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Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 HEIGHTS AND LIVING STANDARDS IN INDUSTRIALIZING GERMANY: THE CASE OF WURTTEMBERG Volume I DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Sophia Twarog * * * * The Ohio State University 1993 Committee Members Advisor: Dr. Richard Steckel Dr. Lars Sandberg Dr. Edward Ray Richard Steckel Copyright by Sophia Twarog TO MY PARENTS Dr. Leon and Dr. Katherine Twarog ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There have been so many people who have contributed to this project. I wish to thank them all very much. First, my parents, Drs. Leon and Katherine Twarog, whose support services throughout the dissertation process have been far beyond the normal call of parental duty. They provided me with a large, beautiful, and peaceful place in the country in which to write. My father is spotted all over campus picking up typing, xeroxing, and mailing things to me at "Dissertation Headquarters." They have provided emotional support, excellent ideas, and an occasional kick in the pants — all of which helped move the process along. I am proud to become the third Dr. Twarog in the family. I wish to extend my deepest thanks to my advisor, Dr. Richard Steckel. 1116 German word for advisor is Doktorvater, or "Dissertation Dad." In many ways he has been father-like in his involved guidance at every stage of this three year project. He was very generous with his time and attention, and supportive in dozens of ways. He challenged me to stretch my abilities and do my best, but did not lose sight of the person behind the paper. I could not imagine a better advisor. My thanks also go to my future husband, Alberto Klaas. He has provided me with many good ideas along the way, as well as the reference that led to my fourth chapter. He has given me much inspiration across the miles and with something wonderful to look forward to when the dissertation is done. This study would not have been possible without the data found in the Stuttgart Military Archive. I wish to thank the colleagues there for their assistance. I also wish to thank the Statistisches Landesamt of Baden-Wurttemberg for access to their large historical collection. Particularly, I wish to thank Herr Peter Eichfuss, who spent many hours helping me find the information needed. Many people have been very generous with their advice on this project. This is particularly true of my Committee members, Edward Ray and Lars Sandberg. John Komlos has assisted me in many ways over the past three years. Bill Boal and Stephen Cosslett provided valuable statistical advice. Many colleagues at Academic Computing Systems of The Ohio State University, particularly Don Gibb, Joe Damico, and Aaron Supowit, and Fred Ruland were very helpful in getting my computer programs to run. To all these people I extend a heartfelt thanks. I wish to thank all my assistants, who entered data and typed for me. Foremost among them is Mark Nielsen whose help was indespensible in generating the multitude of graphs in this dissertation. Also my typist, Barry Zvolenski did an outstanding job. I am also grateful for the financial support which enabled this project. I wish to thank The Ohio State University Graduate School for the multi-year fellowship. The scholarship from the Graduate School and the University of Bonn made data collection in Germany possible. I wish to thank The Graduate Studies Committee of the Department of Economics at The Ohio State University for the Dice Fellowship. Last but not least, I wish to thank my family and friends, for their emotional and tactical support along the way. v VITA November 29, 1964 Bom - Columbus, Ohio 1987 ................................................................................. B.A., Economics and Preprofessional Studies, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 1989 ................................................................................. M.A., Economics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS Alberto Klaas and Sophia Twarog, "Deregulations in the Financial Sector in Indonesia, 1983-1990," in Growth Determinants in East and Southeast Asian Economics. Koppers, Dingens, and Klaas, eds. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot Verlag, 1991. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Economics Studies in Economic History and Trade and Development TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................. ii VITA............................................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER PAGE I INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 1 II REVIEW OF THE HEIGHT LITERATURE.................................. 8 2.1 The Growth Process and Factors Influencing Stature............................................................................................. 8 2.2 The Use of Heights in the Historical Literature...................... 17 2.3 The Statement of the Problem................................................... 26 III GERMAN ECONOMIC HISTORY, 1833-1914 ............................... 31 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 31 3.2 1851-1870 ........................................................................................... 34 3.3 Factors Accompanying Industrialization ................................... 37 3.4 1871-1914, Introduction ................................................................ 39 3.5 Industrial Growth, 1871-1914 ..................................................... 42 3.6 Changes in Living Standards During Industrialization ............................................................................ 48 3.7 Regional Variations in German Industrialization. 54 IV WURTTEMBERG ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. ... 63 4.1 Industrialization in the Kingdom of Wurttemberg ........................................................................... 63 1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 67 2 First Half of the Nineteenth Century....................................... 68 3 Third Quarter of the Nineteenth Century................................. 71 4 Industrial Expansion after 1875 .................................................. 75 4.2 Population Development and Workforce Potential. 86 vii CHAPTER PAGE V THE DATA................................................................................. 101 1. Introduction ................................................................................. 101 2. Draft Laws in Germany, 1871-1914 ................................. 102 3. Primary Data Source ............................................................... 104 4. Sampling Procedure .................................................................. 105 VI METHODOLOGY........................................................................ 110 6.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 110 6.2 Statistical Methods .................................................................. I ll 1. Quantile Bend Estimation (QBE) ....................................... I ll 2. Reduced Sample Maximum Likelihood Estimation (RSMLE) ......................................................... 113 3. Komlos and Kim .................................................................. 116 6.3 My Analytical Procedures ................................................... 117 1. QBE.......................................................................................... 118 2. RSMLE.................................................................................... 122 3. Komlos and Kim ..................................................................