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E 1111111111111111111111111 0116200026 ReQu CLT I CIH I ITH INVENTARIO DEL PATRIMONIO CULTURAL INMATERI I.; Le 1 3 MAl LD15 DE REPUBLICA DOMINJCANA N<> ........ £#..e ......... EL MERENGUE DOMINICANO I . Nombre de la expresi6n cultural Merengue Dominicano. 2. Localizaci6n geognifica Se practica en toda la geograffa nacional, con mayor ~nfasis en la regi6n none. 3. Area de influencia El Merengue se practica en todas las provinciac; del pafs y tiene mucha incidencia en la ciudad de Nueva York yen toda el area del Caribe, especialmente en Puerto Rico. En estos lugares, agrupaciones de dominicanos y nativos de esas localidade.c; difunden este genero musical. EJ Merengue se practica. ademac;, en otros pafses latinoamericanos, como Venezuela y Colombia, donde se ban originado variantes locales y, en menor medida, en Ios pafses centroamericanos. 4. Categorfa a que penenece el Merengue De acuerdo a la clasificaci6n recomendada por la UNESCO, el Merengue pertenece a la categorfa denominada Artes del Espectaculo (Performance Arts), en la que se incluyen musica, cantos y bailes tradicionales. ( ) Artes visuales (Dibujo y pintura tradicionales, escultura in~pirada en elementos culturales tradicionales) ( x ) Artes del espect<kulo (Musica. cantos y bailes tradicionales, teatro popular. festivales tradicionales. camavales populares) ( ) Literatura oral (Poe!>fa, cuentos, mitos, \eyendas, refranes, adivinanzas) ( ) Pnicticas socio-religiosas (Fiestas patronales, ceremonias y rituales, organizaciones y sociedades tradicionales) ( ) Saberes pnicticos tradicionales (Arquitectura tradicional vemacula; oficios tradicionales como carpinterfa, albai\ilerfa. herrerfa. zapaterfa, talabarterfa. modisterfa, sastreria, joyeria y orfebrerfa, confecci6n de bordados y cigarros, etc.; artesanfa tradicional en madera, piedra, piedras preciosas y semipreciosas, barro, fibras, papel rnache, charamicos, y otros materiales: fabricaci6n de instrumentos musicales y de trabajo; medicina tradicional y farmacopea; artes culinaria'l tradicionales: juego~ y deportes populares). 5. Breve descripci6n del Merengue - Caracteristicas de la expresi6n cultural El Merengue se caracteriza por ser una expresi6n de tipo festivo y secular, de caracter fundamentalmente bailable que se practica en numerosas actividades sociales, privadas o publicas, de naturaleza muy disfmiles coma fiestas de aniversarios, encuentros familiares, deportivos y politicos, entre otros. - Ocasi6n en que se celebra o desarrolla Cualquier ocasi6n festiva, conmemorativa o de caracter alegre es propicia para la verificaci6n de esta expresi6n musical. Ademas de practicarse en las ocasiones enunciadas mas arriba, el Merengue se toca, se canta y se baila en bodas, bautizos, aniversarios de personas o instituciones, fines de afio, etc. - Fecha(s) de celebraci6n Dadas las caracteristicas descritas precedentemente, en cualquier fecha del afio se puede presentar esta expresi6n musical. - Lugar especifico de realizaci6n El Merengue se practica en todo el territorio nacional, en casas de familias, clubes, escuelas parques, plazas, auditorios, oficinas, etc. - Estructura y orden de las actividades Una vez identificado el motivo o la ocasi6n por Ios que es pertinente realizar la celebracfon, se elige el espacio y el grupo o conjunto de musicos actuantes. Este grupo puede ser tradicional, que es Ilamado "Perico Ripio", o un conjunto mas moderno, que es conocido como Combo u Orquesta. La variedad es grande. Existen incluso conjuntos o agrupaciones militares. Hecho esto, se convida a Ios invitados y con bebidas refrescantes y alcoh6licas, y eventualmente comidas, se desarrolla la actividad que, por lo general, es bailable. Elementos materiales utilizados Para el merengue tfpico cibaefio en su modalidad de "Perico Ripio", Ios instrumentos que se utilizan son tarnbora, giiira, acorde6n y marimba.Para el conjunto mas moderno -combo u orquesta-, Ios instrurnentos son: piano, trompetas, saxof6n, tromb6n y bajo, acompafiados de tumbadora.,, tambora y gtiira (V er mas detalles en el siguiente acapite). El vestuario utilizado se corresponde con la ocasi6n y la cla"ie social de Ios participantes en la fiesta, ya que hasta con ropa de oficina. unifonne escolar o militar, vestuarios hurnildes de personas pobres o campesinas y ropa de ejecutivos, se puede ejecutar la danza y musica del Merengue. - Musica, canciones y bailes La musica del Merengue es muy variada y rftmica. Esto se corresponde con el hecho de que el Merengue dominicano mas extendido es un complejo musical de varias secciones o partes, la., cuales se pueden ejecutar de manera independiente o combinadas. A la primera parte, que es una introducci6n y se caracteriza por su lentitud, se le conoce con Ios nombres de paseo, merengue derecho, merengue en primera o bolemengue. A la parte que sigue se le denomina simplemente merengue o merengue en segunda. La parte tercera, que es la final, es llamada jaleo. El merengue Compadre Pedro Juan es un ejemplo clasico del merengue con todas sus secciones o partes. Pero hay composiciones de Merengue que s6lo se tocan en el formate de pambiche, como sucede con el merengue llamado Juan Gomero o Juan Gomera De las variantes actuales del Merengue, las mas extendidas son el merengue cibaefio y el pri-prf. El primero, el merengue cibaefio, se ejecuta en ritmo de 4/4 con acorde6n de botones, tambora, giih-a y a veces con el saxof6n alto o bombardino. Este es el merengue de las tres secciones o partes arriba sefialadas. De este merengue se conoce una segunda fonna, el pambiche o merengue estilo yanki, que emplea ritmos de tambora relacionados con el cinquillo y una melodia repetitiva con variaciones improvisadas. Su nombre proviene de la tela Palm Beach que utilizaban Ios marines durante la ocupaci6n norteamericana (1916- 1922); el segundo, el pri-prf o merengue "palo echao" del Sur y del Este del pais, es ejecutado por un cantante en ritmo de 1218 con balsie, gi.iira y acorde6n. Dos variantes tradicionales que actualmente se oyen con poca frecuencia son el merengue de atabales y el merengue redondo. El de atabales se ejecuta en el Este del pais con palos o atabales y varia~ gUiras en metrica de 12/8. El merengue redondo se toca en la peninsula de Samana con acorde6n tambora y giiira en metrica de 4/4. La variante del merengue ocoefio, ejecutado con acorde6n, marimba, balsie, giiira y "maraca ocoefia" en metrica 4/4, ha cafdo en desuso. Unas variantes mas en utilizada actualmente son Ios llamados Merengue Maco o "a lo Maco", que se distingue por una variaci6n ritmica en el toque de la tambora, y el Merengue de Calle, que introduce el uso del timbal, a la vez que varfa sustancialmente la velocidad de ejecuci6n. Las canciones son ejecutadas por un solista al cual le acompafia frecuentemente un coro de voces (dos o tres) y las mismas tratan diversos temas de la cotidianidad del dominicano, en todos Ios 6rdenes. El merengue cibaefio esta extendido por todo el territorio de la Republica y es el que se ha convertido en sfmbolo nacional. - Tipos de participantes Los participantes en el Merengue son personas de todo nivel social, sexo, edad en incluso nacionalidad, ya que normalmente el extranjero que llega al pafs es introducido nipidamente en esta tradici6n, que es parte de la vida diaria de Ios dominicanos. 6. Antigiiedad Desde 1850 se hace menci6n del nombre y pnktica del Merengue. A partir de ese afio, segun Coopersmith (1974), se puso de moda el Mcrengue. La primera menci6n parece ser la del peri6dico El Oasis. Esto revela que el origen del Merengue es anterior a 1850. Algunos investigadores sostienen que es de mayor antigtiedad. 7. Importancia de la expresi6n cultural para la comunidad En el afio 2005 el decreta presidencial No. 8619-05 declar6 el 26 de Noviembre como Dia Nacional del Merengue por haber sido un dia como ese cuando apareci6 escrito y difundido por primera vez el vocablo "merengue" en el peri6dico dominical El Oasis. Republica Dominicana cuenta con rancios festivales dedicados al Merengue. El dominicano lo reconoce como su bandera sonora, lo define coma "Nuestro Merengue" y lo considera coma signo de identidad nacional. Cuando se le pregunta a un dominicano cucil es su musica por antonomasia, responde: "El Merengue". El ritmo y baile del Merengue intervienen en la mayor parte de Ios mas importantes eventos hist6ricos, sociales, deportivos, educativos y polfticos de la vida nacional. 8. Portadores o practicantes - Comunidades o grupos La regi6n del Cibao (al norte del pafs) es la zona mas activa en el uso y producci6n de este genero de de importancia y a1cance nacional, pero podemos afirmar que en todas Ias provincias del pais esta expresi6n musical es de una elevada practica. De todas las regiones de Ios cuatro puntos cardinales, tenemos grandes exponentes que lo ban difundido a nivel nacional e intemacional. -Personas Entre Ios grandes exponentes, promotores y bailadores del Merengue dominicano, podemos mencionar Ios siguientes: Francisco (Nico) Lora: fallecido acordeonista, cantante y compositor, ampliamente conocido. Casandra Damir6n: Fallecida cantante y bailadora y reconocida folklorista. Nereyda Rodriguez: Bailadora y ex directora de ballet folkl6rico. Fallecida Bartolo Alvarado, alias "El Cieguito de Nagua", acordeonista, cantante y compositor. Fefita la Grande: acordeonista, cantante y compositora. Maritza Reyes: bailarina y directora de ballet folkl6rico. Agustin Pichardo: fallecido, bailador e investigador folkl6rico. Joseito Mateo: cantante, bailador y compositor. Cuco Valoy: cantante y director de orquesta. Johnny
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