DOCSLIB.ORG

North Germanic Negation a Microcomparative Perspective

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
North Germanic Negation a Microcomparative Perspective FACULTY OF HUMANITIES, SOCIAL SCIENCES AND EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS North Germanic Negation A Microcomparative Perspective Christine B. Østbø Munch A dissertation for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor May 2013 North Germanic Negation A Microcomparative Perspective Christine B. Østbø Munch A thesis submitted for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor University of Tromsø Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education Department Of Language and Linguistics May 2013 Acknowledgements After almost eight years in Tromsø, I’ve got new friends, a wedding, two wonderful boys and a dissertation. I want to thank the University of Tromsø for giving me the opportunity to settle north of Steinkjer, something I surely wouldn’t have even considered otherwise. Although Tromsø was bare and cold and rainy when we arrived in August 2005 and moved into a block of sheet metal painted in various pastels, I’ve got accustomed to it. And at least seven months of snow a year is all right as long as it is skiing conditions, and when the skiing season is over, there is the midnight sun! First and foremost I would like to thank my supervisor Øystein Vangsnes, who has read and commented on numerous drafts, encouraged me to give presentations from early on (which I really see the importance of now) and including me in to the ScanDiaSyn network and NORMS, to which I also owe much. In the same breath I would like to thank the department of Nordic languages and the people there; CASTL and the ex-directors Curt Rice and Marit Westergaard in particular. I must also thank all my fellow PhD-students during these years, in particular Madeleine, Monika, Linda, Åsta, Kaori, Yulia, Silje, Anita, Kristine, Helene, Marina, Mai, Björn, Pavel, Peter M. and Åse Mette. For helping me out (or strongly offering to help) with my work, little or much, I thank Madeleine Halmøy, Endre Mørck, Kristine Bentzen, Piotr Garbacz, Anita Røreng, Åsta Haukås, Silje Gaupseth, Birgit Attestog and Bjørn Olav Juberg. For the last weeks of intensive work, I thank my fellow thesis-hard-worker Mona Markussen for relaxing coffee breaks, Brit Munch, Ingunn Munch Lindvig and Lars Andreas Ø. Munch for participating in “thesis camp” and “-dugnad”. I would also like to thank my (old) family: Mamma and Oddvar, Helene and Ketil, and Andreas for accepting that I moved to this ‘cold place’ and believing in me (at least Mamma). Finally, I give my greatest thanksgivings to my (new) family, who especially these last months have had a tough time. Øystein has once more impatiently patiently waited for me to finish my book, so that he again can spend time with me. Aksel has still got his ‘pupp’ and survived. Lars has been patiently impatient. He has again (when he has not been away) experienced how it is to be a single father of two – he has been responsible for almost everything in the house, and mostly been in a good mood. Without him, this would have become a never-ending story! Tromsø, 2013 May 4. Christine B. Østbø Munch. i ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 BACKGROUND 1 1.1.1 THE DOMAIN OF INVESTIGATION 1 1.1.2 SCANDINAVIAN GEOGRAPHY AND DIALECTS 4 1.2 GENERATIVE GRAMMAR AND DIALECT SYNTAX 6 1.2.1 GENERATIVE GRAMMAR 6 1.2.2 I-LANGUAGE, E-LANGUAGE AND DIALECT GRAMMARS 7 1.2.3 PARAMETERS 8 1.3 THEORETICAL DESIDERATA 9 1.3.1 NEGATIVE MARKERS OCCUR IN NEGP 9 1.3.2 THE CLAUSAL STRUCTURE AND THE LOCUS OF NEGP 11 1.3.3 NEGATIVE HEADS AND NEGATIVE CLITICS (FROM A NORWEGIAN PERSPECTIVE) 11 1.3.4 SCOPE OF NEGATION 15 1.4 NEGATION IN NORTH GERMANIC 18 1.4.1 THE NEGATIVE MARKERS ACROSS NORTH GERMANIC 18 1.4.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND JESPERSEN’S CYCLE 19 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND THEORETICAL HYPOTHESES 21 1.6 OUTLINE OF THE DISSERTATION 22 2 METHODOLOGY 23 2.1 GENERAL REMARKS 23 2.1.1 GRAMMATICALITY AND ACCEPTABILITY 23 2.1.2 LINGUISTIC JUDGEMENTS 24 2.1.3 CORPORA 25 2.2 TOOLS AND RESOURCES 26 2.2.1 SELECTION OF DIALECTS 26 2.2.2 SCANDIASYN – SCANDINAVIAN DIALECT SYNTAX 27 2.2.3 NORMS DIALECT WORKSHOPS 35 2.2.4 NORDIC SYNTAX DATABASE 38 2.2.5 NORDIC DIALECT CORPUS 39 2.2.6 THE NOTA-CORPUS 40 2.2.7 DESCRIPTION OF MY METHODOLOGY WHEN USING THE NDC- AND THE NOTA-CORPORA 41 2.2.8 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION OF THE NDC- AND THE NOTA-CORPORA 43 2.2.9 TALESØK (UIB) 45 2.2.10 INFORMANTS RECRUITED ON MY OWN 46 2.2.11 LITERATURE 47 2.2.12 WEB SEARCHES 47 2.3 INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS 48 iii 2.4 SUMMARY 49 3 THE DISTRIBUTION OF NEGATION IN MAIN CLAUSES 51 3.1 INTRODUCTION 51 3.2 BACKGROUND 52 3.2.1 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 52 3.2.2 THE RELATIVE ORDER OF NEGATION AND SUBJECTS 54 3.2.3 THE RELATIVE ORDER OF NEGATION AND OBJECTS 55 3.2.4 THE PRAGMATICS OF THE RELATIVE ORDERS IN THE MIDDLE FIELD 56 3.3 THE RELATIVE ORDER OF NEGATION AND ARGUMENTS IN THE OSLO DIALECT 59 3.3.1 INTRODUCTION 59 3.3.2 THE RELATIVE ORDER OF NEGATION AND SUBJECTS 60 3.3.3 THE ORDER OF NEGATION AND PRONOMINAL OBJECTS 64 3.3.4 OVERALL DISCUSSION OF THE STATUS OF IKKE IN THE OSLO DIALECT 69 3.4 THE DISTRIBUTION OF NEGATION WITH RESPECT TO SUBJECTS ACROSS NORTH GERMANIC VARIETIES 71 3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 71 3.4.2 NORWEGIAN 72 3.4.3 ON SOME SWEDISH DIALECTS 80 3.4.4 ON DANISH DIALECTS 84 3.4.5 FAROESE 87 3.4.6 ICELANDIC 88 3.4.7 DISCUSSION 89 3.5 SUMMARY 91 4 THE DISTRIBUTION OF NEGATION IN EMBEDDED CLAUSES 93 4.1 INTRODUCTION 93 4.2 ISSUES OF VARIATION 94 4.3 EMBEDDED V3 95 4.3.1 BACKGROUND 95 4.3.2 NEG/ADV > SUBJECT > VFIN: SENTENCE TYPE RESTRICTIONS 96 4.3.3 NEG/ADV > SUBJECT > VFIN: SUBJECT TYPE RESTRICTIONS 97 4.3.4 NEG/ADV > SUBJECT > VFIN: ADVERB TYPE RESTRICTIONS 99 4.4 EMBEDDED V2 101 4.4.1 BACKGROUND 101 4.4.2 SENTENCE TYPES RESTRICTIONS 102 4.4.3 SUBJECT TYPE RESTRICTIONS 106 4.4.4 ADVERB TYPE RESTRICTIONS 107 4.4.5 THEORETICAL ACCOUNTS OF EMBEDDED V2 AND V3 CLAUSES 109 4.5 EMBEDDED WORD ORDER PATTERNS IN NORTH GERMANIC 110 4.6 EMBEDDED V3 IN THE OSLO DIALECT 111 4.6.1 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 111 4.6.2 DISCUSSION 114 iv 4.6.3 ADVERBS 116 4.6.4 ANALYSIS 118 4.6.5 EXCEPTIONS 120 4.6.6 COMPARISON OF MAIN AND EMBEDDED WORD ORDER 123 4.7 THE DISTRIBUTION OF NEGATION IN EMBEDDED CLAUSES ACROSS NORTH GERMANIC VARIETIES 123 4.7.1 NORWEGIAN 124 4.7.2 SWEDISH 129 4.7.3 DANISH 131 4.7.4 A NOTE ON FAROESE 135 4.7.5 A NOTE ON ICELANDIC 136 4.7.6 ISOGLOSSES IN THE LITERATURE 136 4.7.7 ON THE MODERN VARIETIES 138 4.8 SUMMARY 140 5 CASE-STUDIES: THE DISTRIBUTION OF NEGATION IN MAIN AND EMBEDDED CLAUSES 141 5.1 INTRODUCTION 141 5.2 THE DIALECTS OF TRØNDELAG 143 5.2.1 INTRODUCTION 143 5.2.2 MAIN CLAUSES 145 5.2.3 EMBEDDED V3 CLAUSES 151 5.2.4 THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE NEGATIVE MARKER IKKE AND ADVERBS 154 5.2.5 THE DIALECT GRAMMARS OF THE FOSEN DIALECTS 155 5.3 THE DIALECT OF SENJA (AND NORTHERN NORWEGIAN) 155 5.3.1 MAIN CLAUSES 156 5.3.2 EMBEDDED V3 CLAUSES 159 5.3.3 DISCUSSION 161 5.4 THE DIALECTS OF NORDFJORD AND BERGEN 162 5.4.1 THE NORDFJORD DIALECT 164 5.4.2 THE BERGEN DIALECT 168 5.4.3 THE DIALECT GRAMMARS OF STRYN/NORDFJORD AND BERGEN 173 5.5 ÖVDALIAN 173 5.5.1 INTRODUCTION 173 5.5.2 MAIN CLAUSES 174 5.5.3 EMBEDDED V3 CLAUSES 177 5.5.4 THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE NEGATIVE MARKERS 178 5.5.5 DISCUSSION 179 5.5.6 THE DIALECT GRAMMAR OF ÖVDALIAN 180 5.6 THE DIALECT(S) OF NORTHERN OSTROBOTHNIA 181 5.6.1 INTRODUCTION 181 5.6.2 MAIN CLAUSES 181 5.6.3 EMBEDDED V3 CLAUSES 183 5.6.4 DISCUSSION 184 v 5.7 STRUCTURAL ANALYSES 184 5.8 VERB MOVEMENT ACROSS NEGATION IN TWO MAINLAND NORTH GERMANIC VARIETIES 193 5.8.1 ÖVDALIAN 194 5.8.2 THE SETESDAL DIALECT 197 5.8.3 COMPARISON: ÖVDALIAN AND THE SETESDAL VARIETIES 200 5.8.4 PREMISES OF AN ANALYSIS AND A DISCUSSION OF THE ACCOUNT IN GARBACZ (2010) 202 5.8.5 ANALYSIS 203 5.8.6 COMPARISON WITH OTHER NORTH GERMANIC VARIETIES AND A NOTE ON THE DIACHRONY 206 5.8.7 VERB MOVEMENT ACROSS NEGATION AND PRODUCTION 208 5.9 SUMMARY 212 6 ON DOUBLE NEGATION 213 6.1 INTRODUCTION 213 6.2 NEGATIVE CONCORD 213 6.2.1 INTRODUCTION 213 6.2.2 ANALYSES OF NC, THE STATUS OF NEGATIVE INDEFINITES, AND PREDICTING NC 215 6.2.3 NC IN MAINLAND NORTH GERMANIC VARIETIES 217 6.2.4 DISCUSSION OF NC IN MAINLAND NORTH GERMANIC 229 6.3 CLAUSE-INITIAL NEGATION 230 6.3.1 INTRODUCTION 230 6.3.2 THE DISTRIBUTION OF CLAUSE-INITIAL NEGATION IN NORTH GERMANIC VARIETIES 231 6.3.3 THE PRAGMATIC FEATURES OF CLAUSE-INITIAL NEGATION 236 6.3.4 ANALYSIS 239 6.3.5 PARAMETER DIFFERENCES IN THE NORTH GERMANIC LANGUAGES 241 6.4 CLAUSE-FINAL NEGATION 242 6.4.1 INTRODUCTION 242 6.4.2 THE DISTRIBUTION OF CLAUSE-FINAL NEGATION IN NORTH GERMANIC VARIETIES 244 6.4.3 PREVIOUS ACCOUNTS OF CLAUSE-FINAL ELEMENTS 252 6.4.4 ANALYSIS 253 6.5 DISCUSSION OF CLAUSE-INITIAL AND CLAUSE-FINAL NEGATION 256 6.6 SUMMARY 257 7 NEGATIVE IMPERATIVES 259 7.1 INTRODUCTION 259 7.2 THE NORWEGIAN NEG-INITIAL IMPERATIVE 260 7.2.1 FROM VERB-INITIAL NEGATIVE IMPERATIVES TO NEG-INITIAL IMPERATIVES 260 7.2.2 NEG-INITIAL AND VERB-INITIAL NEGATIVE IMPERATIVES AND PRAGMATICS 262 7.3 PREVIOUS ACCOUNTS OF NEGATIVE IMPERATIVES 263 7.3.1 INTRODUCTION 264 7.3.2 ZANUTTINI (1997) 265 7.3.3 PLATZACK AND ROSENGREN (1998) 265 7.3.4 JENSEN (2003) 266 vi 7.3.5 ZEIJLSTRA (2006) 267 7.3.6 DISCUSSION 268 7.4 ANALYSIS 269 7.4.1 THE POSITION OF SUBJECTS, ADVERBS AND VERBS IN THE NEG-INITIAL IMPERATIVE 270 7.4.2 FURTHER RESTRICTIONS ON NEG-INITIAL IMPERATIVES 274 7.4.3 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 274 7.4.4 ‘ELLIPTIC’ IMPERATIVES 277 7.5 IMPERATIVES IN SOME NORTH GERMANIC VARIETIES 278 7.5.1 RESULTS FROM THE NORDIC SYNTAX DATABASE 278 7.5.2 ÖVDALIAN 281 7.5.3 (NORTHERN) OSTROBOTHNIAN 281 7.5.4 THE DIALECT OF SENJA 283 7.5.5 THE DIALECT OF SETESDAL 285 7.5.6 DISCUSSION 285 7.6 THE NEGATIVE Å-IMPERATIVE
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Germanic Heldenlied and the Poetic Edda: Speculations on Preliterary History
    Oral Tradition, 19/1 (2004): 43-62 The Germanic Heldenlied and the Poetic Edda: Speculations on Preliterary History Edward R. Haymes One of the proudest inventions of German scholarship in the nineteenth century was the Heldenlied, the heroic song, which was seen by scholars as the main conduit of Germanic heroic legend from the Period of Migrations to the time of their being written down in the Middle Ages. The concept stems indirectly from the suggestions of several eighteenth-century Homeric scholars that since the Homeric poems were much too long to have been memorized and performed in oral tradition, they must have existed as shorter, episodic songs. Friedrich August Wolf’s well-known Prolegomena ad Homerum (1795) collected evidence for the idea that writing was not used for poetry until long after Homer’s time. He argued for a thorough recension of the poem under (or perhaps by) Pisistratus in the sixth century BCE as the first comprehensive written Homer. These ideas were almost immediately applied to the Middle High German Nibelungenlied by Karl Lachmann (1816), who was trained as a classical philologist and indeed continued to contribute in that area at the same time that he was one of the most influential members of the generation that founded the new discipline of Germanistik. On the basis of rough spots and contradictions (not only Homer nods!) Lachmann thought he could recognize twenty separate Lieder in the Middle High German epic. At the same time that Lachmann was deconstructing the German medieval epic, Elias Lönnrot was assembling the Finnish epic he called Kalevala from shorter songs in conscious imitation of the Homer (or Pisistratus) described by Wolf.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling Regional Variation in Voice Onset Time of Jutlandic Varieties of Danish
    Chapter 4 Modeling regional variation in voice onset time of Jutlandic varieties of Danish Rasmus Puggaard Universiteit Leiden It is a well-known overt feature of the Northern Jutlandic variety of Danish that /t/ is pronounced with short voice onset time and no affrication. This is not lim- ited to Northern Jutland, but shows up across the peninsula. This paper expands on this research, using a large corpus to show that complex geographical pat- terns of variation in voice onset time is found in all fortis stops, but not in lenis stops. Modeling the data using generalized additive mixed modeling both allows us to explore these geographical patterns in detail, as well as test a number of hypotheses about how a number of environmental and social factors affect voice onset time. Keywords: Danish, Jutlandic, phonetics, microvariation, regional variation, stop realization, voice onset time, aspiration, generalized additive mixed modeling 1. Introduction A well-known feature of northern Jutlandic varieties of Danish is the use of a variant of /t/ known colloquially as the ‘dry t’. While the Standard Danish variant of /t/ has a highly affricated release, the ‘dry t’ does not. Puggaard (2018) showed that variation in this respect goes beyond just that particular phonetic feature and dialect area: the ‘dry t’ also has shorter voice onset time (VOT) than affricated variants, and a less affricated, shorter variant of /t/ is also found in the center of Jutland. This paper expands on Puggaard (2018) with the primary goals of providing a sounder basis for investigating the geographic spread of the variation, and to test whether the observed variation is limited to /t/ or reflects general patterns in plosive realization.
    [Show full text]
  • Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present (Impact: Studies in Language and Society)
    <DOCINFO AUTHOR ""TITLE "Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present"SUBJECT "Impact 18"KEYWORDS ""SIZE HEIGHT "220"WIDTH "150"VOFFSET "4"> Germanic Standardizations Impact: Studies in language and society impact publishes monographs, collective volumes, and text books on topics in sociolinguistics. The scope of the series is broad, with special emphasis on areas such as language planning and language policies; language conflict and language death; language standards and language change; dialectology; diglossia; discourse studies; language and social identity (gender, ethnicity, class, ideology); and history and methods of sociolinguistics. General Editor Associate Editor Annick De Houwer Elizabeth Lanza University of Antwerp University of Oslo Advisory Board Ulrich Ammon William Labov Gerhard Mercator University University of Pennsylvania Jan Blommaert Joseph Lo Bianco Ghent University The Australian National University Paul Drew Peter Nelde University of York Catholic University Brussels Anna Escobar Dennis Preston University of Illinois at Urbana Michigan State University Guus Extra Jeanine Treffers-Daller Tilburg University University of the West of England Margarita Hidalgo Vic Webb San Diego State University University of Pretoria Richard A. Hudson University College London Volume 18 Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert and Wim Vandenbussche Germanic Standardizations Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert Monash University Wim Vandenbussche Vrije Universiteit Brussel/FWO-Vlaanderen John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements 8 of American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Germanic standardizations : past to present / edited by Ana Deumert, Wim Vandenbussche.
    [Show full text]
  • Islands and Fjords of Northern Norway
    Viewed: 1 Oct 2021 Islands and Fjords of Northern Norway HOLIDAY TYPE: Flexible Dates BROCHURE CODE: 5214 VISITING: Norway DURATION: 4 nights In Brief Our Opinion Northern Norway offers it all; dramatic mountain views, scenic forest trails, fjords, This trip provided some amazing views of the ocean activities and even a visit to a husky contrasting mountains and fjords. We set our own farm. All of this can be experienced on this pace and thoroughly enjoyed making our way along four-night self-drive adventure. Your the well-planned and beautiful routes. Taking the accommodation along the way also offers cable car in Tromsø was an enjoyable experience views of some of Norway’s best scenery. and the views once at the top of the mountain were amazing. Alex Charlton Speak to us on 01670 785 085 [email protected] www.artisantravel.co.uk PAGE 2 What's included? • Rental Car: based on 2 people sharing a VW Polo/Toyota Auris or similar, including unlimited miles (upgrade available) • Accommodation: all in standard rooms as follows: 1-night stay at Clarion Hotel The Edge, 1-night wilderness glamping in Kvaløya, 1-night stay at Hamn I Senja, 1-night stay at Sommaroy Arctic Hotel • Meals: 4 breakfasts and 1 dinner (half board upgrade available) • An online roadmap with route description will be provided What's not included • Flights are not included in your holiday, but our Travel Experts will happily make arrangements on your behalf, please just ask for a quote • Ferry tickets, road tolls and car parking charges are not included and need to be paid for locally Trip Overview The areas of Northern Norway covered in this wonderful four-night, self-drive holiday, are far above the Arctic Circle.
    [Show full text]
  • Hemnesberget Ran Orden 12 Nesna Sandnessjøen
    GUIDE 2017 – magic and real www.visithelgeland.com R T I G R U T H U E N Slettnes Kinnarodden Gamvik Knivskjelodden Nordkapp Mehamn Omgangs- Gjesværstappan Tu orden stauren Hjelmsøystauren Hornvika Skjøtningberg Kjølnes Helnes Skarsvåg Tanahorn Gjesvær Sværholt- Kjølle ord Kamøyvær Finnkirka MAGERØYA klubben NORDKYN- Kvitnes Berlevåg Sand orden Fruholmen HALVØYA Makkaur H Skips orden ongs orden U Sværholdt K RT HJELMSØYA Sarnes I G R Nordvågen Ki ord Store Molvik Veines U T Ingøy Dy ord Skjånes E N Havøysund Måsøy Honningsvåg Eids orden Kongs ord Sylte ordstauran Gunnarnes Hopseidet Hops orden Tu ord Båts ord Hamningberg Troll ord/ a v Kå ord Lang ordnes l ROLVSØYA Gulgo e d Sylte ord Sylte orden Selvika r Bak orden Lang orden o Rygge ord SVÆRHOLT- s Hornøya g Lakse orden HALVØYA Nervei Davgejavri n N o E K lva Vardø T Sylte orde U Rolvsøysundet R Laggo Tana orden Qædnja- G Repvåg Oksøy- I Sne ord javri vatnet T R PORSANGER- Store Veidnes Akkar ord U VARANGER- H Slotten HALVØYA Tamsøya Bekkar ord HALVØYA VARANGERHALVØYA Kiberg Revsbotn Lebesby Langnes NASJONALPARK K Forsøl Lille ord Smal orden omag Skippernes Skjånes Sund- J elv a a vatnet Austertana k Revsneshamn Smal ord o Ska Komagvær b l lel Lundhamn s v Helle ord e R I ord l u v Langstrand s Ruste elbma a Hammerfest s v a l e Vestertana lv Nordmannset Iordellet e KVALØYA a Friar ord y Sandøybotn Kokelv Sandlia Lotre 370 moh b Falkeellet Rype ord Smør ord e g Dønnes ord Slettnes r 545 m Sand orden Porsanger orden e Kjerringholmen Akkar ord B Stuorra Gæssejavri Masjokmoen Sørvær Lille
    [Show full text]
  • Norwegian; a Comprehensive Grammar
    Norwegian A Comprehensive Grammar Norwegian: A Comprehensive Grammar is a complete reference guide to modern Norwegian (the Bokmål standard). The Grammar is an essential source for the serious student of Norwegian, and for students of compar- ative linguistics. It is ideal for use in colleges, universities and adult classes of all types. The volume is organised to promote a thorough understanding of Norwegian grammar. It presents the complexities of Norwegian in a concise and read- able form. Explanations are full, clear and free of jargon. Throughout, the emphasis is on Norwegian as used by present-day native speakers. An extensive index, numbered paragraphs, cross-references and summary charts provide readers with easy access to the information they require. Philip Holmes is Reader Emeritus in Scandinavian Studies at the University of Hull, UK, and co-author of four grammars of Swedish and Danish for Routledge, as well as Colloquial Swedish (2016). Hans-Olav Enger is Professor of Scandinavian Linguistics at Institutt for lingvistiske og nordiske studier at Oslo University, Norway. He has edited Norsk Lingvistisk Tidsskrift, is currently editor of Maal og Minne and is the author of many articles and book chapters on the Norwegian language, as well as co-author of Innføring i norsk grammatikk – Morfologi og syntaks. Routledge Comprehensive Grammars Comprehensive Grammars are available for the following languages: Bengali Burmese Cantonese Chinese Catalan Cantonese Danish Dutch Finnish French Creoles Greek Indonesian Japanese Kazakh Korean
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER SEVENTEEN History of the German Language 1 Indo
    CHAPTER SEVENTEEN History of the German Language 1 Indo-European and Germanic Background Indo-European Background It has already been mentioned in this course that German and English are related languages. Two languages can be related to each other in much the same way that two people can be related to each other. If two people share a common ancestor, say their mother or their great-grandfather, then they are genetically related. Similarly, German and English are genetically related because they share a common ancestor, a language which was spoken in what is now northern Germany sometime before the Angles and the Saxons migrated to England. We do not have written records of this language, unfortunately, but we have a good idea of what it must have looked and sounded like. We have arrived at our conclusions as to what it looked and sounded like by comparing the sounds of words and morphemes in earlier written stages of English and German (and Dutch) and in modern-day English and German dialects. As a result of the comparisons we are able to reconstruct what the original language, called a proto-language, must have been like. This particular proto-language is usually referred to as Proto-West Germanic. The method of reconstruction based on comparison is called the comparative method. If faced with two languages the comparative method can tell us one of three things: 1) the two languages are related in that both are descended from a common ancestor, e.g. German and English, 2) the two are related in that one is the ancestor of the other, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Šiauliai University Faculty of Humanities Department of English Philology
    ŠIAULIAI UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH PHILOLOGY RENDERING OF GERMANIC PROPER NAMES IN THE LITHUANIAN PRESS BACHELOR THESIS Research Adviser: Assist. L.Petrulion ė Student: Aist ė Andži ūtė Šiauliai, 2010 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................3 1. THE CONCEPTION OF PROPER NAMES.........................................................................5 1.2. The development of surnames.............................................................................................6 1.3. Proper names in Germanic languages .................................................................................8 1.3.1. Danish, Norwegian, Swedish and Icelandic surnames.................................................9 1.3.2. Dutch surnames ..........................................................................................................12 1.3.3. English surnames........................................................................................................13 1.3.4. German surnames .......................................................................................................14 2. NON-LITHUANIAN SURNAMES ORTHOGRAPHY .....................................................16 2.1. The historical development of the problem.......................................................................16 2.2. The rules of transcriptions of non-Lithuanian proper names ............................................22 3. THE USAGE
    [Show full text]
  • Norsk Ordbok - the Crown of Nynorsk Lexicography?
    Lars S. Vik0r, Sectionfor Norwegian Lexicography, University ofOslo Norsk Ordbok - the Crown of Nynorsk Lexicography? Abstract Norsk Ordbok 'Norwegian Dictionary' is a multi-volume dictionary of the Norwegian standard variety Nynorsk and the Norwegian dialects. It is one of the very few dictionaries which cover both a written standard language and the oral dialects on which this standard is based. It was initiated around 1930, based on dialect material collected by volunteers and stored in a vast card archive, and on a variety of written sources. At present, three oftwelve planned volumes have appeared, reaching into g. The paper gives a historical outline of the project, followed by a brief description of its structure and the types of information it gives. This is exemplified by the treatment of one particular word, bunad. Finally, some fundamental problems are briefly discussed: 1) the selection of lemmas, 2) the character of the sources, 3) the treatment of dialect forms, 4) the sequence of definitions. The full title of Norsk Ordbok is Norsk Ordbok. Ordbok over det norske folkemâlet og det nynorske skriftmâlet 'Norwegian Dictionary. A dic­ tionary of the Norwegian popular language [i.e. the Norwegian dialects], and the Nynorsk written language'. This title at once indicates the dual aspect of the dictionary: It gives integrated coverage of both oral dialects and a written standard language. This dual aspect is the most special distinguishing feature of Norsk Ordbok as a lexicographic work. Normally, dictionaries cover written standard languages or some aspect of them (or, in the case of pro­ nouncing dictionaries, oral standard language).
    [Show full text]
  • Comments Received for ISO 639-3 Change Request 2015-046 Outcome
    Comments received for ISO 639-3 Change Request 2015-046 Outcome: Accepted after appeal Effective date: May 27, 2016 SIL International ISO 639-3 Registration Authority 7500 W. Camp Wisdom Rd., Dallas, TX 75236 PHONE: (972) 708-7400 FAX: (972) 708-7380 (GMT-6) E-MAIL: [email protected] INTERNET: http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/ Registration Authority decision on Change Request no. 2015-046: to create the code element [ovd] Ӧvdalian . The request to create the code [ovd] Ӧvdalian has been reevaluated, based on additional information from the original requesters and extensive discussion from outside parties on the IETF list. The additional information has strengthened the case and changed the decision of the Registration Authority to accept the code request. In particular, the long bibliography submitted shows that Ӧvdalian has undergone significant language development, and now has close to 50 publications. In addition, it has been studied extensively, and the academic works should have a distinct code to distinguish them from publications on Swedish. One revision being added by the Registration Authority is the added English name “Elfdalian” which was used in most of the extensive discussion on the IETF list. Michael Everson [email protected] May 4, 2016 This is an appeal by the group responsible for the IETF language subtags to the ISO 639 RA to reconsider and revert their earlier decision and to assign an ISO 639-3 language code to Elfdalian. The undersigned members of the group responsible for the IETF language subtag are concerned about the rejection of the Elfdalian language. There is no doubt that its linguistic features are unique in the continuum of North Germanic languages.
    [Show full text]
  • The Position of Frisian in the Germanic Language Area Charlotte
    The Position of Frisian in the Germanic Language Area Charlotte Gooskens and Wilbert Heeringa 1. Introduction Among the Germanic varieties the Frisian varieties in the Dutch province of Friesland have their own position. The Frisians are proud of their language and more than 350,000 inhabitants of the province of Friesland speak Frisian every day. Heeringa (2004) shows that among the dialects in the Dutch language area the Frisian varieties are most distant with respect to standard Dutch. This may justify the fact that Frisian is recognized as a second official language in the Netherlands. In addition to Frisian, in some towns and on some islands a mixed variety is used which is an intermediate form between Frisian and Dutch. The variety spoken in the Frisian towns is known as Town Frisian1. The Frisian language has existed for more than 2000 years. Genetically the Frisian dialects are most closely related to the English language. However, historical events have caused the English and the Frisian language to diverge, while Dutch and Frisian have converged. The linguistic distance to the other Germanic languages has also altered in the course of history due to different degrees of linguistic contact. As a result traditional genetic trees do not give an up-to-date representation of the distance between the modern Germanic languages. In the present investigation we measured linguistic distances between Frisian and the other Germanic languages in order to get an impression of the effect of genetic relationship and language contact for the position of the modern Frisian language on the Germanic language map.
    [Show full text]
  • Authentic Language
    ! " " #$% " $&'( ')*&& + + ,'-* # . / 0 1 *# $& " * # " " " * 2 *3 " 4 *# 4 55 5 * " " * *6 " " 77 .'%%)8'9:&0 * 7 4 "; 7 * *6 *# 2 .* * 0* " *6 1 " " *6 *# " *3 " *# " " *# 2 " " *! "; 4* $&'( <==* "* = >?<"< <<'-:@-$ 6 A9(%9'(@-99-@( 6 A9(%9'(@-99-(- 6A'-&&:9$' ! '&@9' Authentic Language Övdalsk, metapragmatic exchange and the margins of Sweden’s linguistic market David Karlander Centre for Research on Bilingualism Stockholm University Doctoral dissertation, 2017 Centre for Research on Bilingualism Stockholm University Copyright © David Budyński Karlander Printed and bound by Universitetsservice AB, Stockholm Correspondence: SE 106 91 Stockholm www.biling.su.se ISBN 978-91-7649-946-7 ISSN 1400-5921 Acknowledgements It would not have been possible to complete this work without the support and encouragement from a number of people. I owe them all my humble thanks.
    [Show full text]