposit. Simultaneously, restore the premises before completing the works. - The Subproject Owner requests the Contractors to keep sediment and spoil management records including the amount of sediment, dredged soil and reused quantity, composition and properties of sediment, how to treat, names and addresses of sediment receiving sites where sediment is used. - A dumpsite must have at least 2 compartments (sediment compartment and settling compartment) to increase the retaining time in site. Wastewater must be stored in the compartment for at least one day to let small sediment settle. - At the outlets, bamboo and sand-bags will be strengthened to avoid water discharge to cause a landslide. - The embankment should be higher than the design 20cm and the safety coefficient is 1.1 to avoid when pumping sediment out, it is overflow when it is filled. The pumping process starts from a distance far from the sluice gate and connects pipes gradually to the sluice gate to ensure the maximum retention time of water in a dumpsite. - Monitor water source from a dump site sluice gate to not pollute the surface water environment. If the water quality does not meet the standard, the construction teams must stop pumping and wait for the SS settling to not exceed the allowed standard. - Regularly monitor maintenance and inspection of embankments of disposal sites daily and check seepage. To ensure safety when operating the outlets, the construction teams arrange at least 20 soil-bags at an outlet. - Set up barriers and signboards that prohibit people, especially children, from entering the dump sites.

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- In case of sediment and water spillage from the dump sites to the environment, the construction teams shall take measures to stop the incidents and work with local authorities to compensate for damages. - Temporarily suspend all dredging works in case of heavy rain or any emergency. Feasibility of the measures: These are common measures the construction companies can apply in construction. Effectiveness of the measures: The measures are applied at the same time. Although we cannot fully control sediment to emit water during dredging, it will minimize the risk of turbidity to ensure that the Subproject makes a less negative impact on the water environment. b). Minimize the risk of erosion caused by dredging

− Monitoring embankment erosion during dredging.

− Sending staff to observe daily erosion during the construction phase.

− Construction of the slope in accordance with the design to ensure the stability of the flow.

− Construction of the route has been determined, avoid construction on one side.

− During the construction process, if there is phenomena or risk erosion, the construction companies should suspend the construction and report the Subproject Owner and the specialized units to survey the impact and take appropriate measures. Feasibility of the measures: This work that can be done through the supervision of the construction companies, the construction supervision units but the assessment of the cause of the landslide is more difficult and needs time for measurements to identify the exact cause. Effectiveness of the measures: Applying measures will reduce the risk of landslides across large areas, therefore, we can overcome immediately to reduce negative impacts. c). Mitigation measures for the construction of medium voltage lines In order to ensure safety in the construction as well as operation of the medium voltage lines, the subproject owner will manage and supervisor the design consultants to ensure that the connection lines of the medium voltage to pumping stations that fully meet the safety regulations for the construction of medium voltage hubs as provided for in the Electricity Law and related decrees as below:

− Ensuring electrical safety; construction safety; Safety on fire prevention and fighting and meeting the regulations on environmental protection.

− Having all technical design documents, construction drawing designs, construction and installation completion documents, inspection, adjustment and hand-over to the units for management and operation;

− To ensure proper safety distance during construction, the minimum height of the electric pole, the inter-column distance, the distance from the lowest point of the electric wire in the maximum sag condition to the ground, full discharge; Meet the regulations on the safety corridors of overhead power transmission lines.

− Defining the safe distance for tree planting and house building under the power transmission line.

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− Using insulated wires in all connecting lines to increase safety when putting into use. Only hand over the lines to the operation organizations who have been trained in electric safety (trained in the process of operation, handling electrical wiring incidents and electric equipment where laborers work, safety procedures for inspection, maintenance, repair, testing of power lines…) d). Mitigation measures to natural and important socio-economic receptors As shown in Table 1.9 and Table 1.10, sensitive and socio-economic receptors in the subproject area include Tram Chim NP, schools, markets, wharves and health stations, therefore measures should be implemented when constructing near these areas (Table 5.3) as follows: Table 5.3: Mitigation measures for important natural and socio-economic receptors No. District Receptor Mitigation measures 1 Tam Nong Tram Chim NP - Strictly forbidden to dispose of district domestic and construction wastes into water sources - Strictly forbidden to hunt animals in the forest - Do not burn waste at the site - Ensure noise from the construction site to the NP is 55dBA in daytime. - Do not build at night. - Do not let the dredging sludge

flow over the road, spray the deodorant of the sludge 2 Hong Ngu Binh Thanh and An Binh primary - Inform the schools about the town schools construction plan and the impacts caused by the construction to the schools such as dust and noise a month before the construction. - Do not burn waste at the site. - Spray water to prevent dust on sunny and windy days. - Resolve immediately the problem caused by the construction to the schools. - The means of transporting construction materials, equipment when going through the school must go at a speed of 15km/h - Do not let the dredging sludge flow over the road, spray the deodorant of the sludge - Ensure noise from construction 3 Tam Nong Phu Thanh A, Phu Thanh B Primary

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district School site to school is 55dBA in daytime.

4 Thanh Phu Loi Primary School and Phu Loi Binh Secondary School district

5 Thanh Phu Loi Commune Health Station - Arrange traffic regulators at the Binh construction site district - Do not work at night - Ensure the noise level from the construction site to the medical station is 55dBA during daytime. - Do not let the dredging sludge flow over the road, spray the deodorant of the sludge. - Spray water to prevent dust on sunny and windy days. 6 Tam Nong Phu Thanh A ferry - Arrange traffic regulators at the district construction site. - Spray water to prevent dust on sunny and windy days. - Do not let the dredging sludge flow over the road, spray the deodorant of the sludge.

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Feasibility of the measures: All measures of the Construction Contractors are feasible to implement through technical and management solutions; non-complex solutions have been widely applied in many sites with high feasibility. Effectiveness of the measures: All proposed mitigation measures should be included in the bidding documents and will be a contract clause of the packages as a basis to ensure strict compliance of the Contractors. Applying measures will reduce negative impacts on natural and socio-economic objects caused by construction activities. However, the effectiveness of the mitigation measures depends very much on the compliance of the Contractors; therefore, the Subproject Owner will regularly control the compliance of the Contractors during the construction period.

5.2.2.3. Mitigation measures for environmental accident and risks in the construction phase a. Labor accidents The measures to manage and prevent labor unsafety and health incidents during construction include: - For human: ▪ All workers get the medical check-up regularly and are trained on labor safety and sanitation in accordance with Circular No.37/2005/TT-BLDTBXH dated 29/12/2005 of the Ministry of Labor Invalids and Social Affairs and the measures to ensure safety in accordance with TCVN 5308 – 91. The training focuses on local people to participate in construction. After completing the training, workers will be listed and get labor safety cards. ▪ All workers working on the site always comply with the regulations on labor safety and health according to TCVN 5308-91 on technical safety rules in construction. ▪ Equip with tools to ensure labor safety such as dust masks, boots, gloves, helmets in accordance with TCVN 2287-78. ▪ Workers are not allowed to leave the equipment while the equipment is in operation. ▪ Provide adequate clean water for workers on site. ▪ Train on response and handling of a bad situation on labor safety at work site, rescue equipment, first aid, etc. ▪ For workers involved in the transportation of materials by waterway, life jackets must be provided in the event of a boat accident. ▪ The construction areas near canals, ditches must be fenced off to protect workers from falling into canals, ditches.

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- For construction equipment: ▪ All construction equipment on site complies with Standard 2290-78-Production equipment. ▪ Construction machinery and vehicles are issued with registration and verification by the competent authority. ▪ Conduct salvage boats, barges, pick up items, goods on means of transport to not obstruct waterway traffic. Rescue of chemical leakage according to national standard QCVN 17: 2011/BGTVT-National technical regulation on prevention of pollution by inland waterway means. ▪ Conduct traffic regulation; guard at two-ends of the incident area; install forbidden signboards in the incident area. When the traffic is remained, set up navigation station that guides the waterway means through the area safely. b. Waterway accidents

- The means of transport involved in transporting materials must meet the technical requirements. - The transporters must conduct a survey of the transport route before carrying out material to arrange suitable means of transport to the flow characteristics. - Organize full signage to guide waterway traffic. - Because the waterway is quite narrow, no overnight transport is organized, especially for horizontal canals. c. Fire and explosion risk

During the construction, if any fire or explosion occurs, the construction company must immediately rescue the objects in the danger area. Actively isolate the fire/explosion point by the facilities at site (water, fire extinguisher, etc.). Organize workers to participate in fire fighting under the direction of functional units (can be contacted remotely) until the authorities are present in the field. Coordinate with local authorities to establish a safety belt around the hazardous area. Check fire safety condition at site to ensure no continuous incidents. Feasibility of the measures: simple, easy to implement, highly feasible. Effectiveness of the measures: The measures depend very much on the compliance of the Contractors and the employees on site. These measures will be included in the bidding documents and will be an environmental clause in the construction contracts.

5.3. MITIGATION MEASURES FOR NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF NON- STRUCTURAL WORKS

5.3.1. Adjustment of land use planning in accordance with the proposed models

As mentioned above, when the subproject comes into operation phase, there will be a shift in the land use purpose of a number of rice cultivation areas which will be changed to into rice- aquaculture or rice –other cash crop. In order to have a legal basis for the exploitation and use of land, Dong Thap DONRE will organize land use planning for the subproject area in

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management and development orientation. The planning will ensure the correct use of land and livelihoods models proposed by the subproject, focusing on: - Clearly define the area and purpose of land use in consistent with the models as follows: ▪ Model 1: 2 rice crops, 1 natural fish. ▪ Model 2: 2 rice crops, 1giant freshwater shrimp. ▪ Model 3: 1 rice, 1 cash crop, 1 natural fish. ▪ Model 4: 2 rice, duck, natural fish. ▪ Model 5: 1 rice, 1 natural fish, aquatic plants (lotus, Sesbania sesban). ▪ Model 6: 2 rice, 1 shrimp, natural fish. ▪ Model 7: lotus, cultured fish, tourism combination. - Local authorities need to manage the adjusted land use planning for production management in line with the planning and scale of production proposed in the Subproject. - Based on the results of the models, the actual demand and the ability of the market expansion, especially the production demand of local people, local authorities will propose to the Project Owner to maintain or continue to expand the production models in line with water resources and infrastructure.

5.3.2. Development of brand and trade for products

- Market forecasts for output products such as giant freshwater shrimp, rice, fish and lotus for production in line with consumption market. - Branding for the products of giant freshwater shrimp, rice, fish, lotus, and aquatic plants is the driving force for this development. - Find the stable output for giant freshwater shrimp, rice, fish, lotus, and aquatic plants through trade promotion to introduce products on domestic and overseas fairs.

5.3.3. Guiding advanced techniques for production

Organize training classes on how to transfer to new livelihood models for local people through the introduction of theory and guidance on the models and sending agricultural extension teams to guide farmers on site when there is a need. The guidelines must be suitable for the knowledge and skills of people.

5.3.4. Planning and improving infrastructure to divide the area into compartments having similarities in water use

- Converting production may lead to conflicts over water use in the W/S – floating rice – natural fish and current production. In order to minimize conflicts, in addition to the development of production models, regional planning solutions of the same time of water use to avoid conflicts in water use should be applied. Therefore, the conversion should be carried out synchronously in each new apartment to avoid conflicts in water use. - Propagate and mobilize people to raise the sense of protecting the quality of water sources, forecasting the quality of water sources to ensure the downstream production.

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Feasibility of the measures: These are mainly management measures directed by state management agencies. This is the policy of the province and the district as well as the commune so the management measures will be implemented when operating the subproject and are highly feasible. Effectiveness of the measures: Applying solutions will be the motive force for production in the area in accordance with the objectives of the Subproject to contribute to maximizing the construction works for production, raising livelihood for local people.

5.3.5. Waste management from the livelihood models

5.3.5.1. Wastes from aquaculture models

- Planning the farming area for macrobrachium rosenbergii, natural fish and fresh fish in accordance with the water conditions and infrastructure in the region. - Do not concentrate on large-scale farming, only maintain as maximum as 50% of the water surface to ensure that waste is dispersed and diluted with flood water. - Do not develop shrimp and fish farming in industrial scale but only in improved extensive farming (maximum density of 3 – 5 fish/m2). This density, affection from shrimp and fish farming to the environment is small. - Solid waste from fishery activities must be collected and treated in accordance with the regulations. - Restrict the use of antibiotics in shrimp and fish farming, especially the use of drugs banned under Circular No.08/VBHN-BNNPTNT dated 25/02/2014 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. - Do not develop specialized shrimp in the region but should follow the orientation planning for the development of the rice-shrimp model. Effectiveness of the measures: Applying the measures will limit negative impacts on aquaculture activities and contribute to stabilizing production and diversifying cultured species and people’s incomes.

5.3.5.2. Wastes from rice cultivation

- Widely organize extension agriculture courses to introduce IPM to farmers. The details are as follows: ▪ Step 1: Establish a control threshold, where pest populations or environmental conditions indicate that pest control is necessary. The extent to which pests become an economic threat is the limit to making pest control decisions. ▪ Step 2: Monitor and identify types of pests. Do not kill all insects or weeds. Many species do not harm, even some species are beneficial. This will eliminate the possibility of using pesticides. ▪ Step 3: Prevent by such measures as crop rotation between different crops, select high resistant varieties with pests. These measures are more effective, less costly, less harmful to human health and the environment. ▪ Step 4: Prevent and identify pests and the control threshold points out that pest control is necessary. Through the IPM, one will evaluate and select appropriate solutions to both

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effect and risk. The less risky, effective solutions will be chosen first, like pheromones that kill males, breed, sanitize the field, etc. - Organize the application of the “one must five reductions” program for people to understand as well as practice in reality as follows: the “one must, five reductions” program is based on the “3 increase, 3 reduce” program which was recognized by the Cultivation Department as new technological advances in the rice production in Vietnam. Accordingly: “1 must” means using certified seeds and “5 reductions” means reducing the amount of seeds, excessive nitrogen fertilization, chemical pesticides, irrigation water and post harvest losses. - Provide technical guidance and organize experimental production of floating rice, organic rice, rice without plant protection drugs in the subproject area so that people can learn and apply through practice. - Thoroughly cultivate the development of the macrobrachium rosenbergii - rice model without using plant protection drugs in the rice crop, not only reducing the environmental impacts but also protecting the environment for shrimp farming. Feasibility of the measures: These measures have been successfully applied in the agricultural production area, therefore the feasibility is very high. Effectiveness of the measures: Applying measures will limit the negative impact of the rice production on the environment, contributing to the production of clean agricultural products, producing sustainable ecological models, improving product quality and contributing to improving people’s income.

5.3.6. Addressing Social Vulnerability for livelihood models

- Preparation for farmers to implement livelihood models: ▪ Provide in-depth knowledge on technical aspects of production by applying the Farmer Field Farming School (FFS) approach with local farmers on technical knowledge as well as hand-on training on ways to convert to new livelihood models. Key activities will include, but not limited to, (i) undertaking a series of technical workshops to provide basic knowledge on technical issues related to on-farm management as well as clear explanation on ways to convert to the new models; (ii) setting up a group of qualified agricultural/aquacultural extension officers who can provide direct guidance to local farmers when they require through a “Training-of-Trainer or TOT” program including preparation of technical guidelines and/or manual that could be used to equip local farmers people enough knowledge and techniques when new models are introduced in the area; and (iii) establishing farmer networks through a series of study visits to appropriate areas so that farmers could have opportunities to exchange knowledge and implementation experience that could help to enhance the quality of the model application. ▪ Locate pilot livelihood demonstrations near successful models in order to change farmer’s risk perceptions. ▪ Use farmer cooperatives or collective groups to implement livelihood adaptation models ▪ Start-up capital needs to be provided to fund the livelihood investments ▪ Develop predictive decision support tools that can provide farmers with early warning of droughts and floods

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- Reduce the risk of over-supply by working with agribusinesses on a staged incremental approach. - Increase the diversity of adaptation models - Share and transfer lessons and experience between subprojects - Developing organic products to diversify markets - Mass organizations should play a central role in supporting farmers - Encourage agribusinesses to establish hatcheries capable of producing high-quality aquaculture seed as close as possible to the sub-project sites - Livelihood support for the landless in the subproject area is established or extended from existing development programs - Encourage agribusiness (particularly vertically integrated companies) companies to extend their value chains to create employment opportunities for the poor. - Extension training programs ensure that they are done in a manner and time that allows women to adequately tend to their domestic duties, ie. childcare, meal preparations, etc.

5.3.7. Risk of weather fluctuations to the models

- For floating rice and shrimp farming areas, the half-way dike solution must be strengthened to mitigate impacts in non-flood years like in 2015, when the producers could pump water from canals into their production area of floating rice or macrobrachium rosenbergii shrimp farms to maintain production. - Shrimp farmers should build a system of permanent nursery nets, ensuring no loss of shrimp when floods come. - The agricultural and fishery extension agency shall guide the transfer of shrimp farming techniques, including solidified techniques for making nursery nets for people to apply.

5.3.8. Risk of disease in aquaculture

- The Dong Thap DARD together with the local veterinary agency control tight source of fingerlings of shrimp in the area. - Nurseries of high quality male breeding freshwater shrimp have been quarantined for supply to breeding areas. - Do not develop too concentrated aquaculture areas, especially within an area where no more than 50% of the water surface is cultivated. - When an epidemic virus disease is detected, the infected shrimp should be immediately destroyed to cut off the source of the disease. - Local authorities coordinate with the insurance agency to create an insurance market for farmers in case of trouble. - In the case of epidemics, the local authorities should declare the epidemic and adopt a policy to support the farmers to restore production.

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5.3.9. Mitigation measures for negative impacts during the operation phase

5.3.9.1. Mitigate the risk of damages of the embankment, pumping stations and culverts

- Contractors must comply with the technical standards as designed and have independent units that monitor the quality of the works. - The irrigation management agency together with the local authorities and people regularly check and maintain the works every year to ensure the stable dike as well as the system of culverts and pumping stations. - The separation of water sources must be carried out for the aquaculture model of two rice production models at the beginning and the end of flood season.

5.3.9.2. Measures the risk of traffic accidents

There are concerns about the risks of traffic accidents in the operation phase of the subproject. It is concerned about the risks of traffic problems caused by the 77.89km of strengthening semi-dikes in operation phase. Installing signs, safety instructions to minimize the potential for increased traffic accident accidents.

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CHAPTER 6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

On the basis of the assessment of negative impacts presented in Chapter 3 and the measures of impact mitigation recommended in Chapter 5, this Chapter will present the ESMP and monitoring plan, taking into account the compliance with the provisions of the Government's ESIA and safety policies of the WB. ESMP’s mitigation measures are divided into 3 basic parts: (i) ECOP; (ii) Specific mitigation measures for the specific types of works, and (iii) Site-specific mitigation measures for each sensitive receptor to be affected by the subproject’s works items. (i) All of the potential negative impacts on the physical, biological, and social environment could be mitigated through a set of general measures that are typically applied to most of the construction projects to minimize impacts such as noise, dust, vibration, waste generation, traffic hindrance, public safety, etc. In this context, an ECOP has been prepared to describe specific requirements to be carried out by contractor to mitigate the subproject potential impacts considered to be general impacts. The contractor will also be required to mitigate site-specific impacts which will be identified to address issues specific to the subproject. (ii) In addition to adopting the ECOP, specific mitigation measures are identified for addressing the impacts associated with the specific types of works under the subproject such as dredging canals, strengthening spillways and semi-embankments, building sluices and pump stations. These measures will be included in the contracts for corresponding packages. (iii) Site-specific mitigation measures will need to be included when the impacts specific for each sensitive receptor of which mitigation measures could not be addressed through the implementation of the ECOP. Measures to mitigate the negative impacts of land acquisition are detailed in the Resettlement Action Plan of the subproject and these will be implemented and monitored separately.

6.1. SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF SUB-PROJECT

6.1.1. Positive impacts

6.1.1.1. Positive impacts of structural works

Two main types of investments have been proposed in this subproject, including structural works and non-structural works. The proposed structural works include canal dredging, embankment and spillway lining/strengthening and rehabilitation or construction of sluices and pumping station. Non-structural works are related to agricultural production demonstration models. Implementation of the subproject will bring positive impacts for the subproject areas as follows: Impacts on drainage and flooding: The dikes in the region are identified as the August dikes with the purpose of preventing early floods to protect production in combination with the open culverts, underground culverts, pump stations and spillways at the head of main canals people can take initiative to collect and drain water at late flood seasons to promote production. During main floods, the dikes will be flooded and flood water is drained via spillways into fields and culverts to increase flood drainage and develop the livelihoods in the

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direction of flood exploitation. As a result, the Subproject basically neither prevent main floods nor change the flood situation compared with the current status of soil dikes. The only difference is that thank to the strengthened dikes (reinforcing of dikes, construction of open culverts, underground culverts, and spillways), people will actively bring flood water into their fields at beginning flood seasons, store and take initiative in draining flood water at ending flood seasons to reduce damages compared to the current soil dikes. Ensuring social development. Subproject implementation will include developing plans to help the population in the subproject area, including: (i) contribute to local employment during the flood seasons: previously, when floods come, local people leave their fields to other provinces to find jobs. When implementing the subproject, people can continue to make a living with suitable models of their own or work for other aquaculture households, which contribute to stabilizing the local economy; (ii) improve the road network of the subproject communes and districts: the current state of the semi-dikes is mostly soil or macadam roads. The road surface is only 0.4 to 0.8m wide. Pedestrians and motorcycles on roads are not convenient, especially when it rains. When floods start the roads are completely useless. The Subproject will carry out dike reinforcement; therefore, they will be roads for residents in dry seasons, early flood seasons and late flood seasons. Thus, the subproject implementation will improve road traffic condition compared to the current status. The roads also serve people to transport raw materials for rice production in dry seasons and agricultural products when harvesting. Contributing to economic development: Thank the system of August flood control as semi- dikes, open culverts, underground culverts, spillways, the flood time will be slower and more stable. People are peaceful to have enough time to grow another cash crop or rice crop, etc. after the W/S crop. In addition, the diversification of crops such as the models of vegetables, aquatic plants and lotus plants will diversify agricultural products, increase the value of rice production.

6.1.1.2. Positive impacts of non-structural works

Improving environmental pollution and risks: Thank the rotation with other crops or other aquaculture models instead of specialized rice cultivation as before, it contributes to the reduction of pest and disease outbreaks in the next crops as well as reduces the use of plant protection chemicals in the next crops. In addition, the production of rice under IPM and aquaculture under VIETGAP standards will increase the soil nutrition, reduce pests, reduce the amount of fertilizer for rice in the next crop and increase profits for farmers.

6.1.2. Negative impacts

For structural works: - During the preparation phase, the subproject will cause impacts on the environment and local people in the subproject area. The subproject will acquire land from households and affect the living and production of the people. The removal and clearance of buildings and structures out of the subproject area will generate negative impacts on the environment. In addition, within the subproject site where residue UXOs, the risk of UXOs will affect the quality of the work and life of workers and people around the construction site. However, these impacts will be mitigated through the implementation of compensation and resettlement in line with the policy set out in the RPF of MD-ICRSL project and RAP of

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this subproject. The subproject owner will be contracted to the UXO clearance authority and the contractor will only carry out if the construction sites are safe. - During the construction phase, there will be negative impacts including vehicle and equipment exhaust emissions, smoke, dust and noise from construction equipment during the construction of the subproject components, wastewater from construction workers and construction activities, construction solid waste, dredged sludge and some contaminated waste, among others. These have been identified in the ESMP. These impacts can be mitigated by ensuring that the subproject contractors comply with the provisions of their contracts, including those which relate to environmental impacts. The PPMU and their CSC and EMC will be responsible for ensuring that this compliance occurs. In accordance with their contracts, contractors will be required to prepare the Contract Specific Environmental Plan (CSEP) describing detailed environmental safeguard actions. The CSEP will be approved by PPMU and supervised by CSCs prior to the work commencing. Periodic monitoring reports will be prepared by the EMC and the results will be submitted to CPMU and the World Bank (as needed). - During the operation, the Subproject will cause such negative impacts as damages to embankments, culverts, pumping stations… For non-structural works: the negative impacts related to wastes from the implementation of the livelihood models, which will affect the psychology and income of people. There may be impacts from disease risks, water conflicts among the areas implementing the livelihood models. However, these impacts will be minimized through training to raise public awareness of the impacts of waste, diseases, experiences in implementing livelihoods models, linking and forecasting the market. Propaganda and education to raise awareness of the protection of the works will ensure long-term operation and the environment is always well protected. Developing brands for goods from livelihood models, marketing and expanding output markets and production area planning for management and control while controlling the environmental impacts will be implemented at the same time.

6.2. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

6.2.1. During the preconstruction phase

Mitigation measures during the pre-construction phase are summarized in Table 6.1.

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Table 6.1: Mitigation measures during the pre-construction phase of the subproject Subproject Environmental and social Implementati Implementing Supervising No. Mitigation measures Budget activities impacts on time agency agency I During pre-construction phase

1 Land acquisition The subproject will acquire Land acquisition and resettlement Budget for During the − Dong Thap − Dong Thap 10.077ha of land, in which 9.48 ha will comply with approval RPF of compensatio pre- Compensation PPMU of agricultural land. There are 366 ICRSL project and RAP of the n and construction and Clearance − IEMC households affected, 141 houses to subproject, specifically: clearance phase Board

be relocated − Compensate for all losses at − Dong Thap replacement costs and provide PPMU replacement land within their village or commune satisfactory to them so that their cultural and social cohesion could be maintained.

− Support for relocating HHs to restore their livelihood and living conditions.

− To be recruited for the subproject.

2 UXO residues − The subproject will allocate fund Subproject After − UXO − Dong Thap for clearance of the UXO remained budget completion of clearance PPMU

after the war at the construction the land contractor − IEMC areas. The subproject owner will acquisition sign a contract with the specialized and military unit in Dong Thap compensation province to carry out the UXO clearance at the construction sites. This activity will be implemented right after completing land acquisition and compensation and before any dismantling, demolition or ground clearance takes place.

− Ensure that the contractors shall

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Subproject Environmental and social Implementati Implementing Supervising No. Mitigation measures Budget activities impacts on time agency agency only commence site works after the subproject areas are already been cleared

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6.2.2. During the construction phase

6.2.2.1. Mitigation measures for general impacts

On the basis of the scale and impacts of the subproject on the natural and socio-economic environment (see Chapter 3) and measures to mitigate these impacts (see Chapter 5), the ESMP) which include ECOP and Codes of Conducts, is designed to manage environmental protection issues in the preparation, construction and operation of the subproject as shown in Table 6.2 and Table 6.3.

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Table 6.2: ECOP as mitigation measures of general impacts related to Subproject’s activities during the construction phase Subproject Implementa Implementing Supervising No. Environmental and social impacts Mitigation measures Budget activities tion time agency agency

1 Dust generation/ air − Earthworks and excavation activities − The Contractor is responsible for Construction During Contractors − Dong Thap pollution will generate dust. compliance with relevant cost construction PPMU − The amount of dust generated from Vietnamese legislation with phase − CSC these activities depends on the respect to ambient air quality. volume of digging and backfilling, − The Contractor shall ensure that and also depends on the number of the generation of dust is machines and trucks working on site. minimized and is not perceived as

− The construction will be on the river, a nuisance by local residents and canal, and in the form of rolling in shall implement a dust control sequences, which will help to reduce plan to maintain a safe working dust generation so air pollution is environment and minimize small disturbances for surrounding residential areas/dwellings. − Transportation of materials will small impact because materials will be − The Contractor shall implement transported by waterway and will take dust suppression measures (e.g. place at the start of construction and covering of material stockpiles, over a very short time etc.) as required. − Material loads shall be suitably covered and secured during transportation to prevent the scattering of soil, sand, materials, or dust.

− Exposed soil and material stockpiles shall be protected against wind erosion and the location of stockpiles shall take into consideration the prevailing wind directions and locations of sensitive receptors.

− Dust masks should be used by

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Subproject Implementa Implementing Supervising No. Environmental and social impacts Mitigation measures Budget activities tion time agency agency workers where dust levels are excessive

− All vehicles must comply with Vietnamese regulations controlling allowable emission limits of exhaust gases.

− Vehicles in Vietnam must undergo a regular emissions check and obtain certification: “Certificate of conformity from inspection of quality, technical safety and environmental protection” following Decision No. 35/2005/QD-BGTVT.

− There should be no burning of waste or construction materials on site.

− Cement processing plants should be far from residential areas.

2 Impacts from noise − Operating the construction machines, − The contractor is responsible for Construction During Contractors − Dong Thap and vibration vehicles will cause the noise, compliance with the relevant cost construction PPMU

however, most activities will take Vietnamese legislation with phase − CSC place in field, so the impact is small. respect to noise and vibration.

− All vehicles must have appropriate “Certificate of conformity from inspection of quality, technical safety and environmental protection” following Decision No. 35/2005/QDBGTVT, to avoid exceeding noise emission from poorly maintained machines. 275

Subproject Implementa Implementing Supervising No. Environmental and social impacts Mitigation measures Budget activities tion time agency agency

− When needed, measures to reduce noise to acceptable levels must be implemented and could include silencers, mufflers, acoustically dampened panels or placement of noisy machines in acoustically protected areas.

− Avoiding or minimizing transportation through community areas and avoiding as well as material processing areas (such as cement mixing).

3 Surface water − Wastewater from construction − The Contractor must be Construction During Contractors − Dong Thap pollution from workers is small due to camps is only responsible for compliance with cost construction PPMU

excavation and built at the site of culvert Vietnamese legislation relevant to phase − CSC filling activities, construction. Each camp requires only wastewater discharges into worker’s camp and 1-3 workers to look after the materials watercourses.

construction so the impact is small. − Portable toilets must be provided equipment − All construction activities will be in on sites of culverts; semi-dyke the dry season, so the impact of and overflow spillage rainwater runoff is very small. strengthening; on sucking boat for

− There are not many construction construction workers. machines so the amount of discharged − Discharged oil from construction oil is small. equipment must be collected and

− The number of boats for material treated as hazardous waste. transportation is small (about 1.2 trips − Site cleaning limits pollution a day) but it is dispersed so the impact from runoff of material transportation on quality of water is small

4 Drainage and − Lacking control of the temporary − Control of excavation work from Construction During Contractors − Dong Thap sedimentation material yards in the subproject area the existing dykes to avoid cost construction PPMU may be lead to erosion and 276

Subproject Implementa Implementing Supervising No. Environmental and social impacts Mitigation measures Budget activities tion time agency agency

sedimentation problems. spreading the soil to canals phase − CSC

− − The subproject semi-dykes need to be reinforced before flooding

− The subproject dykes that have not been reinforced before floods must be protected by a geotextile.

− Build routes of drainage and irrigation for rice farmers when constructing dykes.

5 Solid wastes − Solid waste includes construction − At all places of work, the Construction During Contractors − Dong Thap solid waste and domestic solid waste. Contractor shall provide litter cost construction PPMU

− Construction solid waste includes bins, containers and refuse phase − CSC excavated soil, dredged sludge and collection facilities. cement cover. They will be reused for − If possible, excavated soil should backfilling and the local authorities be fully utilized for dyke have a plan to reuse the remaining upgrading.

solid wastes. These are non-hazardous − Recyclable materials such as wastes but it needs to be handled to wooden plates for trench works, avoid impacts on air, water qualities, steel, scaffolding material, site and big dirty masses in the subproject holding, packaging material, etc area. shall be collected and separated − Domestic waste and rubbish on-site from other waste sources (domestic solid waste) generated from for reuse, for use as fill, or for workers that contain organic wastes sale.

such as rubbish, paper, carton box, etc − No burning, on-site burying or and other wastes. The average dumping of solid waste shall generation volume of the domestic occur. solid waste is about 0.3 − Under no circumstances shall the kg/person/day. contractor dispose of any material − This domestic waste will be collected in environmentally sensitive to avoid environmental pollution. Due areas, such as in areas of natural to the volume of this kind of waste is 277

Subproject Implementa Implementing Supervising No. Environmental and social impacts Mitigation measures Budget activities tion time agency agency not big, they can be collected into the habitat or in watercourses. rubbish collection system along the subproject

6 Hazardous wastes Hazardous waste is mainly discharged − Chemical waste of any kind shall Construction During Contractors − Dong Thap oil, leachate oil, oily rags due to be disposed of at an approved cost construction PPMU

periodic maintenance of equipment. appropriate landfill site and in phase − CSC The amount of hazardous wastes is not accordance with local legislative much, but they could cause adverse requirements. The Contractor impacts to the environment, sanitary, shall obtain needed disposal source of diseases on the site. certificates.

Therefore, it is necessary to collect, − The removal of asbestos- transport and treat appropriately. containing materials or other toxic substances shall be performed and disposed of by specially trained and certified workers.

− Used oil and grease shall be removed from the site and sold to an approved used oil recycling company.

− Used oil, lubricants, cleaning materials, etc. from the maintenance of vehicles and machinery shall be collected in holding tanks and removed from the site by a specialized oil recycling company for disposal at an approved hazardous waste site.

− Used oil or oil-contaminated materials that could potentially contain PCBs shall be securely stored to avoid any leakage or 278

Subproject Implementa Implementing Supervising No. Environmental and social impacts Mitigation measures Budget activities tion time agency agency affecting workers.

− Unused or rejected tar or bituminous products shall be returned to the supplier’s production plant.

− Relevant agencies shall be promptly informed of any accidental spill or incident.

− Store chemicals appropriately and with appropriate labeling

− Appropriate communication and training programs should be put in place to prepare workers to recognize and respond to workplace chemical hazards

− Prepare and initiate a remedial action following any spill or incident. In this case, the contractor shall provide a report explaining the reasons for the spill or incident, remedial action is taken, consequences/damage from the spill, and proposed corrective actions.

7 Traffic interruption The existing dikes are also pathways, − Before construction, carry out Construction During Contractors − Dong Thap so when excavating the existing ones to consultations with local cost construction PPMU

embank the new dykes will affect the government and community and phase − CSC traffic of people. with traffic police.

− Significant increases in a number of vehicle trips must be covered in a construction plan previously approved. Routing, especially of 279

Subproject Implementa Implementing Supervising No. Environmental and social impacts Mitigation measures Budget activities tion time agency agency heavy vehicles, needs to take into account sensitive sites such as schools, hospitals, and markets.

− Installation of lighting at night must be done, if necessary, to ensure safe traffic circulation.

− Place signs around the construction areas to facilitate traffic movement, provide directions to various components of the works, and provide safety advice and warnings.

− Employ safe traffic control measures, including road/rivers/canal signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions.

− Avoid material transportation for construction during rush hours.

− Passageways for pedestrians and vehicles within and outside construction areas should be segregated and provide for easy, safe, and appropriate access. Signposts shall be installed appropriately in both water-ways and roads where necessary.

− Set up temporary roads at construction sites for people to move

8 Worker and public Workers and local people could be at − Contractor shall comply with all Construction During Contractors − Dong Thap risk if they travel around or close to Vietnamese regulations regarding construction 280

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holes, buried in the material, etc. − Prepare and implement an action − CSC Worker concentration will cause the plan to cope with risk and following impacts: emergency.

− Increased demand for infrastructure − Preparation of emergency aid and utilities. service at the construction site.

− Pollution caused by waste and − Training workers on occupational domestic wastewater. safety regulations.

− Increase the risk of communicable − If blasting is to be used, diseases, such as malaria, HIV/AIDS, additional mitigation measures etc threaten the health of workers and and safety precautions must be local people. outlined in the ESMP.

− Affect local social secure, increase − Ensure that earpieces are crime rate, drug use, prostitution, provided to and used by workers social conflict, etc. who must use noisy machines such as piling, explosion, mixing, etc., for noise control and workers protection.

− The contractor shall provide safety measures such as the installation of fences, barriers warning signs, lighting system against traffic accidents as well as other risk to people.

− Contractors’ contracts to include conditions to ensure occupational health and safety; do not differentiate payment between women and men, and those who belong to local ethnic Khmer groups, for work of equal value; prevent use of child labor; and 281

Subproject Implementa Implementing Supervising No. Environmental and social impacts Mitigation measures Budget activities tion time agency agency comply with the government’s labor laws and related international treaty obligations.

9 Traffic safety All the construction materials will be − Before construction, carry out Construction During Contractors − Dong Thap transported by waterway; accidents consultations with local cost construction PPMU

can occur due to boats colliding during government and community and phase − CSC the travel to the work sites. These with traffic police.

incidents can cause serious impacts to − Significant increases in a number the environment, especially to the of vehicle trips must be covered water quality, such as increasing in a construction plan previously turbidity by stirring the bed on contact approved. Routing, especially of or through oil spills from engine heavy vehicles, needs to take into damage account sensitive sites such as − schools, hospitals, and markets.

− Installation of lighting at night must be done, if necessary, to ensure safe traffic circulation.

− Place signs around the construction areas to facilitate traffic movement, provide directions to various components of the works, and provide safety advice and warnings.

− Employ safe traffic control measures, including road/rivers/canal signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions.

− Avoid material transportation for construction during rush hours.

− Passageways for pedestrians and vehicles within and outside 282

Subproject Implementa Implementing Supervising No. Environmental and social impacts Mitigation measures Budget activities tion time agency agency construction areas should be segregated and provide for easy, safe, and appropriate access. Signposts shall be installed appropriately in both water-ways and roads where necessary.

10 Communication Lack of communication and − Maintain open communications Construction During Contractors − Dong Thap with local consultation with local communities with the local government and cost construction PPMU

communities can lead to opposition to the subproject concerned communities; the phase − CSC delays in the construction process, contractor shall coordinate with increased costs and unsatisfactory local authorities (leaders of local solutions. wards or communes, leader of villages) for agreed schedules of construction activities at areas nearby sensitive places or at sensitive times (e.g., religious festival days).

− Copies in Vietnamese of these ECOPs and of other relevant environmental safeguard documents shall be made available to local communities and to workers at the site.

− Reduced playground space, loss of playing fields and car parking: The loss of amenities during the construction process is often an unavoidable source of inconvenience to users in sensitive areas. However, early consultation with those affected provides the opportunity to 283

Subproject Implementa Implementing Supervising No. Environmental and social impacts Mitigation measures Budget activities tion time agency agency investigate and implement alternatives.

− Disseminate subproject information to affected parties (for example local authority, enterprises and affected households, etc) through community meetings before construction commencement, focusing on female-headed households, poor and vulnerable populations.

− Provide a community relations contact from who interested parties can receive information on site activities, subproject status and subproject implementation results.

− Provide all information, especially technical findings, in a language that is understandable to the general public and in a form useful to interested citizens and elected officials through the preparation of fact sheets and news releases, when major findings become available during the subproject phase.

− Monitor community concerns and information requirements as the subproject progresses.

− Respond to telephone inquiries 284

Subproject Implementa Implementing Supervising No. Environmental and social impacts Mitigation measures Budget activities tion time agency agency and written correspondence in a timely and accurate manner.

11 Chance find − There are also no important historical If the Contractor discovers Construction During Contractors − Dong Thap procedures and cultural sites identified in the archeological sites, historical sites, cost construction PPMU

subproject construction sites. There remains and objects, including phase − CSC are schools, residential areas near the graveyards and/or individual construction sites but impacts on the graves during excavation or temples are likely small and to construction, the Contractor shall:

mitigate potential noise impacts, − Stop the construction activities in equipment with low noise signatures the area of the chance find. will be used, work activities will − Delineate the discovered site or avoid days of worship, and if area. necessary, noise barriers will be − Secure the site to prevent any installed. damage or loss of removable − No adverse impacts on other objects. In cases of removable historical and cultural heritage antiquities or sensitive remains, a features are expected during the night guard shall be arranged until construction phase of the subproject the responsible local authorities − or the Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism take over.

− Notify the Construction Supervision Consultant who in turn will notify responsible local or national authorities in charge of the Cultural Property of Viet Nam (within 24 hours or less).

− Relevant local or national authorities are in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on subsequent appropriate procedures. This will require a preliminary evaluation 285

Subproject Implementa Implementing Supervising No. Environmental and social impacts Mitigation measures Budget activities tion time agency agency of the findings to be performed. The significance and importance of the findings should be assessed according to the various criteria relevant to cultural heritage; including the aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values.

− Decisions on how to handle the finding shall be taken by the responsible authorities. This could include changes in the layout (such as when finding irremovable remains of cultural or archeological importance) conservation, preservation, restoration and salvage.

− If the cultural sites and/or relics are of high value and site preservation is recommended by the professionals and required by the cultural relic’s authority, the Subproject’s owner will need to make necessary design changes to accommodate the request and preserve the site.

− Decisions concerning the management of the finding shall be communicated in writing by relevant authorities.

− Construction works could resume only after permission is granted 286

Subproject Implementa Implementing Supervising No. Environmental and social impacts Mitigation measures Budget activities tion time agency agency from the responsible local authorities concerning safeguard of the heritage.

12 Fire and an Fire and explosion incidents could − Provide equipment and Construction During Contractors − Dong Thap explosive incident occur during transporting and storing procedures for fire prevention and cost construction PPMU

during the fuel, or because of unsafe use of the control on site; phase − CSC construction phase temporary electric generation system, − Apply fire and explosion causing loss of life and property prevention and management during construction. standards on site and at fuel storage areas;

− Equipping fire prevention and fighting equipment on site and training workers on fire prevention and management.

− Provide protective equipment for workers;

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Table 6.3: Workers Codes of Conducts Workers Codes of Conducts 1. Compliance with applicable laws, rules, and regulations, with applicable health and safety requirements; 2. Prioritise the use of local labours, particularly ethnic minorities 3. The transportation, storage and use of illegal substances including weapons is prohibited; 4. Do not involve in social evils. Do not quarrel or fight that cause social disorder 5. Do not catch, hunt, trade, keep in cage or usage of wildlife or wildlife products. Do not bring domestic animals in camps 6. Do not use alcohol during working hours, smoking at construction site is prohibited; 7. Non-Discrimination (for example on the basis of family status, ethnicity, race, gender, religion, language, marital status, birth, age, disability, or political conviction) 8. Interactions with community members with attitude of respect and non-discrimination) 9. Sexual harassment (for example to prohibit use of language or behavior, in particular towards women or children, that is inappropriate, harassing, abusive, sexually provocative, demeaning or culturally inappropriate) is prohibited 10. Violence or exploitation (for example the prohibition of the exchange of money, employment, goods, or services for sex, including sexual favors or other forms of humiliating, degrading or exploitative behavior) is prohibited 11. Protection of children (including prohibitions against abuse, defilement, or otherwise unacceptable behavior with children, limiting interactions with children, and ensuring their safety in project areas) 12. Avoidance of conflicts of interest (such that benefits, contracts, or employment, or any sort of preferential treatment or favors, are not provided to any person with whom there is a financial, family, or personal connection) 13. Respecting reasonable work instructions (including regarding environmental and social norms) 14. Protection and proper use of property. Maintain sanitation and safe conditions in both camps and construction sites. Prohibit theft, careless usage of resources, set fire without being authorised or pollute the environment 15. Duty to report violations of this Code Violations of the Codes of conducts will lead to disciplinary actions

6.2.2.2. Mitigation measures for specific impacts

Table 6.4 presents site-specific mitigation measures that could not be addressed through the application of the ECOPs because the site-specific mitigation measures are for addressing the impacts which are very site-specific.

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Table 6.4: Mitigation measures for specific impacts of structure works Structure works/construction activities Specific impacts Mitigation measures

Canal dredging − Increased − Preparing the dredged material disposal plan (DMDP) for dredging, details turbidity reduces are in Appendix 7.

water quality, − Installation of lighting at night must be done if this is necessary to ensure affecting safe traffic circulation. aquaculture, − Place signs around the construction areas to facilitate traffic movement, especially shrimp provide directions to various components of the works, and provide safety farming area (Cu advice and warning. Lao Chim), − Employing safe traffic control measures, including canal signs and flag catfish farming persons to warn of dangerous conditions. (Khang Chien canal section − When dredging below wooden and iron bridges with clearance elevations close to Vinh lower than the height of the dredger, the constructor must temporarily Hung - Hong remove these bridges and inform alternative bridges for local people a week Ngu canal). before dredging. In case there have no alternative bridges, the constructor must install temporary bridges for local people movement. − Risk of erosion due to dredging − Inform alternative roads for local people a week before dredging where the activities. pipelines of the suction dredger across over the roads. − Operate dredging bucket in accordance with the process and speed to limit − Impacts and risks at disposal sites disperse of sediment when collecting bucket too fast. − Perform water quality monitoring parameters such as SS, pH, turbidity − Impacts of dredged sludge during construction. with acid sulfate − Tug boats, barges transporting sediment into dump sites will be covered to soil (pH 5-6). prevent odors into the surrounding environment during transport. Sediment should be transported within the permitted capacity of barges to avoid − Impact on navigation leakage into canals on the way. This measure will reduce odor to the environment about 40-70% if without covering during the transport.

− Do not pump the sediment into the dump sites at night, if there are complainants about foul odor from the dump sites, the construction teams must consider stopping the construction to take appropriate measures.

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Structure works/construction activities Specific impacts Mitigation measures

− In order to minimize impacts from dredging activities to aquaculture water- taking by users, when preparing the construction, the construction companies should coordinate with local people to inform the construction plan, construction time and time to stop construction on the local media to the aquaculture farmers to plan to take water before the construction time or not when the water sources are affected by dredging.

− Arrange appropriate construction time. In case of people’s aquaculture in the radius of 1-2km who need water for aquaculture, do not dredge at the peak tide.

− Prior to pumping dredged sediment into dump sites, the Subproject Owner will notify the local authorities about the dredging plan.

− The results of sediment analysis show that the metal concentration in the river sediment meets the environmental standard which can be used for planting and leveling after dewatering.

− The Subproject Owner requires the Contractors in charge of dredging to regularly inspect dump sites, dredged sediment, especially after heavy rainfall to consider damages caused by the flow, soil erosion or deposit. Simultaneously, restore the premises before completing the works.

− The Subproject Owner requests the Contractors to keep sediment and spoil management records including the amount of sediment, dredged soil and reused quantity, composition and properties of the sediment, how to treat, names and addresses of sediment receiving sites where sediment is used.

− A dumpsite must have at least 2 compartments (sediment compartment and settling compartment) to increase the retaining time in the site. Wastewater must be stored in the compartment for at least one day to let small sediment settle.

− At the discharge sluice gates, bamboo and sand-bags will be strengthened to avoid water discharge to cause a landslide.

− The embankment should be higher than the design 20cm and the safety coefficient is 1.1 to avoid when pumping sediment out, it is overflow when it

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Structure works/construction activities Specific impacts Mitigation measures is filled. The pumping process starts from a distance far from the sluice gate and connects pipes gradually to the sluice gate to ensure the maximum retention time of water in a dumpsite.

− Monitor water source from a dump site sluice gate to not pollute the surface water environment. If the water quality does not meet the standard, the construction teams must stop pumping and wait for the SS settling to not exceed the allowed standard.

− Regularly monitor maintenance and inspection of dyke embankments daily and check seepage. To ensure safety when operating the sluice gates, the construction teams arrange at least 20 soil-bags at a sluice gate.

− Set up barriers and signboards that prohibit people, especially children, from entering the dump sites.

− In case of sediment and water spillage from the dump sites to the environment, the construction teams shall take measures to stop the incidents and work with local authorities to compensate for damages.

− Temporary stop all dredging works in case of heavy rain or any emergency.

− Minimize effects the trees on both sides of the canal, which may be home to birds

− Do not catch, hunt birds Erosion along the dredging routes: - Monitoring bank erosion during dredging. - Sending staff to observe daily erosion during the construction phase. - Construction of the slope in accordance with the design to ensure the stability of the flow. - Construction of the route has been determined, avoid construction on one side.

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Structure works/construction activities Specific impacts Mitigation measures appropriate measures. Strengthening semi-embankment and - Impact on - Install signboards, construction instructions, provide alternative directions spillways people's traffic in for people moving. some residential - In the absence of alternative roads, organize the construction of one half of clusters, lines the route to maintain the passage for people to go back and forth. such as Kho Be - Notify the people about the construction activities and the impacts caused by RC, Khang the construction such as dust and noise before construction 1 month. Chien RL and An - Do not burn waste at the site. Binh B RL, - Spray water to prevent dust on sunny and windy days. - Impacts due to dust, noise, - Resolve immediately the problem caused by construction to local people. vibration on - The transportation of raw materials and construction equipment when going people in some through the school must go at a speed of 5 km/h residential - Construction activities should be in daytime clusters such as Kho Be RC, Khang Chien RL and An Binh B RL - Risk of a landslide by construction activities Building culverts, sluices and pump stations - Impacts due to - Notify the people about the construction activities and the impacts caused by dust, noise, the construction such as dust and noise before construction 1 month. vibration on - Do not burn waste at the site. people around - Spray water to prevent dust on sunny and windy days. - Risk of landslide - Resolve immediately the problem caused by construction to local people due to - Construction activities should be in daytime construction

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Structure works/construction activities Specific impacts Mitigation measures activities - Provide alternative pumps for irrigation and drainage activities during - Impacts of activities installation of 18,400m medium voltage line - Disruption of irrigation services due to the process of construction and existing production of local people occurs in parallel

Table 6.5: Mitigation measures for site-specific impacts No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks Mitigation measures photos/map Features I Dredging canal 1 Khang Chien canal from Tan Thanh – Lo gach to An Phong – My Hoa 1.1 From km 4+800 to Km 8+600 Kho Be - Increased construction wastes, waste, water, - It should be paying attention to prevent residential exhaust gases, dust and noise affecting local dust, noise when construction is a nearby route is people’ health residential cluster. about 700m - Traffic disruption where the pipelines of - Ensure traffic safety (installation of fence long suction dredger cross over the road to the and warning sign, traffic instruction, etc) disposal site around the construction area. - Traffic disruption where the bridge having - Wastewater, solid waste, spoil, etc. should clearance elevation lower than the height of be controlled to avoid an effect on surface

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No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks Mitigation measures photos/map Features the suction dredger water sources by pollution. - Impact on aquaculture due to high turbidity - Good drainage to avoid stormwater run-off - Traffic safety risks to the community, to orchard land of local people especially at night - Training on the code of conducts for - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol construction worker and drug abuse, domestic violence, - Constructor must temporarily remove prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, these bridges and inform alternative gender-based violence and diseases bridges for local people a week before transmission dredging. In case there have no alternative bridges, the constructor must install

temporary bridges for local people movement. - Inform alternative roads for local people a week before dredging where the pipelines of the suction dredger across over the roads. 1.2 From Km 12+400 to Km 20+600 Ca No RA - Increased construction wastes, waste, water, - It should be paying attention to prevent with the exhaust gases, dust and noise affecting local dust, noise when construction is a nearby length of people’ health residential cluster. 250m - Traffic disruption where the pipelines of - Ensure traffic safety (installation of fence suction dredger cross over the road to the and warning sign, traffic instruction, etc.) disposal site around the construction area. - Wastewater, solid waste, spoil, etc. should - Traffic disruption where the bridge having clearance elevation lower than the height of be controlled to avoid an effect on surface the suction dredger water sources by pollution. - Impact on aquaculture due to high turbidity - Good drainage to avoid stormwater run-off - Traffic safety risks to the community, to orchard land of local people especially at night - Training onthe code of conducts for - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol construction workers and drug abuse, domestic violence,

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No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks Mitigation measures photos/map Features prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, gender-based violence and diseases transmission Phu Thanh - Increased construction wastes, waste, water, - Inform the schools about the construction B Primary exhaust gases, dust and noise affecting plan and the impacts caused by the and students’ health construction to the schools such as dust Secondary - Lessons affected by noise and vibration and noise a month before the construction. School - Do not burn waste at the site. - Spray water to prevent dust on sunny and windy days. - Resolve immediately the problem caused by the construction to the schools. - The means of transporting construction materials, equipment when going through the school must go at a speed of 15km/h - Do not let the dredging sludge flow over the road, spray the deodorant of the sludge - Ensure noise from construction site to school is 55dBA in daytime. - Training on the code of conducts for construction workers Phu Thanh - Risk on the safety of local people - Arrange traffic regulators at the A ferry construction site. - Install signboards - Training on the code of conducts for construction workers

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No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks Mitigation measures photos/map Features 1.3 Km 25+00 to Km 30+300 Khang - Increased construction wastes, waste, water, - It should be paying attention to prevent Chien RL exhaust gases, dust and noise affecting local dust, noise when construction is a nearby with the people’ health residential cluster. length of - Traffic disruption where the pipelines of - Ensure traffic safety (installation of fence 1km suction dredger cross over the road to the and warning sign, traffic instruction, etc) disposal site around the construction area. - Traffic disruption where the bridge having - Wastewater, solid waste, spoil, etc. should clearance elevation lower than the height of be controlled to avoid an effect on surface the suction dredger water sources by pollution. - Impact on aquaculture due to high turbidity - Good drainage to avoid stormwater run-off - Traffic safety risks to the community, to orchard land of local people especially at night - Training on the code of conducts for - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol construction worker and drug abuse, domestic violence, prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, gender-based violence and diseases transmission 50m from - Increased construction wastes, waste, water, - Arrange traffic regulators at the the exhaust gases, dust and noise affecting construction site construction patients’ health - Do not work at night site - Conflicts between construction workers and - Ensure the noise level from the patients and their families construction site to the medical station is 55dBA during daytime. - Do not let the dredging sludge flow over the road, spray the deodorant of the sludge. - Spray water to prevent dust on sunny and

windy days. - Training on the code of conducts for construction workers

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No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks Mitigation measures photos/map Features 50m from - Increased construction wastes, waste, water, - Inform the schools about the construction the exhaust gases, dust and noise affecting plan and the impacts caused by the construction students’ health construction to the schools such as dust and site - Lessons affected by noise and vibration noise a month before the construction. - Do not burn waste at the site. - Spray water to prevent dust on sunny and windy days. - Resolve immediately the problem caused by the construction to the schools.

- The means of transporting construction materials, equipment when going through the school must go at a speed of 15km/h - Do not let the dredging sludge flow over the road, spray the deodorant of the sludge - Ensure noise from construction site to school is 55dBA in daytime. - Training on the code of conducts for construction workers II Sluices and pumping stations 2.1 Muong Vop pump station The RL of - Increased construction wastes, waste, water, - It should be paying attention to prevent Thuong exhaust gases, dust and noise affecting dust, noise when construction is a nearby Thoi Hau A people’ health residential cluster. commune, - Vibration caused by the construction - Ensure traffic safety (installation of fence Hong Ngu machinery may affect houses and warning sign, traffic instruction, etc.) town - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol around the construction area. and drug abuse, domestic violence, - Wastewater, solid waste, spoil, etc. should prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, be controlled to avoid an effect on surface gender-based violence and diseases water sources by pollution. transmission -

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No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks Mitigation measures photos/map Features - Impact on waterway transportation - Good drainage to avoid storm water run- off to orchard land of local people - Training on the code of conducts for construction worker - Inform construction plan 1 month in advance for people to be active in their living activities and production

2.2 Chin Hue pump station, Dau Ca Cat The RL of - Increased construction wastes, waste, water, - It should be paying attention to prevent culvert and pump station, Nam Mung Thuong exhaust gases, dust and noise affecting dust, noise when construction is a nearby culvert Thoi Hau B people’ health residential cluster. commune, - Vibration caused by the construction - Ensure traffic safety (installation of fence Hong Ngu machinery may affect houses and warning sign, traffic instruction, etc.) town - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol around the construction area. and drug abuse, domestic violence, - Wastewater, solid waste, spoil, etc. should prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, be controlled to avoid an effect on surface gender-based violence and diseases water sources by pollution. transmission - Good drainage to avoid storm water run- - Impact on waterway transportation off to orchard land of local people - Impact on taking water for production - Training on the code of conducts for - Increase the risk of incidents construction worker - Inform construction plan 1 month in advance for people to be active in their living activities and production 2.3 Kho Be culvert Kho Be RL, - Increased construction wastes, waste, water, - It should be paying attention to prevent Hong Ngu exhaust gases, dust and noise affecting dust, noise when construction is a nearby people’ health residential cluster.

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No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks Mitigation measures photos/map Features town - Vibration caused by the construction - Ensure traffic safety (installation of fence machinery may affect houses and warning sign, traffic instruction, etc.) - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol around the construction area. and drug abuse, domestic violence, - Wastewater, solid waste, spoil, etc. should prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, be controlled to avoid an effect on surface gender-based violence and diseases water sources by pollution. transmission - Good drainage to avoid storm water run- - Impact on waterway transportation off to orchard land of local people - Impact on taking water for production - Training on the code of conducts for - Increase the risk of incidents construction worker - Inform construction plan 1 month in

advance for people to be active in their living activities and production 2.4 Bay Muoi Hai culvert and pump The - Increased construction wastes, waste, water, - It should be paying attention to prevent station residential exhaust gases, dust and noise affecting dust, noise when construction is a nearby route of An people’ health residential cluster. Binh B - Vibration caused by the - Ensure traffic safety (installation of fence commune, constructionmachinery may affect houses and warning sign, traffic instruction, etc) Hong Ngu - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol around the construction area. town and drug abuse, domestic violence, - Wastewater, solid waste, spoil, etc. should prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, be controlled to avoid an effect on surface gender-based violence and diseases water sources by pollution. transmission - Good drainage to avoid storm water run- - Impact on waterway transportation off to orchard land of local people - Impact on taking water for production - Training on the code of conducts for - Increase the risk of incidents construction workers - Inform construction plan 1 month in advance for people to be active in their living activities and production

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No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks Mitigation measures photos/map Features 2.5 Ong Nhon culvert and pump station Pangasius Fish death due to water pollution - Wastewater, solid waste, spoil should be pond controlled to avoid effect on surface water sources by pollution. - Training on the code of conducts for construction workers

2.6 Culvert and pump station at the west Shrimp Shrimp death due to water pollution - Wastewater, solid waste, spoil should be side of Khang Chien ponds controlled to avoid effect on surface water sources by pollution. - Training on the code of conducts for construction workers

2.7 Phu Thanh B culvert and pump Tram Chim - Air emission, waste generation and - Strictly forbidden to dispose of domestic station National vibration caused by the construction and construction wastes into water sources Park, 70m - Illegal entry of construction workers to cut - Strictly forbidden to hunt animals in the far from the trees and shoot birds forest station - Do not burn waste at the site

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No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks Mitigation measures photos/map Features - Ensure noise from the construction site to the NP is 55dBA in daytime. - Do not build at night. - Training on the code of conducts for construction workers

2.8 Ho Dau pump station Phu Loi - Increased construction wastes, waste, water, - Inform the schools about the construction Secondary exhaust gases, dust and noise affecting plan and the impacts caused by the School, 50m students’ health construction to the schools such as dust and far from the - Lessons affected by noise and vibration noise a month before the construction. station - Risks of traffic and works accidents to - Do not burn waste at the site. teachers and students - Spray water to prevent dust on sunny and - Vibration caused by the construction windy days. machinery may affect wall,the gate of school - Resolve immediately the problem caused by the construction to the schools. - The means of transporting construction materials, equipment when going through the school must go at a speed of 15km/h - Do not let the dredging sludge flow over the road, spray the deodorant of the sludge - Ensure noise from construction site to school is 55dBA in daytime. - Training on the code of conducts for construction workers III Embankment and spillways

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No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks Mitigation measures photos/map Features 1 Spillways 1.1 Ca Sach, Coi Dai and Coi Tieu Reinforcing - Impacts due to air emission, noise and - It should be paying attention to prevent spillways head of Ca vibration dust, noise when construction is a nearby Sach canal, - Vibration caused by the construction residential cluster. near the RA machinery may affect houses - Ensure traffic safety (installation of fence of Thuong - Potential localized flooding caused and warning sign, traffic instruction, etc.) Thoi Hau A, construction during rainy days around the construction area. Hong Ngu - Risks of traffic and accidents - Wastewater, solid waste, spoil, etc. should district - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol be controlled to avoid an effect on surface and drug abuse, domestic violence, water sources by pollution. prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, - Good drainage to avoid storm water run- - Increase in gender-based violence off to orchard land of local people - Increases diseases transmission - Training on the code of conducts for construction worker

1.2 Ca Cat, Nam Mung culverts and Residential - Impacts due to air emission, noise and - It should be paying attention to prevent pump stations route of vibration dust, noise when construction is a nearby Thuong - Vibration caused by the construction residential cluster.

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No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks Mitigation measures photos/map Features Thoi Hau B machinery may affect houses - Ensure traffic safety (installation of fence - Potential localized flooding caused and warning sign, traffic instruction, etc) construction during rainy days around the construction area. - Risks of traffic and accidents - Wastewater, solid waste, spoil, etc. should - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol be controlled to avoid an effect on surface and drug abuse, domestic violence, water sources by pollution. prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, - Good drainage to avoid stormwater run-off - Increase in gender-based violence to orchard land of local people - Increases diseases transmission - Training on the code of conducts for construction workers

1.3 Hai Thang Chin canal Hai Thang - Impacts due to air emission, noise and - It should be paying attention to prevent Chin RA vibration dust, noise when construction is a nearby - Vibration caused by the construction residential cluster. machinery may affect houses - Ensure traffic safety (installation of fence - Potential localized flooding caused and warning sign, traffic instruction, etc) construction duringrainy days around the construction area. - Risks of traffic and accidents - Wastewater, solid waste, spoil, etc. should - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol be controlled to avoid an effect on surface

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No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks Mitigation measures photos/map Features and drug abuse, domestic violence, water sources by pollution. prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, - Good drainage to avoid stormwater run-off - Increase in gender-based violence to orchard land of local people - Increases diseases transmission - Training on the code of conducts for construction workers

1.4 Thong Nhat canal Thong Nhat - Impacts due to air emission, noise and - It should be paying attention to prevent RA vibration dust, noise when construction is a nearby - Vibration caused by the construction residential cluster. machinery may affect houses - Ensure traffic safety (installation of fence - Potential localized flooding caused and warning sign, traffic instruction, etc) construction during rainy days around the construction area. - Risks of traffic and accidents - Wastewater, solid waste, spoil, etc. should - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol be controlled to avoid an effect on surface and drug abuse, domestic violence, water sources by pollution. prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, - Good drainage to avoid stormwater run-off - Increase in gender-based violence to orchard land of local people - Increases diseases transmission - Training on the code of conducts for construction worker 2 Embankment 2.1 West bank of Khang Chien Kho Be - Impacts due to air emission, noise and - It should be paying attention to prevent residential vibration dust, noise when construction is a nearby cluster - Vibration caused by the construction residential cluster. machinery may affect houses - Ensure traffic safety (installation of fence

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No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks Mitigation measures photos/map Features - Potential localized flooding caused and warning sign, traffic instruction, etc) construction during rainy days around the construction area. - Risks of traffic and accidents - Wastewater, solid waste, spoil, etc. should - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol be controlled to avoid an effect on surface and drug abuse, domestic violence, water sources by pollution. prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, - Good drainage to avoid stormwater run-off - Increase in gender-based violence to orchard land of local people - Increases diseases transmission - Training on the code of conducts for construction worker

2.2 East bank of Khang Chien canal Ca No RA - Impacts due to air emission, noise and - It shouldbe paying attention to prevent (from Hong Ngu – Tam Nong to vibration dust, noise when construction is a nearby Thanh Binh – Tam Nong) - Vibration caused by the construction residential cluster. machinery may affect houses - Ensure traffic safety (installation of fence - Potential localized flooding caused and warning sign, traffic instruction, etc) construction during rainy days around the construction area. - Risks of traffic and accidents - Wastewater, solid waste, spoil, etc. should - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol be controlled to avoid an effect on surface and drug abuse, domestic violence, water sources by pollution. prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, - Good drainage to avoid stormwater run-off - Increase in gender-based violence to orchard land of local people - Increases diseases transmission - Training on the code of conducts for construction worker 2.3 East bank of Khang Chien canal Khang - Impacts due to air emission, noise and - It should be paying attention to prevent (from Duong Gao canal to Tam Nong Chien RL, vibration dust, noise when construction is a nearby border canal) Phu Loi - Vibration caused by the construction residential cluster. commune machinery may affect houses - Ensure traffic safety (installation of fence - Potential localized flooding caused and warning sign, traffic instruction, etc)

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No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks Mitigation measures photos/map Features construction during rainy days around the construction area. - Risks of traffic and accidents - Wastewater, solid waste, spoil, etc. should - Increase in criminal activity and alcohol be controlled to avoid an effect on surface and drug abuse, domestic violence, water sources by pollution. prostitution, smuggling and gang activity, - Good drainage to avoid stormwater run-off - Increase in gender-based violence to orchard land of local people - Increases diseases transmission - Training on the code of conducts for construction worker

IV Disposal Sites 1 Site No. 3a, 3b, 3c The dump - Risks on local people falling to the disposal - Set up barriers and signboards that prohibit site makes sites people, especially children, from entering use of the - Risks on local flooding due to the breaking the dump sites. earth pond of the embankments of the disposal sites - Training on the code of conducts for that has and heavy rains construction workers been - At the outlets, bamboo and sand-bags will exploited to be strengthened to avoid water discharge fill the Kho to cause a landslide. Be - The embankment should be higher than the residential design 20cm and the safety coefficient is area in 2 1.1 to avoid when pumping sediment out, communes it is overflow when it is filled. The of An Binh pumping process starts from a distance far A and An from the sluice gate and connects pipes Binh B, gradually to the sluice gate to ensure the Hong Ngu maximum retention time of water in a

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No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks Mitigation measures photos/map Features Town so it dumpsite. is located - Regularly monitor maintenance and just behind inspection of embankments of disposal Kho Be RA sites daily and check seepage. To ensure safety when operating the outlets, the construction teams arrange at least 20 soil- bags at an outlet. - In case of sediment and water spillage from the dump sites to the environment, the construction teams shall take measures to stop the incidents and work with local authorities to compensate for damages. 2 Site No. 5 The dump - Risks on local people falling to the disposal - Set up barriers and signboards that prohibit site makes sites people, especially children, from entering use of the - Risks on local flooding due to the breaking the dump sites. earth pond of the embankments of the disposal sites - Training on the code of conducts for that has and heavy rains construction workers been - At the outlets, bamboo and sand-bags will exploited to be strengthened to avoid water discharge fill the to cause a landslide. Khang - The embankment should be higher than the Chien RA design 20cm and the safety coefficient is in Phu Loi 1.1 to avoid when pumping sediment out, commune so it is overflow when it is filled. The it is located pumping process starts from a distance far just behind from the sluice gate and connects pipes Khang gradually to the sluice gate to ensure the Chien RA maximum retention time of water in a dumpsite. - Regularly monitor maintenance and

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No. Work Item/Location and Noticeable Site-Specific Impacts/Risks Mitigation measures photos/map Features inspection of embankments of disposal sites daily and check seepage. To ensure safety when operating the outlets, the construction teams arrange at least 20 soil- bags at an outlet. - In case of sediment and water spillage from the dump sites to the environment, the construction teams shall take measures to stop the incidents and work with local authorities to compensate for damages.

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6.2.3. During the operation phase

Mitigation measures during the operation phase are summarized in Table 6.6.

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Table 6.6: Mitigation measures during the operation phase No. Subproject Environmental and social impacts Mitigation measures Budget Implementa Implemting Supervising activities tion time agency agency 1. Structure works

Operation of − Damage of culverts, sluices − Contractors must comply with the Operation During the − Local Dong Thap

structure works − Damage of semi-embankment technical standards as designed budget operation government PPC landslide, and sedimentation and have independent units that phase and traffic monitor the quality of the works. authorities − Traffic accidents on the embankment − The irrigation management − DPCs of − Explosion and fire of electric pump station agency together with the local subproject authorities and people regularly districts check and maintain the works every year to ensure the stable embankment as well as the system of culverts, sluices and pumping stations.

− The separation of water sources must be carried out for the aquaculture model of two rice production models at the beginning and the end of the flood season

− Installing signs, safety instructions to minimize the potential for increased traffic accident accidents 2 Non-structure works

2.1 Operation of − Waste generation − Technical training for farmers on Local budget During the Authorities of Dong Thap

livelihood models − Increase agriculture chemicals livelihood model production operation Hong Ngu PPC phase district, Hong − Abnormal weather conditions affect − Collect and treat wastes from the the models models Ngu town, Tam Nong − Risk of disease − Development of brand and trade district, Thanh

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− Risk of market for products Binh district,

− Social issues − Do not use drugs prohibited under Dong Thap Circular No. 08/VBHN- province BNNPTNT − Training IPM and “1 must 5 reductions” programs to limit the use of pesticides

− Livelihood support for the landless in the subproject areas should be established or extended from existing development programs

− Encourage agribusiness (particularly vertically integrated companies) companies to extend their value chains to create employment opportunities for the poor

− Extension training programs should ensure that they are done in a manner and time that allows women to adequately tend to their domestic duties, ie. childcare, meal preparations, etc.

2.2 Expansion Land use change due to the conversion − Determine clearly zone, area and Local budget During the − Authorities of Dong Thap livelihood models of rice land into aquaculture or other purpose of land use toward rice operation Hong Ngu PPC cash crops crop production together with phase district, Hong giant freshwater shrimp (Model Ngu town, No. 1). Tam Nong

− Determine clearly the region, area district, Thanh and purpose of land use toward Binh district, vegetation crop production Dong Thap together with floating rice crop province production in combination with

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the exploitation of aquaculture (Model No. 2).

− Determine clearly the region, area and purpose of land use toward 2 crops.

− The local government/ authority needs to manage the adjusted land use purpose planning to manage the production activities to be suitable with the plan as well as the production scale which is proposed in the subproject.

− Based on the result of the demonstration model, the actual need and demand as well as the capability of expansion of the market, especially the production demand of the local residential people, then the local government/ authority will propose to the project owner to have the orientation to maintain or continue expansion of the suitable production model with the water resource condition and the infrastructure condition.

2.3 Expansion Land use change due to the conversion − Determine clearly zone, area and Local budget During the − Authorities of Dong Thap livelihood models of rice land into aquaculture or other purpose of land use toward rice operation Hong Ngu PPC cash crops. crop production together with phase district, Hong giant freshwater shrimp (Model Ngu town, No. 1). Tam Nong

− Determine clearly the region, area district, Thanh and purpose of land use toward Binh district, vegetation crop production Dong Thap

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together with floating rice crop province production in combination with the exploitation of aquaculture (Model No. 2).

− Determine clearly the region, area and purpose of land use toward 2 crops.

2.4 Expansion Develop a large group of products − Market forecast for the subproject Local budget During the − Dong Thap Dong Thap livelihood models while not reach the output. output such as shrimp, organic operation PPC, DONRE PPC rice, floating rice without using phase and DOIT pesticides for production.

− Branding for shrimp, clean rice, floating rice, organic rice.

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− Finda stable output for the shrimp, floating rice, organic rice, clean rice through trade promotion products.

2.5 Expansion The farmers have not mastered Technical training for farmers on Local budget During the − Dong Thap Dong Thap livelihood models techniques of shrimp farming, floating livelihood model production operation Department of PPC rice production, so when applied phase Aquaculture cannot successfully reduce the spread − Agriculture of the models on a large scale. and Fishery Extension Center

2.6 Expansion Water use conflicts could happen if the − Planning the production areas Local budget During the − Authorities of Dong Thap livelihood models embankment for production which is similar water resource operation Hong Ngu PPC compartments of models production condition phase district, Hong will be built, especially for the model 1 Ngu town, and model 2 Tam Nong district, Thanh Binh district

2.7 Expansion − Farmers raise shrimp on an industrial − Shrimp culture should not be Local budget During the − Dong Thap Dong Thap livelihood models scale, the risk of environmental developed on an industrial scale operation Department of PPC damage will be very large. but should be raised on an phase Aquaculture

− Solid waste from feedstuff packaging extensive scale (maximum − Agriculture density from 3-5 heads /m2). and Fishery − Solid waste from shrimp farming Extension should be collected and treated Center

− Do not use drugs prohibited under − Authorities of Circular No. 08/VBHN- Hong Ngu BNNPTNT district, Hong

− Not develop shrimp industrial Ngu town, shrimp farming in the area Tam Nong district, Thanh Binh district

Expansion − Local people still use pesticides as the − Training IPM and “1 must 5 Local budget During the − Dong Thap Dong Thap

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livelihood models current situation in rice production reductions” programs to limit the operation Department of PPC use of pesticides phase Aquaculture

− Do not use drugs prohibited under − Agriculture Circular No. 08/VBHN- and Fishery BNNPTNT Extension Center − Authorities of Hong Ngu district, Hong Ngu town, Tam Nong district, Thanh Binh district

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6.3. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MONITORING

6.3.1. Monitoring of Contractor’s Safeguard Performance

Three levels of safeguard monitoring will be implemented: routine monitoring, periodic monitoring, and community monitoring, as follows:

− Routine monitoring: The routine monitoring will be made by the Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) assigned by Dong Thap PPMU. The CSC will include the monitoring results in the subproject progress reports. TOR of the CSC for the subproject is in Appendix 8.

− Periodic monitoring (every six months): As part of the overall monitoring of the ESMP, the ESU assisted by the Independent Environmental Monitoring Consultant (IEMC) will also monitor the contractor performance every 6 months and the results will be reported to the Dong Thap PPMU and the WB. TOR of the IEMC for the subproject is in Appendix 9.

− Community monitoring: as discussed in subsection 6.5 and GRM, local communities have rights to monitor the Government practices with the technical and management support from the Dong Thap PPMU. If unexpected problems are found, they can report to CSC or the Dong Thap PPMU.

6.3.2. Environmental Quality Monitoring

The contents of the environmental quality monitoring include monitoring of air environment, noise level, water environment, water quality, sediment during construction. This work will be directly carried out by contractors, the subproject owner will supervise the environmental monitoring of the contractors and report the monitoring results to Dong Thap DONRE. During subproject operation, quality of water, soil and sediment will be monitored. This work will be coordinated with the Office of Natural Resources and Environment of districts of Hong Ngu, Tam Nong and Thanh Binh and Hong Ngu town and report the results to the Dong Thap DONRE. Details are in Table 6.7. Table 6.7: Environmental quality monitoring of the subproject No Contents Specific requirements I Construction phase 1 Air/noise, vibration

a Parameters TSP, NO2, SO2, CO, noise, vibration 5 locations at construction sites of culverts, and b Locations dike strengthening, flood overflows c Frequency 03 months/time during the construction phase QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT, QCVN d Applied standard 26:2010/BTNMT; QCVN 27:2010/BTNMT 2 Water + micro organism + aquatic life Turbidity, pH, DO, TSS, BOD , oil and grease, a Parameters 5 Coliform, phytoplankton, zooplankton, zoobenthos b Locations 10 locations at the construction sites of canal

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No Contents Specific requirements dredging, big culverts and sludge disposal sites c Frequency 03 months/time during the construction phase d Applied standard QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT 3 Soil and sediment a Parameters pH, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, As, salinity, oil and grease 5 locations at the sites of big sluices and sludge b Locations disposal sites c Frequency 03 months/time during the construction phase QCVN 03-MT:2015/BTNMT; QCVN d Applied standard 43:2012/BTNMT; II Operation phase 1 Water quality Turbidity, pH, DO, TSS, BOD , Coliform, a Parameters 5 phytoplankton, zooplankton, zoobenthos 10 locations in the areas of livelihood model are b Locations likely to generate wastes c Frequency 03 months/time during the first 2 years of operation d Applied standard QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT 2 Soil and sediment a Parameters pH, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, As 05 locations in the areas of livelihood model are b Locations likely to generate wastes c Frequency 03 months/time during the first 2 years of operation QCVN 03-MT:2015/BTNMT; QCVN d Applied standard 43:2012/BTNMT; 3 Erosion monitoring 10 positions, in which: 7 of the canal head a Locations construction of spillways and 3 of big sluices b Frequency 06 months/time during the first 2 years of operation Table 6.8: Cost of environmental quality monitoring Unit price Total TT Activities Unit Quantity (VND) (VND) I Construction phase 504,160,000 Total of sampling (48 months x 3 1 Time 16 months/time = 16 times) 2 Air/noise (5 samples x 16 times) Sample 80 654,000 52,320,000 Water + micro organism + aquatic life 3 Sample 160 2,177,000 348,320,000 (12 samples x 16 times) Soil and sediment (5 samples x 16 4 Sample 80 1,294,000 103,520,000 times) II Operation phase (during the first 2 225,920,000

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Unit price Total TT Activities Unit Quantity (VND) (VND) years of operation) Total of sampling (24 months x 3 1 Time 8 months/time = 8 times) Water + micro organism + aquatic life 2 Sample 80 2,177,000 174,160,000 (10samples x 8 times) 3 Soil and sediment (5 samples x 8 times) Sample 40 1,294,000 51,760,000 4 Erosion monitoring (10 site x 4 times) Time TOTAL = I+II 730,080,000

Figure 6.1: Environmental monitoring sites during the construction phase (Note: N: Surface water; T: Soil/Sediment; K: Air)

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Figure 6.2: Environmental monitoring sites during the operation phase (Note: N: Surface water; T: Soil/Sediment)

6.3.3. Community-based monitoring

Community-based monitoring is a voluntary activity of people living in commune/ ward areas. Community Supervision Board will be established by Decision No. 80/2005/QD-TTg and other relevant regulations. Community Supervision Board will be responsible for:

− Monitoring and assessing the observance of investment management regulations by agencies competent to decide on investment, investors, project management unit, contractors and project-implementing units in the investment process (including environmental issues);

− Detecting and recommending to the competent state agencies on violations of regulations on investment management (including environmental issues) so as to promptly prevent and handle acts that violate regulations, cause wastage and/or loss of state capital and properties or infringe the interests of the community.

6.3.4. Monitoring Effectiveness of the ESMP

The ESU assisted by IEMC will monitor performance of the ESMP implementation during the detailed design/bidding stage as well as during construction and first-year operation of the facilities to ensure that (a) appropriate dredging and disposal of drainage sludge is properly carried out, in accordance with the DMMP; (b) other impacts identified in the ESMP are effectively managed and mitigated; and (c) traffic management is adequate and the level of impacts is acceptable (no complaints or outstanding cases). Results are to be properly kept in

319 the subproject file for possible review by PPMU Dong Thap and the WB. Cost for the monitoring will be part of the PPMU Dong Thap cost.

6.4. ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR ESMP IMPLEMENTATION

6.4.1. Implementation arrangement

Role and responsibilities for ESMP implementation are described in Figure 6.3 and Table 6.9.

WB PSC

Component 1 and 5 Component 2, 3, 4, 5 PMU of MONRE (CPO/CPMU) (ES safeguard staff and (ES safeguard staff and consultants) consultants)

Province and District PPMU People’s Committees (PPCs/DPCs), Provincial DONRE (ES safeguard staff and consultants)

Figure 6.3: Organization structure for safeguard monitoring Table 6.9: Institutional Responsibilities for the Project and Subproject Safeguard Implementation

Community/ Responsibilities Agencies Project − The IA will be responsible for overseeing the Project implementation Implementing including ESMF implementation and environmental performance of Agency (IA) and contractors. PMU − PMU, representative of the IA, will be responsible for monitoring the overall Project implementation, including environmental compliance (The IA means of the Project. PMU will have the final responsibility for ESMF MARD and implementation and environmental performance of the Project during MONRE while the construction and operational phases. PMU here means − Specifically the PMU will: (i) closely coordinate with local the PMU of MONRE and CPMU authorities in the participation of the community during project and ICMB10 of preparation and implementation; (ii) monitor and supervise ESMP MARD and PPMUs implementation including incorporation of ESMP into the detailed of the provinces) technical designs and bidding and contractual documents; (iii) ensure that an environmental management system is set up and functions properly; (iv) be in charge of reporting on ESMP implementation to

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the IA and the World Bank.

− In order to be effective in the implementation process, PMU will establish an Environmental and Social Unit (ESU) with at least two safeguard staff to help with the environmental aspects of the Project.

Environmental and − The ESU is responsible for monitoring the implementation of the Social Unit (ESU) World Bank’s environmental safeguard policies in all stages and under PMU process of the Project. Specifically, this unit will be responsible for: (i) screening subprojects against eligibility criteria, for environment and social impacts, policies triggered and instrument/s to be prepared; (ii) reviewing the subproject EIAs/EPPs and ESIAs/ESMPs prepared by consultants to ensure quality of the documents; (iii) helping PMU incorporate ESMPs into the detailed technical designs and civil works bidding and contractual documents; (iv) helping PMU incorporate responsibilities for ESMP monitoring and supervision into the TORs, bidding and contractual documents for the Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) and other safeguard consultants (SSC, ESC, IMA, and EMC) as needed; v) providing relevant inputs to the consultant selection process; (v) reviewing reports submitted by the CSC and safeguard consultants; (vi) conducting periodic site checks; (vii) advising the PMU on solutions to environmental issues of the project; and viii) preparing environmental performance section on the progress and review reports to be submitted to the Implementing Agency and the World Bank.

PPMUs, DARDs, − As the subproject/activity owner, PPMU is responsible for the PPMU, PMU of implementation of all the ESMP activities to be carried out under the MONRE Project, including fostering effective coordination and cooperation between the contractor, local authorities, and local communities during the construction phase. PPMU will be assisted by the environmental staff, safeguard consultants, and CSC/or field engineer.

− Division of Aquaculture and Agriculture and Fishery Extension Center of Dong Thap province are responsible for livelihoods models.

− During operation, the responsibility to operate the subproject components will be transferred to the subproject DPCs and they will be responsible for the monitoring of water quality and ecosystem before and after the operation of the semi-dyke, culverts, pump stations and submit water quality report to the Dong Thap DONRE one time per three months.

Construction − The CSC will be responsible for routine supervising and monitoring Supervision all construction activities and for ensuring that Contractors comply Consultant (CSC) with the requirements of the contracts and the ECOP. The CSC will and/or Field engage sufficient number of qualified staff (e.g. Environmental Engineer Engineers) with adequate knowledge on environmental protection and construction project management to perform the required duties and to supervise the Contractor’s performance.

− The CSC will also assist PPMU in reporting and maintaining close coordination with the local community.

Contractor − Based on the approved environmental specifications (ECOP) in the

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bidding and contractual documents, the Contractor is responsible for establishing a Contractor ESMP (CESMP) for each construction site area, submit the plan to PPMU and CSC for review and approval before commencement of construction. In addition, it is required that the Contractor get all permissions for construction (traffic control and diversion, excavation, labor safety, etc. Before civil works) following current regulations.

− The Contractor is required to appoint a competent individual as the contractor’s on-site Safety and Environment Officer (SEO) who will be responsible for monitoring the contractor‘s compliance with health and safety requirements, the CESMP requirements, and the environmental specifications (ECOP).

− Take actions to mitigate all potential negative impacts in line with the objective described in the CESMP.

− Actively communicate with local residents and take actions to prevent disturbance during construction.

− Ensure that all staff and workers understand the procedure and their tasks in the environmental management program.

− Report to the PPMU on any difficulties and their solutions.

− Report to local authority and PPMU if environmental accidents occur and coordinate with agencies and keys stakeholders to resolve these issues.

Independent − IEMC will, under the contract scope, provide support to PPMU to Environmental establish and operate an environmental management system, offers Monitoring suggestions for adjusting and building capacity for relevant agencies Consultants during project implementation and monitor the CESMP (IEMC) implementation in both construction and operation stages. IEMC will also be responsible to support PPMU to prepare monitoring reports on ESMP implementation.

− The IEMC will have extensive knowledge and experience in environmental monitoring and auditing to provide independent, objective and professional advice on the environmental performance of the Project.

Local community − Community: According to Vietnamese practice, the community has the right and responsibility to routinely monitor environmental performance during construction to ensure that their rights and safety are adequately protected and that the mitigation measures are effectively implemented by contractors and the PPMU. If unexpected problems occur, they will report to the CSC and/or PPMU

Social − These organizations could be a bridge between the PPC/DPC, organizations, communities, Contractors, and the PPMU by assisting in community NGOs and civil monitoring. society groups − Mobilizing communities’ participation in the subproject, providing training to communities and Participating in solving environmental problems, if any.

Province and − Oversee implementation of subprojects under recommendations of District DONRE and PPMU to ensure compliance of Government policy and People’s regulations. DONRE is responsible for monitoring compliance with Committees the Government environmental requirements. (PPCs/DPCs),

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Provincial DONRE

6.4.2. Environmental compliance framework

6.4.2.1. Environmental Duties of the Contractors

The contractor firstly shall adhere to minimize the impact that may be result of the subproject construction activities and secondly, apply the mitigation measures under ESMP to prevent harm and nuisances on local communities and environment caused by the impacts in construction and operation stages. Remedial actions that cannot be effectively carried out during construction should be carried out on completion of the works (and before issuance of the acceptance of completion of works) The duties of the Contractor include but not limiting to:

− Compliance with relevant legislative requirements governing the environment, public health and safety;

− Work within the scope of contractual requirements and other tender conditions;

− Organize representatives of the construction team to participate in the joint site inspections undertaken by the Environmental Supervisor (ES) of the CSC;

− Carry out any corrective actions instructed by the Environmental Control Officer (ECO) of the PPMU and ES;

− In case of non-compliances/discrepancies, carry out an investigation and submit proposals on mitigation measures, and implement remedial measures to reduce environmental impact;

− Stop construction activities, which generate adverse impacts upon receiving instructions from the ECO and ES. Propose and carry out corrective actions and implement alternative construction method, if required, in order to minimize the environmental impacts; Non- compliance by the Contractor will be cause for suspension of works and other penalties until the non-compliance has been resolved to the satisfaction of the ECO and ES.

6.4.2.2. Contractor’s Safety and Environment Officer (SEO)

The contractor shall be required to appoint a competent individual as the Contractor’s on-site safety and environment officer (SEO). The SEO must be appropriately trained in environmental management and must possess the skills necessary to transfer environmental management knowledge to all personnel involved in the contract. The SEO will be responsible for monitoring the contractor’s compliance with the ESMP requirements and the environmental specifications. The duties of the SEO shall include but not be limited to the following:

− Carry out environmental site inspections to assess and audit the contractors’ site practice, equipment and work methodologies with respect to pollution control and adequacy of environmental mitigation measures implemented;

− Monitor compliance with environmental protection measures, pollution prevention and control measures and contractual requirements;

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− Monitor the implementation of environmental mitigation measures;

− Prepare audit reports for the environmental monitoring data and site environmental conditions;

− Investigate complaints and recommend any required corrective measures;

− Advise the contractor on environment improvement, awareness and proactive pollution prevention measures;

− Recommend suitable mitigation measures to the contractor in the case of non-compliance. Carry out additional monitoring of noncompliance instructed by the ECO/ES;

− Inform the contractor and ECO/ES of environmental issues, submit the contractor’s ESMP Implementation Plan to the ECO/ES, and relevant authorities, if required;

− Keep detailed records of all site activities that may relate to the environment.

6.4.2.3. Independent Environmental Monitoring Consultant (IEMC)

In order to minimize the environmental impacts during the construction stage of the Project, the Project owner shall ensure that environmental quality monitoring requirements are established for the project. An Independent Environmental Monitoring Consultant (IEMC) appointed by CPMU shall carry out the monitoring.

− IEMC will be responsible for carrying out environmental sampling, monitoring and marking report during all stages of the Project. Environmental quality monitoring will be reported periodically to PPMU (every 06 months in the construction phase and in operation phase).

− IEMC will also supply specialized assistance to CPMU and ECO in environmental matters.

6.4.2.4. Environmental Supervision during the Construction phase

During the construction phase, a qualified Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) reporting to the PPMU shall carry out the environmental supervision. The CSC is responsible for inspecting and supervising all construction activities to ensure that mitigation measures adopted in the ESMP are properly implemented and that the negative environmental impacts of the Project are minimized. The CSC shall engage a sufficient number of Environmental Supervision Engineers with adequate knowledge on environmental protection and construction project management to perform the required duties and to supervise the Contractor’s performance. Specifically, ES will:

− Review and assess on behalf of the PPMU whether the construction design meets the requirements of the mitigation and management measures of the ESMP,

− Supervise site environmental management system of contractors including their performance, experience and handling of site environmental issues, and provide corrective instructions;

− Review the ESMP implementation by the contractors, verify and confirm environmental supervision procedures, parameters, monitoring locations, equipment and results;

− Report ESMP implementation status to PPMU and prepare the environmental supervision statement during the construction phase; and

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− Approve invoices or payments.

6.4.2.5. Compliance with Legal and Contractual Requirements

The constructions activities shall comply not only with contractual environmental protection and pollution control requirements but also with environmental protection and pollution control laws of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam. All the works method statements submitted by the Contractor to the ECO for approval shall also be sent to the ES to see whether sufficient environmental protection and pollution control measures have been included. The ES shall also review the progress and program of the works to check that relevant environmental laws have not been violated and that any potential for violating the laws can be prevented. The Contractor shall copy relevant documents to the SEO and the ES. The document shall at least include the updated work progress report, the updated work measure, and the application letters for different license/permits under the environmental protection laws, and all the valid license/permit. The SEO and the ES shall also have access, upon request, to the Site Log- Book. After reviewing the documents, the SEO or the ES shall advise the ECO and the contractor of any non-compliance with the contractual and legislative requirements on environmental protection and pollution control for them to take follow-up actions. If the SEO or the ES concludes that the status on license/permit application and any environmental protection and pollution control preparation works may not comply with the work measure or may result in potential violation of environmental protection and pollution control requirements, they shall advise the Contractor and the ECO accordingly.

6.4.2.6. Environmental Claims and Penalty System a). Grievance redress mechanism Within the Vietnamese legal framework citizen rights to complain are protected. As part of the overall implementation of the subproject, a grievance redress mechanism (GRM) will be developed by ESU of the PPMU which will identify procedures, responsible persons and contact information. It will be readily accessible, handle grievances and resolve them at the lowest level as quickly as possible. The mechanism will provide the framework within which complaints about environmental and safety issues can be handled, grievances can be addressed and disputes can be settled quickly. The GRM will be in place before the subproject construction commences. During construction, the GRM will be managed by the contractor under the supervision of the CSC. The contractor will inform the communities and communes affected by the contract about the GRM in place to handle complaints and concerns about the subproject. This will be done via the Information Disclosure and Consultation Process under which the contractor will communicate with the affected communities and interested authorities on a regular basis: Meetings will be held at least quarterly, a monthly information brochure will be published, announcements will be placed in local media, and notices of upcoming planned activities will be posted, and so on.

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All complaints and corresponding actions undertaken by the contractor will be recorded in the subproject safeguard monitoring report. Complaints and claims for damages could be lodged as follows:

− Verbally: direct to the CSC and/or the contractor safeguard staff or representative at the subproject office.

− In writing: by hand-delivering or posting a written complaint to the address specified.

− By telephone, fax, e-mail: to the CSC, the contractor safeguard staff or contractor’s representative. On receipt of a complaint, the CSC, contractor safeguard staff or representative will register the complaint in the complaints file and maintain a log of events pertaining to it thereafter, until its resolution. Immediately after receipt, three copies of the complaint will be made. The original will be kept in the file, one copy will be used by the contractor’s safeguard staff, one copy will be forwarded to the CSC, and the third copy to the PPMU within 24 hours of the complaint being made. Information to be recorded in the complaints log will include:

− The date and time of the complaint.

− The name, address and contact details of the complainant.

− A short description of the issue of complaint.

− Actions taken to address the complaint, including persons contacted and findings at each step in the complaint redress process.

− The dates and times when the complainant is contacted during the redress process.

− The final resolution of the complaint.

− The date, time and manner in which the complainant was informed thereof.

− The complainant’s signature when a resolution has been obtained. Small complaints will be dealt with within one week. Within two weeks (and weekly thereafter), a written reply will be delivered to the complainant (by hand, post, fax, e-mail) indicating the procedures taken and progress to date. The main objective will be to resolve an issue as quickly as possible by the simplest means involving as few people as possible, at the lowest possible level. Only when an issue cannot be resolved at the simplest level and/or within 15 days, will other authorities become involved. Such a situation may arise, for example, when damages are claimed and the amount to be paid cannot be resolved or the cause of the damages determined. World Bank Grievance Redress Mechanism: Communities and individuals who believe that they are adversely affected by a World Bank (WB) supported project may submit complaints to existing project-level grievance redress mechanism or the WB’s Grievance Redress Service (GRS). The GRS ensures that complaints received are promptly reviewed in order to address project-related concerns. Subproject affected communities and individuals may submit their complaints to the WB’s independent Inspection Panel which determines whether harms occurred or could occur, as a result of WB non-compliance with its policies and procedures. Complaints may be submitted at any time after concerns have been brought directly to the WB’s attention, and Bank Management has been given an opportunity to respond. For

326 information on how to submit complaints to the World Bank’s corporate Grievance Redress Service (GRS), please visit www.worldbank.org/grs. For information on how to submit complaints to the World Bank Inspection Panel, please visit www.inspectionpanel.org. b). Penalty System In the compliance framework, if non-compliance with environmental regulations are discovered by ECO/CSC/ES/IEMC during the site supervision, 2% values of interim payment of the contractor of this month will be held back. The Contractor will be given a grace period (determined by CSC/ES) to repair the violation. If the Contractor performs the repairs within the grace period (confirmed by CSC/ES), no penalty is incurred and keeping money will be pay. However, if the Contractor fails to successfully make the necessary repairs within the grace period, the Contractor will pay the cost for a third party to repair the damages (deduction from keeping money). In case of IEMC/CSC/ES not detected of non-compliance with environmental regulations of the contractor, they will be responsibility payment the cost to repair the violation of the contractor if it happens.

6.4.3. Reporting Arrangements

ESMP monitoring and reporting requirements are summarized in Table 6.10. Table 6.10: Regular Reporting Requirements No. Report Prepared by Submitted to Frequency of Reporting 1 Contractor to the Employer PPMU Once before construction commences and monthly thereafter 2 Construction Supervision PPMU Weekly and monthly consultant (CSC) 4 Community Monitoring PPMU/CSC When the community has any complaint about the subproject safeguards implementation 5 PPMU/ICMB10 CPMU Monthly 6 CPMU WB Every six-month

6.5. ESTIMATED ESMP COST

The EMP cost will comprise: (a) cost for resettlement and land acquisition; (b) cost for implementation of the mitigation measures by the contractor; (c) cost for supervision by the CSC; (d) cost for the Environmental Management Consultant (EMC) including monitoring of environmental quality; (e) cost for water quality/ecology monitoring during operation for at least 2 years; and (f) supervision and safeguard management costs incurred by PPMU and CPMU. All the costs will be included as the subproject cost (see Table 6.11).

− Cost for the implementation of the mitigation measures during construction will be part of the contract costs while the costs for monitoring by the CSC will be part of the construction supervision contracts.

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− Cost for EMC and monitoring of environmental quality during construction is included in the subproject cost.

− Costs for PPMU operations related to the ESMP are provided for in the subproject management budget of the PPMU.

− Cost for technical assistance for safeguard training and technical services to be provided to mitigate the potential negative impacts during construction and operations of the sluice gates including the development of an operational plan for water supply plan in consultation with water users and key stakeholders.

− Cost for technical assistance for mitigation of potential negative impacts due to the implementation of the livelihood models especially (a) on poor farmers including undertaking socioeconomic survey, promoting aquaculture products, and implementation of the FFS on aquaculture models in the subproject areas and building farmers networks, and (b) for establishment of a registration system for aquaculture farming to mitigate potential negative impacts due to possible expansion of the models in the future. It is estimated that the EMP implementation cost (excluding those to be included in civil works contract and CSC contract and RAP) will be about 4,450,080,000 VND over a 4-year period. Table 6.11: Cost for ESMP in the entire subproject Activity Source of fund Total cost (VND) (a) Resettlement and land acquisition Part of subproject cost (b) Mitigation measures during the Part of contract cost

construction phase (c) Safety monitoring during the Part of subproject cost 240,000,000 construction phase (48months x 5 million VND/months) (d) PPMU environmental staff Part of subproject cost 240,000,000 (e) Environmental monitoring in the Part of subproject cost 730,080,000 entire subproject (see ) (f) Environmental monitoring consultant Part of subproject cost 240,000,000 (EMC) (g) Technical assistance (national Part of subproject cost 1,000,000,000 consultant) for safeguard training and development and consultation of the operation plan for subproject including meetings and workshops for 2 years during 2019-2021 (h) Technical assistance (national Part of subproject cost 2,000,000,000 consultant) for (i) planning and undertaking socio-economic survey for the farmers in the pilot sites and nearby areas for 3 years during (2019-2021) to evaluate effectiveness of the pilot models, (ii) development of a registration program on aquaculture

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Activity Source of fund Total cost (VND) farming in the subproject and nearby areas, and (iii) development of FFS application and implementation of a series of technical workshops, TOT, and development of guidelines and awareness materials, and study visits and building farmer network etc. (to be implemented during 2017-2020)

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CHAPTER 7. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE

This chapter describes the process of organizing public consultation and summary the result consultation and participation during environment and social impact assessment. According to the World Bank’s policy on access to information, all draft safeguard instruments, including the EMP, are disclosed locally in an accessible place and in a form and language understandable to key stakeholders and in English at the InfoShop before the appraisal mission. EMP is locally disclosed at the sites and in the Vietnam Development Information Center of the World Bank in Hanoi.

7.1. SUMMARY ON THE PROCESS OF ORGANIZING PUBLIC CONSULTATION

7.1.1. Summary of consultation meetings for CPC and other organizations directly affected by the subproject

After finishing the draft EIA report, the Subproject Owner issued the official letter for a public consultation on the contents of the EIA report of the subproject: “Improving the ability of flood drainage and developing stable livelihoods, climate change adaptation in the Plain of Reed (the northern districts of Dong Thap province), prepared in 2017” together with the report of the ESIA of the subproject to the People’s Committee and the Fatherland Front of 15 communes in 4 districts /town including: Thuong Phuoc 1, Thuong Thoi Hau A, Thuong Thoi Hau B (Hong Ngu district); Tan Hoi, Binh Thanh, An Binh A, An Binh B (Hong Ngu Town); An Hoa, An Long, Phu Ninh. Phu Thanh A, Phu Thanh B, Phu Tho (Tam Nong district) and Phu Loi, An Phong (Thanh Binh district) for comments. After receiving this official letter, all communes their comments in writing to the Subproject Owner, the official letters of the communes are attached in Annex 4.

7.1.2. Summary of consultation meetings for the community directly affected by the subproject

The Subproject owner coordinated with the DPC of Hong Ngu, Tam Nong, Thanh Binh district and Hong Ngu town to conduct 5 consultations with the affected communities on 16- 17 November 2017 at the meeting hall of the DPC of Hong Ngu Town, Thuong Thoi Hau A CPC (Hong Ngu district), An Hoa CPC, Phu Thanh A CPC (Tam Nong district), Phu Loi CPC (Thanh Binh District). In this meeting, the Subproject Owner discussed the subproject’s content, impacts and mitigation measures on the environment and public health of the subproject and consulted the community about the contents presented. The list of participants and minutes of public consultation meetings are attached in Appendix 4. The public consultation photos are in Appendix 5.

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Table 7.1: Community consultation meetings on choosing livelihood models for the subproject No Date Venue Participants Proposed livelihood models

1 14- Thanh Binh − Deputy Director of Dong Thap DARD − Model 1: 2 rice crops, 1 natural fish.

15/2/2017 DPC − Agriculture Extension Office − Model 2: 2 rice crops, 1giant freshwater

− Department of Aquaculture shrimp.

− Irrigation Department − Model 3: 1 rice, 1 natural fish, 1 aquatic plants. − Vice Director of Thanh Binh DPC

− Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of Thanh Binh district

− Department of Economic and Infrastructure of Thanh Binh district

− An Phong and Phu Loi CPCs

− Farmer groups in An Phong, Phu Loi communes

− Consultant team: NN Construction Consulting Company + SIWRR

2 16- Tam Nong − Deputy Director of Dong Thap DARD − Model 1: 2 rice crops, 1 natural fish.

17/2/2017 DPC − Agriculture Extension Office − Model 2: 2 rice crops, 1giant freshwater

− Department of Aquaculture shrimp.

− Irrigation Department − Model 3: lotus, cultured fish, tourism combination − Vice Director of Tam Nong DPC

− Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of Tam Nong district

− Department of Economic and Infrastructure of Tam Nong district

− Phu Thanh A, Phu Thanh B, Phu Tho, An Long, An Hoa, Phu Ninh CPCs

− Farmer groups in Phu Thanh A, Phu Thanh B, Phu Tho, An Long, An Hoa, Phu Ninh communes

− Consultant team: NN Contruction Consulting Company + SIWRR

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No Date Venue Participants Proposed livelihood models

3 21/2/2017 People’s − Deputy Director of Dong Thap DARD − Model 1: 2 rice crops, 1 natural fish.

Committee of − Agriculture Extension Office − Model 2: 2 rice crops, 1giant freshwater Hong Ngu − Department of Aquaculture shrimp. town − Irrigation Department − Model 3: 2 rice, 1 shrimp, natural fish.

− Vice Director of People’s Committee of Hong Ngu town

− Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of Hong Ngu town

− Department of Economic and Infrastructure of Hong Ngu town

− Tan Hoi, Binh Thanh, An Binh A and An Binh B CPCs

− Farmer groups in Tan Hoi, Binh Thanh, An Binh A and An Binh B communes

− Consultant team: NN Construction Consulting Company + SIWRR

4 22/2/2017 Hong Ngu − Deputy Director of Dong Thap DARD − Model 1: 2 rice crops, 1 natural fish.

DPC − Agriculture Extension Office − Model 2: 2 rice crops, 1giant freshwater

− Department of Aquaculture shrimp.

− Irrigation Department − Model 3: 1 rice, 1 cash crop, 1 natural fish. − Vice Director of Hong Ngu DPC − Model 4: 2 rice, duck, natural fish. − Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of Hong Ngu district − Model 5: 1 rice, 1 natural fish, aquatic plants (lotus, Sesbania sesban). − Department of Economic and Infrastructure of Hong Ngu district

− Thuong Thoi Hau A, Thuong Thoi Hau B and Thuong Phuoc CPCs

− Farmer groups in Tan Hoi, Binh Thanh, An Binh A and An Binh B communes

− Consultant team: NN Construction Consulting Company + SIWRR

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Table 7.2: Community consultation meetings on ESIA report for the subproject No Time Venue Commune/district Participants Number of Contents . Participants

1 16/11/20 Hong Ngu Binh Thanh, Tan − Representative of Hong Ngu town DPC 33 − The representative of Hong Ngu town 17 town Hoi, An Binh A, − Department of Economic and People’s Committee chaired the meeting, An Binh B Infrastructure of Hong Ngu town notice reasons and introduces the participants. communes, − Department of Agriculture and Rural Hong Ngu town Development of Hong Ngu town − The subproject owner presented summary content of the subproject − CPCs − The consultant presented a summary report − Fatherland Front Committee of ESIA include, positive impacts of and − Farmers’ Association, Women’s Union, Cadastral office… negative impacts of subproject on the environment and public health, mitigation − Affected households measures − Dong Thap PPMU − Discussion − Consultant (SIWRR)

2 16/11/20 Thuong Thuong Thoi − Department of Agriculture and Rural 42 − The representative of Department of 17 Thoi Hau Hau A, Thuong Development of Hong Ngu district Agriculture and Rural Development of Hong A CPC Thoi Hau B, − Department of Economic and Ngu district chaired the meeting, notice Thuong Phuoc 1 Infrastructure of Hong Ngu district reasons and introduces the participants communes, − Hong Ngu District Office of Natural − The subproject owner presented summary Hong Ngu Resources and Environment content of the subproject − The consultant presented a summary report district − CPCs of ESIA include, positive impacts of and − Fatherland Front Committees negative impacts of subproject on the − Farmers’ Association, Women’s Union, Cadastral office… environment and public health, mitigation measures − Affected households − Discussion (see subsection 7.2 about results

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No Time Venue Commune/district Participants Number of Contents . Participants

− Dong Thap PPMU of Public Consultation)

− Consultant (SIWRR)

3 17/11/20 An Hoa Phu Thanh B, − Tam Nong DPC 71 − The representative of Tam Nong DPC 17 CPC An Hoa, Phu − Department of Economic and chaired the meeting, notice reasons and Long communes, Infrastructure of Tam Nong district introduces the participants. and Tam Nong − CPCs − The subproject owner presented summary content of the subproject district − Fatherland Front Committees − The consultant presented a summary report − Farmers’ Association, Women’s Union, Cadastral office… of ESIA include, positive impacts of and negative impacts of subproject on the − Affected households environment and public health, mitigation − Dong Thap PPMU measures − Consultant (SIWRR) − Discussion

4 17/11/20 Phu Thanh Phu Thanh A, − Tam Nong DPC 51 − The representative of Tam Nong DPC 17 CPC Phu Ninh, Phu − Department of Economic and chaired the meeting, notice reasons and Tho communes Infrastructure of Tam Nong district introduces the participants. and Tam Nong − Department of Agriculture and Rural − The subproject owner presented summary district Development of Tam Nong district content of the subproject − CPCs − The consultant presented a summary report of ESIA include, positive impacts of and − Fatherland Front Committees negative impacts of subproject on the − Farmers’ Association, Women’s Union, Cadastral office… environment and public health, mitigation measures − Affected households − Discussion − Dong Thap PPMU

− Consultant (SIWRR)

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No Time Venue Commune/district Participants Number of Contents . Participants

5 17/11/20 Phu Loi Phu Loi, An − Department of Agriculture and Rural 43 − The representative of Department of 17 CPC Phong Development of Thanh Binh district Agriculture and Rural Development of communes and − CPCs Thanh Binh district chaired the meeting, notice reasons and introduces the participants Thanh Binh − Fatherland Front Committees − The subproject owner presented summary district − Farmers’ Association, Women’s Union, Cadastral office… content of the subproject − The consultant presented a summary report − Affected households of ESIA include, positive impacts of and − Dong Thap PPMU negative impacts of subproject on the − Consultant (SIWRR) environment and public health, mitigation measures

− Discussion

6 27/10/20 Tram Tram Chim NP − Dong Thap PPMU 15 − The representative of Department of 18 Chim NP − CPO Agriculture and Rural Development of Thanh Binh district chaired the meeting, − Consultant (SIWRR) notice reasons and introduces the participants − WB − The consultant presented a summary contents of the subproject, focusing on the subproject items near Tram Chim NP

− Discussion

335 7.2. Results of Public Consultation

7.2.1. Results of public consultation on livelihood models

7.2.1.1. In Thanh Binh district

− Currently, there are 459 ha of land in An Phong commune locating in the subproject area. The main production here is 2-crop rice. There are no other farming and livestock activities.

− Many households are not local. They come for cultivation and live in other places. Therefore, it is difficult to deploy the models.

− Some households used to raise giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) but it was not effective. Therefore, this model will be difficult to return. In the years that lack of water, raising shrimp was failed because they did not grow up and the efficiency was not high. Rice is an organic product. If people cultivate 1 rice crop - 1 shrimp crop, the investment cost will be high and the capital requires large, so farmers cannot do it, and intensive farming need a very big capital. Therefore, the agreed model is 2 rice crop – 1 shrimp crop. The spraying insecticides for rice when intercropping with shrimps and net- raising should be paid attention to prevent loss.

− Some households raise “Ca Sac” (Trichogaster pectoralis) with a total area of about 2 hectares.

− Agree with the 2-rice crop - natural fish model, temporarily planting stick, aromatic, delicious high-yield rice, then developing variety in the next stage.

− The local chilly planting model remains spontaneous, depending on the market and it must be a good price, for example before “Tet”, the chilly price may reach up to more than 60,000 VND/kg but after “Tet”, it is 17 -20,000 VND/kg. In addition, people can grow peppercorn, sesame, beans, etc. Regardless of flood or not, this model still works well.

− Community management and harvesting of natural fresh fish should also be taken into account to ensure equity among local people with those who own land but live in other communes.

− There was a model of raising fish (Hypophthalmichthys, Trichogaster pectoralis, etc.) but it was not effective; the fish is easier to breed than shrimp but have a low price.

7.2.1.2. In Tam Nong district

− Agree with the production model of 2 rice crop - 1 fish crop (natural fish). It should be paid attention to community management and harvest of natural fish.

− The model of lotus planting has been relatively well in Compartment No.27, lotus leaves can be made tea and consumable. Compartment No. 27 is adjacent to Tram Chim National Park, which can be integrated with the tourism like in Thap Muoi, which is supported by IUCN. Agree on the lotus model, feeding fresh fish combined with tourism in Compartment No. in Phu Tho commune.

− The model for raising giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) has been cultured in Compartment No.: 15, 16, 17 in Cu Lao Chim (bird island) of Phu Thanh B commune. However, in recent years, this model has not been effective due to the problems

of breeding stock, price, low flood water, and without infrastructure, therefore shrimps are not big. Water pumping is expensive and water from polluted fields is very difficult to control. Shrimps usually die in 2 stages: after harvesting rice for 1 month due to rot stubble and when water will be about to drain. As the farming giant freshwater prawn lasts nearly 1 year, it should be considered intercropping with 2 rice crops.

− If only feeding shrimp, farmers will suffer loss. Cu Lao Chim is gradually moved to specialized shrimp farming. Continuously raising shrimp for 2-3 years will spoil the soil and shrimps will be affected with diseases, which should be intercropped with rice cultivation.

− Currently, white leg shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) are raising combined with giant freshwater prawn but white leg shrimps are mainly.

7.2.1.3. In Hong Ngu town

− Agree with the model of 2 rice crop - 1 natural fish crop. However, care should be taken to the preservation of products. Exploitation is difficult. There is the competition from a large number of junks coming from An Phu and An Giang. Therefore, the harvest here is not effective. There should be measures for propaganda and community management, the establishment of cooperatives and craft villages for processing fish sauce, dried fish. The annual volume of fishing is large but consumable, serving the processing of fish sauce and dried fish. In the area, there is the fish sauce village of An Lac, which even consumes fish imported from Cambodia for processing fish sauce and dried fish. The highlight is the brand name of “Ca Linh” (Henicorhynchus siamensis) fish sauce. However, an objective factor making this model difficult is that the majority of farmers are moving from other places to this production area, not local people so that the arrangement of this model in flood seasons should be noted to ensure fairness and avoid conflicts of interest.

− The model of rice and giant freshwater prawns in recent years has been reduced due to many objective conditions such as floods are too large some years while too small some years, and households with a large area of 8-10ha get poor management, so they lost a lot. At the same time, the infrastructure has not met the production because there are not half- way dikes to keep water. In Hong Ngu town, flood drains quickly within about 10 days. If there is infrastructure, half-way dike can keep 1m of water to meet the effective production model of rice - prawns.

− Agree with 2 rice crop - 1 shrimp/natural fish. In the condition of the years without floods, it is possible to flexibly change the species during flood season.

7.2.1.4. In Hong Ngu district

− Agree with the production model of 2 rice crop - 1 natural fish crop. It should be noted the community management and harvest of natural fish. At present, natural fishing is mainly by local people. When implementing the model, it is necessary to balance and have the method of management, dividing fair products for people who have land but live in other places to avoid conflicts.

− Seasonal rice model: Previously, local people grew seasonal rice, but now they do not plant anymore because they have half-way dikes and get stable 2-rice crops. The rice is high- yield rice. The aquatic plants are mainly cork, water mimosa, waterlily, ipomoea aquatica, lotus. 337

− Local people have stopped the giant freshwater prawn model for about 5 years due to ineffectiveness. The reason is the same as the above districts, due to objective and subjective factors such as breeding stock, price, low water, poor infrastructure.

− Agree with crop planting model in some areas with high terrain. The plants may be chili, corn, sesame.

− The rice - duck model. This model has been successful in Thuong Thoi Tien commune with a high-value brand name. It can be piloted for the subproject area.

7.2.2. Results of public consultation on ESIA report

7.2.2.1. Opinions of commune people's committees and organizations

− Agreed with the contents stated in the EIA reports of the sub-projects and expect the TDA to soon implement, help economic development, social and local infrastructure.

− The area of land occupied for construction works should be compensated and supported in accordance with transparent regulations and procedures in the implementation process. Broad disclosure of information to the local authorities and the entire population to contribute ideas, capture information from the preparation of investment. Coordinate with local authorities in the implementation of compensation, clearance.

− In the construction phase, negative impacts on the environment and local communities will be mitigated, both locally and temporarily. The main impact is clearance, transportation of materials in the construction process.

− Ensure traffic safety, installation of signboards for vessels operating on the Khang Chien canal and a number of canals to conduct dredging. In the evening, there must be a warning light for ships to pass, avoid accidents.

− The development of a group of commodity products when there is no output for consumption can be a negative factor for the production models of the subproject. Need to find the output for the shrimp, organic rice, and floating rice through trade promotion, introduction of products on the domestic and foreign fairs.

− Most of the people in the subproject area have average, low and untrained living standards, so the adoption of technical sciences in the implementation of models is a must. It is necessary to provide training courses for local people on techniques for converting new livelihoods models through the introduction of theoretical and modeling guidance and to send agricultural and fishery extension teams directly to localities where they are needed.

− Provide financial support to farmers directly involved in the model and stable output for products derived from the model.

− Ensure labor safety and environmental sanitation during the implementation of the subproject.

7.2.2.2. Opinions of community representatives

− Comments from the community of Hong Ngu district: ▪ Agreed with the contents stated in the EIA report of the subproject.

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▪ The rental price of land for farmers to build the model of raising giant freshwater shrimp is high now; farmers would like to get more support for the subproject owner to develop this model. ▪ People do not know how to conduct the subproject livelihood models, they suggest that the subproject owner will organize training for them. ▪ Whether Chin Hue pumping station to be located within the subproject area or not?

− Comments from the community of Hong Ngu town: ▪ People want to know about the policy for compensation and support for 2ha of land loss in An Binh A commune? ▪ Participants wonder about the environmental impacts of the subproject livelihood models:

− Comments from the community of Tam Nong district: ▪ Whether the subproject lead to change the land use planning or not? ▪ The subproject will be implemented in 3-4 years, it is recommended that contractors keep pace with schedule, avoiding long-term construction, which will affect people's water supply ▪ Activities for construction will be implemented in 4 years, it is recommended there need to divide the construction activities into phases ▪ Whether the subproject owner supports fish fingerlings for farmers in the model of rice - natural or not? ▪ It is recommended that during the construction phase, training should be conducted so that people are not disturbed when implementing the models.

− Comments from the community of Thanh Binh district: ▪ Whether the subproject owner will buy the output from the subproject model or not? ▪ Whether the subproject owner will compensate and support for people who lost their land for the subproject implementation or not?

− Comments from Tram Chim NP: In order to ensure the progress of project implementation and to limit the impacts of the subproject on biodiversity conservation and ecosystems, Tram Chim NP recommends that the project owner should implement the following: ▪ Ensure the emission and noise during construction meet the national regulations. ▪ Avoid impacts on the inner ecological environment of the Park, especially water birds and plant and animal species ▪ The livelihood model should be limited to the use of plant protection agents and antibiotics to minimize environmental pollution. In the process of operation, the tourism services of the livelihood model, there should be cooperation with the Tram Chim NP and Tourism Center. The public consultation minutes are included in Appendix 5.

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7.2.3. Opinions and commitments of the Subproject Owner on recommendations and requirements of concerned agencies, organizations and communities in the consultations

7.2.3.1. For livelihood models

After receiving comments of local people and authorities on livelihood models, the subproject owner coordinated with the consultant to select suitable models for the natural conditions of each district and in line with the expectations of the people.

7.2.3.2. For ESIA report

- For comments from CPCs: After receiving comments from the CPCs in the subproject area, the PPMU responses as follows: ▪ The subproject owner will record and add comments in the ESIA report. At the same time, the subproject owner commits to comply with the mitigation measures proposed in this ESIA report. ▪ For contractors: The subproject owner will include provisions on environmental protection in the contract documents, requiring contractors to implement the measures stated in the report. In addition, Dong Thap PPMU will regularly monitor the compliance of contractors with environmental protection measures during the construction phase to minimize environmental impacts.

- For comments from the community: ▪ Regarding training for local people: The subproject owner allocate budget to support and train people in demonstration sites as well as households in the subproject area. ▪ Regarding supporting fund for land renting for farmers to build the model of raising giant freshwater prawn and supporting fingerlings in the model of natural rice and fish: The subproject has funding support, seed, techniques for people at demonstration sites at each level for each type of production model. ▪ Regarding compensation for dumping sites and damage caused by construction works: In accordance with WB safeguard policies and Vietnamese law and regulation, all land loss will be supported and compensated as stated in RAP. At the same time, people who lose their land are also supported on a career change and other policies in accordance with the subproject RAP. ▪ Regarding long construction activities affecting water sources for production: The subproject works will not be spread out at the same time but will be divided into components and by rolling method to avoid annual floods, so this impact is short and small ▪ Regarding conducting training for people during the construction of the works so not disturbed when implementing the models: the subproject will conduct training for households according to the approved plan, ensuring people are acquainted with the techniques during the model implementation. ▪ Regarding buying outputs of the subproject models: The subproject owner will not directly purchase the output, but will support branding and finding market for the outputs 340

▪ Regarding changing land use planning: the subproject implementation do not change the land use planning, but the direction of agricultural production in the direction of adaptation to climate change conditions, sea level rise based on the current land use.

- In addition, the subproject ưwner undertakes and supervises the contractors to ensure that the works are on schedule and in accordance with the approved design in order to minimize impacts on the natural and socio-economic environment in the subproject area.

7.3. Information disclosure

According to the request of the Government and the WB, Dong Thap PPMU will disseminate the draft of this report in Vietnamese version at the CPO office, DARD office, PPC office, DPC office and subproject communes. The English version of the report will be published on the WB’s Infoshop. The official versions of this report will also be disclosed at the locality and the Infoshop.

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CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND COMMITMENTS

1. Conclusions

In general, the Subproject is feasible and in line with the socio-economic development plan of Dong Thap province as well as the irrigation and rural development planning in the Mekong Delta. The Subproject meets the needs of the socio-economic development in Dong Thap province and supports the salinity control to serve local livelihoods and production. The assessment and preparation of the Subproject’s environmental and social impact assessment report show that the mitigation measures designed for the Subproject are sufficient enough to mitigate negative impacts. However, in order to ensure more adequacy, the environmental monitoring program for the construction of the Subproject was proposed. The positive impacts of the subproject include improvement of living conditions of people in the area, promotion of the socio-economic development and actively response to climate change and sea water level rise. During the preparation phase, the subproject will cause impacts on the environment and local people in the subproject area. The subproject will acquire land from households and affect the living and production of the people. The removal and clearance of buildings and structures out of the subproject area will generate negative impacts on the environment. In addition, within the subproject site where residue UXOs, the risk of UXOs will affect the quality of the work and life of workers and people around the construction site. However, these impacts will be mitigated through the implementation of compensation and resettlement in line with the policy set out in the RPF of MD-ICRSL project and RAP of this subproject. The subproject owner will be contracted to the UXO clearance authority and the contractor will only carry out if the construction sites are safe. During the construction phase, there will be negative impacts including vehicle and equipment exhaust emissions, smoke, dust and noise from construction equipment during the construction of the subproject components, wastewater from construction workers and construction activities, construction solid waste, dredged sludge and some contaminated waste, among others. These have been identified in the ESMP. These impacts can be mitigated by ensuring that the subproject contractors comply with the provisions of their contracts, including those which relate to environmental impacts. The PPMU and their CSC and EMC will be responsible for ensuring that this compliance occurs. In accordance with their contracts, contractors will be required to prepare the Contract Specific Environmental Plan (CSEP) describing detailed environmental safeguard actions. The CSEP will be approved by PPMU and supervised by CSCs prior to the work commencing. Periodic monitoring reports will be prepared by the EMC and the results will be submitted to CPMU and the World Bank (as needed). During the operation, the Subproject will cause such negative impacts as damages to embankments, culverts, pumping stations and wastes from the implementation of the livelihood models, which will affect the psychology and income of people. There may be impacts from disease risks, water conflicts among the areas implementing the livelihood models. However, these impacts will be minimized through training to raise public awareness of the impacts of waste, diseases, experiences in implementing livelihoods models, linking and forecasting market. Propaganda and education to raise awareness of the protection of the works will ensure long-term operation and the environment is always well protected.

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Developing brands for goods from livelihood models, marketing and expanding output markets and production area planning for management and control while controlling the environmental impacts will be implemented at the same time The Subproject Owner commits to be responsible to the state and local environment management agencies, always implements commitments and solutions in the environmental protection to minimize, control negative impact within the environment and nature regulations. In addition, environmental monitoring should be undertaken to ensure that the Subproject’s activities do not cause negative impacts on the environment. Monitoring results will be reported periodically to Dong Thap DONRE.

2. Recommendations

This is the state-funded subproject for community-based economic development. During the Subproject’s construction, impacts on the natural and social environment may be from negligible and moderate as discussed in detail in Chapter 3 and the response and control plans are discussed in Chapter 4. Thus, mitigation measures to environmental impacts caused by the Subproject will be designed but if only the Subproject Owner and the construction companies implement the mitigation measures, it will be very difficult to resolve thoroughly the problems that arise and need to be coordinated among the local authorities in the Subproject area and Dong Thap PPC as well as the concerned departments and agencies (National Fatherland Fronts, Farmer's Unions, Women's Unions, Youth Unions, Police, etc. at all levels) and the professional agencies (Water Resource Agency, Agriculture and Fishery Extension Center, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.) and the coordinated activities in the capacity and tasks to limit environmental impacts to ensure the Subproject’s effective implementation.

3. Commitments

The subproject owner commits to strictly implement measures to minimize the environmental impacts as stated in Chapter 4, the environmental and social management plans described in Chapter 5 in accordance with the environmental standards and regulations promulgated by the State; implement community commitments as stated in Section 6.3, Chapter 6 of this EIA report. Comply with the general regulations on environmental protection related to the phases of the subproject as follows:

− Report to the subproject CPCs on the content of the decision approving the EIA report together with the copy of approval decision.

− Public listing in localities of the approved EIA summary report, clearly stating the type and volume of wastes; technology and equipment for waste treatment; the level of treatment according to the characteristics of the waste compared to the standard; other measures for environmental protection.

− Environmental protection during the construction phase: implement the measures to mitigate negative impacts on the environment caused by the subproject and conduct environmental monitoring in accordance with the requirements set out in the approved EIA report as well as other requirements stated in the decision approving the EIA report. During the implementation of the construction activities of the subproject, there are changes and adjustments in the contents and measures of environmental protection have been approved or certified, must be reported in writing to the Dong Thap DONRE and only 343

implement these changes and adjustment after the written approval of the competent authority.

− Be responsible to cooperate and create favorable conditions for the State management agency in charge of environmental protection to supervise and inspect the implementation of environmental protection contents and measures of the subproject; Provide adequate information, relevant data when requested.

− Monitoring and supervision program will be implemented during the construction and operation of the subproject. Funds for environmental monitoring will be prepared by the Subproject Owner;

− During the subproject implementation, if violating international conventions, Vietnamese standards on environment and occurrence of environmental incidents, the subproject owner must take full responsibility before Vietnamese law.

− During the preparation, construction and operation phase, the subproject owner will implement measures to mitigate adverse impacts on the environment as described in Chapter 4.

− Commitment to implement regulations on environmental protection: ▪ Cooperate with local authorities, agencies to implement regulations related to environmental protection of the subproject area. ▪ Full responsibility before Vietnamese law if violating the Vietnamese regulations and commit to compensate and remedy environmental pollution if environment incidents or risks occur during subproject implementation. ▪ Restoration of the environment in accordance with the law on environmental protection after closing the subproject.

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REFERENCES

1. Hoang Hue (2002). Drainage - Waste water treatment, Volume 2, Science & Technology Publishing House, Hanoi. 2. Lam Minh Triet, Nguyen Phuoc Dan, Nguyen Thanh Hung (2004). Urban and industrial waste water treatment - Design calculation, Publisher of Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 3. Nguyen Quoc Binh (2001). Air Pollution and Mitigation Measures, Internal Circulation, HCMC University of Technology, HCMC 4. Pham Ngoc Dang (2004). Environmental Management for Urban area and Industrial Park, Construction Publishing House, Hanoi. 5. Tran Ngoc Chan (2001). Air pollution and air emission treatment, Volume 1, 2, 3, Science & Technology Publishing House, Hanoi. 6. Truong Quoc Phu, and Tran Kim Tinh, 2012. Chemical composition of catfish pond bottom (Pangasiusodon hypophthalmus). Journal of Science 2012: 22a Tr. 290-299. Can Tho University. 7. Assessment of Sources of Air, Water, and Land Pollution, WHO, 1993.

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APPENDIX

APPENDIX 1: RELATED LEGAL DOCUMENTS

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APPENDIX 2: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

PEOPLE'S COMMITTEE OF DONG THAP PROVINCE DONG THAP PROVINCE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Date of survey: ____ /__ /2018

I. SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY 1. Name of household head: ………………………………...………

2. Address:

Village: ...... Commune:...... District...... Province……………

Venerable group: [ ]

(Female-headed HH=1; Ethnic minority =2; Disable =3; Poor HH=4; Social-aid household =5; single elderly HH=6)

347 A. General household information

A1. Household Composition (living together OR contribution/ participating in the primary income/expenses of household)

(circling the order of member)

No 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 (Question for people was born 1.10 1.11Primary from1990 to 2008) Health occupation Name Relationship Sex Year Nation Education Insurance of level Education situation 1.Farming with al birth 1 = Yes (Class) 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.Raising household 1=Male group 2 = No livestock Year Reasons head 2=Female of for 3.Selling 1=going to 0=household head leaving leaving goods school>>2.1 school school 1=Husband/wife 4.Worker

(Choose 2=Father/mother 5.Goverment 2=Leave to employee 3=Son/daughter school maximize >>1.10 2 6.Private 4=Son/daughter In- options) employee law Looking 7.Driver at the 5=Grandchild 8.Housewife table 6=Nephew/niece7.Other 9.Retirement relationship 10.Student

11.Hired 12.Others 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Investigator: 1a. The number of generation: ...... 1b. The number of members: ...... ……

Code for column 1.9: 1= economical difficult, 2=Leaving school to working, 3= Far from house to school/difficult traveling, 4 = unwanted studying, 5= academic failure, 6 = Do not study in high level for male, 7= Do not study in high level for female, 8= Others (detail)......

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B. Assets

1. House type classification

1. Permanent housing (more than1 floor/ brick wall, reinforced concrete roof)

2. Semi-permanent (Brick wall, brick/ mental roof ...)

3. Wood housing, leaf roof (Pole, wood/leaf roof ...)

4. Temporary housing (Bamboo houses, cottages, temporary wooden shield ...)

5. No house

6. Others (apartment buildings):......

2. Does household have residential land use right certificate?

1. Yes

2. No

3. Water use: Which source of water for daily use household use? (choose one option)

Water for drinking Water for washing

− Safe water with water meter connected □ □

− Public water tank □ □

− Dug well □ □

− River, spring, pond water □ □

− Rain water □ □

− Buying from other □ □

− Other □ □

4. Sanitation condition? (choose one option)

1. No WC 4. Hole

2. Septic toilet/ Semi-septic toilet 5. WC in the pond, river, spring

3. WC with disintegrative basin 6. Other:………………......

5. Main sources for lighting? (Choose one option)

For living For production

− Oil lamp □ □

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− Gas, oil □ □

− Electricity □ □

− Generator/hydroelectricity □ □

− Other………… □ □

6. Household amenities and consume

Name Yes No Name Yes No

1. Television 8. Car (except farm vehicles)

2. Internet 9. Refrigerator

3. Boat 10. Air condition

4. Motorbike/ electric bicycle 11.Computer, laptop

5. Phone 12. Washing machine

6. Mobile phone 13. Water heater

7. Gas stove 14. Other,..

C- INCOME AND EXPENSES

1. Main income source last 12months

Total income No. Income source (VND)

From agricultural activity (farm, raising livestock, 1 aquaculture, reforestation)

2 From business running

3 Handicraft

4 Salary

5 Money saving

6 Money supporting for social policy household

Total

351

2. Household expenditure in last year

No. Categories Expenses (VND)

1 Daily activities (meal, drinking, electricity, water)

2 Built, renovate house

3 Education

4 Health care

5 Money for wedding, funeral

6 Cost for production activities

7 Other:______

Total (VND) 3. Generally, evaluation of the standard of living of HH compare with the others:

1. Good 4. Poor

2. Medium 5. No identity

3. Straitened

4. Have living conditions of HH been changed in the last 3 years?

1. Unchanged

2. Better

3. Worse

D-ACCESS TO SOCIAL SERVICES

5. Do evaluation social services compare within the last 3 years?

No. Problems Better Unchanged Worse

1 Health care services

2 Education

3 Water supply

4 Irrigation

5 Infrastructure (bridge, drainage, road)

6 Disease in agriculture production

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No. Problems Better Unchanged Worse

7 Disaster (flood, drought,...)

8 Agricultural Extension Services 1. Other activities in the last month,

No. Activities Often Sometime Rarely Never

1 Reading magazine, book

2 Watching television

3 Listening radio

4 Traveling

5 Going to pagoda/ church

6 Joining in festival

7 Other ......

Note: Everyday watching TV, listening to radio, reading magazine, book is considered often; other activities happen every month to be considered often. From this, giving a conclusion for other cases)

E- HEALTH

1. Have had problem related to health during last 12 months in your family?

1. Yes

2. No→Moving to question D10

2. If any, which disease?

1. Flu

2. Respiratory illness

3. Malaria

4. Cholera/ Dysentery

5. Hepatitis

6. Poison

7. Accident

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8. Other: ……………….

3. Where to cure? (choose many options)

1. Commune station 2. Pharmacy

3. Surgery 4. Oriental Medicine

5. District hospital 6. Herbal/traditional treatment by local medicine

7. Province Hospital 8. Other: ......

9. National Hospital 10. No response

11. Health clinic

4. Currently, which factors effect on people’s health?

1. Unsafe foods and vegetables

2. Polluted domestic water

3. Salt intrusion

4. Scare domestic water

5. Polluted environment/noise

6. Epidemics

Other:

F-PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES

1. Land use status of household

Area in Land use Right Other places Land use project site certificate (renting Right Land category/use 2 (m2) 1. Yes land)(m ) certificate

2. Not yet 1. Yes 2. Not yet

Residential land

Garden land

Paddy-field

Aquaculture land

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Forestry land

Industry land (salt, ...)

2. Do you have plans for economic activities in next 1 or 2 years? (can choose many options)

1. Maintaining the production activities

2. Widen the production and business model

3. Narrow down the production and business model

4. Stopping the production and business models

5. Converting the production and business models

6. No idea

2.b. If having some changes, giving reasons

………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Do you have plans now of how you will replace the income/food production from the agriculture land and/or business that will be recovered? (choose one OR many options) 1. Continuing the old job

2. Restart business in a new location

3. Find a job

4. No yet decided

5. Other (please, describe):……………………………………………………

4. Obtained loan?

1. Yes with …………………….VND

2. No =>moving question 10

5. If productive land is recovered by irrigation project, do you change in obtained loans?

1. Yes 2. No

6. If any, how to change?

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1. Increase 2. Unchanged 3. Reduce 4. No answer

7. Which organizations did you lend money?

8. Form of loans

1. Mortgage 2. Unsecured loan 3.Both of them

9. Purpose of loans (describe)

1. 1. Agriculture production 8. Investing in small business/services

2. 2. Raising livestock 9. Health care

3. 3. Aquaculture 10. Education

4. 4. Reforestation 11. Buying productive land

5. 5. Handicraft 12. Buying residential land

6. 6. Buying permanent facility 13. Construction

7. 7. Daily expenses 14. Other (describe):………

10. Why have you not lent money for 12 months? (choose 1 option)

1. No demand

2. Need capital, but not known loan source

3. Need capital, not loan source

4. Have demand, but not enough condition (describe) ………………………………………

5. Other reason(describe)......

11. Who can support (financial/spirit)? (choose 3 options)

Financial Spirit

1. Parents 1. Parents

2. Sibling 2. Sibling

3. Daughters and sons 3. Daughters and sons

4. Relative 4. Relative

5. Neighbors 5. Neighbors

6. Friends 6. Friends

7. Unions 7. Unions

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8. No one 8. No one

9. Other (describe): ………………… 9. Other (describe): ………………… 12. How do you intend to use the money that you will receive for the compensation of your land? (choose many options)

1. Buy new land for agriculture production 8. Save in the bank

2. Buy new residential land 9. Repayment

3. Built house 10. Daily expenses

4. Renovate house 11. Buy other type of asset

5. Invest in small business, services, non- 12. Health care agriculture 13. Spend on children’s education 6. Invest in agriculture, reforestation, aquaculture 14. Distribution for their children and 7. Join in vocational training (non-agriculture) relative

15. Other (describe)...

G-PROBLEMS RELATED TO PROJECT

1. Salt intrusion into the water for agriculture.

1. Yes, throughout the year

2. Yes, depend on the season

3. No salt intrusion→ move to G3

2. Affected of salt water on:

Positive Negative Not effect No idea

1. Change the production season

2. Effect on agriculture production

3. Effect on living condition

4. Effect on people’s health

5. Irrigation fee

6. Other (describe...... )

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3. From 2010, Which hazard did you face?

Yes No

− Natural disaster 1□ 2□

− Epidemic 1□ 2□

− Salt intrusion 1□ 2□

− Polluted environment 1□ 2□

− Loss of land 1□ 2□

− Unemployment 1□ 2□

− Other: …………………………………… 1□ 2□ 4. G3. Have you known about climate change, sea level rise?

1. Yes

2. No

3. No idea→Move to G7

5. Which source have you known about climate change, sea level rise ?

1. Internet 2. Village loudspeaker 3. Community activities 4. Neighbor 5. Television 6. Banner 7. Wife/Husband 8. Friend 9. Magazine 10. Leaflets 11. Relative Other source 6. Do you know that irrigation project will implement?

1. Yes (Describe:...... )

2. No Move question 8

7. If any, which source? (Can choose many option and circling)

358

1. Disseminated village meetings

2. Disseminated commune meetings

3. Watch TV/Listen to radio/Read the magazine

4. Village loudspeaker`

5. Officer and union

6. Wife/Husband

7. Relative

8. Friend/neighbor

9. Other (describe):......

8. Which positive effects have irrigation work brought?

Yes No

− Prevent salt intrusion, □ □

− Active water for irrigation □ □

− Restoration the ecological environment □ □

− Complete the transport infrastructure in rural area □ □

− Convenience for travelling and goods traffic □ □

9. Which negative effects, have irrigation brought?

Yes No

− Difficulty for agriculture production □ □

− Local polluted environment □ □

− Ecological environment change □ □

− Impeding flood drainage □ □

− Impeding boat travelling □ □

Thanks for your cooperation!

359

APPENDIX 3: LAYOUTS AND MAPS RELATED TO THE SUBPROJECT

360

APPENDIX 4: ANALYSIS RESULTS OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

361

APPENDIX 5: PUBLIC CONSULTATION DOCUMENT

362

APPENDIX 6: PICTURES RELATED TO THE SUBPROJECT

363

APPENDIX 7: DREDGED MATERIALS MANAGEMENT PLAN

1. Location of Dredging, Volume and Characteristics of Dredged Materials In the subproject, with a total length of 37.244km of main canal routes (Canals of Khang Chien canal, Khang Chien 1, Hong Ngu-Tam Nong, Ca Cai and border canal of Thanh Binh- Tam Nong) will be dredged to increase the capacity of flood control and drainage. There is about 418,816 m3 sludge from canal dredging. Based on the analysis result of sediment/soil samples in Chapter 2, with the pH values range from 4.94 to 5.66 and heavy metal contents are within the standard of QCVN 43:2012/BTNMT QCVN- National technical regulation on sediment quality and QCVN 03-MT:2015/BTNMT- National technical regulation on allowable limits of heavy metal in soils (agricultural production area). 2. Final Disposal Site Total volume of sludge disposal is 418,816 m3, in which 271,858 m3 dredged by suction dredger and stored in 7 disposal sites along Khang Chien and Khang Chien 1 canals, in which 05 dump sites are currently earth ponds, which were exploited for filling residential areas, with deeps ranging from 8-10m; and 2 others will be embanked to +5.2m to store dredged sludge. In addition, the remaining of 146,958m3 sludge dredged by bucket dredger will be disposed of in the compartments along the canals. 3. Contractor’s Dredging Management Plan The Contractor is required to prepare a Contractor’s Dredging Management Plan (CDMP) and submitted to the Environmental Consultant of the Construction Supervision team and the PPMU Environmental Officer for review and approval. The CDMP will include, but not limited to the followings:

− The Scope of Works in the Contract package, construction method and schedule

− Volume and quality of water quality and sediment quality in the dredging area covered by the contract.

− Water users that may be affected by the dredging

− Materials uploading and transportation method: indicate proposed route of the transport from the dredged site to the disposal area, time of operation, type of vehicles/trucks and proposed measures to reduce the leakage of the dredged materials from the transport means.

− Schedule to inform the nearby communities about the subproject, disclosure of name and contact number for possible complaints.

− Potential social and environmental impacts, including the site-specific impacts and risks

− Mitigation measures to address the potential impacts and risks. The mitigation measures should be proposed based on ESIA/ECOP, ESMP, SEMP, the potential impacts and mitigation measures presented in Section 4 and 5 of this Plan and the following requirements:

− Environmental Quality Monitoring plan carried out by the contractor (particularly pH, DO, TSS, BOD, salinity etc. for water and heavy metals including pH, Hg, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr, Organic Materials and Mineral Oils for sediments and soil

− For soil and sediment: The number of samples taken will follow the following guidelines

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− At least one water, soil and sediment sample must be taken for each contract package Table 1: The number of Sediment samples The volume of dredged (m3) No of Sediment Samples Up to 25,000 3 25,000 to 100,000 4-6 100,000 to 500,000 6-10 500,000 to 2,000,000 10-20 For each 1,000,000 above 2,000,000 Additional 10

− Consultation withthe affected community about the draft CDMP

− Excavated soil is separated from dredged materials from source. Excavated soils will be reused on-site and off-site as much as possible and transported to the nearest disposal site appraised under ESIA, or identified and approved during detail engineering design or construction phase;

− The mitigation measures are adequate to address the potential social and environmental impacts associated with various steps and activities, areas of influence and receptors of dredging, temporary storage, transportation and final disposal of the dredged materials.

− Field survey is carried out by the Contractor during the preparation of the CDMP in order to identify if there are additional sensitive receptors not identified previously under the subproject and proposed additional site-specific mitigation measures accordingly.

− Contractor’s environmental monitoring plan are included

− Commitments to carry out corrective actions when excessive pollution is determined, or when there are complaints about environmental pollution, social impacts from any stake holders. 4. Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures for Dredging

Impacts and Description Mitigation Measures AT DREDGING AND TEMPORARY LOADING AREAS

Odour and air pollution, nuisance − Inform the community at least one week Decomposition of organic matters under before dredging is started anaerobic conditions generates strong odour − Minimise the duration of temporary loading generated gases such as SO2, H2S, VOC, etc. of dredged materials on-site When the muds are disturbed and excavated, − Temporary loading materials must be these gases are released much faster into the transported to the disposal site within 48 air. Exposure to odour pollution affect the hours health of workers, local residents and cause a − Load the materials on-site tidily public nuisance − Do not load the materials temporarily outside the construction corridor determined for each canal section − Avoid loading the sludge in populated residential areas or near public buildings such as kindergarten. Load the sludge as far from the houses and buildings as far as possible

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− Cover the temporary sludge loads when loading near sensitive receptors or longer than 48 hours unavoidable

Dust and nuisance − Avoid temporary loading of dredged − Temporary loading of sludge at the materials on-site construction site cause nuisance to the − Dredged materials must be transported to the public final disposal sites earliest possible and no − Dry and wet mud may be dropped along later than 48 hours from dredging. the dredging area and on transportation − Use truck with water-tight tank to transport route causing a nuisance to the public and wet/damp dredged materials; traffic safety risks − All trucks must be covered tightly before leaving construction site to minimise dust and mud dispersion along the road

Traffic Disturbance − Arrange worker to observe and direct The placement and operation of dredging excavators driver when traffic is busy equipment and construction plants on the ground, temporary loading of the dredged materials may obstruct or disturb traffic and cause safety risks for the people traveling on the canal-side road, particularly on the canal- crossing bridges which are usually very narrow

Social Disturbance − Inform the community at least one week − The concentration of workers and before construction is started equipment, construction works, temporary − Monitor to ensure that physical disturbances loading of materials and wastes, traffic are within the construction corridors only disturbance, dust and odour pollution etc. − Contractor recruit local labors for simple will disturb daily activities and the lives of works, brief them about project local residents environmental and safety requirements − Conflicts may also arise if workers, waste, before started working materials, equipment etc. are present − Contractor register the list of workers who outside the construction corridor come from other localities to the commune at the construction site − Led the water leaked from wet/damp dredged materials going back to the river, not to affect garden or agricultural land − Keep the areas to be disturbed minimally − Enforce workers to comply with codes of conducts

Landslide and soil subsiding risks at − During field survey for the preparation of dredging area CDMP, the contractor in coordination with − Relative deep excavation or cut and fills on the Environmental Officer of PPMU and the the embankments that create slopes may Environmental Consultant of the CES lead to landslide and soil subsiding at the identify weak structures that may be at risk slops or excavated areas, particularly in and determine appropriate mitigation rainy weather measures accordingly − Deep excavation also causes risks to the − Consider and select appropriate dredging existing buildings nearby, particularly the method thatallows minimising soil subsiding weak structures or located too close to the risks, for example carry out stepped

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deep excavation area. excavation, stabilise slops in parallel to dredging − Apply protective measures such as sheet piles at risky locations

Water Quality Degradation − If dredging is carried out directly onto the − Turbidity in water will be increased when water, dredge at intervals to allow suspended the mud is disturbed; Water leaked from materials to resettle before continuing. dredged material and surface runoff − Observe water color at 20 m upstream and through disturbed ground also contains stop dredging when water color there started high solid contents. Muddy water entering to change irrigation canals will cause sedimentation. Aquatic life in the canal would also be affected by turbid water.

Increased Safety risk for the Public − Place stable barriers along the construction corridor boundary to separate the site with nearby structures − Place warning signs and reflective barriers along the construction area, at dangerous locations and within sensitive receptors − Ensure adequate lighting at

Health and Safety risk to the workers − Within two weeks before dredging is started, − The health of workers may be affected due the contractor will coordinate with the local to exposure to odour and other authority to identify good swimmers or those contaminants from sludge who can dive in the locality, and hire at least one of them at each canal construction site − Risk of being drown deeper than 3 m and there are workers working on or near the water surface. − Provide and enforce the workers to use masks. − If and when working in the water, protective cloths, rubber boots, gloves and hats must be worn.

Others − Other relevant measures specified in ECOP or proposed by the contractors as necessary MATERIAL LOADING AND TRANSPORTATION

Dust and nuisance, traffic safety risks − Use water-tight tank boats for transporting − Dust or wet materials may be dropped wet/dam materials along the transportation route − Cover the materials tightly before leaving the construction site − Do no overload material on the trucks AT FINAL DISPOSAL SITE

Landslide and soil subsiding risks at final − Level the materials after being disposed off disposal site − Slopes of the dumps will not be steeper than Landslide and subsiding risk may happen on 45o slopes created at the final disposal site of − Build/create the embankments to protect dredged materials if the slopes created are too slopes high, steep or unstable − Create and maintain drainage at the foot of each dump higher than 2 m

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Soil and Water Quality Pollution Apply measures that ensure rainwater onto the − The disposal of acid sulfate soil affects the acid sulfate materials is not mix with the existing soil quality surface runoff from the surrounding to overflow uncontrolled at the site; rainwater will − No risks of subsidence and landslide for residential areas around this area be infiltrated onto the ground on-site. This can be done by the following mitigation measures: − No impacts on river water quality − Build drainage ditches surrounding the

designated disposal area − Use impermeable materials to cover the walls surrounding the materials to isolate it with the surrounding − Other measures proposed by the contractors to meet pollution control targets 5. Specific Guidance for Dredging

− Identifying the available land for disposing the dredged materials. The plan should also identify the possible lands to be appropriated for the disposal of dredged materials. Public land, land for construction of rural roads, public works, private land, etc. may be used, with an agreement with the project affected households. It should also meet local plans for land use.

− Preparing for a transportation plan. In case, the dredge disposal area is far away from the dredged sites, the DMP shall set out a transportation plan including: (a) methods of transportation (pipeline, barges, hopper barges) and uploading to the disposal area. If trucks are used, indicate proposed route of the transport from the dredged site to the disposal area, (b) time of operation, (c) type of transportation means and proposed measures to reduce the leakage of the dredged materials from the transport trucks, (d) contractors’ responsibilities for cleaning the roads and carry out remedial works if necessary, and (e) a communication plan for the nearby communities including contact number for possible complaints.

− Plan for managing the disposal areas including (a) plan for reducing the drainage; (b) construction of the perimeter dykes (c) construction of sub-containment area, if applicable; (d) planned thickness of the dredged materials (typically less than 1.5 meters); (e) any measures to protect groundwater and soils (e.g., installation of PVC membrane).

− Designing the Draining for Disposal lands. As the dredged materials are in the state of mud at first and soil particles are suspended for 24 to 48 hours. All drainage water from disposal land shall be driven to the drains and discharged back to the river. In order to limit the negative impacts of mud (produced by dredging) on the environment as well as the water quality of the canals, the dredged sediment will be transported to a containing area which is appropriately located and properly design with an adequate size. The dredged spoil will be pumped to the disposal land and then overflow to a settlement pond, where turbidity and total suspended solids are settled. After some time, effluent is returned to the river. A typical design of the dike around each disposal may be as follows: Height: 2m, Footing width: 5 m, and Surface width: 1m. The plan should set out a basic layout.

− Monitoring the Disposed Dredged Materials. A plan for monitoring the dredged materials as well as the water quality of effluent would be required. As stated before, intensive

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monitoring would be required if the dredged materials contain a higher content of the heavy metals and other harmful materials than the national thresholds.

− In order to mitigate the issue of turbidity during dredging operation, the DMP shall set out dredging equipment and/or techniques suitable to the particular site. On laying dredging machines on a barge, contractors can use a proper mud–stopping net for enclosing the dredging site and keeping back mud on land, not to let it goes back to the canal. If the disposal site for dredge materials is located far away from the dredger, a suction dredger should be used to transfer all the mud and soil in water to the disposal sites. The length of dredging sections should be limited less than 1 km and the dredging should be done one by one.

− As for the sections with acid sulfate soil or potential acid sulfate soil, the following measures should be considered: dredging should be carried out in the rainy season when more fresh water could be available for diluting acidic water; treating acidic water in the disposal areas before returning effluent to the canals; and proper locate and design of the disposal area not to affect the nearby agricultural land.

− At the completion of the contract, carry out an assessment on dredged materials, and determine the use of the dredged materials for activities such as (a) construction (roads and embankments); (b) basis for individual houses; and (c) gardening.

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APPENDIX 8: TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION CONSULTANT (CSC)

1. General In order to prevent harm and nuisances on local communities, and to minimize the impacts on the environment during the construction of the civil works under the ICRSL project, Environmental Code of Practices (ECOPs) and subproject ESIA have been prepared and should be adhered to the Contractors and his employees. The Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) is to provide professional technical services (“the Services”) to help ensure effective implementation of the ECOP and subproject ESMP. 2. Scope of Services The general services to be provided by the CSC are to inspect, monitor the construction activities to ensure that mitigation measures adopted in the ECOPs/ESMP are properly implemented and that the negative environmental impacts of the project are minimized. On behalf of the PPMU, the CSC will conduct the following tasks:

− Conduct regular site inspections;

− Review the status of implementation of environmental protection measures against the EMP and contract documents;

− Review the effectiveness of environmental mitigation measures and project environmental performance;

− As needed, review the environmental acceptability of the construction methodology (both temporary and permanent works), relevant design plans and submissions. Where necessary, the CSC shall seek and recommend the least environmental impact alternative in consultation with the designer, the Contractor(s), and PPMU;

− Verify the investigation results of any non-compliance of the environmental quality performance and the effectiveness of corrective measures; and

− Provide regular feedback audit results to the contractor’s Chief Engineer according to the ECOP and site-specific mitigation measures;

− Instruct the Contractor(s) to take remedial actions within a specified timeframe, and carry out additional monitoring, if required, according to the contractual requirements and procedures in the event of non-compliances or complaints;

− Instruct the Contractor(s) to take actions to reduce impacts and follow the required EMP procedures in case of non-compliance / discrepancies identified;

− Instruct the Contractor(s) to stop activities which generate adverse impacts, and/or when the Contractor(s) fails to implement the ESMP requirements / remedial actions.

− For contracts that Site Environmental Management Plan (SEMP) is required, the CSC shall provide the final review and recommend a clearance of all Site Environmental plans which may affect the environment. These include, but are not limited to dredging areas, borrow pits and disposal sites, worker’s camp plans. The CSC will review and approve the SEMP presented by the Contractors. Where these plans are found not to comply with the ESMP, ESIA or RAP, the CSC shall work with the PPMU and Contractor to establish suitable measures or remediation.

− Addressing Complaints: Complaints will be received by the Contractor’s Site Office from local residents with regard to environmental infractions such as noise, dust, traffic safety,

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etc. The Contractor’s Chief Engineer or his deputy, and the CSC shall be responsible for processing, addressing or reaching solutions for complaints brought to them. The CSC shall be provided with a copy of these complaints and shall confirm that they are properly addressed by the Contractors in the same manner as incidents identified during site inspections.

− Certification for Monthly Payments: The CSC shall confirm the monthly payments for environmentally related activities implemented by the Contractor.

− Reporting: the CSC shall prepare the following written reports: ▪ Bi-weekly report of non-compliance issues ▪ Summary monthly report covering key issues and findings from reviewing and supervision activities At the end of the project, the CSC shall prepare a final report summarizing the key findings from their work, the number of infringements, resolutions, etc. as well as advice and guidance for how such assignments should be conducted in the future.

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APPENDIX 9: TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING CONSULTANT

1. General The independent environmental monitoring consultant (IEMC) is to provide professional technical services (“the Services”) to monitor the compliance of subproject’s activities based on provisions given in the approved environmental and social management plan for the subproject. 2. Scope of service The major objective of consultant service is to implement monitoring for social, environmental management activities of the subproject. Of which, the consultant will monitor the compliance of subproject’s activities based on provisions given in the approved environmental and social management plan for the subproject. Monitoring the implementation of environmental and social management plan (ESMP) is to ensure that all civil contractors implement fully the social and environmental mitigation measures identified in the environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) report for the subproject and ensure that all impacts of subproject on natural environment, social – economic, community are minimized; the environment will be recovered after finishing the subproject. The unavoidable impacts on infrastructures, income and people’s daily life will be compensated satisfyingly. Details as follow:

− Task 1: Support PPMU in preparing information dissemination at construction sites, bidding documents and joining negotiation for civil work contracts during subproject implementation: ▪ Assist PPMU to prepare necessary contents for the dissemination of environmental safeguards (ESs) documents duringthe implementation of subproject; ▪ Assist PPMU to incorporate environmental terms into Bidding Documents; ▪ Assist PPMU during negotiation of civil work contracts to ensure compliance of environmental safeguard measures during sub-project implementation.

− Task 2: Provide guidance to civil work contractors in preparation of Site Environmental Management Plan (SEMP), review SEMPs prepared by contractors before their submission to PPMU for approval. According to requirements of approved environmental and social management framework (ESMF), civil work contractors must prepare a detailed plan for implementation of environmental terms in the signed contracts, Environmental Codes of Practice (ECOP) and contractor obligations stated in ESMP. EMC shall provide guidance to contractors in preparation of such plans, and review before their submission to PPMU for approval. During its periodical or regular supervision, EMC will evaluate compliance of civil work contractors in Site Environmental Management Plan (SEMP) implementation and recommend necessary remedial actions to PPMU. The monitoring plan will be based on the impacts and mitigation measures identified. The EMC will prepare a checklist to monitor the implementation of the mitigation plan for the construction phase and develop specific recommendations for implementation and control of environmental issues in the operation phase. In addition, the consultant will develop recommendations for environmental monitor and control during operation phase after finishing the project and transferring the subproject works to the subproject operator.

− Task 3: Prepare a form for environmental safeguards compliance monitoring, guide CSC on how to fill in such form which shall be incorporated in reports to PPMU and, upon their

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request, be provided to CPO/ IEMC managed by CPO. According to ESMF, daily monitoring of safeguard compliance is assigned to CSC, therefore, EMC should prepare a form for monitoring compliance with ESMP/ECOP, SEMP and guide CSC on how to fill in such form. The information recorded in this manner must be reported to PPMU on a monthly basis and be kept by documentation for independent monitoring by IEMC, internal monitoring by CPO/ CPMU and Supervision Missions by WB.

− Task 4: Support PPMU in preparation of periodical environmental safeguard compliance and monitoring report for submission to CPO, WB/CPO. Four (04) times a years, EMC shall conduct periodical monitoring on contractor’s compliance with ESMP/ECOP and SEMP to: (i) evaluate compliance of terms on environmental safeguards stated in civil work contracts; (ii) review safeguards compliance monitoring forms filled by CSC; (iii) monitor environmental quality based on necessary samples and parameters stated in ESIA/ESMP and assess patterns of environmental quality during sub-project implementation, environmental impacts of ongoing subproject activities and effectiveness of mitigation measures; (iv) recommend suitable mitigation measures against adverse impacts of subproject activities and necessary revisions of subproject activities to avoid any long-term, negative impacts on the environment. On such basis, the consultant will assist PPMU in preparation of quarterly reports on safeguards compliance at subproject level and patterns of environmental quality during subproject implementation, which shall be submitted to CPO; assist PPMU in reporting to CPO/ WB during supervision missions by WB.

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