1 ETHNOGENESIS, IDENTITY, and the DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1844–PRESENT by Cynthia Marie Douglas
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Ethnogenesis, Identity and the Dominican Republic, 1844 - Present Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Douglas, Cynthia Marie Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 15:33:54 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195684 1 ETHNOGENESIS, IDENTITY, AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1844–PRESENT by Cynthia Marie Douglas _________________________________ Copyright © Cynthia Marie Douglas 2005 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE, READING, AND CULTURE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2005 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Cynthia Marie Douglas entitled Ethnogenesis, Identity, and the Dominican Republic 1844–Present and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _________________________________________ August 30, 2005 Richard Ruiz Date _________________________________________ August 30, 2005 Luis Moll Date _________________________________________ August 30, 2205 Perry Gilmore Date _________________________________________ August 30, 2005 Teresita Majewski Date _________________________________________ August 30, 2005 Patricia L. Anders Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the Candidate’s submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ___________________________________ August 30, 2005 Dissertation Director Richard Ruiz Date 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rule of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests fro permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Cynthia Marie Douglas 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to the following individuals: Richard Ruiz, Luis Moll, Perry Gilmore, Patricia L. Anders, and Teresita Majewski. My mother and daughter for their unconditional support and love. My friends in the Dominican Republic who committed their time and energies in assisting me. My father who always believed that anything I set my mind to could become a reality. My colleagues and university faculty who throughout the first three years of my coursework helped me understand the true meaning of learning. The Marshall Foundation for the 2005 fellowship they bestowed upon me. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................7 LIST OF TABLES ..............................................................................................................8 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................9 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................11 Definition of Terms ...........................................................................................................14 Research Questions ...........................................................................................................16 Methods .............................................................................................................................16 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RELATED STUDIES ..............19 Examples of Ethnogenesis ................................................................................................21 The Lemhi Shoshoni .............................................................................................22 Maroon Societies of Jamaica ................................................................................25 Cimarronaje Culture of Venezuela .......................................................................27 Material Culture as Artifact …………………………………………….... ......................30 Material Culture as Social Phenomenon ………………………………….......................34 Spatiality and Identity Formation ………………………………………... ......................41 CHAPTER 3: METHODS ………………………………………………………............52 Narratives …………………………………………………………………......................52 Data Limitations……………………………………….........................................54 Historical Research ……………………………………………………….. .....................54 Data Limitations …………………………………………………………............55 Comparative Information ………………………………………………..........................56 Data Limitations …………………………………………………………............56 Material Culture ................................................................................................................57 Cedulas .................................................................................................................58 La mujer dominicana ............................................................................................59 Recipes ..................................................................................................................59 Data Limitations ....................................................................................................59 Summary ...........................................................................................................................61 CHAPTER 4: HISTORICAL CONTEXT ........................................................................63 Africans in Hispaniola ......................................................................................................64 Las Devastaciones .............................................................................................................65 Sainte Domingue vs. Santo Domingo ...............................................................................66 La Trinitaria ......................................................................................................................75 U.S. Intervention ...............................................................................................................79 The Trujillo Regime ..........................................................................................................81 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS—“Continued ” CHAPTER 5: FINDINGS OF THE STUDY ...................................................................89 The Researcher’s Role ......................................................................................................93 Findings .............................................................................................................................95 Does Social Space Create Identity for Dominicans? ........................................................96 Fifth Grade Drawings ...........................................................................................97 Map Illustrations .................................................................................................104 How is Identity Racialized for Dominicans? ..................................................................110 Cedulas ...............................................................................................................110 Lizardo’s Chart ...................................................................................................112 How does Identity Relate to Specific Material Culture for Dominicans? ......................115 Recipes ................................................................................................................115 Merengue Narrative ............................................................................................119 La mujer dominicana ..........................................................................................125 Sixth Grade Social Studies Text .........................................................................128 Summary .........................................................................................................................132 What Does it Mean to be Black for Dominicans? ..........................................................133 Narratives ............................................................................................................133 First .........................................................................................................134 Second .....................................................................................................135 Third ........................................................................................................136 Fourth ......................................................................................................138 How Does Ethnogenesis Reflect the Process of Identity Formation for Dominicans in the U.S. Diaspora?