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It Is Rare to Have a Comparative Analysis of the Genesis and Evolution of Victim Support Outside a Small Clutch of English-Speaking Countries

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It Is Rare to Have a Comparative Analysis of the Genesis and Evolution of Victim Support Outside a Small Clutch of English-Speaking Countries “It is rare to have a comparative analysis of the genesis and evolution of victim support outside a small clutch of English-speaking countries. Victim Support and the Welfare State is thus special because it looks at the birth of just such a development in Sweden, hardly a stranger to that world, but one that was quite individual, engulfed as it was in a welfare state where there was not even a term for crime victim. We have had descriptions in the past of the links between welfare and incarceration, and welfare and crime rates, but none between welfare and victim services. Gallo and Svensson’s book is therefore doubly welcome, tracing, as it does, the shaping step by step of an unusual project through a succession of remarkably distinctive financial, political and policy regimes.” Paul Rock, Emeritus Professor of Sociology, London School of Economics “Victim Support and the Welfare State is a most stimulating analysis of a central development in criminal policy. By choosing a non-Anglo-American coun- try as an object of analysis, the book reveals similarities as well as differences in the expansion of the crime victim issue. The linking of victim support to the general development of politics shows its structural prerequisites. This intriguing book shows that victim support is both a cause and an effect of criminal policy, and that the emergence of the crime victim clearly has an entrepreneurial character.” Henrik Tham, Emeritus Professor of Criminology, Stockholm University and former President of the European Society of Criminology Victim Support and the Welfare State This book provides a rich analysis of the history of Swedish victim support. With the majority of research on victim support centering on the Anglosphere, this book offers a unique case study for considering the role of the victim in the criminal justice system. While Sweden has enacted many laws to support victims, and victim assistance programs have grown rapidly, welfare policy has become more restrictive and crime policy, to some degree, more punitive. Drawing on archival material and interviews with key representatives for the Swedish Association for Victim Support (BOJ), this book examines what role the victim movement has played in a changing welfare state. It argues that BOJ filled a function in the decentralization and privatization of the Swedish welfare state and explores distinctive features of the Swedish victim movement and the form it has taken, as compared to that in other countries. This book will be of interest to scholars and students of criminology, soci- ology, social policy, civil society studies, and social work, and those engaged in studies of victims and victimology. Carina Gallo is an Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice Studies at the School of Public Affairs and Civic Engagement at San Francisco State Uni- versity. Her scholarship addresses historical and international trends in crime and welfare policies, with particular attention to how policies and laws in- tending to support underrepresented and marginalized groups have developed over the last century. She is especially interested in the “criminalization” of poverty and the penalization of vulnerable populations. Kerstin Svensson is a Professor of Social Work at Lund University in Swe- den. Her research interests revolve around the practice, organization, pro- fessionalism, history, and role of social work in society. She is also interested in how knowledge is created and passed on; how the relationship between social worker and client is developed; how support and control interact in social work; and the role and function of the individual in the organization, whether the organization is a public authority or a voluntary organization. Kerstin has primarily studied these aspects of social work in relation to issues of crime, abuse, and youth. Victims, Culture and Society Edited by: Sandra Walklate, University of Liverpool, UK and Monash University, Australia Kerry Carrington, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Concerns about victimisation have multiplied over the last fifty years. Victims, Culture and Society explores the major concepts, debates and controversies that these concerns have generated across a range of disciplines, but particularly within criminology and victimology. As the impacts of globalisation, the movement of peoples and the divergences between the global North and global South have become ever more apparent, this series provides an author- itative space for original contributions in making sense of these far-reaching changes on individuals, localities and nationalities. These issues by their very nature demand an interdisciplinary approach and an interdisciplinary voice outside conventional conceptual boundaries. Victims, Culture and Society offers the space for that voice. Each author adopts a strong personal view and offers a lively and agenda- setting treatment of their subject matter. The monographs encompass a trans- national, global or comparative approach to the issues they address. Exam- ining new areas of both empirical and theoretical enquiry, the series offers the opportunity for innovative and progressing thinking about the relation- ship between victims, culture and society. The books will be useful and thought-provoking resources for the international community of undergrad- uates, postgraduates, researchers and policymakers working within the broad field of victimisation. Sexual Violence against Older People Hannah Bows Victim Support and the Welfare State Carina Gallo and Kerstin Svensson For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/ Victims-Culture-and-Society/book-series/VICS Victim Support and the Welfare State Carina Gallo and Kerstin Svensson LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2019 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019 Carina Gallo and Kerstin Svensson The right of Carina Gallo and Kerstin Svensson to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Gallo, Carina, 1975– author. | Svensson, Kerstin, 1959– author. Title: Victim support and the welfare state / Carina Gallo and Kerstin Svensson. Description: 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Victims, culture and society | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019004248 | ISBN 9781138584792 (hardback) Subjects: LCSH: Victims of crimes—Services for—Sweden. | Sweden—Social policy. | Welfare state—Sweden. Classification: LCC HV6250.3.S9 G35 2019 | DDC 362.88/156509485—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019004248 ISBN: 978-1-138-58479-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-50574-4 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by codeMantra Contents List of figures ix List of tables xi Foreword xiii Acknowledgments xvii Lists of abbreviations xix 1 Introduction 1 2 The golden age of the welfare state 20 3 The end of social-democratic hegemony 39 4 A welfare state in transformation 50 5 A welfare state in times of crisis 81 6 A hibernated welfare state 95 7 Marketization and Europeanization of the welfare state 124 8 Victim support and the state in close alliance 147 Index 161 List of figures 4.1 Victim Support Södertälje’s outgoing and incoming calls from 1986 to 1991 57 4.2 Trygg Hansa’s logotype 71 4.3 BOJ’s logotype 71 5.1 Growth of local BOJ victim support centers from 1980 to 2014 86 5.2 The Ministry of Justice and the Crime Victim Fund grants to BOJ (SEK) 91 7.1 SoS’s grants to BOJ for its work with violence against women from 2004 to 2014 (SEK) 129 List of tables 7.1 List of BOJ’s employees by total full-time equivalent (FTE) and type of positions 133 Foreword A nation’s political tradition can make all the difference, even when it is subject, inevitably, to shifting political winds over the course of many dec- ades. Had the Swedish Association for Victim Support (BOJ) been launched in America’s corporate state capitalism, it would have fared very differently than it did during its emergence in Sweden’s social democracy. In the United States, victim services (such as the first victim compensation programs in the 1960s) began amidst two pronounced, American ideologies: first, as a ration- ale for get-tough, law-and-order, punitive crime policies, and second, as an extension of U.S.-style welfare. On the one hand, enhancing official power (unleashed from due process rights protections) could be pursued in the name of protecting and promoting crime victims, even though it accomplished neither. On the other hand, to benefit from victim services, one had to prove that one was “innocent” (didn’t “precipitate” the victimization) and “needy” (would qualify for welfare for the poor). This created a situation where many victim initiatives were more symbolic than tangible and where victims were politically manipulated for ulterior motives by those in power.
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