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Assessment of Safety Standards for Automotive Electronic Control Systems

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Assessment of Safety Standards for Automotive Electronic Control Systems DOT HS 812 285 June 2016 Assessment of Safety Standards for Automotive Electronic Control Systems Disclaimer This publication is distributed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, in the interest of information exchange. The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Department of Transportation or the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The United States Government assumes no liability for its content or use thereof. If trade or manufacturers’ names or products are mentioned, it is because they are considered essential to the object of the publication and should not be construed as an endorsement. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Suggested APA Format Citation: Van Eikema Hommes, Q. D. (2016, June). Assessment of safety standards for automotive electronic control systems. (Report No. DOT HS 812 285). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED June 2016 July 2012 – April 2015 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Assessment of Safety Standards for Automotive Electronic Control Systems Intra-Agency Agreement 6. AUTHOR HS8AA1 Qi D. Van Eikema Hommes DTNH22-12-V-00086 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center REPORT NUMBER U.S. Department of Transportation DOT-VNTSC-NHTSA-13-03 Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology 55 Broadway Cambridge, MA 02142 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE. DOT HS 812 285 Washington, DC 20590 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service www.ntis.gov 13. ABSTRACT This report summarizes the results of a study that assessed and compared six industry and government safety standards relevant to the safety and reliability of automotive electronic control systems. These standards include ISO 26262 (Road Vehicles - Functional Safety), MIL-STD-882E (Department of Defense Standard Practice, System Safety), DO-178C (Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification), Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, AUTOSAR (Automotive Open System Architecture), and MISRA C (Guidelines for the Use of the C Language in Critical Systems). The assessment was carried out along the following 11 dimensions: (1) type of standard, (2) definition of safety and hazard, (3) identification of safety requirements, (4) hazard and safety analysis methods, (5) management of safety requirements, (6) risk assessment approach, (7) design for safety approach, (8) software safety, (9) system lifecycle consideration, (10) human factors consideration, and (11) approach for review, audit, and certification. The observed strengths and limitations of the standards studied in this report could support the future development of a robust functional safety approach for automotive electronic control systems. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES Automotive Electronics, Automotive Electronic Control Systems, Functional Safety, Electronics 49 Reliability, Automotive Electronics Safety Standards 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified i Foreword NHTSA’s Automotive Electronics Reliability Research Program The mission of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is to save lives, prevent injuries, and reduce economic costs due to road traffic crashes. As part of this mission, NHTSA researches methods to ensure the safety and reliability of emerging safety-critical electronic control systems in motor vehicles. The electronics reliability research comprises methods and standards within and outside the automotive industry for assessing, identifying and mitigating potential and new hazards that may arise from the increasing use of electronics and electronic control systems in the design of modern automobiles. Similar to the cybersecurity research program, NHTSA has established five research goals for the electronics reliability research program to ensure the safe operation of motor vehicles equipped with advanced electronic control systems. This program covers various safety-critical applications deployed on current generation vehicles, as well as those envisioned on future vehicles that may feature more advanced forms of automation and connectivity. These goals are: 1. Expand and share the knowledge base to ensure research plans for automotive electronics reliability are appropriate and promote tools for applied research in this area; 2. Strengthen and facilitate the implementation of safety-effective voluntary industry-based standards for automotive electronics reliability; 3. Foster the development of new system solutions for ensuring and improving automotive electronics reliability; 4. Research the feasibility of developing potential minimum vehicle safety requirements pertaining to the safe operation of automotive electronic control systems; and 5. Gather foundational research data and facts to inform future NHTSA policy and regulatory decisions. This report contains the results of a research study that assessed and compared six industry and government safety standards relevant to the electronics reliability of automotive electronic control systems. This publication is part of a series of reports that describe NHTSA’s initial work in the automotive electronics reliability program. This research specifically supports the first and second goals of NHTSA’s program by reviewing current safety standards and documenting their strengths, limitations, and opportunities for enhancement. The observed strengths and limitations of the standards studied in this report could support the future development of a robust functional safety approach for automotive electronic control systems. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................. vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... vii 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Objectives ......................................................................................................... 2 2 DESCRIPTION OF RELEVANT SAFETY STANDARDS .................................................. 4 2.1 ISO 26262 Road Vehicles – Functional Safety ................................................................ 4 2.2 MIL-STD-882E U.S. Department of Defense Standard Practice - System Safety .......... 5 2.3 DO-178C Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification . 6 2.4 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) ......................................................... 6 2.5 Automotive Open System Architecture ........................................................................... 7 2.6 Guidelines for the Use of the C Language in Critical Systems (MISRA C) .................... 8 3 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STANDARDS ................................................................ 9 3.1 Type of Standard .............................................................................................................. 9 3.1.1 Process Prescription .................................................................................................. 9 3.1.2 Methods Listing ...................................................................................................... 10 3.1.3 Performance-Based ................................................................................................. 10 3.1.4 Design Prescription ................................................................................................. 10 3.2 Definition of Safety and Hazard..................................................................................... 11 3.3 Identification of Safety Requirements............................................................................ 12 3.4 Hazard and Safety Analysis Methods ............................................................................ 12 3.4.1 Hazard Analysis in MIL-STD-882E ....................................................................... 12 3.4.2 Hazard and Safety Analysis in ISO 26262 ............................................................. 13 3.4.3 Hazard Analysis in FMVSS .................................................................................... 14 3.4.4 System Theoretic Process Analysis for Complex Systems ..................................... 15 3.5 Management of Safety Requirements ............................................................................ 15 3.6 Risk Assessment Approach ............................................................................................ 16 3.6.1 Hardware Risk Assessment—Exposure and
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