DOCSLIB.ORG

Has Legalized Prostitution Increased Human Trafficking in Brazil? a Discussion of the Brazilian Case on the Eve of the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympic Games

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Has Legalized Prostitution Increased Human Trafficking in Brazil? a Discussion of the Brazilian Case on the Eve of the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympic Games HAS LEGALIZED PROSTITUTION INCREASED HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN BRAZIL? A DISCUSSION OF THE BRAZILIAN CASE ON THE EVE OF THE 2014 WORLD CUP AND 2016 OLYMPIC GAMES by Alexandria Marie Thoman A thesis submitted to the faculty of The University of Mississippi in partial fulfillment of the requirements for completion of the Bachelor of Arts degree in International Studies Croft Institute for International Studies Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College The University of Mississippi Oxford May 2013 Approved by ___________________________________ Advisor: Dr. Kate Centellas ___________________________________ Reader: Dr. ___________________________________ Reader: Melissa Graves, JD i © 2013 Alexandria Marie Thoman ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Has legalized prostitution increased human trafficking in Brazil? Even though human trafficking and prostitution have long been linked to one another, until recently there has not been enough data on either phenomenon to make a quantitative analysis of the relationship possible. But in the January 2013 study “Does Legalized Prostitution Increase Human Trafficking?” a team of European economists concluded that the scale effect of legalizing prostitution leads to an expansion of the prostitution market, and thus an increase in human trafficking. Generally speaking, countries with legalized prostitution show a larger degree of human trafficking inflows. Using their findings as a base, this thesis uses qualitative analysis of human trafficking and prostitution in Brazil—the history, laws, etc.—in order to assess whether or not the Brazilian case corroborates the conclusions of the study. Finally, this thesis generates a SLEIPNIR analytical model to assess the effectiveness of Brazilian government in regulating human trafficking currently, and makes projections for 2014 and 2016. The model allows for a discussion of the national security implications of human trafficking during the upcoming World Cup and Olympic Games, and adds a more substantive analysis of the nature of the phenomena in the Brazilian case. iii DEDICATION To my family, friends, and advisors, for their continuous support, direction, and motivation in this endeavor, and to the select few that remind me that failure isn’t falling down; it’s refusing to get back up. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .....................................................................................................................1 THE COMPLICATION OF THE UPCOMING WORLD CUP AND OLYMPIC GAMES .............3 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND .......................................6 WHY TRAFFICKING MATTERS: BACKGROUND ON A GLOBAL ISSUE ...........................6 THE QUESTION OF PROSTITUTION .............................................................................10 HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND THE LEGALITY OF PROSTITUTION: A CORRELATION? ....12 DATA AND METHODS ................................................................................................13 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS .......................................................................................15 CHAPTER 2: AN ISSUE OF PERPECTIVE: CONSTRUCTING DEFINITIONS FOR HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND PROSTITUTION ..........17 THE IMPORTANCE OF DEFINITIONS ...........................................................................17 HUMAN TRAFFICKING ............................................................................................18 THE ECONOMICS OF TRAFFICKING ...........................................................................24 HUMAN TRAFFICKING VS. MIGRANT SMUGGLING .....................................................26 THE SEX TRAFFICKING PHENOMENON ......................................................................28 PROSTITUTION .........................................................................................................29 FOUR POSITIONS: GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON PROSTITUTION ..................................31 COMPLETE CRIMINALIZATION ...................................................................................31 PARTIAL DECRIMINALIZATION ..................................................................................35 COMPLETE DECRIMINALIZATION ..............................................................................37 LEGALIZATION ..........................................................................................................37 A CONCLUSION ON DEFINITIONS ...............................................................................40 CHAPTER 3: THE BRAZILIAN CASE .................................................................41 HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY .....................................42 PROFILES OF TRAFFICKING VICTIMS: POVERTY A DECIDING FACTOR .......................46 LAWS GOVERNING HUMAN TRAFFICKING ................................................................50 GOVERNMENTAL RESPONSES TO HUMAN TRAFFICKING ...........................................57 NON-GOVERNMENTAL RESPONSES TO HUMAN TRAFFICKING ..................................60 PROSTITUTION IN THE TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY .................................................60 PROFILES OF BRAZILIAN PROSTITUTES .....................................................................61 LAWS GOVERNING PROSTITUTION IN BRAZIL AND GOVERNMENTAL RESPONSES .....63 NON-GOVERNMENTAL RESPONSES TO PROSTITUTION IN BRAZIL ............................66 CONCLUDING REMARKS ............................................................................................66 CHAPTER 4: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROSTITUTION AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN BRAZIL ...................................................................68 AN ANALYSIS OF THE QUANTITATIVE STUDY ...........................................................68 THE CONCLUSIONS OF THE STUDY ...........................................................................73 v THE RESULTS IN COMPARISON TO THE BRAZILIAN CASE ..........................................74 MORAL BIAS IN DATA COLLECTION: A CRITIQUE OF PESTRAF IN BRAZIL ............78 CONCLUDING REMARKS ............................................................................................82 CHAPTER 5: WILL BRAZIL BE READY? INTERNATIONAL SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING DURING THE WORLD CUP AND OLYMPIC GAMES .........................................................................................83 HUMAN TRAFFICKING AS A NATIONAL SECURITY CONCERN DURING INTERNATIONAL SPORTING EVENTS ....................................................................................................84 THE BRAZILIAN CASE ...............................................................................................88 SLEIPNIR ANALYSIS ...............................................................................................92 CONCLUDING REMARKS ..........................................................................................105 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION................................................................................106 APPENDICES ..........................................................................................................108 APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................109 APPENDIX B ............................................................................................................110 APPENDIX C ............................................................................................................112 vi PREFACE Brazil is a country on the rise in more ways than one. With winning bids to host the World Cup in 2014 and the Olympics in 2016, it is obvious that the country is in the midst of an economic and social renaissance. The immense efforts that the Brazilian government has initiated within the past decade in order to prepare for the games regularly make worldwide news, pulling the country into the international spotlight for the first time in many years. While Brazil has already begun to taste the spoils that come along with hosting international games—bolstered national identity, critical infrastructure expansion, not to mention the immediate increase in tourism—the country struggles with an issue that threatens to tarnish its public image as international attention shifts towards Rio de Janeiro and other major cities. After Thailand, Brazil is considered to have the worst problem with human trafficking in the world.1 But as the country grapples with the ever-worsening human trafficking epidemic, adult prostitution—an occupation that many consider to have close ties with trafficking—remains legal. Even though human trafficking and prostitution have long been linked to one another, until recently there has not been enough data on either phenomenon to make a quantitative analysis of the relationship possible. Their clandestine, criminal natures 1 Brazil prostitution crisis [Web Article]. (n.d.). Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Libertad Latina website: http://www.libertadlatina.org/LA_Brazils_Child_Prostitution_Crisis.htm 1 make the true statistics unknown.2 Furthermore, theoretical analysis of the effect of legal prostitution on human trafficking has been complicated by the fact that not all prostitution is the same. Classic street prostitution varies from prostitution in establishments and brothels, which differs from escort agencies and call girls. A study published in the journal World Development in January 2013 is the first of its kind, running a regression on prostitution and human trafficking using principles of economic theory.3
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Analysing Prostitution Through Dissident Sexualities in Brazil
    Contexto Internacional vol. 40(3) Sep/Dec 2018 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8529.2018400300006 Queering the Debate: Analysing Prostitution Through Dissident Pereira & Freitas Sexualities in Brazil Amanda Álvares Ferreira* Abstract: The aim of this article is to contrast prominent discourses on prostitution and human trafficking to the context of prostitution in Brazil and local feminist discourses on this matter, un- derstanding their contradictions and limitations. I look at Brazilian transgender prostitutes’ experi- ences to address an agency-related question that underlies feminist theorizations of prostitution: can prostitution be freely chosen? Is it necessarily exploitative? My argument is that discourses on sex work, departing from sex trafficking debates, are heavily engaged in a heteronormative logic that might be unable to approach the complexity and ambiguity of experiences of transgender prostitutes and, therefore, cannot theorize their possibilities of agency. To do so, I will conduct a critique of the naturalization of gender norms that hinders an understanding of experiences that exceed the binary ‘prostitute versus victim.’ I argue how both an abolitionist as well as a legalising solution to the is- sues involved in the sex market, when relying on the state as the guarantor of rights to sex workers, cannot account for the complexities of a context such as the Brazilian one, in which specific concep- tions of citizenship permit violence against sexually and racially marked groups to occur on such a large scale. Keywords: Gender; Prostitution; Sex Trafficking; Queer Theory; Feminism; Travestis. Introduction ‘Prostitution’ as an object of study can be approached through different perspectives that try to pin down exactly what are the social and political problems involved in it, and therefore how it can be dealt with by the State.
    [Show full text]
  • Contrasting the Conceptualisation of Victims of Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation: a Case Study of Brazilians in Spain and Portugal
    Contrasting the conceptualisation of victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation: a case study of Brazilians in Spain and Portugal Abstract Despite the significant emphasis given to the trafficking of Brazilians to the sex industry of the Iberian Peninsula, the concepts of “victim of trafficking for sexual exploitation” used in these three countries vary. This article analyses the positions of Brazil, Spain and Portugal regarding the conceptualisation of “trafficking victim,” focusing on their legislation and policies, as well as on relevant narratives which show how these policies are being applied. It showcases how the incompatible definitions being used compromise genuine anti-trafficking actions and may be an indicator that stopping trafficking may not be the primary concern of the policies developed by these governments. Keywords Brazil; Human trafficking; Portugal; Spain; Trafficking victim; Trafficking policy Pérez, J.L. (2014). Contrasting the conceptualisation of victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation: a case study of Brazilians in Spain and Portugal. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. doi: 10.1007/s10610-014-9265-3 This is a pre-print version of the published article. The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10610-014-9265-3. Contrasting the conceptualisation of victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation: a case study of Brazilians in Spain and Portugal Introduction Brazil is considered one of the major source countries of women who are trafficked to the European Union (EU) for sexual exploitation. Among the receiving states, Portugal and Spain, countries with which it has strong historical and cultural ties, have held at times some of the largest declared numbers and percentages of its victims (Ministério da Justiça 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • Enafron in Web.Pdf
    20YEARS ENAFRON Research ASSESSMENT OF TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS IN THE BORDER AREAS October 2013 MINISTRY OF JUSTICE NATIONAL SECRETARIAT OF JUSTICE National Secretary of Justice Paulo Abrão Director of the Department of Justice, Classification, Titles and Qualification Fernanda Alves dos Anjos Interim Anti-Trafficking Coordinator Lucicleia Souza e Silva Rollemberg UNODC – UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Representative of the UNODC Liaison and Partnership Office in Brazil Rafael Franzini Coordinator of the Governance and Justice Unit Rodrigo Vitória Coordinator of the Crime Prevention and Public Safety Unit Nívio Nascimento Project Assistant Elisa Ribeiro ICMPD - INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR MIGRATION POLICY DEVELOPMENT Research Officer Claire Healy Research Coordinator in Brazil Alline Pedra Jorge Birol Research Assistant Cíntia Yoshihara Project Assistant Edgar Federzoni dos Santos Local Researchers Anamaria Marcon Venson, Cíntia Yoshihara, Eduardo Caetano da Silva, Liliana Lopes Sanjurjo, Luísa Luz da Souza, Mariana Wiecko V. de Castilho, Maurício Rebouças and Ricardo de Lacerda Ferreira. Translator Claire Healy 6 WORKING DEFINITIONS 14 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 16 FOREWORD 19 1. INTRODUCTION 20 1.1 Trafficking in Persons: Legal and Conceptual Framework 28 1.1.1 Trafficking in Persons and Criminal Legislation 33 1.1.2 Trafficking in Persons, Migrant Smuggling and Irregular Migration: Conceptual Commonalities and Distinctions 36 1.2 Trafficking in Persons and the Border Areas of Brazil 40 1.3 Justification for the ENAFRON Research 45 1.4 Objectives of the ENAFRON Research 48 1.5 ENAFRON Research Methodology 56 1.6 Description of the Geographic Scope of the ENAFRON Research 58 Northern Axis 68 Central Axis 72 Southern Axis 81 1.7 Time Period covered by the ENAFRON Research 85 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf CLARKE, R
    Vibrant: Virtual Brazilian Anthropology ISSN: 1809-4341 Associação Brasileira de Antropologia (ABA) Dewey, Susan; Crowhurst, Isabel; Zheng, Tiantian; Blanchette, Thaddeus Control creep and the multiple exclusions faced by women in low-autonomy sex industry sectors Vibrant: Virtual Brazilian Anthropology, vol. 17, 2020 Associação Brasileira de Antropologia (ABA) DOI: 10.1590/1809-43412020v17d457 Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=406964062040 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Dossier Anthropology in times of intolerance: challenges facing neoconservatism Articles Control creep and the multiple exclusions faced by women in low-autonomy sex industry sectors Susan Dewey 1 Isabel Crowhurst 2 Tiantian Zheng 3 Thaddeus Blanchette 4 1 University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 2 University of Essex, University of Essex, United Kingdom 3 SUNY Cortland, NY, USA 4 Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé/RJ, Brasil Abstract This article unites the co-authors’ years of empirical research with women in policed, stigmatized, and low-autonomy sex industry sectors in Brazil, China, Italy, and the United States to identify six prevalent forms of exclusion: economic, intersectional, health, safety, public vilification, and policing. We analyze the distinct manifestations of these exclusionary forces in all four sites to introduce criminal creep as theoretical shorthand for the global seepage of ideological, structural, and interpersonal exclusionary forces into social life, professional practice, and socio-legal procedures that marginalize women in the sex industry as victim- criminals in need of rehabilitation.
    [Show full text]
  • Trafficking and Trade: How Regional Trade Agreements Can Combat the Trafficking of Persons in Brazil
    TRAFFICKING AND TRADE: HOW REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS CAN COMBAT THE TRAFFICKING OF PERSONS IN BRAZIL Sarah Richelson1 “Human trafficking is a modern-day slave trade. It violates fundamental human rights and exploits innocent people.” -- Sheikha Haya Rashed Al Khalifa, President of the UN General Assembly I. INTRODUCTION The crime of trafficking in persons, or human trafficking, has been condemned worldwide, but is one of the fastest-growing international crimes. Victims may be women or children trafficked into prostitution or domestic work, or men trafficked into slave labor and sometimes prostitution. After traveling long distances to pursue false promises of opportunity, victims are enslaved far from home, often lacking the resources or information to change their situation or to prosecute their trafficker. Their situation is compounded by societal attitudes that stigmatize people of their race, social class, or occupation; indeed cultural disagreement on how to regard those trafficked into prostitution has hampered the assistance available to victims. This paper introduces the problem of trafficking in persons globally, and then explores Brazil as a case study in anti-trafficking efforts. Brazil, one of the most prominent countries in the international network of trafficking in persons, has taken efforts to combat trafficking through three frameworks: changing legal standards through a law-enforcement approach; increasing social and psychological support services through a human-rights approach; and taking action against slave labor conditions in a labor rights approach. None of these tactics alone has proven sufficient. This note explores a combined approach: supplementing Brazil’s existing anti-trafficking policies with international trade agreements to coordinate a three- pronged attack on human trafficking.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Trafficking
    HUMAN TRAFFICKING: A Comparative Analysis of Why Countries with Similar Characteristics have Different Situations By Ana R. Sverdlick A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-Newark Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program, Division of Global Affairs Written under the direction of Professor James O. Finckenauer and approved by ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ Newark, New Jersey January 2014 © 2013 Ana R. Sverdlick ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT HUMAN TRAFFICKING: A Comparative Analysis of Why Countries with Similar Characteristics have Different Situations By Ana R. Sverdlick Dissertation Director: Professor James O. Finckenauer Numerous factors which promote human trafficking have been examined by many scholars, yet little attention has been placed on the role of adolescent single mothers as a significant factor that increases the vulnerability of these young women to trafficking. This study aims to understand and explain why two countries with similar characteristics in geography, political and socio-economic systems present a very different picture in their sex trafficking patterns and challenges. This is a case study that compares Argentina and Brazil along a variety of indicators relevant to human trafficking. Although similar with respect to several characteristics analyzed in their incidence of sex trafficking, Argentina and Brazil do differ in one major factor that on its face could account for the differences in their sex trafficking practices --birth rate among adolescent girls aged 15 to 19. This rate is higher in Brazil than that in Argentina. This study seeks to answer the following questions: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Trafficking of Women and Children for Sexual Exploitation in the Americas
    Women, Health and Development Program FACT SHEET TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN FOR SEXUAL EXPLOITATION IN THE AMERICAS Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation “Trafficking in persons shall mean the recruitment, transportation, harbouring or The men came to their village promising jobs as housekeepers and receipt of persons, by means of the threat or waitresses in the USA. The Mexican women, as young as 14 and eager use of force or other forms of coercion, of for the chance to help their families, agreed to go. When the women abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse arrived in Florida, “bosses” confiscated their false travel documents and said they would be arrested as illegal immigrants if they ever ran away. of power or of a position of vulnerability or of They were forced to pay their $2,000 transportation fees through the giving or receiving of payments or benefits prostitution, 12 hours a day, six days a week. Guards were posted at the to achieve the consent of a person having doors. Attempted escapes were punished with severe beatings. The control over another person, for the purpose bosses considered rape a training method. Mexican farm workers paid of exploitation.” $20 for a condom and 15 minutes with a woman, though on average the women received $3 per encounter. It became impossible for the women UN Convention Against Transnational Crime (2000), to pay their debts, since the bosses added charges for room, board and Protocol to suppress and punish trafficking in miscellaneous fines to the original transportation fee. Eventually two 15 persons… year-olds successfully fled to the Mexican consulate, and the traffickers http://www.odccp.org/palermo/convmain.html were arrested.
    [Show full text]
  • Classy Whores: Intersections of Class, Gender, and Sex Work in the Blanchette & Silva Ideologies of the Putafeminista Movement in Brazil
    Contexto Internacional vol. 40(3) Sep/Dec 2018 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8529.2018400300007 Classy Whores: Intersections of Class, Gender, and Sex Work in the Blanchette & Silva Ideologies of the Putafeminista Movement in Brazil Thaddeus Blanchette* Ana Paula da Silva** Abstract: Brazil’s sex workers’ movement has long challenged hegemonic narratives about the sale of sex. In recent years, anti-prostitution sentiment has grown in Brazil, threatening sex workers’ rights. Simultaneously, the death of activist Gabriela Leite has lead to a renewal of leadership and a reformulation of theoretical approaches in the movement. In this context, putafeminismo is becom- ing established as an intersectional approach to race, class, and gender rooted in local historical contexts. The present article, based on 12 years of ethnography in sex workers’ movements, presents putafeminista understandings of sex, gender, race/color, and work. Inspired by Leite’s recovery of whore/puta as a self-identifier for sex workers, and rooted in feminist anthropology and historiog- raphy, putafeministas seek to resituate the term as a broader/deeper category. Putafeministas recover puta as a term applied to women working outside the family, unprotected from sexual violence. Looking at Brazilian history, they situate the sale of sex as a practical inevitability for a racially- identified female working population, whose horizons of possibility were bounded by cheap labor, marriage and prostitution. Finally, putafeministas use puta as a bridge to working class experiences more generally, questioning pornophobic understandings of ‘sexual slavery’ in a historical context in which women were often actual chattel. Keywords: Putafeminismo; Prostitution; Intersectionality; Brazil; Whores.
    [Show full text]
  • Literature Review of Trafficking in Persons in Latin America and the Caribbean
    Literature Review of Trafficking in Persons in Latin America and the Caribbean August 2004 This report was made possible through support provided by the Office of Women in Development, Bureau for Economic Growth, Agriculture and Trade, USAID, and was written by Pamela Sumner Coffey for Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI) under the terms of Contract No. GEW-I-00-02-00017-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID. Pamela Sumner Coffey, Team Leader Amy Vallance Phariss, Consultant Tamar Renaud, Consultant Implemented by 7250 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 200, Bethesda, Maryland 20814 Tel: (301) 718-8699 Fax: (301) 718-7968 Email: [email protected] i FOREWORD The USAID Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), through the USAID Bureau for Economic Growth, Agriculture, and Trade, Office of Women in Development (EGAT/WID), commissioned a literature review to identify, annotate, and synthesize research studies and available project/intervention reviews and assessments related to trafficking in persons for labor and sexual exploitation in the LAC region, with a particular focus on prostitution and domestic servitude in Argentina, Brazil, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, and Paraguay. The review was conducted under the Short-Term Technical Assistance and Research under EGAT/WID management to Support USAID/Washington and Field Mission Anti - Trafficking Activities Project (GEW-I-00-02-00017-00, Task Order 1 [ATTO], managed by Development Alternatives, Inc.). The literature search and review were conducted from May 2004 to July 2004 and were limited to available publications in English, Spanish, and Portuguese produced between 1995 and the present.
    [Show full text]
  • Child Prostitution in Asia: Perspectives of the Actors Involved
    Bachelor thesis International Development Studies Child prostitution in Asia: perspectives of the actors involved By Laura Broekman Supervisor: Gerard Verschoor August 2014 Wageningen University 2 Contents 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Who are all the actors involved, and what role do they play?........................................................ 8 2.1 The children ............................................................................................................................. 8 2.2 The role of family and community ........................................................................................ 10 2.3 Media, NGO’s, and governments .......................................................................................... 11 2.4 Clients of the children and those profiting from prostitution and sex tourism .................... 13 3. What are the perspectives of the different actors involved in child prostitution? ....................... 17 3.1 Perspectives of the children .................................................................................................. 17 3.2 Perspective of family and community ................................................................................... 21 3.3 Perspectives of governments, media, and NGOs .................................................................. 23 3.4 Perspective of clients............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Prostitution: Prices and Statistics of the Global Sex Trade
    A Havocscope Report: Black Market Crime Prostitution: Prices and Statistics of the Global Sex Trade Text Copyright @2015 Havocscope. All rights reserved. The information listed in this book has been collected from public sources and is meant to be for information and educational purposes only. Additional books by Havocscope Human Trafficking: Prices and Statistics of the Modern Day Slave Trade. Table of Contents Introduction Prostitution Revenue by Country Number of Prostitutes by Country Prices of Prostitutes Worldwide United States Prostitution Statistics Prostitution Statistics and Prices by Country About Havocscope Additional Books by Havocscope Introduction Over $180 billion is spent each year on the global sex trade, with over 10 million women providing services as prostitutes. Some are forced into the trade due to human traffickers, while others enter the trade due to financial hardships. In this fact book, we present key facts and figures about prostitution activities from around the world. The information primarily focuses on the financial aspect of the sex trade. Most facts and figures within a country will fall under one of the following categories: ● Total Revenue Generated from Prostitution ● Number of Prostitutes in the Country ● Amount of Earnings and Income of a Prostitute ● Prices Paid by Customers The information listed within this book has been collected from a wide range of sources. Government reports, news articles and academic papers were all used to find the data about the global sex trade. Each fact listed within is listed with the original source. Prostitution Revenue by Country The revenue estimates comes from a wide range of sources, such as public health programs, law enforcement agencies, and media reports.
    [Show full text]
  • A Historical and (Necro)Political Analysis of Sex Work in Times of COVID-19 in Brazil
    social sciences $€ £ ¥ Article Sex Work, Essential Work: A Historical and (Necro)Political Analysis of Sex Work in Times of COVID-19 in Brazil Betania Santos 1,2, Indianarae Siqueira 2,3, Cristiane Oliveira 4, Laura Murray 2,5,6,*, Thaddeus Blanchette 2,6,7, Carolina Bonomi 8, Ana Paula da Silva 2,6,9 and Soraya Simões 2,6,10 1 Associação Mulheres Guerreiras (Warrior Women Association), Jardim Itatinga, Campinas, São Paulo CEP 13052-444, Brazil; [email protected] 2 Coletivo Puta Davida, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20270-200, Brazil; [email protected] (I.S.); [email protected] (T.B.); [email protected] (A.P.d.S.); [email protected] (S.S.) 3 CasaNem and Transrevolução, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 22220-040, Brazil 4 Independent Sex Worker, Vila Mimosa, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20270-200, Brazil; [email protected] 5 Center on Public Policy and Human Rights, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (NEPP-DH/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro CEP 22290-240, Brazil 6 Prostitution Policy Watch, Le Metro—Urban Ethnography Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20051-070, Brazil 7 Institute of Biodiversity and Sustainability, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Macae, Rio de Janeiro CEP 27965-045, Brazil 8 Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo CEP 13083-896, Brazil; [email protected] 9 Licenciatura Interdisciplinar em Educação do Campo/INFES/UFF, San Antônio de Pádua, Rio de Janeiro CEP 28470-000, Brazil 10 Institute for Urban and Regional Planning and Research, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPPUR/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-909, Brazil Citation: Santos, B.; Siqueira, I.; Oliveira, * Correspondence: [email protected] C.; Murray, L.; Blanchette, T.; Bonomi, C.; da Silva, A.P.; Simões, S.
    [Show full text]