Diane Emert Senior Thesis 2005 Broadway Plaza, Rochester, MN

1.2.0 Apartment Lobby

1.2.1 Introduction

The apartment lobby serves as a primary circulation area as well as a gathering place for residents and visitors alike. A revolving door from the exterior opens onto an entry space. Coves have been constructed along the sides of this area. An indentation is created in the wall directly in front of the entry to serve as a point of interest. An onyx-clad reception desk is located to the right of the entry for package drop-off and visitor check-in. Corridors in the rear of the circulation space lead residents into the core elevator lobby where apartment access is available. The entire South-facing front facade is flanked by 13’ high bays of low-e insulating glass (See 1.2.3 Architectural Surfaces) that run from nearly ceiling to floor. Walls are finished in textured beige wallcovering with specular marble tiled floors. While residents can easily access the exterior from the circulation area, they may instead choose to take advantage of the seating area to the side of the main entry. This space provides a waiting area for residents or visitors to converse and relax. The seating area is surrounded on two sides by glazing adjacent to the exterior sidewalks and on a third side with glazing adjacent to the skyway lobby. Walls are similar to the circulation area of the lobby while burgundy carpet is installed along the floor. Primary furnishings include small coffee tables, chairs, and couches for lounging.

1.2.2 Space Layout

Fig. 1.2.2a: Lobby Location Within 1st Floor

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Fig. 1.2.2b: Lobby Floor Plan With Dimensioning (Total Area: 1850 ft2)

1.2.3 Architectural Surfaces

Floor Finishes

Stone-S1 Stone-S2 MFG: Daltile MFG: Daltile Name: Gold-light Name: Yellow Daffodil Finish: Honed Finish: N/A Reflectance: 69.8% Reflectance: 46.9 %

Carpet-C1 MFG: Atlas Style: Contour Color: Cranberry Cocktail Reflectance: 8.9%

Wall Finishes

Wallcovering- WC15 Wallcovering- WC18 MFG: Knoll MFG: JM Lynne Name: Slicker Name: Music Box Color: Rubine Color: Lanvin Reflectance: 6.7% Reflectance: 55.3%

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Ceiling Finishes

Paint-P7 Wood Finish-WD1 MFG: Benjamin Moore MFG: Tabu Color: Cloud Nine Type: Cherry Veneer Finish: Latex Eggshell Cut: Plain Reflectance: 86.1% Reflectance: 9.7%

Furnishing Finishes

Reception Desk-S3 MFG: Daltile Name: ONYX Finish: Polished Reflectance: 4.3%

Glass Types

Transmittance Reflectance ASHRAE U-Value Shading Relative Glazing Description SHGC Visible Solar Visible Visible Solar Winter Summer Coefficient Heat Gain UV Light Energy Light-Ex. Light-Int. Energy Nighttime Daytime Solarscreen Low-E Insulating 0.31 0.29 Glass VE 7-85 by Viracon Btu/(hr* Btu/(hr* 80 Btu/ Construction: 1" Total 58% 24% 19% 9% 11% 7% 0.38 0.33 sqft* sqft* hr*sqft 1/4" Azuria Color,1/2" degree F) degree F) Airspace, 1/4" VE 85 #3

Typical Window Configuration for Exterior Windows

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1.2.4 Design Concept

Design Goals

As Broadway Plaza strives to market itself as a “home away from home,” residents should feel cozy and at ease within the lobby space. No matter the length of stay, each time a resident walks into the lobby, he or she should feel that they are coming home again. The common dilemma among all of those who stay within Broadway Plaza is of course, stress. Thus, a warm, inviting, and attractive ambience will keep current residents happy and attract new residents in the cycle of temporary living. Focal points of interest should be created as a source of diversion from stress and as intriguing conversation pieces.

In addition to the ultimate goal of the creation of a homelike atmosphere, several technical lighting issues should also be addressed. Appropriate control of lighting fixtures and the ability to create various lighting levels and moods is of extreme importance. Depending on the time of day and/or occasion, Broadway Plaza demands the ability to change the lighting to suit the condition. Flexibility in system control is one way to ensure that all scenarios can and will be accomplished. Another technical issue is that of the lighting’s ability to assist with way-finding. The core elevator lobby provides primary access to the actual residential units. Thus, it is important to direct residents and especially the unfamiliar visitor to this location. Lighting is one such way to accomplish this task.

Conceptualization and Sketches

The redesign of the apartment lobby provides a prominent focal point upon entering the space. This focus looks to mimic a modern fireplace through the use of colored light and glass along the center wall indentation directly in front of the revolving entrance. The custom-made application as well as the entire atmosphere of the room coincides with a feeling of warmth and “home.” To create this feeling, low CCT’s corresponding to a warmer light are used in the cove applications. Indirect light from these sources does not create unwanted reflected glare in the marble finishes below, and instead, provides ambient light that should prove comfortable. These coves also work to guide the visitor to the core elevator lobby. The dark walls along the corridor are also grazed to further aid in path finding. All of these applications are referenced in Figure 1.2.4a. Meanwhile, the reception area calls for light that sets it apart for easy recognition, but does not distract from the central fireplace. A decorative linear fluorescent pendant directly above the desk helps to direct visitors to the area for all inquires. Figure 1.2.4a

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Like the circulation space, the lounge area also creates a living room type atmosphere. Subpoints of interest are created by the spotlighting of artwork. Decorative semi- indirect pendants, meanwhile, glow above the occupants’ heads to provide enough light for reading and other tasks. Floor lamps coinciding with the pendants above and keeping with a home-like style, provide additional light should it be desired (Figure 1.2.4b.) Control of the entire lobby lighting system is also provided (See 1.2.6 Equipment.) Figure 1.2.4b

1.2.5 Design Criteria

• Appearance of Space and Luminaires (Very Important) As the most prominent space that high-end clients will see, besides the individual apartments of course, the look of the lobby is extremely important. Concentration should focus on the selection of appealing luminaries as well as on the creation of a sophisticated and welcoming atmosphere. The lavish finishes within the lobby should be highlighted while the atmosphere shall remain calm. • Color Appearance (and Color Contrast) (Important) With the illustrious finishes in place, the color appearance of the various portions of the lobby should be considered. Wood and stone, alike, should be lit with lamps that bring attention to the tiniest details of the material and never appear to “wash out” the surface. • Daylighting Integration and Control (Important) The large curtain wall and massive amounts of glass surrounding the lobby can cause visual discomfort. The entire front entrance of the lobby faces South, making direct sunlight in the eyes of primary concern. While surrounding buildings may work to block out some of the direct sunlight, their height and distance from the structure will potentially still allow direct sun to enter. Due to the tasks to be preformed within the space, however, a large amount of daylight should not pose a major problem. • Direct Glare (Important) Whether occupants are reading, waiting, relaxing, or passing through, direct glare from overly luminous surfaces and/or luminaries should be avoided at all costs. As the space itself is considered first class, it is important to keep the occupants from feeling like second-hand afterthoughts. • Light Distribution on Surfaces (Important) Distribution of light on varying surfaces is a means to garner attention, guide, and provide a relaxed atmosphere. While the light distribution should not be even over all elements in the space, a hierarchy of luminance should be developed to create an atmosphere of relaxation. This hierarchy should take into account paths of travel and necessary tasks within the space, as well as provide focal attention.

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• Luminances of Room Surfaces (Important) The luminance values of room surfaces are important within the lobby space for both spatial perception and comfort. Likewise, the eye-catching nature of bright luminance surfaces acts as a means of drawing attention and guiding visitors. Additionally, luminances of surfaces must be in correct proportion to avoid uncomfortable eye adjustments. In the lounge area, where reading tasks will take place, the luminance ratio between task and far surroundings must comply with a 1:10 or 10:1 ratio as recommended by the IESNA. Likewise, a 1:3 or 3:1 task to adjacent surroundings ratio is advised. • Modeling of Faces or Objects (Important) Modeling of the faces of those moving in and out of the space is not of primary concern due the short nature of time generally spent within the lobby. However, it is desirable for all faces to be distinguishable and uniformly lit to avoid shadows. Meanwhile, the receptionist’s face should be easily distinguishable with a high level of vertical illuminance that is uniform over her entire face. The lighting should create no unflattering shadows nor should features that may be unbecoming be accented. • Points of Interest (Important) Coinciding with the idea of spatial appearance, it is important to create focal points to attract interest within the space and distinguish it from other apartment lobbies. Therefore, it is desirable to have the lighting design itself create a focal point within the space. • Reflected Glare (Very Important) The issue of reflected glare is of especial importance considering the materials used to furnish the lobby. All wood, stone, and tile finishes are specular in nature and create mirror-like reflections from direct light striking them. Direct light on these materials should be kept to a minimum. • Source/Task/Eye Geometry A lobby is not a task intensive space by any means. However, enough illuminance should be provided on the receptionist’s desk to aid in her daily tasks and prevent eyestrain. A lower overall level of illuminance with a system of local task lighting is advised for receptionist activities. • System Control and Flexibility (Important) It is important to maintain a means to control the various lighting applications. A dimmable lighting control sequence should be maintained to illuminate the lounge, entrance, and reception area independently of one another. Moods may then be created based on the time-of- day, season, or occasion. • Illuminance (Horizontal) Suggested horizontal illuminance is 10 fc along the general entrance area of the lobby. However, as few intensive tasks will take place in the space, this value may fall below this number to create an even more relaxed atmosphere. In the lounge area where causal reading tasks may take place, illuminance levels along the work plane should reach a desirable 30fc. In the receptionist area, this value should be increased to 50 fc on the desk surface to accommodate all tasks. As movement spaces, corridors shall have a horizontal illuminance of 5 fc uniform over the floor surface.

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• Illuminance (Vertical) A uniform illuminance level of 10 fc is recommended for the receptionist’s facial features. All areas of the lobby should also strive to meet this value with no levels falling below 5 fc on faces, either sitting or standing.

1.2.6 Equipment

Luminaire Lamp Ballast/ Description Mounting CRI CCT Volts Watts Quantity Comments Designation #Type Transformer Universal-mounting edge- lit LED exit sign, double Wall/ EX3 LED NA N/A N/A 120 10 3 face, red letters, w/ die- Ceiling cast alum. trim 122 (2 Low-profile cove lamp 13 (6-"2 lamp Luminaire: Focal Point Covelight26 mounted luminaire with ballast) FC1 Cove 1 F54/T5/830/HO DIM-ELECTRONIC 85 3000 120 ballasts" 1-"1 Lamp: GE indirect asymmetric 64 (1 lamp ballast") Ballast: Lutron Eco 10% distribution lamp ballast) Linear Fluorescent Indirect-Direct Pendant 62 Luminaire: Lightolier 48228ALU DIM- 2 (2-"2 lamp FP2 with Flat Glass Diffuser Pendant 2 F28T5/830 ALTO 85 3000 120 (2 lamp Lamp: Philips ELECTRONIC ballasts") and Metallic Aluminum ballast) Ballast: Lutron Eco 10% Finish Luminaire: Litecontrol Wall/Slot Recessed open 2000PR F32T8/ADV830/EW/A 35 WW2 perimeter wall wash with Recessed 1 ELECTRONIC 85 3000 120 4 Lamp: Philips LTO (1 lamp) opaque white reflector Ballast: Advance Transformer Optanium Low-profile undercounter Luminaire: Lithonia UC fluorescent tasklight w/ 28 2 (2-"2 lamp Lamp: GE UC1 wrap around lens, steel Surface 2 F13/T5/830 ELECTRONIC 82 3000 120 (2 lamp ballasts") Ballast: Advance Transformer housing, and rocker ballast) Matchbox switch Adjustable low-voltage 120 / Luminaire: Ardee Varianti SP2 directional spotlight with Recessed 1 20W/12V/R37/18D/FR NA 100 3000 20 4 12 Lamp: Philips aluminum trim Decorative 30" bowl Luminaire: American Glass Light pendant with sand 76 (2 DIM- 4 (8-"2 lamp Harrington Uplight FP3 blasted glass bowl, Pendant 4 CFTR42W/GX24q/830 82 3000 120 lamp ELECTRONIC ballasts") Lamp: Philips polished brass finish, ballast) Ballast: Compact SE 5% and glass ring accent Linear sconce with illuminated "window" lit 120 / Luminaire: Energie Artres Sconce SC2 Wall 1 Q35MR11/CG30 NA 100 3000 35 2 from above by low- 12 Lamp: Philips voltage lamp Chrome plated floor lamp Luminaire: Louis Poulsen PH 4 1/2- L1 with three hand blown Floor 1 100A19 NA 100 2700 120 100 4 3 1/2 Glass Floor opal glass shades Lamp: Standard 100W A lamp Floor-mounted controllable fluorescent Included: color changer/cyc light, T5 FH28W/60 (red) Luminaire: Martin Architectural 1 of C1 full RGB color mixing Floor T5 FH28W/66 (green) Integrated Digital NA NA 120 128 2 Cyclo 03/04DMX each with 100% dimmable T5 FH28W/67 (blue) Lamp: Osram intensity with DMX T5 FH28W/827 (white) control 6" Dia. horizontal lamp Luminaire: Gotham AF TRT Open DIM- 35 FD1 CF downlight w/ clear Recessed 1 CFTR32W/GX24q/830 82 3000 120 3 Lamp: Philips ELECTRONIC (1 lamp) specular reflector Ballast: Compact SE 5%

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SP2 UC1 FD1 Lithonia – L1 C1 Gotham- Ardee- Adjustable Martin- Color Spotlight Undercabinet Louis Poulsen- Downlight Tasklight Floor Lamp Change Cyc Light

FC1 FP2 WW2 Focal Point- FP3 Lightolier – Litecontrol- Covelight26 American Glass Linear Pendant Wall Washer SC2 Light- Energie- Bowl Pendant Artes Sconce

Controls

A 16-zone Lutron Graphik Eye 4000: Multi-Scene Controller controls the lobby lighting. Two 120V dimming panels for normal and emergency lighting are provided for this purpose. These panels are located in the nearby main electrical room. Ten zones are currently being utilized. A wall station is included for the receptionist while main control is through the graphik eye module in the adjacent valet office. A lighting control system panel, a component of the building automation system, further controls this graphik eye. No preset scenes are designated for the lobby area. Lighting is a preference of time-of-day, event, etc. Dimming ballasts are provided on most luminaires to allow for various levels of light output. Please refer to the fixture schedule for luminaires that are dimmable/not dimmable. Automatic shutoff is provided for all lobby fixtures not located on emergency circuits as required by ASHRAE 90.1. Necessary egress lighting will remain on for safe transition during an emergency. Manual override of the automatic shutoff is also possible for up to four hours as required by the standard. Integral switching is provided on the reception task lights as per ASHRAE 90.1 as well.

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1.2.7 Lighting Plans

Figure 1.2.7a: Lighting Plan with Fixture Designation, Controls, and Dimensioning

Figure 1.2.7b: Control Plan With Zone Indication

Control Control Description Zone 01HNB-12 & Pendants in Seating Area- Dimmable 10-100% a 01HEA-16 01HNB-12 Spotlights on Artwork Wall- On/Off b Figure 1.2.7c: Detail of Control of FP2 01HNB-12 Cove Along Seating Area- Dimmable 10-100% c

01HNB-12 Coves Along Entrance- Dimmable 10-100% d

01HEA-16Downlights at Entry Doors- Dimmable 10-100% e 01HNB-12 & Corridor Wall Wash- On/Off f 01HEA-16 Lower Lamps of Pendants Above Reception- 01HNB-12 g Dimmable 10-100% Upper Lamps of Pendants Above Reception- 01HNB-12 h Dimmable 10-100% 01HNB-12 Wall Sconces- Dimmable 10-100% j

01HNB-12 Accent Fire Wall- Dimmable 0-100% k

Figure 1.2.7d: Section Detail of Fire Wall Note: Control obtained from dimming panels connected to the27 circuits above. See dimming system schematic diagram for details. Diane Emert Senior Thesis 2005 Broadway Plaza, Rochester, MN

1.2.8 Circuiting Luminaire Watts # ballasts used VA Load Circuit Load (VA) Wire Size Breaker Size FC1 122 & 6 & 1 796 01HNB-12 2308 12 AWG 20 A FP2 62 2 124 01HEA-16 327 12 AWG 20 A WW2 35 4 140 UC1 28 2 56 SP2 20 4 80 FP3 76 8 608 SC2 35 2 70 L1 100 4 400 C1 128 2 256 FD1 35 3 105 Lighting Load 2635 X Demand Factor (1.25) Total VA 3293.75

Figure 1.2.8a: Dimming System Schematic Diagram 1.2.9 Analysis

ASHRAE 90.1 Power Density

ASHRAE 90.1 Power Density Allowance: 1.8 W/sq.ft. Design Watts: 2635 W Total Room Area: 1850 sq.ft. Power Density: 1.42 W/sq.ft

Satisfies ASHRAE 90.1 Power Density Requirements

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Light Loss Factors Luminaire Maintenance Cleaning/ Initial Lms/ Design Lms/ Ballast LLD LDD RSDD Total LLF Designation Category Atmosphere Luminaire Luminaire Factor FC1 VI Clean- 6 Months 5000 4700 0.94 0.92 0.89 1.00 0.77 FP2 V Clean- 6 Months 5800 5500 0.95 0.92 0.94 1.00 0.82 WW2 IV Clean- 6 Months 2900 2750 0.95 0.94 0.95 1.01 0.86 UC1 V Clean- 6 Months 1740 1440 0.83 0.92 0.97 1.00 0.74 SP2 IV Clean- 6 Months 500 475 0.95 0.94 0.97 1.00 0.87 FP3 VI Clean- 6 Months 12800 10880 0.85 0.92 0.94 0.98 0.72 SC2 V Clean- 6 Months 668 625 0.94 0.92 0.95 1.00 0.82 L1 IV Clean- 6 Months 1750 1488 0.85 0.94 0.96 1.00 0.77 C1 VI Clean- 6 Months 11600 11000 0.95 0.92 0.94 1.00 0.82 FD1 IV Clean- 6 Months 2400 2040 0.85 0.94 0.97 0.98 0.76

Critical Design Performance

Both horizontal and vertical illuminance criteria have been met by the lobby’s lighting design. Figure 1.2.9a displays the work plane illuminance of the lobby area. Here, it can be seen that the entire room achieves values of 30fc or above. This value, although not extremely high, is adequate for brief tasks that will take place within the space such as casual reading and waiting. Clearly, from the diagram, the addition of the floor lamps adds illuminance to particular locations if it should be desired. Figure 1.2.9b also shows a critical horizontal illuminance distribution, in this case along the corridors to the elevator lobby. Values along these corridors are fairly uniform and are more than adequate for orientation in the lobby. Another important aspect to examine is the creation of points of interest. Spotlights have been added to Figure 1.2.9a: Horizontal Illuminance Work Plane highlight artwork, and at 25 fc (Figure 1.2.9c), the goal is accomplished. And, as always, vertical illuminance must promote appealing facial rendering with no unsightly shadows. The summary of illuminance data included within this section verifies that the average value of 22 fc along the receptionist’s face will indeed provide excellent facial rendering with light directed downward to his or her face. Meanwhile, tasks performed by the receptionist will be made easier with an average of 72 fc, above the 50fc recommended value.

Figure 1.2.9c: Illuminance Along Pictures Figure 1.2.9b: Horizontal Illuminance Corridors 29 Diane Emert Senior Thesis 2005 Broadway Plaza, Rochester, MN

Illuminance Value Summary (fc) Lounge- Lounge Work Center of Reception Receptionist Vertical at Corridor Floor Plane Lounge Area Entry Floor Desk Face Seated Height Near Pictures Average 40.99 22.35 19.63 20.15 28.25 71.61 21.75 Maximum 78.1 51.3 21.8 24.9 33.6 104 25.4 Minimum 20.4 1.2 17.1 10.8 0.2 45.6 16.8 Avg/Min 2.01 18.63 1.15 1.87 141.25 1.57 1.29 Max/Min 3.83 42.75 1.27 2.31 168 2.29 1.51 Coeff. Of Var. 0.22 0.27 0.06 0.19 0.29 0.2 0.09 Unif. Gradiant 1.61 17.07 1.02 1.3 67.88 1.21 1.09 Corridor- Vertical at Center of Washed Lounge Picture 1 Picture 2 Walking Entry Ceiling Corridor Ceiling Height Average 13.23 21.46 24.43 29.37 21.2 72.24 Maximum 14.5 25.4 28.7 36.7 102 233 Minimum 12.4 18.9 20.1 22.7 7.3 13 Avg/Min 1.07 1.14 1.22 1.29 2.9 5.56 Max/Min 1.17 1.34 1.43 1.62 14.05 17.94 Coeff. Of Var. 0.04 0.09 0.11 0.14 1.05 0.72 Unif. Gradient 1.02 1.11 1.13 1.11 5.12 1.86

1.2.10 Renderings

Figure 1.2.10a: Fire Wall Upon Entering the Lobby

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Figure 1.2.10b: View From Behind Reception

Figure 1.2.10c: Entry Lobby

Figure 1.2.10d: View Upon Entering Lobby From Corridor

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Figure 1.2.10e: View Into Lounge

Figure 1.2.10c: Lounge

Figure 1.2.10d: Seated in Lounge

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1.2.11 Model Study

As AGI 32 does not allow the replication of changing light patterns and complex glass forms, the fire wall could not be appropriately modeled within the software. To replicate the amount of light available from the wall in the model, a linear wall wash was used to wash a plain wall (reflectance 65%) within the AGI model. In order to verify the look of the fire wall, a mock- up must be conducted. A full-size mock-up is inappropriate for thesis work. However, a miniature model for visualization is possible. Therefore, a scale model of the fire wall was constructed. Materials within the wall cove were modeled as appropriately as possible, with reflective mylar to line the walls and ceiling. Transparent rippled plastic was used to replicate the rippled glass of the wall. Meanwhile, flame patterns were cut from translucent paper and mounted behind the plastic. A wheel was then constructed to hold colored gel samples that would rotate about two holes in the model’s base. Light may be supplied from below through these holes. The model was then tested using the fiber optic systems and light table within the Penn State light lab. A resulting video was made, and results may be viewed Figure 1.2.11a: Model with Cover Removed upon request.

1.2.12 Conclusions

The lobby greets visitors with intrigue and comfortably accommodates their needs for casual tasks or orientation into the building. The primarily indirect light from cove applications and pendants allows for an enjoyable environment without undesirable reflected glare. Residents and visitors are guided to the reception desk for check-in or to the elevator lobby for access to other floors. In the lounge, residents may use the comfortable indirect light to read by or to enjoy the artwork that is highlighted nearby. Assistance is provided for receptionist tasks by integrated task lights, while his or her face will be easily distinguishable and free of unsightly shadowing. However, the receptionist will clearly not be the center of attention with the custom glass fireplace wall in place. Light provided from this application is dynamic and a conversation piece for those who pass by on the street. As the lobby is clearly seen from the street, a first class impression is a must, day-in and day-out. Along with the luminaires chosen and the flexible lighting system control, a high-end appearance is maintained.

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