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National Report: Federal Republic of Germany Markus Winnes / Uwe Schimank

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National Report: Federal Republic of Germany Markus Winnes / Uwe Schimank European Comparison of Public Research Systems TSER Project No. SOE1 - CT96 -1036 National Report: Federal Republic of Germany Markus Winnes / Uwe Schimank Max-Planck-Institute for the Study of Societies May 1999 National Report: Federal Republic of Germany 2 Prof. Dr. Uwe Schimank Markus Winnes Fernuniversität Hagen Max-Planck-Institute Fachbereich Soziologie II for the Study of Societies Postfach 940 Paulstraße 3 58084 Hagen D-50676 Köln Germany Germany Phone: 0049 (0) 2331 98 725 24 Phone: 0049 (0) 221 2767 0 Fax: 0049 (0) 2331 88 20 45 Fax: 0049-(0) 221 2767 555 E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected] National Report: Federal Republic of Germany 3 Contents Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 1 1 Organizational structures and characteristic features of the German PSR system ................................................................................................. 3 2 Historical development of German PSR ........................................................................... 16 2.1 The development of the PSR system until 1945 ............................................................... 16 2.2 The development of the PSR system in the Federal Republic........................................... 19 2.2.1 From 1945 to the early 1960s ........................................................................................... 20 2.2.2 From the mid 60s to the late 70s: expansion, institutional consolidation and stagnation of the German PSR system ................................................. 40 2.2.2.1 Cooperative federalism and the consolidation of the German research system ......................................................................................... 40 2.2.2.2 The Federal Ministry for Research and Technology......................................................... 49 2.2.2.3 Programmatic expansion: the transition from a “passive” to an “active” research policy................................................................ 48 2.2.2.4 From expansion to stagnation: public sector research in the seventies.................................................................................................................. 55 3 The situation of German PSR in the mid 1990s................................................................ 87 3.1 Research capacities........................................................................................................... 87 3.2 The position of PSR in the overall research system.......................................................... 93 3.3 Challenges for German PSR in the eighties and nineties .................................................. 99 4 Political regulation and guidance.................................................................................... 105 4.1 PSR functions and research policy objectives................................................................. 105 4.2 Guidance of PSR............................................................................................................. 121 5 Government and funding arrangements for PSR............................................................. 123 5.1 The Federal Government (Bund) .................................................................................... 126 5.2 The States (Länder)......................................................................................................... 138 5.2.1 The regional distribution of PSR capacities.................................................................... 138 5.2.2 The “regionalization” of research policy ........................................................................ 150 National Report: Federal Republic of Germany 4 5.2.3 Horizontal Self-Coordination: The Standing Conference of Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder......................................... 155 5.3 Vertical cooperation and government-science coordination: The BLK and the Science Council.................................................................................. 161 5.3.1 The Bund-Länder-Commission for Research Promotion (BLK)..................................... 161 5.3.2 Self-regulation of science and the Science Council ........................................................ 163 5.4 The European Union (EU).............................................................................................. 172 5.4.1 Importance and impact of the EU on German PSR and research policy in the 1980s............................................................................................ 172 5.4.2 The German research system between reunification and Europeanisation: the 1990s ...................................................................................... 189 5.5 Reunification and the reconstruction of an all-German research system............................................................................................................... 193 5.6 The DFG......................................................................................................................... 204 6 Sub-sectors...................................................................................................................... 209 6.1 Universities..................................................................................................................... 209 6.1.1 Funding arrangements for university research and ............................................................... the marginalization of research by teaching.................................................................... 214 6.1.2 University reform: the never-ending story ...................................................................... 220 6.2 The relationship between university and non-university research................................... 240 6.3 Extra-university state-financed research institutes.......................................................... 245 6.3.1 MPG ............................................................................................................................... 256 6.3.2 FhG................................................................................................................................. 261 6.3.3 Federal Research Establishments.................................................................................... 267 6.3.4 National Research Centers.............................................................................................. 270 6.3.5 Bund-Länder-Institutes ................................................................................................... 275 Literature ........................................................................................................................................ 279 Appendix............................................................................................................................................ 299 National Report: Federal Republic of Germany 5 Glossary AGF/HGF Arbeitsgemeinschaft / Helmholtzgemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (Helmholtz-)Association of National Research Centers BFA Bundesforschungsanstalten Federal Research Establishments BLI Bund-Länder-/Blaue-Liste-Institute Bund-Länder-/Blue-List-Institutes BLK Bund-Länder-Kommission für Bildungsplanung und Forschungsförderung Bund-Länder-Commission for Educational Planning and Research Promotion BMAt Bundesministerium für Atomfragen Federal Ministry for Nuclear Affairs BMBF Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie Federal Ministry for Education, Science, Research and Technology BMBW Bundesministerium für Bildung und Wissenschaft Federal Ministry for Education and Science BMFT Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie Federal Ministry für Research and Technology BMwF Bundesministerium für wissenschaftliche Forschung Federal Ministry for Scientific Research DFG Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft German Research Society FH Fachhochschule College for Advanced Professional Training FhG Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Fraunhofer-Society GFE Großforschungseinrichtungen National Research Centers HBFG Hochschulbauförderungsgesetz Act for the Support of University Construction HRG Hochschulrahmengesetz Framework Act on Higher Education KMK Ständige Konferenz der Kultusminister der Länder Standing Conference of Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder KWG Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft Kaiser-Wilhelm-Society MPG Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Max-Planck-Society RV-Fo Rahmenvereinbarung Forschungsförderung Framework Agreement on Research Promotion SFB Sonderforschungsbereich Collaborative Research Center National Report: Federal Republic of Germany 6 WBL Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft Blaue Liste Science Association Blue List WR Wissenschaftsrat Science Council WRK/HRK Westdeutsche Rektorenkonferenz /Hochschulrektorenkonferenz West German Conference of Rectors / Conference of University Rectors Introduction 7 Introduction This report tries to capture the major dynamics and challenges facing public sector research (PSR) in the Federal Republic of Germany. However, no comprehensive description and overview of the Ger- man public research system (PRS) is intended which would go beyond the scope of the report. Instead, crucial developments concerning its organizational structures and thematic orientation, which have taken place since the beginning of the eighties, will be highlighted as well as the areas in which re- forms have
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