Political Tragedies in

Week 6

TY Shin Norika Higuchi Elena Barksdale Mir Jame (Hsunning Jame) BLACKWOOD’S EDINBURGH MAGAZINE AND LAURENCE OLIPHANT

https://geology.com/world/united-kingdom-satellite-image.shtml BLACKWOOD’S EDINBURGH MAGAZINE (1817-1980)

-as “Maga” -monthly

-1 April 1817 -The Edinburgh Monthly Magazine (April-September 1817) -Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine (October 1817-December 1905) -Blackwood’s Magazine (-September 1980, October 1940-)

-Edinburgh, Scotland -London

-William Blackwood (1776-1834, 57) https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/serial?id=blackwoods https://www.britannica.com/biography/William- https://www.nls.uk/exhibitions/treasures/blackwoods-magazine Blackwood#ref281998 http://sf-encyclopedia.uk/fe.php?nm=blackwoods_magazine http://www.victorianweb.org/periodicals/blackwood/allingham.html

BLACKWOOD’S EDINBURGH MAGAZINE (1817-1980)

-George Buchanan (1506-1582, 76)

-c. 132 pages -double columns -no illustrations

-middle class (target audience)

-circulation, popularity, readership -below 10,000 -3,000

-The Cornhill (1860-1975)

https://www.britannica.com/bio University of Michigan (left) graphy/George-Buchanan University of Chicago (right)

LAURENCE OLIPHANT THE ATTACK ON THE BRITISH EMBASSY AT JEDDO

-Laurence Oliphant (1829-1888, 59)

-5 July 1861

-Laurence Oliphant, “Political Tragedies in Japan,” Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, April 1862, 429-430. -”The Attack on the British Embassy at Jeddo, Japan,” Illustrated London News, Oct. 12, 1861, 376.

-”The Outrage on the British Embassy at Jeddo, Japan: Attack on Messrs. Oliphant and Morrison.”

-The Illustrated London News (1842-2003) https://archive.org/details/illustratedlondov39lond/page/376/mode/1up https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/serial?id=illuslondonnews https://www.britannica.com/biography/Laurence-Oliphant

Figures 堀田正睦（ほったまさよし） Hotta Masayoshi 1810-1864

- The senior councillor - Prince of shimousa sakura 下総佐倉藩主 - Valued education : sakura juntendo 佐倉 順天堂 - He asked the imperial court in to sign the Treaty of Amity and Commerce, but couldn’t get the approval. - Eager to improve the English education in japan - “ranguse 蘭癖”

https://history-men.com/hotta-masayoshi/#i-2 https://www.juntendo.ac.jp/corp/history/origin/establishm ent.html l 井伊直弼（いいなおすけ) 1815-1860 Ii Naosuke

- Born in Hikone, had many brothers - Age 16 : started to live in “Umoreginoya 埋木舎 （うもれぎのや）” , devoted into studying, budō, and art. - Age 35: became a prince of Hikone. - Age 43: became a Tairo

http://www.japanserve.com/bakumatsu/ar-kinki- hikonejou.html

Some of the people who were assassinated because they were against the idea of Ii Naosuke

吉田松陰 (1830-1859) Yoshida Shoin 橋本左内 (1834-1859) Hashimoto Sanai

Assasination of Ii Naosuke

17 people from Mito, 1 from Satsuma

- 有村次左衛門 ありむらじざえもん （22) Arimura Jizaemon: The only one from Satsuma

- 関鉄之介 せきてつのすけ（37） Seki Tetsunosuke The one who initiated the assasination.

The event itself did not take long. some of the people from Mito died from the battle on the way.

Political and Social Influence

- Political system of Tokugawa Period (1603-1868) - Society after The Perry Expedition (1853) - Influence on the Restoration (1868~) Tokugawa Period (1603-1868)

● period (江戸時代)

● Founded by

● 15 shoguns during the 265 years

● The last shogunate Ieyasu Tokugawa

● Internal peace, political stability, and economic growth

https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-topics/b06907/tokugawa- ieyasu-and-the-founding-of-the-edo-shogunate.html https://www.britannica.com/event/Tokugawa-period

Tokugawa Period (1603-1868)

Bakuhan System (幕藩体制 Bakuhan taisei)

● military government, feudal political system Shogunate Han (藩) Land and People (幕府)

Daimyo (大名) ● responsible to rule and take care of their territory under orders from the shogunate ○ Shinpan (親藩) ○ Fudai (譜代) ○ Tozama (外様)

https://nihonsi-jiten.com/bakuhan-taisei/ https://www2.nhk.or.jp/school/movie/bang umi.cgi?das_id=D0005120309_00000

Tokugawa Period (1603-1868)

Buke shohatto (武家諸法度)

● 1615, Hidetada Tokugawa

● included rules such as Daimyos not allowed to build new castles and permission was needed for marriage

Sankin kotai (参勤交代) ● 1635, Iemitsu Tokugawa ● Daimyos travel between their Han and Edo every two years ● Cost about ￥700,000,000 (7億円) per travel https://www2.nhk.or.jp/school/movie/bangumi.cgi?das_id=D0005120309_00000 https://mainichi.jp/articles/20170618/gnw/00m/040/002000c

Tokugawa Period (1603-1868)

● Categorization of people ○ Warriors (武士) ○ Merchants and artisans (町人) ○ Farmers(百姓)

➞Mobility between the classes were prohibited ➞ stable income for authority

● Fear of foreign ideas and military intervention ○ Ban on Christianity ○ Sakoku (鎖国) 1639-1854

https://www.britannica.com/event/Tokugawa-period https://www2.nhk.or.jp/school/movie/bangumi.cgi?das_i d=D0005120309_00000

Tokugawa Period(1603-1868)

Shogunate power weakens (final 30 years~)

● Peasant uprising ● unrest ● Financial problems ● Threat of international intrusion

➞The continuing existence of regime ➞Direct imperial rule …?

Sakurada mongai 桜田門外の変

https://rekisiru.com/8865 https://www.britannica.com/event/Tokugawa-period

Society after The Perry Expedition (1853)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boshin_War

EDO-TOKYO MUSEUM So we could conclude that the Perry Expedition led to the establishment of diplomatic relations between Japan and the western Great Powers, which led to the civil war within Japan, and eventually to the collapse of the ruling , the restoration of the Emperor and the commencement of the Meiji Restoration.

Historical jury still out on Japan's Meiji Restoration, Japantimes.co https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/10/23/national/history/historical-jury-still--meiji- restoration/ The Meiji Restoration: The End of the Shogunate and the Building of a Modern Japanese State https://www.nippon.com/en/views/b06902/

Meiji Restoration (1868~)

浮 世 繪

憲 法 発 布 略 図 The paradox ➔ Samurai shoguns propelled the Meiji Restoration ➔ So the new emperor ascended the throne ➔ The new emperor then abolished the class system ➔ The became jobless!

http://gadgetsnews.link/archives/813109

Thank you!