/ INVERTECKA" \ZOOLOGY Ajprustacea UNITED STATES EXPLORING EXPEDITION. BY AUTHORITY OF CONGRESS. V So A . ^ C I B R ft R Y if crjsira UNITED STATES i~k, ( IDVIM EXPEDITION. DURING THE YEARS 1888,.R , 1889, 1840, 1841, 1842ft . UNDER THE COMMAND OF CHARLES WILKES, U.S.N. VOL. XIII. CRUSTACEA. BY JAMES D. DANA, A.M., MEMBER OF THE SOC. C^ES. NAT. CUB. OP MOSCOW; THE SOC. PHILOMATH1QUE OF PARIS J THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY" OF LONDON; THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES AT BOSTON; THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, ETC. WITH A FOLIO ATLAS OF NINETY-SIX PLATES. PART I. PHILADELPHIA: PRINTED BY C. SHERMAN. 1 8 5 2, Collins, Frank S. The Botanical and Other Papers of the ITilkes Exploring Expedition, Rhodora, Jour, of the Hew England Botanical Club, Vol. 14, No. 160, p. 61 [gives dates for the various volumes]. O Vol. XIII. Crustacea, Part 1, James D. Dana, 1852, o * - Vol. XIV, Crustacea, Part 2, Jaraes D. Dana, 1853, vrith Atlas, 1855. i'fiRAFtf jbCft, 2. Us? v. it? w CRUSTACEA. PART I. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS, CLASSIFICATION OF CRUSTACEA 3 HOMOLOGIES OF CRUSTACEA CRUSTACEA PODOPHTHALMIA, 45 ORDER I. EUBRANCHIATA, 45 TRIBE I. BRACHYURA, 58 I. MAIOIDEA, 75 I. MAIINEA, 77 II. PARTHENOPINEA, 136 II. CANCROIDEA, 142 I. CANCRINEA, 147 II. TELPHUSINEA, . 292 III. CYCLINEA. 294 III. CORYSTOIDEA, 290 IV. GRRAPSOIDEA, 306 V. LEUCOSOIDEA, 389 TRIBE II. ANOMOURA, . 398 I. DROMIDEA, ....... 402 II. BELLIDEA, 403 III. RANINIDEA, ....... 403 IV. HIPPIDEA, . 404 V. PORCELLANIDEA, . 410 VI. LITHODEA, ........ 426 CONTENTS. viii VII. IEGLEIDEA, IX. GALATHEIDEA, - APPENDIX, MEGALOPIDEA, TRIBE HI. MACROURA, I. THALASSINIDEA, II. ASTACIDEA, III. CARIDEA, IV. PEN2EIDEA, . ORDER II. ANOMOBRANCHIATA, I. SQUILLOIDEA, . II. MYSIDEA, . CRUSTACEA. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. THE collections of Crustacea, which are the subject of the following Report, were made by the Exploring Expedition at all the various points visited in the course of the cruise, and through all the oceans traversed. The principal coasts which have contributed to the department are as follows : 1. Madeira, 12. Society Islands, 2. Cape "Verde, 13. Samoan or Navigator Islands, 3. Rio Janeiro, 14. Tongatabu, 4. Rio Negro, Northern Patagonia, 15. Feejee Islands, 5. Nassau Bay, Tierra del Fuego, 16. New Zealand, 6. Valparaiso, Chili, 17. New South Wales, 7. Callao, Peru, 18. Kingsmill Islands, 8. San Francisco, California, 19. Wakes Island, 9. Coast of Oregon, 20. The Phillippines, Sooloo Sea, Singa- 10. Sandwich Islands, pore, and Cape Town. 11. Paumotu Islands, Pacific, Our stay at these different places varied from twenty-four hours to four months; and the extent of the collections they afforded is conse- quently as various as the time allowed for exploration. The waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, Antarctic, and Indian Oceans also added largely to the number of oceanic species. The scientific world naturally demands results correspondent with the opportunities for investigation. As bearing on this point, the 1 CRUSTACEA. 2 author deems it incumbent to state that the ^^^ ™ out of three extensive departments Zoonhvtes reports on which subjects are already published—having £SftliP*« of his time and labours. Moreover, ^unfor- tunate wreck of the Peacock on the collections made through two seasons m the South Pacific, langmg over the ocean from the Paumotus to the Navigator Islands and also to the Kingsmill Group, and only a few dried Crustacea, not mcluded in the packages lost, answer to a detailed catalogue numbering more than a thousand specimens. Besides this misfortune, another befell the collections after reaching the country, before the return of the Expedition. A large part of the packages were unfortunately opened, and the specimens prepared, by drying, for exhibition. By this means, the references to the catalogues were to some extent lost, and many specimens were badly injured. Some were rendered wholly unfit for description, especially those of small size, which, without regard to their delicacy of structure, were taken from the bottles containing them and dried, and sometimes transfixed with pins, to the obliteration of many of their characters. Moreover, the larger species were rendered by this process unfit for dissection. Notwithstanding these occurrences, the number of new species described in the following pages exceeds five hundred, although in many of those collected we have been anticipated by foreign inves- tigators, owing to the delay in our publications. The species embraced belong to every branch, of the department of Crustacea, including the minute Entomostraca as well as the higher grades. The subject of classification has therefore come necessarily under consideration. We have also been led for the same reason to a study of the homologies of Crustacea, and have endeavoured to present the parallel relations of species in all the prominent groups. I. ON THE CLASSIFICATION OE CRUSTACEA. THE following observations on the classification of Crustacea relate only to the grander divisions of this class of animals. The various subdivisions and their distinctions come under consideration in the succeeding descriptive part of the work, in connexion with the detailed descriptions of the several groups. In presenting our remarks on this subject, we offer first a few ob- servations on the limits of the department of Crustacea, and a brief review of the distinctive characters of the class. I. LIMITS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CRUSTACEA, AND DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS OF THE CLASS. 1. Limits—The only point of doubt that has existed of late upon the limits of the department of Crustacea refers to the lower orders of the class, and, through recent investigations, the uncertainties are now mostly removed. The Cirripedia have been claimed by the concho- logist as Mollusca, and the Rotifers by Ehrenberg and others as a branch of Infusoria. The former are so completely like Cypridinea in the young state, as first shown by Thompson,* both in external form and internal structure, and so unlike any species of Mollusca, that their relations to the Artieulata were made out satisfactorily by this observation alone. The author collected some of these young Anatifse in the Equatorial Atlantic in 1838, and, not being aware at the time of .Thompson's investigations, the species were referred to the Cypris group. Subsequent investigations off Euegia, where the young and adult forms were found together, enabled him to trace out the transitions. Another fact of importance, fixing the relations of the Cirripeds, was observed by the author in the harbour of Rio Janeiro. Numerous exuviss of Cirripeds were collected, proving that these animals undergo exuviation,—a process in growth characteristic * Zoological Researches, by J. V. Thompson, Esq., F.L.S., No. 3, January, 1830. 0Q CRUSTACEA. 4 of this branch of the Articulata, arid not so of any true Mollusca. Again, the organs of the mouth as well as the jointed structure of the legs are completely Crustacean in type. The Rotifers have the mandibles and other mouth-organs ot Crus- tacea, and some of them resemble certain Entomostraca in general form,'and in the jointed structure of the caudal extremity. In these species we have, therefore, the lowest Crustacean form under a Radiate type,—the type of the inferior branch of the animal kingdom. Crustacea also pass, by almost imperceptible shades, into Vermes, through the Caligus and Lernaea tribes; the most degraded Lcrnaian forms'having the sluggishness and almost memberless character of the lowest worms. Their resemblance to the typical Crustacea is so slight, that, without a knowledge of the gradations through the well- modelled Caligi to the higher forms, their relations to the class would hardly be suspected. 2. Characteristics.—On account of the wide variations among Crus- tacea, the systematist experiences great difficulty in laying down the characteristics of the class. The higher divisions have a regular heart; the lower (and this is true even of some Caligidse) have no heart, and only two or three valves in the course of the circulation. The higher have a system of vessels for the arterial circulation, the venous sj^stem only being lacunal; the lower have no vessels for circulation in any part, and the blood sweeps along among the muscles in broad currents, flowing off in side channels wherever passages are open, more like the sap in the leaf of a plant than what is naturally looked for in the zoological kingdom. The higher orders have branchire for the aeration of the blood attached to the thoracic members; species of another type have allied organs attached to the abdominal members; and those of the lower orders are without any trace of branchiae or corresponding organs, and the function of aeration devolves upon the exterior surface of the body. The higher orders have a nervous ganglion for each segment of the body, and these ganglia are clustered in two masses only when the limbs are gathered closely about a centre, with the abdomen small and in flexed against the thorax, as in Crabs; but in the" W orders, although the body may consist of a series of segments, we find at times only one single ganglion, pierced by the oesophagus, and placed CLASSIFICATION OF CRUSTACEA. 5 above the mouth, from which cords pass forward and backward, and subdivide, in order to supply the posterior segments and their members; and in this particular, the great characteristic which is laid down as dividing the Articulata from the Mollusca, fails of being distinctive, and we find essentially the nervous system of a inolluscan with a crustacean structure. The higher have large biliary glands; the lower often no distinct glandular masses of this kind. Again, as already observed, while in the higher orders the species have a series of limbs for locomotion and prehension, the members are reduced in the lowest to a single pair, or even this is wanting,— a long head with its mouth fitted for suction, and a long tail, making up the body.