Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Glossary Abbreviations and Acronyms

AACB — Aeronautics and Astronautics DOI — Department of Interior Coordinating Board DOMSAT — Domestic Communications AlAA — American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics DSCS — Defense Communication AID — Agency for International System Development EBU — European Broadcasting Union APPLE — Ariane Passenger Payload ECS — European Communication Experiment Satellites (ESA) A-sat — antisatellite EIRP — effective isotropically radiated ASTP — Apollo-Soyuz Test Project power (measured in watts) ATS — Applications Technology Satellite ELDO — European Space Vehicle BLM — Bureau of Land Management (DOI) Launcher Development 6SS — broadcasting-satellite services Organization CCAD — Crop Condition Assessment ELV — expendable Division EROS — Earth Resources Observation CCD — charge coupled device Systems CCIR — International Radio Consultative ERS — European Remote-Sensing Committee of the International Satellite Telecommunication Union ESA — CC ITT — International Telegraph and ESRO — European Space Research Telephone Consultative Organization Committee of the International FAS — Foreign Agricultural Service Telecommunication Union (of the DOA) CCT — computer-compatible tape FCC — Federal Communications Magnetic tape containing digit I Commission data in appropriate format. FLTSATCOM – Fleet Satellite Communication CEPT — Conference Europeene de Postes System (Navy) et Telecommunications FM — frequency modulation CFE — continuous flow electrophoresis FSS — fixed satellite service CIFASA — French German Consortium GARP — Global Atmospheric Research CLT — Campagnie Luxembourgeosie de Program (of the World Telediffusion Meteorological Organization) CNES — Centre National D’Etudes GEO — Spatiales, National Center for GHz — gigahertz (91 billion cycles Space Research–French per second) equivalent of NASA GMS — Geostationary Meteorological COMSAT — Satellite (Japan) Corporation GNP — gross national product COPUOS — Committee on the Peaceful Uses GPS — global positioning satellite of Outer Space (United Nations) (sometimes NAVSTAR/GPS-DOD) CTA — Centro Tecnico Aerospecial HDDT — high-density digital tape (Brazil) HDT-A — high-density digital tapes of CTS — Communications Technology either MSS or RBV data that Satellite have been radiometrically but DBS — Direct Broadcast Satellite not geometrically corrected. dBw — a measure of power, decibels HF — high frequency referenced to 1 watt HLLV — heavy-lift launch vehicle DDR&E — Director of Defense Research Hz — hertz; a unit of frequency equal and Engineering to one cycle per second DNS — The Department of Defense IAF — International Astronautical Navigation Satellite System Federation DOC — Department of Commerce ICBM — intercontinental ballistic missile DOD — Department of Defense Ics — Interdepartmental Committee on DOE — Department of Energy Space (Canada)

385 386 ● Civilian Space Policy and Applications

IEEE — Institute of Electrical and MHz — megahertz (1 Ob cycles Electronics Engineers per second) IFOV — instantaneous field of view MLA — multi-linear array—solid state IFRB — International Frequency technology for remote-sensing Registration Board MOS — Maritime Observation Satellite IGI . Industrial Guest Investigator (Japan) INMARSAT — International Maritime Satellite MOU — Memorandum of Understanding Organization MPS — materials processing space INTELSAT — International Telecommunication MPTS — microwave power transmission Satellite Organization, with 106 system member-nations that own and MSS — multispectral scanner operate the satellites in the MW — megawatt (1 OG watts) Global Communication Satellite NACA — National Advisory Committee System for Aeronautics IRAC — Interdepartment Radio Advisory NAS — National Academy of Sciences Committee NASA — National Aeronautics and IRS — Indian Remote-Sensing Satellite Space Administration Proposed by Indian Space NASDA — National Space Development Research Organization Agency (Japan) ISAS — Institute for Space and NATO — North Atlantic Treaty Aeronautical Sciences Japanese Organization (established in 1954 at the NESS — National Environmental Satellite University of Tokyo) Service ISPM — International Solar Polar Mission NOAA — National Oceanic and ISRO — Indian Space Research Atmospheric Administration Organization NOSS — National Oceanic Satellite ITU — International Telecommunication System Union NSF — National Science Foundation JEA — Joint Endeavor Agreement NTIA — National Telecommunications kHz — kilohertz (1 ,000 cycles and Information Agency (DOC) per second) OMB — Office of Management KSC — Kennedy Space Center and Budget LACIE — Large Area Crop Inventory OTA — Office of Technology Assessment Experiment OTRAG — Orbital Transport and Raketen Landsat — Land remote-sensing satellites Aktiengesellschaft (German (formerly ERTS; Earth Resources private firm) Technology Satellites) of the OTS — Orbital Test Satellite (European) series currently operated PRC — People’s Republic of China by NASA PRC (Space) — Policy Review Committee on Landsat D — The next generation of NASA’s Space established by Presidential land remote-sensing satellites directive in May 1978, to Follow-on of this provide a forum for discussion cf series will be sequentially proposed changes to national designated Landsat D’, space policy and for rapid Landsat D“, etc. referral of issues to the President LASS — The Land Applications Satellite for decision System under consideration by PTT — Postal Telephone & Telegraph ESA for a 1987/88 launch Agencies LCP — Large Communications Platform RARC — Regional Administrative Radio LEO — low-Earth orbit (up to Conference approximately 500 km) RBV — return beam vidicon LOS — Land Observations Satellites R&D — research and development being considered by Japan for Slc — Space Industrialization 1987 launch Corporation Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Glossary ● 387

SITE — Satellite Instructional Television VHF — very high frequency Experiment (India) WARC – World Administrative Radio SLAR — side looking airborne radar Conference (conducted by ITU) Solaris — proposed French free-flying, WARC-77 – A specialized World automated, industrial processing Administrative Radio Conference station that met in Geneva in the winter SPS — solar power satellite of 1977 to plan for the broad- SSTO — single stage to orbit casting-satellite service in the space vehicle band 11.7 to 12.5 GHz STEP . Symphonic Telecommunications WARC-79 – A General World Administrative Experimental Project (India) Radio Conference that met in STS — space transportation system Geneva in the Fall of 1979 to TDRSS — Tracking. and Data Relay revise the international radio Satellite System regulations of ITU. TEA — Technical Exchange Agreement WBTR – wide-band tape recorder TM — thematic mapper WMO – World Meteorological USDA — U.S. Department of Agricukure Organization (U. N. Agency) USGS — U.S. Geological Survey (DOI) Glossary

A priori planning of radiofrequencies-procedure by format and received at the ground station. These which frequencies and orbital locations are allotted readings must be interpreted and converted to other to individual countries according to a plan negoti- dimensions for most applications purposes. ated by member nations and implemented by ITU. Decibel–a unit for expressing the ratio of two Access fee–the charge paid by operators of ground amounts of electric or acoustics signal power equal stations for the right to receive the data transmitted to 10 times the common logarithm of this ratio, A from land remote-sensing satellites. ratio of 10 is 10 dB, a ratio of 100 is 20 dB, a ratio AgRISTARS–Agriculture and Resources Inventory of 1,000 is 30 dB, etc. Surveys Through Aerospace Remote Sensing. Large, Digital transmission—a technique that transmits the cooperative, multiyear development program of the signal in the form of one of a discrete number of Departments of Agriculture, Interior, Commerce, codes. The information content of the signal is con- NASA, and AID. Will develop, test, and evaluate cerned with discrete states of the signal, such as ways to use remotely sensed data to produce early the presence or absence of a voltage, a contact in warnings of crop stress, crop assessments and fore- the open or closed position, or a hole or no hole casts, small-area land cover and water evaluation, in certain positions on a card. and renewable and nonrenewable resource inven- Direct readout–the capability that allows ground sta- tories. tions to collect and interpret the data messages that Allocation (of frequency band) –entry in the table of are transmitted from satellites. frequency allocations of a given frequency band for EROS Data Center—a facility that collects, processes, the purpose of its use by one or more terrestrial or archives, and distributes data obtained from satel- space radiocommunication services or the radio as- lite, aircraft, and other systems, operated by the tronomy service under specified conditions. This U.S. Geological Survey of the Department of in- term shall also be applied to the frequency band terior, at Sioux Falls, S. Dak. concerned. Earth exploration-satellite service-a radio-commu- Assigned frequency–the center of the frequency nication service between Earth stations and one or band assigned to a station. more space stations, which may include links be- Assigned frequency band–the frequency band within tween space stations, in which: 1 ) information re- which the emission of a station is authorized; the lating to the characteristics of the Earth and its width of the band equals the necessary bandwidth natural phenomena is obtained from active sen- plus twice the absolute value of the frequency tol- sors or passive sensors on Earth satellites; 2) similar erance. Where space stations are concerned, the information is collected from airborne or Earth- assigned frequency band includes twice the max- based platforms; 3) such information may be imum Doppler shift that may occur in relation to distributed to Earth stations within the system con- any point of the Earth’s surface. cerned; and 4) platform interrogation may be in- Band–in radio, frequencies that are within two defi- cluded. This service may also include feeder links nite limits and are allocated for a definite purpose necessary for its operation. or service, e.g., the standard AM broadcast band. Emission–radiation produced, or the production of Broadcasting-satellite service-a radio-communica- radiation, by a radio transmitting station. tion service in which signals transmitted or retrans- Fixed-satellite service-a radio-communication serv- mitted by space stations are intended for direct re- ice between Earth stations at specified fixed points ception by the general public. when one or more satellites are used; in some Broadcasting sewice-a radio-communication service cases this service includes satellite-to-satellite links, in which the transmissions are intended for direct which may also be effected in the intersatellite ser- reception by the general public. This service may vice; the fixed-satellite service may also include include sound transmission, television transmis- feeder links for other space radio-communication sions, or other types of transmission. services. Containerless processing–a technique by which ma- Fixed service-a radio-communication service be- terials may be processed without a supporting con- tween specified fixed points. tainer; this may be accomplished by using the mi- Frequency—the number of complete oscillations per crogravity environment of space or by employing second of an electromagnetic wave, measured in such methods as ultrasonic levitation on Earth. hertz (Hz). One hertz equals one cycle per second. Data–in this document, “data” is used to specify the Frequency allocation table (national)–a table in the sensor voltage readings that are transmitted in digital FCC Rules and Regulations allocating bands of fre- —

Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Glossary ● 389

quencies, in the usable portion of the radio spec- field of international telecommunications including trum, to radio-communication services. spectrum management. Present membership is 155 Frequency of obsewation-the normal period, usually nations. measured in days, elapsing between two sequen- ITU Convention–the governing instrument of ITU tial times at which a point on the Earth falls within that sets forth the structure and activities of the the field of view of one of the spacecraft of the Union; only the plenipotentiary conference of ITU system. can amend or revise the Convention; it last met in Geostationary satellite–a geosynchronous satellite Malaga-Torremoiinos in 1973, and will meet again whose circular and direct orbit lies in the plane of in September 1982. the Earth’s Equator and which thus remains fixed Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE)–a relative to the Earth; by extension, a satellite whose demonstration program (1974-1977) that used Land- position remains approximately fixed relative to the sat and weather data to provide estimates of wheat Earth. production. Geostationary satellite orbit–the orbit in which a sat- Kourou–Ariane’s South American Launch Site. ellite must be placed to be a geostationary satellite. Maritime radio-navigation satellite service–a radio- Geosynchronous satellite–an Earth satellite whose navigation satellite service in which Earth stations period of revolution is equal to the period of rota- are located onboard ships. tion of the Earth about its axis. Micron–unit of length equal to one-millionth (1 O-b) GSFC–Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA) of a meter. Harmful interference-interference that endangers Microwave—a comparatively short electromagnetic the functioning of a radionavigation service or of wave, especially one between 100 cm and 1 cm in other safety services or seriously degrades, ob- wavelength or, equivalently, between 0.3 and 30 structs, or repeatedly interrupts a radio-communi- GHz in frequency. cation service operating in accordance with these Multispectral scanner (MSS)–an instrument which regulations. provides data in four bands of the visible and near- Illuminance–irradiance; rate of energy per solid angle infrared portions of the spectrum. The MSS scans measured at a given point. a swath 185 km wide and has an instantaneous field Infrared (l R)–that part of the spectrum from the red of view (I FOV) of 80 meters. end of visible light to the microwave region; that Orbit–the path, relative to a specified frame of refer- is, from about 0.7 m to 1 mm. ence, described by the center of mass of a satellite Instantaneous field of view (l FOV)-the field of view or other object in space subjected primarily to nat- of a scanning instrument with the scan motor ural forces, mainly the force of gravity. stopped. Outer Space Treaty–the abbreviated name for the Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee (IRAC) multilateral Treaty of Principles Governing the Ac- —a body of 20 Federal agencies and departments tivities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer that assists NTIA in the development of the National Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bod- Table of Frequency Allocations, the assignment of ies, which established in 17 articles general prin- frequencies to stations operated by the Federal Gov- ciples governing the activities in outer space of State ernment, and other spectrum management func- parties to the Treaty in support of the use of outer tions. space for peaceful purposes and for the benefit of Interference-the effect of unwanted energy due to all peoples. The United States is a party to the Outer one or a combination of emissions, radiations, or Space Treaty, which entered into force October 10, inductions upon reception in a radio-communica- 1967. tion system, manifested by any performance degra- Permissible interference-interference at a higher tion, misinterpretation, or loss of information that level than that defined as permissible interference, could be extracted in the absence of such unwanted and which has been agreed upon between two or energy. more administrations without prejudice to other ad- International Frequency Registration Board (lFRB)–a ministrations. permanent organ of ITU with five officials elected Polarization–the electric (E) and magnetic (H) fields by the plenipotentiary conference, examines noti- that comprise a propagating electromagnetic wave fications of frequency assignments from member- may be fixed in relation to Earth’s horizon, or they nations for conformity with the radio regulations. may rotate. By convention, the vector of the E field International Telecommunication Union (lTU)–the is related to Earth’s horizon: if the two are perpen- U. N.-related organization with responsibilities in the dicular, the wave is said to be vertically polarized; 390 . civilian Space Policy and Applications

if parallel, horizontally polarized. When the E and Satellite system–a space system using one or more H fields are continuously rotating with respect to artificial Earth satellites. the horizon, the wave is said to be elliptically Side lobe–refers to power radiated from an antenna polarized. in a direction other than the desired direction of Power density—the quantity of electromagnetic transmission. energy that flows through a given area per unit of Space system-any group of cooperating Earth stations time. Formally, power density is specified in watts and/or space stations employing space-radio com- per square meter (W/mz), but by tradition in bio- munication for specific purposes. logical effects studies it is usually expressed in Spectral bands–portions of the electromagnetic spec- milliwats per square centimeter (mW/cmz). trum of energy radiated or reflected by the Earth Power flux density–a measure of the power radiated to which spacecraft sensors are sensitive. by a transmitter, used as a constraint on certain serv- SPOT–Satellite Probatoire d’Observation de la Terre. ices to protect other services in a shared band. This system is scheduled for launch by France in Primary service-a class of allocation. Stations in a pri- 1984 and is to contain two 3-channel multispectral/ mary service may not cause harmful interference panchromatic multilineal visible spectrum array to stations in the same, or another primary service, sensors. lts objectives are to develop satellite renew- and can claim protection from interference from sta- able and nonrenewable resource observation tech- tions in primary, permitted, and secondary services. niques and to develop a stereo and cartographic Printed in solid capitals in the ITU table of alloca- data archive. tions. Standard data products-data in prescribed form that Propagation–the transmission of electromagnetic are put through additional computer processes at wave energy from one point to another. the satellite ground processing facility. Two classes Radar–a radio-determination system based on the of standard data products are currently available— comparison of reference signals with radio signals film imagery, which is convenient for those ac- reflected, or retransmitted, from the position to be customed to working with maps and photographs, determined. and computer-compatible tapes. The tape form is Regions of ITU–for the allocation of frequencies, the suitable for input to standard computers and lends world has been divided into three regions by ITU. itself to automated or specialized data handling and Exact boundaries of the regions are given in the analysis. radio regulations; a general description follows: Stereo coverage–refers to the availability of data from region 1–Europe, Africa, the U. S. S. R., Turkey, the which the variation in the height of the surface Territory of the Mongolian People’s Republic, and being viewed can be determined. areas to the north of the U. S. S. R.; region 2—North, Telecommunications-any transmission, emission, or Central, and South Americas, the Caribbean, and reception of signals, wiring, images, and sounds or Greenland; and region 3–Asia, Oceania, Australia, intelligences of any nature by wire, radio, optical, and New Zealand. or other electromagnetic systems. Return beam vidicon (RBV)-cameras which essen- Thematic mapper (TM)–an instrument containing tially provide black and white TV images. Each RBV seven spectral bands, including three in the infrared IFOV of 30 m for all but the ther- image from Landsat 3 covers an area 90 km on a region, with an mal infrared band which has an IFOV of 120 m. side (180 km total swath) and has an equivalent IFOV of 40 m. Timeliness—the length of time between the observa- S-Band–a frequency band over which MSS data are tion itself and the delivery of suitable processed data transmitted to foreign ground station operators on to users or to the archive. the reproduction or resale of Landsat standard data Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS)–a products. communications system to be used for the relay of Satellite–a body that revolves around another body data direct from Landsat to a single U.S. ground sta- of preponderant mass and that has a motion pri- tion at White Sands, N.M. marily and permanently determined by the force Transmission fee–a fee that could be paid by foreign of attraction of that other body. ground station operators for data transmitted and Satellite link–a radio link between a transmitting received. Earth station and a receiving Earth station through Value-added products-are products derived from one satellite. standard data as a result of manipulation by computers Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Glossary . 391

and/or interpreted in various ways to provide infor- Zone of exclusion–an area over the Indian subcon- mation about the surface of the Earth. tinent and south-central U.S.S.R. where direct sat- Wave guide–a device for transmitting and guiding ellite transmission to the TDRSS is physically impos- radiofrequency waves. sible. X-band—a frequency band over which a combination signal of MSS and TM data from Landsat D will be transmitted directly to foreign ground stations.