Computer Architecture (BCA Part-I)
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Design of 8-Bit Arithmetic Processor Unit Based on Reversible Logic by A
Global Journal of Researches in Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering Volume 13 Issue 10 Version 1.0 Year 2013 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-4596 & Print ISSN: 0975-5861 Design of 8-Bit Arithmetic Processor Unit based on Reversible Logic By A. Kamaraj, C. Kalyana Sundaram & J. Senthil Kumar Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, India Abstract - Reversible logic is emerging as an important research area in the recent years due to its ability to reduce the power dissipation, which is the main requirement in low power digital design. Energy dissipation is proportional to the number of bits lost during computation. The reversible circuits do not lose information and can generate unique outputs from specified inputs and vice versa. It has application in diverse fields such as low power CMOS design, optical information processing, cryptography, quantum computation and nanotechnology. This paper proposes a reversible design of an 8 -bit arithmetic processor. The architecture of the processor has been proposed, in which, each block is realized using reversible logic gates. The important blocks of the processor are control unit, arithmetic and logical unit and register file. Each module has been coded using Verilog then simulated using Modelsim and prototyped in Xilinx- Spartan 3E. Keywords : reversible logic, reversible gate, FPGA, xilinx. GJRE-F Classification : FOR Code: 290901 Design of 8-Bit ArithmeticProcessor Unit based on ReversibleLogic Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of : © 2013. A. Kamaraj, C. Kalyana Sundaram & J. Senthil Kumar. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
RZ Family Microprocessors Brochure
RZ FAMILY Renesas Microprocessor 2018.10 THE NEXT-GENERATION PROCESSOR TO MEET THE NEEDS OF THE SMART SOCIETY HAS ARRIVED. achine In M te n r a f a m c u e H ntr wo Co ol Net rk CONTENTS RZ/A SERIES ___________________________________________ 04 RZ/G SERIES ___________________________________________ 10 RZ/T SERIES ___________________________________________ 16 RZ/N SERIES ___________________________________________ 22 RZ SPECIFICATIONS ______________________________________ 28 PACKAGE LINEUP _______________________________________ 38 02-03 The utilization of intelligent technology is advancing in all aspects of our lives, including electric household appliances, industrial equipment, building management, power grids, and transportation. The cloud-connected “smart society” is coming ever closer to realization. Microcontrollers are now expected to provide powerful capabilities not available previously, such as high-performance and energy-efficient control combined with interoperation with IT networks, support for human-machine interfaces, and more. To meet the demands of this new age, Renesas has drawn on its unmatched expertise in microcontrollers to create the RZ family of embedded processors. The lineup of these “next-generation processors that are as easy to use as conventional microcontrollers” to meet different customer requirements. The Zenith of the Renesas micro As embedded processors to help build the next generation of advanced products, the RZ family offers features not available elsewhere and brings new value to customer applications. -
Integration of Linux Graphics Component in an Intelligent Device
Integration of Linux Graphics Component in an Intelligent Device Magnus Erkenfelt M˚ansZigher Lund Institute of Technology Lund University November 9, 2007 ii Abstract In this thesis, a Linux graphics system is proposed, implemented, and dis- cussed. The most common graphics manager of Linux is called the X Server. It uses a server architecture that is not optimal when working with embedded systems, due to its memory footprint and unnecessary power consumption. The idea was to design the architecture so that the graphics system is a component of the operating system and fits into a simple C library. A direct interaction with the graphics hardware is configured and implemented on the system. The thesis introduces the concept of a graphics device called frame buffer as used to communicate with the hardware. It also describes the different modules needed to build a complete embedded Linux system. Using the pro- posed implementation, a fully operational system with a memory footprint under 5 MB can be achieved. iii iv Acknowledgements First of all, our thanks go to Mikrodidakt AB for giving us the opportunity to work on this thesis, especially to our supervisor P¨arL¨ofgrenwho always pushed us in the right direction. Also thanks to Pierre Nugues for ideas and support, and Jens Hellstr¨omfor his Linux expertise. v vi Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The product . 1 1.2 Purpose of Thesis . 4 1.3 Problem Formulation . 4 1.4 Thesis Overview . 5 2 Background 7 2.1 Linux . 7 2.2 The Linux Kernel . 9 2.3 The Linux File System . -
RZ Family Microprocessors Brochure
RZ FAMILY MICROPROCESSORS 64-Bit & 32-Bit Arm-based high-end MPUs 2021.07 THE NEXT-GENERATION PROCESSOR TO MEET THE NEEDS OF THE SMART SOCIETY HAS ARRIVED. achine In M te n r a f a m c u e H ntr wo Co ol Net rk CONTENTS RZ/V SERIES ___________________________________________ 04 RZ/G SERIES ___________________________________________ 08 RZ/A SERIES ___________________________________________ 16 RZ/T SERIES ___________________________________________ 22 RZ/N SERIES ___________________________________________ 30 PACKAGE LINEUP _______________________________________ 35 02-03 The utilization of intelligent technology is advancing in all aspects of our lives, including electric household appliances, industrial equipment, building management, power grids, and transportation. The cloud-connected “smart society” is coming ever closer to realization. Microcontrollers are now expected to provide powerful capabilities not available previously, such as high-performance and energy-efficient control combined with interoperation with IT networks, support for human-machine interfaces, and more. To meet the demands of this new age, Renesas has drawn on its unmatched expertise in microcontrollers to create the RZ family of embedded processors. The lineup of these “next-generation processors that are as easy to use as conventional microcontrollers” to meet different customer requirements. The Zenith of the Renesas micro As embedded processors to help build the next generation of advanced products, the RZ family offers features not available elsewhere and -
Address Decoding Large-Size Binary Decoder: 28-To-268435456 Binary Decoder for 256Mb Memory
Embedded System 2010 SpringSemester Seoul NationalUniversity Application [email protected] Dept. ofEECS/CSE ower Naehyuck Chang P 4190.303C ow- L Introduction to microprocessor interface mbedded aboratory E L L 1 P L E Harvard Architecture Microprocessor Instruction memory Input: address from PC ARM Cortex M3 architecture Output: instruction (read only) Data memory Input: memory address Addressing mode Input/output: read/write data Read or write operand Embedded Low-Power 2 ELPL Laboratory Memory Interface Interface Address bus Data bus Control signals (synchronous and asynchronous) Fully static read operation Input Memory Output Access control Embedded Low-Power 3 ELPL Laboratory Memory Interface Memory device Collection of memory cells: 1M cells, 1G cells, etc. Memory cells preserve stored data Volatile and non-volatile Dynamic and static How access memory? Addressing Input Normally address of the cell (cf. content addressable memory) Memory Random, sequential, page, etc. Output Exclusive cell access One by one (cf. multi-port memory) Operations Read, write, refresh, etc. RD, WR, CS, OE, etc. Access control Embedded Low-Power 4 ELPL Laboratory Memory inside SRAM structure Embedded Low-Power 5 ELPL Laboratory Memory inside Ports Recall D-FF 1 input port and one output port for one cell Ports of memory devices Large number of cells One write port for consistency More than one output ports allow simultaneous accesses of multiple cells for read Register file usually has multiple read ports such as 1W 3R Memory devices usually has one read -
A Hybrid-Parallel Architecture for Applications in Bioinformatics
A Hybrid-parallel Architecture for Applications in Bioinformatics M.Sc. Jan Christian Kässens Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften (Dr.-Ing.) der Technischen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel eingereicht im Jahr 2017 Kiel Computer Science Series (KCSS) 2017/4 dated 2017-11-08 URN:NBN urn:nbn:de:gbv:8:1-zs-00000335-a3 ISSN 2193-6781 (print version) ISSN 2194-6639 (electronic version) Electronic version, updates, errata available via https://www.informatik.uni-kiel.de/kcss The author can be contacted via [email protected] Published by the Department of Computer Science, Kiel University Computer Engineering Group Please cite as: Ź Jan Christian Kässens. A Hybrid-parallel Architecture for Applications in Bioinformatics Num- ber 2017/4 in Kiel Computer Science Series. Department of Computer Science, 2017. Dissertation, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University. @book{Kaessens17, author = {Jan Christian K\"assens}, title = {A Hybrid-parallel Architecture for Applications in Bioinformatics}, publisher = {Department of Computer Science, CAU Kiel}, year = {2017}, number = {2017/4}, doi = {10.21941/kcss/2017/4}, series = {Kiel Computer Science Series}, note = {Dissertation, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University.} } © 2017 by Jan Christian Kässens ii About this Series The Kiel Computer Science Series (KCSS) covers dissertations, habilitation theses, lecture notes, textbooks, surveys, collections, handbooks, etc. written at the Department of Computer Science at Kiel University. It was initiated in 2011 to support authors in the dissemination of their work in electronic and printed form, without restricting their rights to their work. The series provides a unified appearance and aims at high-quality typography. The KCSS is an open access series; all series titles are electronically available free of charge at the department’s website. -
The New Xbox 360 250GB CPU GPU Soc
The new Xbox 360 250GB CPU GPU SoC Rune Jensen, Microsoft Bob Drehmel, IBM Hot Chips 22 8/23/2010 Xbox 360 250GB System CPU GPU SoC Module • CPU GPU Die • High Performance CPU & GPU • GDDR3 Memory Interface • Video Output • PCIe • Embedded DRAM Die Custom South Bridge • IO Connectivity • System Management Custom Video Display Controller Optical Disk Drive Flash and IO Connectivity 250GB HDD Wireless 802.11N Integration 2 CPU, GPU Process Migrations CPU 90nm, 2005 65nm, 2007 GPU 45nm, 2010 90nm, 2005 65nm, 2008 3 Motivation for Integrated CPU GPU SoC Cost and Power Savings • Front Side Bus Removal • Single Package • IBM 45nm SOI Technology 35x35mm Package, Simplified Console Design 1156 Balls • Motherboard Footprint • Power Delivery • Thermal Design • Single Heatsink + Fan Integrated CPU GPU Embedded DRAM 4 CPU GPU SoC: Features & Block Diagram CPU • Three 3.2 GHz PowerPC® cores • Shared 1MB L2 cache • Per Core: • Dual Thread Execution • 32K L1 I-cache, 32K L1 D-cache • 2-issue per cycle • Branch, Integer, Load/Store Units • VMX128 Units enhanced for games GPU • 48 parallel unified shaders • 24 billion shader instructions per second • 4 billion pixels/sec pixel fill rate • 500 million triangles/sec geometry rate • High Speed IO interface to 10 MB EDRAM Compatibility • Functional and Performance equivalent to prior Xbox 360 GPU/CPU • FSB Latency and BW match prior FSB 5 Technology Chip Statistics • 372M transistors • 45nm SOI, Ultra-low k dielectric CPU Core CPU Core • 10 levels of metal • 153 array types, ~1000 instances • 1.8 million -
RZ/A1H Group Graphics Library "RGA" Introduction This Application Note Describes the Graphics Library RGA (Renesas Graphics Architecture) of RZ/A1H
Application Note RZ/A1H Group Graphics Library "RGA" Introduction This application note describes the Graphics Library RGA (Renesas Graphics Architecture) of RZ/A1H. The following lists features of the RGA. Allows high-speed drawing using the hardware acceleration. The API created based on the W3C standard HTML Canvas 2D Context achieves easy learning. In addition, the RGA provides C++API that is operable as an interface that is backward compatible with HTML Canvas 2D Context. The memory area provided by the application is available as a drawing destination or for input images. Allows drawing of translucent images and translucent drawing using an alpha mask. The RGA provides a conversion tool that can access image files as global variables. (This conversion tool operates on the host PC.) Target Device RZ/A1H Group RZ/A1M Group RZ/A1L Group When applying the sample program covered in this application note to another microcomputer, modify the program according to the specifications for the target microcomputer and conduct an extensive evaluation of the modified program. Restrictions This library is not compatible with the vector graphics supported by Renesas Graphics Processor for OpenVG™ (R-GPVG2). The hardware acceleration is used only for a part of drawing (Table 1-2), (6.11.1). RZ/A1L does not use hardware acceleration. And it cannot use a part of drawing. (Table 1-3) This library cannot be used in multiple threads. Use the RGA in a single thread. R01AN2162EJ0401 Rev.4.01 Page 1 of 144 Jan.27.21 RZ/A1H Group Graphics Library RGA Contents Graphics Library "RGA" ................................................................................................................. -
Renesas Microprocessor RZ Family
RZ FAMILY Renesas Microprocessor www.renesas.com 2017.07 01-02 THE NEXT-GENERATION PROCESSOR TO MEET THE NEEDS OF THE SMART SOCIETY HAS ARRIVED. The utilization of intelligent technology is advancing in all aspects of our lives, including electric household appliances, industrial equipment, building management, power grids, and transportation. The cloud-connected “smart society” is coming ever closer to realization. Microcontrollers are now expected to provide powerful capabilities not available previously, such as high-performance and energy-efficient control combined with interoperation with IT networks, support for human-machine interfaces, and more. To meet the demands of this new age, Renesas has drawn on its unmatched expertise in microcontrollers to create the new RZ family of embedded processors. The lineup of these “next-generation processors that are as easy to use as conventional microcontrollers” spans four product series to meet different customer requirements. The Zenith of the Renesas micro As embedded processors to help build the next generation of advanced products, the RZ family offers features not available elsewhere and brings new value achine In M te to customer applications. n r a f a m c u e H ¢ RZ Family Roadmap RZ/G1H Cortex®-A15x4 (1.4GHz) Cortex®-A7x4(780MHz) G6400, H.264 32bit×2ch DDR3-1600 RZ/G1M Cortex®-A15x2 (1.5GHz) RZ/G-next SGX544MP2, H.264 (T.B.D) 32bit×2ch DDR3L-1600 RZ/G1N Cortex®-A15x2 (1.5GHz) ntr wo SGX544MP2, H.264 Co ol Net rk 32bit×1ch DDR3L-1600 RZ/G series 3D Graphics RZ/G1E RZ/G1C Cortex®-A7x2 (1.0GHz) Cortex®-A7x2 (1.0GHz) HMI MPU SGX540, H.264 SGX531, H.264 32bit×1ch DDR3-1333 32bit×1ch DDR3-1000 RZ/A1H RZ/A-next Cortex®-A9(400MHz) RZ/A1LU Cortex®-A9(400MHz) 10MB, WXGA, 2D RZ/A1M 3MB, XGA, JPEG RZ/A series Cortex®-A9(400MHz) for HMI Apps. -
PC Hardware Contents
PC Hardware Contents 1 Computer hardware 1 1.1 Von Neumann architecture ...................................... 1 1.2 Sales .................................................. 1 1.3 Different systems ........................................... 2 1.3.1 Personal computer ...................................... 2 1.3.2 Mainframe computer ..................................... 3 1.3.3 Departmental computing ................................... 4 1.3.4 Supercomputer ........................................ 4 1.4 See also ................................................ 4 1.5 References ............................................... 4 1.6 External links ............................................. 4 2 Central processing unit 5 2.1 History ................................................. 5 2.1.1 Transistor and integrated circuit CPUs ............................ 6 2.1.2 Microprocessors ....................................... 7 2.2 Operation ............................................... 8 2.2.1 Fetch ............................................. 8 2.2.2 Decode ............................................ 8 2.2.3 Execute ............................................ 9 2.3 Design and implementation ...................................... 9 2.3.1 Control unit .......................................... 9 2.3.2 Arithmetic logic unit ..................................... 9 2.3.3 Integer range ......................................... 10 2.3.4 Clock rate ........................................... 10 2.3.5 Parallelism ......................................... -
Datasheet (1993)
D A'U 5-11 E E T WD90C33 High Performance VGA Controller ~ WESTERN DIGITAL Copyright © 1993 Western Digital Corporation All Rights Reserved Information furnished by Western Digital Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Western Digital Corporation for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Western Digital Corporation. Western Digital Corpora tion reserves the right to change specHications at any time without notice. Western Digital, AutoSwitch, and Paradise are registered trademarks and CacheFlow, Caviar, FIT Lab, Hyperseek, Interarchitecture, PinScan, Piranha, SAM, Tidbit, and TrueShade are trademarks of Western Digital Corporation. Other marks may be mentioned herein that belong to other Companies. Western Digital Corporation Western Digital Plaza, 8105 Irvine Center Drive, Irvine, CA 92718 For Service and Literature, call: (714) 932-4900 WD90C33 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Title Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION ......................•.........................•..... 1 1. 1 General Description .. • . .• 1 1. 2 Features • . • . • . .. 1 1. 3 Document Scope .... • . • . .. 2 2.0 WD90C33 ARCHITECTURE ...........•.•............................... 3 3.0 WD9OC33 INTERFACES .••..............••..•..............•.•.•....... 4 3. 1 Introduction .•....................•............................ 4 3. 2 CPU (Host) And BIOS ROM Interface •.............................. 5 3. 3 Local Bus Video Subsystem Interface . • . .. 7 3.4 AT Compatible Bus Subsystem ....•............................... 8 3. 5 AT Compatible Interface (16-bits) and 8-bit BIOS ...................... 9 3.6 AT Compatible Interface (16-bits) and 16-bit BIOS ... " ............... 10 3. 7 DRAM Interface ................•.•............................ 11 3. 8 Two or Four 64K by 16 DRAM Interface ........................... -
Learn Computer Pre-Tech
Learn Computer Pre-Tech Copyright 2008 by C. M. Vining Pre-Tech v1.1 Page 1 of 96 Table of Contents Introduction to Computer Pre-Tech........................4 The BIOS Chip and BIOS Recovery................42 Acronyms................................................................5 The BIOS business...........................................43 Curriculum Outline Computer Pre-Tech.................6 CMOS...............................................................43 Rules for Fighting Fires..........................................9 ROM BIOS......................................................43 How to Operate an Extinguisher......................10 POST (Power On Self Test).............................44 The Fire Triangle..............................................11 Undocumented FDISK:....................................44 Classes of Fires.................................................12 FDISK /MBR...................................................44 Computer Equipment Recycling...........................13 Boot Sequence:.................................................44 A+ Exams..............................................................14 Bus Structure.........................................................46 Exam details.....................................................14 First generation.................................................46 Identifying hardware components....................14 Second generation............................................46 Identifying Operating Systems.........................15 Third generation...............................................46