Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Glossary Abbreviations and Acronyms AACB — Aeronautics and Astronautics DOI — Department of Interior Coordinating Board DOMSAT — Domestic Communications AlAA — American Institute of Aeronautics Satellites and Astronautics DSCS — Defense Satellite Communication AID — Agency for International System Development EBU — European Broadcasting Union APPLE — Ariane Passenger Payload ECS — European Communication Experiment Satellites (ESA) A-sat — antisatellite EIRP — effective isotropically radiated ASTP — Apollo-Soyuz Test Project power (measured in watts) ATS — Applications Technology Satellite ELDO — European Space Vehicle BLM — Bureau of Land Management (DOI) Launcher Development 6SS — broadcasting-satellite services Organization CCAD — Crop Condition Assessment ELV — expendable launch vehicle Division EROS — Earth Resources Observation CCD — charge coupled device Systems CCIR — International Radio Consultative ERS — European Remote-Sensing Committee of the International Satellite Telecommunication Union ESA — European Space Agency CC ITT — International Telegraph and ESRO — European Space Research Telephone Consultative Organization Committee of the International FAS — Foreign Agricultural Service Telecommunication Union (of the DOA) CCT — computer-compatible tape FCC — Federal Communications Magnetic tape containing digit I Commission data in appropriate format. FLTSATCOM – Fleet Satellite Communication CEPT — Conference Europeene de Postes System (Navy) et Telecommunications FM — frequency modulation CFE — continuous flow electrophoresis FSS — fixed satellite service CIFASA — French German Consortium GARP — Global Atmospheric Research CLT — Campagnie Luxembourgeosie de Program (of the World Telediffusion Meteorological Organization) CNES — Centre National D’Etudes GEO — geostationary orbit Spatiales, National Center for GHz — gigahertz (91 billion cycles Space Research–French per second) equivalent of NASA GMS — Geostationary Meteorological COMSAT — Communications Satellite Satellite (Japan) Corporation GNP — gross national product COPUOS — Committee on the Peaceful Uses GPS — global positioning satellite of Outer Space (United Nations) (sometimes NAVSTAR/GPS-DOD) CTA — Centro Tecnico Aerospecial HDDT — high-density digital tape (Brazil) HDT-A — high-density digital tapes of CTS — Communications Technology either MSS or RBV data that Satellite have been radiometrically but DBS — Direct Broadcast Satellite not geometrically corrected. dBw — a measure of power, decibels HF — high frequency referenced to 1 watt HLLV — heavy-lift launch vehicle DDR&E — Director of Defense Research Hz — hertz; a unit of frequency equal and Engineering to one cycle per second DNS — The Department of Defense IAF — International Astronautical Navigation Satellite System Federation DOC — Department of Commerce ICBM — intercontinental ballistic missile DOD — Department of Defense Ics — Interdepartmental Committee on DOE — Department of Energy Space (Canada) 385 386 ● Civilian Space Policy and Applications IEEE — Institute of Electrical and MHz — megahertz (1 Ob cycles Electronics Engineers per second) IFOV — instantaneous field of view MLA — multi-linear array—solid state IFRB — International Frequency technology for remote-sensing Registration Board MOS — Maritime Observation Satellite IGI . Industrial Guest Investigator (Japan) INMARSAT — International Maritime Satellite MOU — Memorandum of Understanding Organization MPS — materials processing space INTELSAT — International Telecommunication MPTS — microwave power transmission Satellite Organization, with 106 system member-nations that own and MSS — multispectral scanner operate the satellites in the MW — megawatt (1 OG watts) Global Communication Satellite NACA — National Advisory Committee System for Aeronautics IRAC — Interdepartment Radio Advisory NAS — National Academy of Sciences Committee NASA — National Aeronautics and IRS — Indian Remote-Sensing Satellite Space Administration Proposed by Indian Space NASDA — National Space Development Research Organization Agency (Japan) ISAS — Institute for Space and NATO — North Atlantic Treaty Aeronautical Sciences Japanese Organization (established in 1954 at the NESS — National Environmental Satellite University of Tokyo) Service ISPM — International Solar Polar Mission NOAA — National Oceanic and ISRO — Indian Space Research Atmospheric Administration Organization NOSS — National Oceanic Satellite ITU — International Telecommunication System Union NSF — National Science Foundation JEA — Joint Endeavor Agreement NTIA — National Telecommunications kHz — kilohertz (1 ,000 cycles and Information Agency (DOC) per second) OMB — Office of Management KSC — Kennedy Space Center and Budget LACIE — Large Area Crop Inventory OTA — Office of Technology Assessment Experiment OTRAG — Orbital Transport and Raketen Landsat — Land remote-sensing satellites Aktiengesellschaft (German (formerly ERTS; Earth Resources private firm) Technology Satellites) of the OTS — Orbital Test Satellite (European) series currently operated PRC — People’s Republic of China by NASA PRC (Space) — Policy Review Committee on Landsat D — The next generation of NASA’s Space established by Presidential land remote-sensing satellites directive in May 1978, to Follow-on spacecraft of this provide a forum for discussion cf series will be sequentially proposed changes to national designated Landsat D’, space policy and for rapid Landsat D“, etc. referral of issues to the President LASS — The Land Applications Satellite for decision System under consideration by PTT — Postal Telephone & Telegraph ESA for a 1987/88 launch Agencies LCP — Large Communications Platform RARC — Regional Administrative Radio LEO — low-Earth orbit (up to Conference approximately 500 km) RBV — return beam vidicon LOS — Land Observations Satellites R&D — research and development being considered by Japan for Slc — Space Industrialization 1987 launch Corporation Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Glossary ● 387 SITE — Satellite Instructional Television VHF — very high frequency Experiment (India) WARC – World Administrative Radio SLAR — side looking airborne radar Conference (conducted by ITU) Solaris — proposed French free-flying, WARC-77 – A specialized World automated, industrial processing Administrative Radio Conference station that met in Geneva in the winter SPS — solar power satellite of 1977 to plan for the broad- SSTO — single stage to orbit casting-satellite service in the space vehicle band 11.7 to 12.5 GHz STEP . Symphonic Telecommunications WARC-79 – A General World Administrative Experimental Project (India) Radio Conference that met in STS — space transportation system Geneva in the Fall of 1979 to TDRSS — Tracking. and Data Relay revise the international radio Satellite System regulations of ITU. TEA — Technical Exchange Agreement WBTR – wide-band tape recorder TM — thematic mapper WMO – World Meteorological USDA — U.S. Department of Agricukure Organization (U. N. Agency) USGS — U.S. Geological Survey (DOI) Glossary A priori planning of radiofrequencies-procedure by format and received at the ground station. These which frequencies and orbital locations are allotted readings must be interpreted and converted to other to individual countries according to a plan negoti- dimensions for most applications purposes. ated by member nations and implemented by ITU. Decibel–a unit for expressing the ratio of two Access fee–the charge paid by operators of ground amounts of electric or acoustics signal power equal stations for the right to receive the data transmitted to 10 times the common logarithm of this ratio, A from land remote-sensing satellites. ratio of 10 is 10 dB, a ratio of 100 is 20 dB, a ratio AgRISTARS–Agriculture and Resources Inventory of 1,000 is 30 dB, etc. Surveys Through Aerospace Remote Sensing. Large, Digital transmission—a technique that transmits the cooperative, multiyear development program of the signal in the form of one of a discrete number of Departments of Agriculture, Interior, Commerce, codes. The information content of the signal is con- NASA, and AID. Will develop, test, and evaluate cerned with discrete states of the signal, such as ways to use remotely sensed data to produce early the presence or absence of a voltage, a contact in warnings of crop stress, crop assessments and fore- the open or closed position, or a hole or no hole casts, small-area land cover and water evaluation, in certain positions on a card. and renewable and nonrenewable resource inven- Direct readout–the capability that allows ground sta- tories. tions to collect and interpret the data messages that Allocation (of frequency band) –entry in the table of are transmitted from satellites. frequency allocations of a given frequency band for EROS Data Center—a facility that collects, processes, the purpose of its use by one or more terrestrial or archives, and distributes data obtained from satel- space radiocommunication services or the radio as- lite, aircraft, and other systems, operated by the tronomy service under specified conditions. This U.S. Geological Survey of the Department of in- term shall also be applied to the frequency band terior, at Sioux Falls, S. Dak. concerned. Earth exploration-satellite service-a radio-commu- Assigned frequency–the center of the frequency nication service between Earth stations and one or band assigned to a station. more space stations, which may include links be- Assigned frequency band–the frequency band within tween space stations, in which: 1 )