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Technology Entrepreneurship Wolfgang Runge Technology Entrepreneurship A Treatise on Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurship for and in Technology Ventures VOLUME 1 Technology Entrepreneurship A Treatise on Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurship for and in Technology Ventures VOLUME 1 by Wolfgang Runge Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. The quotation of those designations in whatever way does not imply the conclusion that the use of those designations is legal without the consent of the owner of the trademark. Copyright Acknowledgements Acknowledgements are due to the Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung GmbH, Mannheim (ZEW) for permissions to reproduce a large number of figures and tables from its publications. Permission to use figures from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2008 Global Report, which appear here, has been granted by the copyright holders. The GEM is an international consortium and this report was produced from data collect- ed in, and received from, 43 countries in 2008. Our thanks go to the authors, national teams, researchers, funding bodies and other contributors who have made this possible. Impressum Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) KIT Scientific Publishing Straße am Forum 2 D-76131 Karlsruhe KIT Scientific Publishing is a registered trademark of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Reprint using the book cover is not allowed. www.ksp.kit.edu This document – excluding the cover – is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 DE License (CC BY-SA 3.0 DE): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/ The cover page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivatives 3.0 DE License (CC BY-ND 3.0 DE): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/ Print on Demand 2014 ISBN 978-3-7315-0107-7 (Set) DOI: 10.5445/KSP/1000036457 ISBN 978-3-7315-0108-4 (Band 1) DOI: 10.5445/KSP/1000036459 ISBN 978-3-7315-0109-1 (Band 2) DOI: 10.5445/KSP/1000036460 Dedication To my spouse Gisela and our daughters Diana and Sarah recognizing their enrich- ments, stimulations and support for my life. Acknowledgements I thank Professor Dr. Stefan Bräse and Dr. Thierry Muller of the Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Technical University of Karlsruhe branch of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) for their continuous interest, support and time spent in many discus- sions to make the Technology Entrepreneurship curriculum continuously happen. For discussions and support thanks are also due to KIT Professor Dr. Orestis Terzidis of the Institute for Entrepreneurship, Technology Management and Innovation (EnTechnon). The curriculum could not start and “survive” without the generous financial support of our sponsors, the firms Altana AG, BASF SE, Evonik Industries, Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, LANXESS AG, the Chemical Industry Association (VCI) and Zweibrüder Optoelectronics GmbH. I am indebted to the active roles taken by the technology entrepreneurs presenting guest lectures as part of the Technology Entrepreneurship course. Additionally, these entrepreneurs gave me the opportunity to discuss personal, emotional, procedural and background matters of their firms in a very open and intimate atmosphere on the day of their guest lectures and during telephone conversations which influenced writing my book considerably. Acknowledgements are also due to the intrapreneurs or managers of large existing firms who provided guest lectures for the KIT Technology Entrepreneurship curriculum on the research or innovation processes or new business development strategies, respectively, of their firms. Finally I appreciate also the contributions of those students of the curriculum who asked tough questions and raised discussions whose answers and conclusions could add to shape this book’s content. About the Author Wolfgang Runge is an independent scientist and consultant for various areas of inno- vation and research in the chemical industry. He is a chemist by education with a doctoral degree from the Free University of Berlin (Germany) and subsequently the additional particular German degree of a “Habilitation” (Dr. rer. nat. habil.) from the Technical University of Munich (Germany), which is usually one prerequisite to be- come a professor in a science discipline at a German university. After working for eight years in academic research, he turned for eleven years to ap- plied research in the “Society for Information and Documentation” (in German Gesellschaft für Information und Dokumentation – GID), a governmental research or- ganization which eventually was incorporated into the “Fraunhofer GMD National Research Center for Information Technology,” and then he worked for eighteen years in industrial research in a German Research Center and in Corporate Research of The Dow Chemical Company as “R&D Operations Manager,” “Information Project Leader” and “Specialist.” He published widely in leading scientific journals and books in Germany, the US and UK in organic and physical organic chemistry, physical chemistry, chemical physics and quantum-chemistry, information science and sociology of science. Technical reports in the organizations he worked for included topics in chemical infor- mation and computer science, innovation research, “electronic publishing,” document architectures and markup languages, General Systems Theory (GST), information economy and information systems development. Major recent thrusts with Dow included “intellectual asset management” (IAM), “com- petitive intelligence” activities for R&D and new business development, the XML computer (markup) language and its use for Web services, development and imple- mentation of a “technology intelligence” system having a “patent system” as a core. Simultaneously, he further developed and applied “Knowledge Discovery in Text Data- bases” (KDT) methodologies and techniques for various “intelligence activities.” Since several years he fills the role of an adjunct (in German Gastdozent) at the Karlsruhe University branch of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) leading the Technology Entrepreneurship Curriculum. 1 Table of Contents iii CONTENTS PREFACE .....................................................................................................................vii How to Read and Use this Book ..................................................................................xvi APPROACH ................................................................................................................xvii 1. CONTEXTUAL SETTINGS........................................................................................ 3 1.1 Setting the Stage ................................................................................................. 3 1.1.1 Technology Entrepreneurship and New Technology-Based Firms ............. 3 1.1.1.1 Entrepreneurship and Technology Entrepreneurship ............................... 8 1.1.1.2 New Technology-Based Firms and Research-Based Startups............... 15 1.1.2 The Conceptual Skeleton of Entrepreneurship .......................................... 20 1.2 Systems, Change, Innovation and the Future ................................................... 32 1.2.1 General Systems Theory and Systems Thinking....................................... 32 1.2.2 Outlining Relevant Systems for Technology Entrepreneurship ................. 78 1.2.3 Systems, Intelligence, and Learning .......................................................... 94 1.2.4 The Technology Entrepreneur in Capitalistic Systems ............................ 100 1.2.5 Innovation, Technology, Competition and Growth ................................... 109 1.2.5.1 Innovation, Its Adoption and Technology Classes ................................ 109 1.2.5.2 Aspects and Perspectives of Value....................................................... 130 1.2.5.3 Industry, Markets, Growth and Competition.......................................... 137 1.2.6 The Science & Technology System, the Innovation System and New Technology-Based Firms .................................................................................. 156 1.2.6.1 Differentiating Groups of Technology Entrepreneurs............................ 188 1.2.6.2 Technology Incubation, Science or Technology Parks and Clusters.... 197 1.2.6.3 Technology Transfer to Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises............. 207 1.2.7 The Financial Subsystems in the US and Germany ................................ 210 1.2.7.1 Financial Sources for Technology Entrepreneurship ............................ 210 1.2.7.2 The Components of the Financing Subsystem for Technology Entrepreneurship............................................................................................... 223 1.2.7.3 Options for Financing New Technology Ventures................................. 244 2. THE ENTREPRENEUR AND THE ENTREPRENEURIAL TEAM......................... 255 2.1 The Entrepreneurial Personality...................................................................... 256 2.1.1 Personality and Systems Theory ............................................................. 256 2.1.2 Personality and Behavior ......................................................................... 257 2.1.2.1 Psychometric Approaches to Entrepreneurial Personality and Problem- Solving............................................................................................................... 272 2.1.2.2 Creativity, Imagination and Inspiration for Entrepreneurship ................ 280 2.1.2.3
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