ISSN 2321-659X
izkx~ leh{kk
PRPRPRĀPR ĀĀĀGG SAMÍKSHSAMÍKSHĀĀĀĀ (A NATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL FOR HISTORY, CULTURE AND ARCHAEOLOGY)ARCHAEOLOGY)
VOLUME --- 444 AUGUST --- 201201201 666 No. 777
Chief Editor: Dr. ShantidShantidevevevev SisoSisoddddiiiiaaaa
Jiwaji UUUniversity,University, Gwalior Madhya Pradesh
VOL. IV/ISSUEIV/ISSUE----I/AUGUSTI/AUGUSTI/AUGUST/2016/2016 ISSN 2321-659X
PRĀG SAMSAMÍKSHÍKSHÍKSHĀĀĀĀ
RESEARCH AREA: HISTORY, CULTURE AND ARCHAEOLOGY
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY: Dr. ShantidShantidevevevev Sisodia Assistant Professor, Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and archaeologyarchaeology Jiwaji University, Gwalior (M. P.)P.)---- 474011, India Phone No. 07510751----2442720,2442720, Mobile No. +91+91+919425742232+91 94257422329425742232,, Email ID: [email protected]
LALLESH KUMAR: +919926800234
MONTH OF PUBLICATION: FEBRUARY AND AUGUST FRONT COVER PPAGE:AGE: DANEBABA TEMPLE, AMROL BACK PAGEPAGE:::: ROCK PAINTING, LIKHICHHAJ, MORENA
SUBSCRIPTION/MEMBERSHIP CHARGES (Rs.)
CATEGORY ONE ISSUE ONE YEAR TWO YEAR LIFE TIME INDIVIDUAL 777000000 * 141414 000000 * 252525 000000 * 555000000000 INSTITUTIONAL 777000000 * 141414 000000 * 252525 000000 * 7500 * Those who are sending their papers from outside Gwalior have to pay extra 110 Rs.
©©©COPYRIGHT BY THE EDITOR All right reserved, No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior permission of the editors and the publisher.
DISCLAIMER: ° Editorial board/Editor retains the right to accept/decline the article/Research paper/note etc. for the journal. ° Plagiarism is illegal and editorial board/editor will not be responsible for any plagiarized matter used in the article. ° Editor will not be responsible for the views of the author expressed in the published research paper/article etc.
VOL. IV/ISSUEIV/ISSUE----I/AUGUSTI/AUGUSTI/AUGUST/2016/2016 ISSN 2321-659X
PETRON Prof. S. K. Dwivedi, HOD, Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, M. P., India.
EDITORIAL BOARD Prof. J. N. Pal, Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Allahabad University, Allahabad, U.P., India Prof. S. N. Mishra, Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur. M. P., India. Prof. S. K. Dwivedi, Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, M. P., India. Prof. S. K. Jaiswal, Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Lucknow University, Lucknow, U. P., India.
ADVISORY BOARD Prof. B.Labh, Department of Buddhist Studies, University of Jammu, India. Prof. Ishwar Sharan Vishwakarma, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India. Prof. Birendra Nath Prasad, Department of History, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Locknow, India. Prof. M. P. Ahirwar, Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Bhu, U. P. India. Prof. Rahul Raj, Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Bhu, U. P. India. Prof. Mukesh Kumar, Department of History, Magadh University, Bodhgaya, Bihar, India. Prof. Avkash D. Jadhav, Department of History, St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai, India. Prof. Alok Shrotriya, Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, M. P. India. Prof. Ramkumar Ahirwar, Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Vikram University, Ujjain, M. P. India. Prof. Rashmi Jeta, Department of History, Govt. P. G. College, Damoh, Sagar, M. P., India.
VOL. IV/ISSUEIV/ISSUE----I/AUGUSTI/AUGUSTI/AUGUST/2016/2016 ISSN 2321-659X
Editorial gksYdj jkT; ds vUrxZr ijxuk vkyeiqj cqUnsy[k.M+ {ks= ds vUrxZr vkrk FkkA orZeku esa Xokfy;j pEcy laHkkx vkSj e/;izns”k {ks= esa gSaA ekufp= esa bldh fLFkr mÙkjh v{kka”k js[kk 25-5* vkSj iwohZ ns”kkUrj js[kk 78-42* ds e/; gSA ;g ijxuk dHkh cqUnsy[k.M+ dh nfr;k fj;klr dk vax jgk rks dHkh ejkBk ljnkj >kalh ds v/khu jgkA eYgkjjko gksYdj dh e`R;q ds mijkUr 27 xkao dk rkyqdk cukdj bls ejkBk lkezkT; dk vax cuk dj bls usekoj] efgniqj fdyksa ls tksM+k x;kA Lora=rk izkfIr ds i”pkr~ fj;klrksa ds foyhuhdj.k ds vUrxZr gksYdj fj;klr e/;Hkkjr izkUr dk vax cu xbZ vkSj lEiw.kZ rkyqdk Xokfy;j ,oa fHk.M+ ftys esa lfEefyr dj fn;k x;kA gksydj jkT; dh izFke eqnzk dk lUnHkZ ikuhir ds r`rh; ;q) ¼1761 bZ-½ ds le; dk izkIr gksrk gSA lwcsnkj eYgkj jko us is”kok dh vksj ls ;q) esa Hkkx fy;kA ;q) dky ds vUrxZr vUu dh Hkkjh deh gks xbZ vkSj ejkBk lSfud Hkw[ks ejus yxsA ml foifÙk ls eqfDr ikus ds fy, lnkf”ko HkkÅ us ,d vkns”k i= izlkfjr fd;k] ftlds vuqlkj ejkBk f”koj ds L=h&iq:’k ds ikl miyC/k lksuk] pkanh o ik=ksa dks ys fy;k x;k mls xykdj flDdksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA mu eqnzkvksa ij *HkkÅ&”kkgh* ¼lnkf”ko jko HkkŽ] tudks”kkgh ¼tudksth flfU/k;k½ rFkk eYgkj”kkgh ¼eYgkj gksydj½ vkfn “kCn mRdh.kZ fd, x,A gksydj jkT; dh eqnzkvksa dk Øec) bfrgkl vfgY;kckbZ gksydj ds dky ls gh izkjEHk gksrk gSA muds “kklu dky ds izFke o’kZ 1181 fgtjh ¼1767 bZŒ½ dk v/kkof/k ,d gh flDdk Kkr gS] tks eYgkj uxj ¼bUnkSj½ Vdlky esa cuk;k x;k Fkk vkSj orZeku le; esa yanu laxzgky; esa lajf{kr gSA vfgY;kckbZ ds le; eYgkj uxj rFkk egs”oj nksuks ij eqnzkvksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk FkkA mu eqnzkvksa ij vfgY;kckbZ us fcYo&i= rFkk lw;Z vafdr djok, FksA rkez&eqnzkvksa ij f”kofyax rFkk fcYo&i= vkfn fpUg lkFk&lkFk o vyx&vyx Hkh vafdr fd, x, gSaA vfgY;kckbZ dh e`R;q ds i”pkr~ eqnzk izlkj.k ds {ks= esa ;”koUrjko gksydj ds }kjk dqN uohu ifjorZu fd, x,A mUgksaus :i;s ds vkdkj dks c<+k fn;k vkSj ml ij mnwZ esa fy[ks tkus okys “kCn *ckn”kkg “kkg vkye xkth flDdk eqckjd** ds LFkku ij *bUnzizLFkfLFk;ksa jktk pØorhZ Hkwe.M+ys* vkfn laLd`r “kyksd fy[kok;kA 1820 bZ- esa gksydj njckj us fczfV”k ljdkj ds ikl ,d izLrko izsf’kr fd;k ftlds vUrxZr vuqjks/k fd;k x;k Fkk fd bUnkSj jkT; ds :i;s dks vkdkj&izdkj rFkk ewY;eku esa Q:[kkcknh :i;s dh dksfV dk eku fy;k tk;s vkSj jkeiqjk Hkkuiqjk esa izpfyr lkye”kkgh ¼”kkg&vkye”kkgh½ flDdksa ds LFkku ij jkT; ds mPp Lrjh; flDdksa ds izpyu dks gh Lohdkj fd;k tk;sA gksydj njckj ds bl izLrko dks fczfV”k ljdkj us vLohd`r dj fn;kA Vdlkyksa esa egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu gfjjko gksydj ds le; 1832 bZ- esa gqvk] tc egs”oj dh Vdlky cUn dj nh] fdUrq eYgkj uxj ¼bUnkSj½ dh Vdlky iwoZor~ pyrh jghA gjhjko ds “kkludky ls gh gksydj rkez&eqnzkvksa ij loZizFke tyk/kkjh vkSj fcYc&i= ds lkFk&lkFk uUnh Hkh vafdr fd;k tkus yxkA bUnkSj jkT; }kjk ftu Vdlkyksa esa flDds VOL. IV/ISSUEIV/ISSUE----I/AUGUSTI/AUGUSTI/AUGUST/2016/2016 ISSN 2321-659X CONTENTS 1. Rock Cut Cave at Village Khodari, Anuppur District, Madhya Pradesh Dr Vinay Kumar 01-10 2. cxgk&2 CYk‚d ¼ftYkk&if'peh pEikj.k] fcgkj½ ds uohu losZf{kr iqjkLFkYk % ,d v/;;u eu¨t dqekj 11-25 3. Augmenting Present Day Water Resources by Reusing Ancient Water Works J. Manuel & Dr. Tikam Tenwar 26-33 4. dqatkorh% feFkd vkSj ;FkkFkZ yYys”k dqekj ,oa,oa,oa MkWMkWMkW-MkW--- dfork “kekZ 34-37 5. Contemporary Accounts of Raja Shiva Chhatrapati and His Successors from 17 th Century French and Dutch Print Media, Part – 1 Amol N. Bankar 38-60 6. The Dutch appeal to Shivaji for trading rights at Vengurla factory of VOC some new discoveries Nikhil Bellarykar 61-83 7. lqJqr dkyhu lekt % ,d voyksdu MkWMkWMkW-MkW--- çhrh oekZ 84-90 8. Newly Discovered Archeological Sites of Nimapura, Dist. Puri, Odisha Dr. Atula Kumar Pradhan 91-96 9. eqjSuk ftys ds ,sfrgkfld efUnj uanuh MUMkSfr;k 97-100 10. i;kZoj.k esa ty rRo dk egRo jpuk “kekZ 101-110 11. izkphu Hkkjrh; U;k; O;oLFkk uUnfd”kksj fotiqfj;k 111-117 Guide Lines for Authors 118-119 Membership form 120 Copyright Agreement Form 121 VOL. IV/ISSUEIV/ISSUE----I/AUGUSTI/AUGUSTI/AUGUST/2016/2016 ISSN 2321-659X e VOL. IV/ISSUEIV/ISSUE----I/AUGUSTI/AUGUSTI/AUGUST/2016/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Rock Cut Cave at Village Khodari, Anuppur District, Madhya Pradesh Dr Vinay Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P)-221005, Email: [email protected] , [email protected] The Site Khodri is a village in Kotma tehsil in Anuppur District of Madhya Pradesh State. It belongs to Shahdol Division. It is located 67 kms towards East from District head quarter Anuppur . Regarding the previous work in this region Shri Nisar Ahmad of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Poona, surveyed stretches of the river Hiruna-nadi , Mahan-nadi and Son with its tributaries in Districts Jabalpur, Shahdol and Sidhi and discovered many sites of Early, Middle and Late Stone Ages. In District Jabalpur, two good sections were recorded very near Katni town, along the river of the same name. Both of these showed the sequence (from bottom upwards) of cemented gravel and silt. In District Shahdol, tools variously of the Middle and the Early Stone Ages were obtained from Annuppur, Harha, Markandeya, Ruhania and Singrali. On the left bank of the Umrar- nadi near Umaria town, a section showing (from bottom upwards) bed-rock, gravel and silt was noticed. In District Sidhi, tools of Early and Middle Stone Ages were found at Akaori, Baboari, Bardi, Bargama, Barhai, Beeche, Chandreha, Dhabaoli, Ghitora, Hinoti, Khaira, Khootali, Khairpur, Laowar, Nakjhur, Rajghat, Ramanagar, Rampur and Sihawal, the last-mentioned being the most notable ( IAR ,1962-63:11). But no any archaeological exploration work has been done by any individual or agency in the present study area. The present site which is locally known as Sitamarhi caves was explored by the first author with the help of one of his student Shri Aman Tiwari in 2014. Geographical Settings (Fig. 1) The region (23 ᵒ04’00.35” N and 81 ᵒ46’38”.70” elevation 1641ft.) covers the area of 3701 km.2 and population of 667, 155 (2001 census). Geographically, it is counted in Vidhyacha Satpura region and dominated by tribal culture from long era (Singh 1971: 662). In particular discussion on, district Anuppur is predominantly hilly district. It is picturesque with certain pockets and belt of sal and mixed forests. The river Narmada originates from Amarkantak situated on the Maikal hills which gives beautiful view to the District. River Son & Johilla also originate from the Maikal Hills. District Anuppur is very rich in its mineral resources. Minerals found in district are coal, Bauxite and fire clay. Most of the Coalmines are located in Kotma Sub Division. Amarkantak is known for its Bauxite deposits. Sal Alma, Teak, Sarai and Shisham are 1 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X the main trees found in the present study area. The main rivulet flowing in this area is Barne River which is a tributary of Kewai River which is 8 km. away in south East direction of Kotma west colliery. Local Tribes at a glance The total population as per the data provided by one of the old villagers is around 2500. The village is inhabited mainly by the tribal like Agaria, Baiga, Gond, Ahir, Pao, Kewat etc . besides that the people of other community also dwell in the village. Gond is a most dominating tribe of this region. The history of tribes is this area is so longer. The tribals were the owners of land and property and were the rulers in most of the parts of the region (NCAER 1963: 8). This was the controlled and ruled earlier by some of the important tribal dynasties (Singh 1971: 623). In this region, the Dravidian- speaking Gonds , around the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, developed kingdom of large extent and gave the name Gondawana (Singh 1971: 624). According to Russel and Hiralal (Russel and Hiralal 1916:44-47), there rose more or less simultaneously four Gond kingdoms with their capitals at Garha, Deogarh, Khera and Chanda. The area of Anuppur came under the Garha mandal. They ruled till 16 th Century, when they were vanquished by the Moghuls though their suzerainty was only nominal. The Gond kings adopted the Hindu customs and strived for rajputizing themselves (Wills 1919: 197-262) through Sanskritization, marriages among the Rajput families etc (Majumdar 1939:, 99-173). So, this region shall have been influencing by the tribes from the ancient to modern era. The Architecture of Cave The present rock cut cave is located at Khodari village in Anuppur district of Madhya Pradesh. The architecture of cave and other relevant finding in surrounding area, are shown the relation of this cave from medieval period to modern tribal culture. But mostly data are too susceptible and a deep study is required for understanding the actual use and period of this cave. The cave is partially rock cut and partially constructed. It has the coating of white wash which is m ad e by local people. The architecture of cave is really amazing. This is very interesting fact here that a very limited part of this cave has used. It might be carved out for any temporary residential purpose or for religious purpose because presently it is being existed as temple. Exterior part (Pl. 1, 2) - External view (back elevation) of this cave seems very natural, this is unfinished and in irregular pattern. But the front elevation is very unique. It has been arranged in sloping way for discharging the rain water easily. The small and huge niches are carved on outer wall for sculptures. Few Sculptures are rock cut and part of this cave. Three entrances and single 2 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X ventilation are arranged in longitudinal way with steps. In extreme right corner of this cave, there are staircases can see, running towards the roof of cave. The chisel marks on walls are clearly visible here. Interior part (Pl. 3) - Interior part of this cave consist many alteration in original architecture. The sanctum, pillars, and drainage might be constructed in medieval period because the pattern of pillars does not indicate towards the modern age. Pillars - Pillars consist the all four parts e.g. Pillar base, shaft, abacus and pillar capital. Pillar base is square in shape while shaft is constructed in octagonal pattern. Abacus is square in shape and pillar capital is supported by four carved heavy stone pieces. This is interesting thing that a rock cut chamber does not has the requirement of pillars but these have added for giving the look of temple to this cave. Sanctum ( Garbhagriha ) – Sanctum is in square in shape and a shivalinga with pranala has installed inside it. Features of shivalinga do not indicate towards the ancient significance. The front elevation of sanctum is carved and contained the sculpture of dwarpala and Surya in carved niches. Drainage (Pl. 4 ) – A North oriented drainage is available inside the cave. It is connected with the sanctum and entire water which is discharged from the sivalinga , drained out through this channel . There is arrangement of crescent shaped pit connecting to the mouth of drainage; the water drains out from the cave through this pit. This is a beautiful instance of underground water management system. After studied the whole structure of this cave, it seems that, originally the cave might be only consists a simple hall (rectangular in shape). In the space of time, it has been divided in compartments and altered into the temple which is featured by the pillars, religious sculptures, Sanctum, and sivalinga . Along with it the chisel marks on the walls indicate towards the original parts of this cave, these are appeared on entire exterior portion and inside the cave these are located on the roof and floor and on walls (detached part from the walls of sanctum). So it seems that initially this cave might be consisted of only a rectangular hall. Pillars and sanctum are later additions. Sculptures (Pl. 5, 6) Surya The standing image of Surya is installed in entrance wall of sanctum. His two hands are rising up with two half bloomed lotuses as well as he is adorned by the kirita mukuta and clad with the dhoti . The period of this image seems to be 9 th -10 th Century AD. 3 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Ganpati Ganpati is sitting in lalitasana under one of the niche inside the cave. He is four handed and attribute by his prominent weapons. The period of this image can be assume in 9 th -10 th Century AD. Shaiva dwarapala The shaiva dwarapala have fixed in the niches of entrance of sanctum. They are attributed by the trishula. The date of these images indicates the period of 9 th -10 th Century AD Krishna The figure of Krishan is carved on the outer wall in extreme left corner. Image of Krishana is in standing position by blowing the flute. The influence of regional art is appeared on this image. It may be later addition. Hanuman or monkey god Conceptually Hanuman is a monkey god which is worshipped by the tribals as the grama devata who protects the village. This monkey god has adopted by Hinduism as the Hanuman (Tiwari 2002: 78). During the exploration three to four images of this god has revealed. One image which is keeping in entrance of boundary wall is in prescribed form with gada and mountain Gandhamadan. Another image is carved with gada on a stone slab. In this figure both hands of Hanuman are rising up. Few images of this deity cannot interpret as Hanuman because it is not in prescribed form and just in a form of sitting and jumping monkey. The notable thing is that the previously mentioned image of Hanuman is a loose sculpture while these two images of monkey god are carved on the wall of cave. It may be later addition or origin part of this cave. Further study is necessary. It may be affiliated to tribal custom of this region. Male deities or tribal Shiva Two male deities are keeping in periphery of the cave complex. First one is in standing form. He is attributed by a dagger in left hand which is rising up and right hand is in abhaya mudra . On the bottom portion, a parshu is appeared. His crude impressions on face and improper proportion of body are supported to become a tribal deity. Second one is in sitting form. He is in padmasana and wearing a crown over the head. His face expressions are too crude. His neck is coiled by a hooded snake which indicates that this is image of Shiva. But very unusual form and crude impression of this image are strongly supported that this is tribal Shiva. 4 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Mother goddess This image is purely related to any folk custom. There is a standing figure with highly developed and extra ordinary exposed hips which indicates towards the fertility worship of this image. She is wearing a crown over the head and two rounded boll shaped ear rings. Her both hands are rested on her chest. Features of her face are too unusual. Her mouth is being opened. Anthropomorphic figures The Anthropomorphic figures are yielded in numbers of this area. They are worshiped by loca l people. The simple rock slabs consist the human figure in standing and sitting position. Whole anatomy is very similar to human figure but the face is totally blank (without carving of human features). They must be related to local custom of this area. Bull Four figures of bulls are found from this periphery. All are keeping out from the cave. The carving of these figures, is indicates its relation with local art. Finding of bull figures must be related to the totum concept of the tribe of this region. A Totum concept of tribes is very similar to the gotra system of Brahmanism . Each tribe should have a totum and these are in the form of animal (Tiwari 2002: 21). The finding of the bull figure in large number may indicate towards this custom. But further and detail study is too required to understand the relation of this cave with the tribal culture of this area. Quantity of antiquities from site 0 Neolithic celt 1 Surya 2 1 1 1 Shivalinga Shaiva dwarpala 2 Ganapati 4 1 Hanuman Monkey gods 2 Anthropomorphic figures Humped bulls 4 2 Mother goddess Tribal Shiva Figure 2: Chart showing the number of antiquities recovered from the site 5 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Discussion/Conclusion Rock cut cave studies in India is not only restricted to the Palaeolithic period, it extends even beyond it. In the Indian subcontinent the caves were inhabited and used by people over many periods. In India, the caves of prehistoric and early societies sometimes coexist with the extensively painted caves that were cut into the rock by Buddhist monks during the historical period. Akin to the lithic tool making industries of prehistoric groups, through the passage of time, rock art also underwent gradual refinement with the accumulation of evolved skill with experiences and changes in its implications. Refinement of rock art therefore is an integral part of its historical and evolutionary process. In India, evolution of rock art has taken two different courses. While one stream continued through tribal and folk forms, the other closely adhered to the classical idiom and was patronized by the royalty, nobility. We can find some examples where it is found how elements of the prehistoric rock art have survived in certain motifs and objects as tribal and folk art idioms. But the changes in imaginative conception, in style and form also took place because of contemporary society. The evidence of inscriptions and rock edicts of later periods discovered in some rock art sites suggest the occupation and use of the same locale in successive cultural periods. It is possible to perceive the growth and development of such multifunctional aspects of rock art in India through different chrono- cultural stages. To obtain a more meaningful result, rock cut caves and the art associated with them must be viewed, compared and integrated with other archaeological evidence in a distinctive cultural matrix of a region. The uniqueness of primeval rock art in India is that a continuum of the art tradition is evident among indigenous ethnic entities. Therefore close comparisons between the rock art and material culture, social organization, religious belief and practices among the indigenous egalitarian societies ( adivasi ) may render suitable clues for explaining the ethnic identity of art practicing groups in the past. A carefully constructed research design, selection of an appropriate community, an extended time in the field, knowledge of the language, keen skills of observation and experience with ancient material culture is essential to conduct ethno-archaeological research in the present study area as no previous investigations have been carried out in this area.. Acknowledgement We pay our thanks and acknowledge the help of Architect Shivi Joshi and Architect and Urban Planner Praveen Upadhyay for their valuable technical contribution in this article and for making the contour plan of site and arranging the plates in proper manner. 6 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X References and Notes 1. Indian Archaeology- A review .1962-63. Archaeological Survey of India, Delhi, P. 11 2. Information can read on the website of Raipur circle, Archaeological Survey of India, www.asiraipurcircle.in 3. Information can read on the website of Chhattisgarh truism board, www.chhattisgarhtourism.net 4. Majumdar D.N. (1939) Triabal Cultures and Acculturation, Man in India , 19:99-173 5. NCAER. (1963) Scio- Economic Conditions of Primitive Tribes in Madhya Pradesh , New Delhi, NCAER, P. 8. 6. Russel, R.V. and Hira Lal. (1916) The Caste and Tribes of the Central Provinces of India , 3, London, P. 44-47 7. Sharma R.K. (1998) Encyclopedia of Art, Archaeology and Literature in Central India , Vo. 1. New Delhi: Aryan Books International, P. 65. 8. Singh R.L. (1971) Regional Geography of India . Varanasi: National Geographical Society of India, P. 622. 9. Tiwari S.K. (2002) Tribal roots to Hinduism . New Delhi: Sarup and Sons, P. 78 10. Wills, C.U. (1919) Territorial system of the Rajput Kingdoms of Medieval Chhattisgarh, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal , 15, P. 197-262. 7 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Figure 1: Geographical Setting of the Study area Pl. 1: Back Elevation of Cave Pl. 2: Front elevation of cave 8 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Pl. 3: Interior part of cave (Sanctum) Pl. 4: Drainage 9 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Pl. 5: Antiquities and sculptures recovered from the site Pl. 6: Antiquities and sculptures recovered from the site 10 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X cxgk&2 CYk‚d ¼ftYkk&if'peh pEikj.k] fcgkj½ ds uohu losZf{kr iqjkLFkYk % ,d v/;;u eu¨t dqekj 'k¨/k Nk«k] Ákphu Òkjrh; bfrgkl laLÑfr ,oa iqjkrÙo foÒkx] dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|kYk;] okjk.klh&221005] [email protected] cxgk] if'peh pEikj.k ¼fcgkj Áns'k½ ftY¨ ds vUrxZr ,d vuqeaMYk ,oa iqfYkl ftYkk gSA orZeku eas ;g xaMd unh ds fdukjs clk gqvk gSA cxgk vuqeaMYk ds vUrxZr cxgk&2 CYk‚d vkrk gSA bldh Ò©x¨fYkd lhek cxgk CykWd&1] x¨ikYkxat] mÙkj Áns'k ds iM+j©uk o ckfYedhuxj taxYk ls Ykxrh gSA 1 ;g CYk‚d viuh Ò©x¨fYkd fo'¨"krkv¨a o iqjkrkfÙod laink ds fYk, fof'k"V LFkku j[krk gSA bl {¨«k esa d¨bZ Òh mR[kfur iqjkLFkYk ugÈ gS v©j u gh d¨bZ iwoZ losZf{kr iqjkrkfÙod egÙo ds iqjkLFkYk [k¨ts x;s gSA bl {¨«k esa iqjkrkfÙod egÙo ds iqjkLFkYk¨a dh tkudkjh Lo;a Y¨[kd }kjk losZ{k.k ¼lu~ 2015 ls 2016½ djus ds Øe eas mn~?kkfVr gqbZ gSA bu iqjkLFkYk¨a ls losZ{k.k ds Øe esa lokZf/kd ek«kk esa feÍh ds crZu ds Bhdjs fc[kjh voLFkk ls ÁkIr gq, gSA losZ{k.k ds Øe esa Ádk'k esa vk;s iqjkLFkYk¨a dk fooj.k bl Ádkj gS%& cSjkVh LFkku (27 0 14' 53.84'' mRrjh va{kk'k ,oa 84 0 11' 45.79'' iwohZ ns'kkUrj] leqqnzry ls ÅWapkbZ 80-80- ehVj ) ;g iqjkLFky cxgk& fpÅVkgk lM+d ekxZ ij cxgk & 2 CYkkWd ds cSjkVh uked xkWo esa fLFkr gSA LFkkuh; yksx bls cSjkVh ekbZ LFkku ds uke ls lEcksf/kr djrs gSA iqjkLFky ls lVs ,d iks[kjk gSA Vhyk yxHkx 500 ehVj yEcs] 300 ehVj pkSM+s rFkk 2 ehVj Å¡ps {ks= esa foLr`r gSA ¼fp= la0&1½ orZeku le; esa Vhys ds Åij LFkkuh; yksxksa }kjk eafnj dk fuekZ.k djk;k x;k gS rFkk 'ks"k fgLls ij d`f"kdk;Z fd;k tk jgk gSA ;gk¡ ls losZ{k.k ds Øe ls [kf.Mr bZV] ,d izkphu dqvk¡ rFkk yky e`n~Hkk.M ds Bhdjs rFkk & ijbZ] ?kM+k ¼ok'k½] nzks.kh ¼csflu½] bR;kfn dh iqjko'ks"k dh izkfIr egRoiw.kZ gSA ¼fp«k la[;k&2½ bl iqjkLFkYk ls ÁkIr ik«k¨a dk rqYkukRed v/;;u jkt?kkV ds prqFkZ dkYk] 2 vkfx;kchj ds iape dkYk 3 o vdFkk ds prqFkZ dkYk 4 ls ÁkIr ik«k&ijEijk ls djus ds i'pkr~ ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd cSjkVh LFkku ls ÁkIr iqjko'¨"k xqIrdkYk ls lEcfU/kr gSA fcyofu;k Mhgok (27 0 10' 32.83'' mRrjh va{kk'k ,oa 84 0 5' 59.39'' iwohZ ns'kkUrj] leqqnzry ls Å¡apkbZ 79-69- ehVj ) ;g iqjkLFky cxgk&lsejk lM+d ekxZ ij cxgk jsyos LVs'ku ls 7 fdyksehVj mÙkj fn'kk esa cxgk& 2 CykWd ds vUrxZr fldfV;k&fcyofu;k xk¡o esa fLFkr gSA LFkkuh; yksx bls ^Mhg* uke ls iqdkjrs gSA Vhys ls yxHkx 1 fdyks ehVj nwjh ij if'pe fn'kk esa gjgk unh cgrh gSA iqjkLFky dk foLrkj yxHkx 11 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X 200 ehVj yEcs rFkk 100 ehVj pkSM+s {ks= esa gSA¼fp«k la[;k&3½ orZeku le; esa Vhys ds Åij vke dk cxhpk rFkk 'ks"k fgLls ij d`f"k dk;Z gks jgk gSA ;gk¡ ls losZ{k.k ds Øe esa iqjkLFky ds Åijh /kjkry ls yky e`n~Òk.M ds Bhdjs ;Fkk & ?kM+k ¼ok'k½] nzks.kh ¼csflu½] ijbZ] fNfær e`n~Òk.M ¼Perforeted Jar), tkj] bR;kfn ds LkkFk&lkFk Games Man/Leg iqjko'ks"k dh izkfIr egRoiw.kZ gSA¼fp«k la[;k&4½ bl iqjkLFkYk ls ÁkIr ik«k¨a dk rqYkukRed v/;;u jkt?kkV ds prqFkZ dkYk 5] vkfx;kchj ds iape dkYk 6 o vdFkk ds prqFkZ dkYk 7 ls ÁkIr ik«k&ijEijk ls djus ds i'pkr~ ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd fcYkofu;k Mhgok ls ÁkIr iqjko'¨"k xqIrdkYk ls lEcfU/kr gSA fcUnkSfy;k LFkku (27 0 10' 56.37'' mRrjh va{kk'k ,oa 84 0 5' 45.60'' iwohZ ns'kkUrj] leqqnzry ls Å¡pkbZ 75 ehVj ) ;g iqjkLFky cxgk&lsejk lM+d ekxZ ij cxgk jsyos LVs'ku ls 7 fdyksehVj mÙkjh fn'kk esa cxgk & 2 CykWd ds vUrxZr fcUnkSfy;k uked xk¡o esa fLFkr gSA fcyofu;k Mhgok uked iqjkLFky ls bldh nwjh 1 fdyksehVj ds yxHkx gSA Vhys ls lVs gh gjgk unh cgrh gSA orZeku le; esa Vhys dk foLrkj yxHkx 300 ehVj yEcs] 100 ehVj pkSM+s rFkk 2 ehVj Å¡ps {ks= esa foLr`r gSA ¼fp«k la[;k 5½ ;gk¡ ls losZ{k.k ds Øe esa yky e`n~Òk.M ds Bhdjs ;Fkk&?kM+k ¼ok'k½] nzks.kh ¼csfLku½] ijbZ bR;kfn iqjko'ks"k dh izkfIr egRoiw.kZ gSA¼fp«k la[;k 6½ bl iqjkLFkYk ls ÁkIr ik«k¨a dk rqYkukRed v/;;u jkt?kkV ds prqFkZ dkYk 8] vkfx;kchj ds iape dkYk 9 o vdFkk ds prqFkZ dkYk 10 ls ÁkIr ik«k&ijEijk ls djus ds i'pkr~ ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd fcUnkSfy;k LFkku ls ÁkIr iqjko'¨"k xqIrdkYk ls lEcfU/kr gSA pjfg;k LFkku (27 0 14' 18.16'' mRrjh va{kk'k ,oa 84 0 7' 11.79'' iwohZ ns'kkUrj] leqqnzry ls Å¡pkbZ 126-40 ehVj ) ;g iqjkLFky cxgk & lsejk lM+d ekxZ ij cxgk ls 11 fdyksehVj mÙkj fn'kk esa cxgk & 2 CykWd ds vUrxZr pjfg;k uked xk¡o esa fLFkr gSA LFkkuh; yksx bls pjfg;k ekrk LFkku^ ds uke ls iqdkjrs gS rFkk VhY¨ ds Åij ,d uohu eafnj dk fuekZ.k djk jgs gSA Vhys dk foLRkkj vo'ks"k ek= gh cpk gqvk gSA ¼fp«k la[;k&7½ ;gk¡ ls loZ{k.k ds Øe esa yky e`n~Òk.M ds Bhdjs ;Fkk & vayd`r ik=] ?kM+k ¼ok'k½] ijbZ] nzks.kh ¼csflu½] dSfjuVSM gkWMh bR;kfn iqjko'ks"k dh izkfIr egRoiw.kZ gSA¼fp«k la[;k 8½ bl iqjkLFkYk ls ÁkIr ik«k¨a dk rqYkukRed v/;;u jkt?kkV ds prqFkZ dkYk 11 ] vkfx;kchj ds iape dkYk 12 o vdFkk ds prqFkZ dkYk 13 ls ÁkIr ik«k&ijEijk ls djus ds i'pkr~ ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd pjfg;k LFkku ls ÁkIr iqjko'¨"k xqIrdkYk ls lEcfU/kr gSA 12 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X xqjofy;k (27 0 9' 35.93' ' mRrjh va{kk'k ,oa 84 0 7' 18.16'' iwohZ ns'kkUrj] leqqnzry ls ÅW¡pkbZ 67 ehVj ) ;g iqjkLFky cxgk & lsejk lM+d ekxZ ij cxgk jsyos LVs'ku ls 9 fdyksehVj mÙkj fn'kk esa cxgk & 2 CykWd ds vUrxZr xqjofy;k uked xk¡o esa fLFkr gSA iqjkLFky ls lVs nf{k.k&if'pe fn'kk esa gjgk unh cgrh gSA orZeku le; esa Vhys dks dkVdj d`f"k dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gSA Vhys dk foLRkkj yxHkx 200 ehVj yEcs] 100 ehVj pkSM+s rFkk 1 ehVj Å¡ps {¨«k esa gSA ¼fp«k la[;k&9½ ;gkW ls losZ{k.k ds Øe esa yky e`n~ek.M ds Bhdjs ;Fkk&?kM+k ¼ok'k½] nzks.kh ¼csflu½] ijbZ] dSfjuVSM gkaMh] fefu;spj ikWV] ds lkFk&lkFk gqDdk ¼fpYe½ bR;kfn iqjko'ks"k dh izkfIr egRoiw.kZ gSA¼fp«k la[;k&10½ xqjofy;k iqjkLFkYk ls losZ{k.k ds Øe esa ÁkIr YkkYk e`n~Òk.M¨a ds t¨ iqjko'¨"k Ádk'k esa vk;s gSa o¨ vdFkk ds prqFkZ dkYk 14 ] fpjkan ds prqFkZ dkYk 15 ] vfx;kchj ds prqFkZ dkYk 16 ] oS'kkYkh ds prqFkZ dkYk 17 rFkk ikVYkhiq«k ds f}rh; dkYk 18 ls feY¨ Áek.k ds leku gSA bl Ádkj ÁkIr iqjko'¨"k¨a dk rqYkukRed v/;;u djus ds i'pkr~ ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd xqjofy;k ls ÁkIr xqIrdkYkhu laLÑfr ls lEcaf/kr gSA thriqj cxhpk (27 0 12' 12.14'' mRrjh va{kk'k ,oa 84 0 6' 0.09'' iwohZ ns'kkUrj] leqqnzry ls Å¡pkbZ & 140 ehVj ) ;g iqjkLFky cxgk&fl?kkMh&iapxkWok lM+d ekxZ ij cxgk jsyos LVs'ku ls 10 fdyksehVj mÙkj fn'kk esa cxgk&2 CykWd ds vUrxrZ fla?kkMh uked xk¡o esa fLFkr gSaA iqjkLFky ls yxHkx 1-5 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij nf{k.k fn'kk esa gjgk unh cgrh gSaA orZeku le; esa Vhys ds dqN fgLlksa ij vke dk cxhpk rFkk 'ks"k fgLls ij d`f"k dk;Z gks jgk gSA Vhys dk foLrkj yxHkx 500 ehVj yEcs] 300 ehVj pkSM+s] rFkk 1 ehVj Å¡ps {ks= esa foLr`r gSaA¼fp«k la[;k&11½ ;gk¡ ls losZ{k.k ds Øe esa yky e`n~ek.M ds Bhdjs ;Fkk& nzks.kh ¼csflu½] ?kM+k ¼ok'k½] tkj] ukn] dSfjusVSM gkaMh] ijbZ bR;kfn iqjko'ks"k dh izkfIr egRoiw.kZ gSA¼fp«k la[;k&12½ thriqj cxhpk iqjkLFkYk ls losZ{k.k ds Øe esa ÁkIr YkkYk e`n~Òk.M¨a ds t¨ iqjko'¨"k Ádk'k esa vk;s gSa o¨ vdFkk ds prqFkZ dkYk 19 ] fpjkan ds prqFkZ dkYk 20 ] vfx;kchj ds prqFkZ dkYk 21 ] oS'kkYkh ds prqFkZ dkYk 22 rFkk ikVYkhiq«k ds f}rh; dkYk 23 ls feY¨ Áek.k ds leku gSA bl Ádkj ÁkIr iqjko'¨"k¨a dk rqYkukRed v/;;u djus ds i'pkr~ ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd thriqj cxhpk ls ÁkIr xqIrdkYkhu laLÑfr ls lEcaf/kr gSA ikBd Mhgok (27 0 11' 58.52'' mRrjh va{kk'k ,oa 84 0 5' 52 .56'' iwohZ ns'kkUrj] leqqnzry ls Å¡pkbZ & 135 ehVj ) ;g iqjkLFky cxgk& fla?kkMh& iapxk¡ok lM+d ekxZ ij cxgk jsyos LVs”ku ls 9 fdyksehVj mÙkj&iwjc fn”kk esa cxgk 2 CykWd ds vUrxZr fl?kkM+h uked xk¡o esa lM+d ds nkfgus fLFkr gSA LFkkuh; yksx bls ^Mhgok* ds uke ls lEcksf/kr djrs gSA ikBd Mhgok ls yxHkx 1 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij nf{k.k 13 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X fn”kk esa gjgk unh cgrh gSA orZeku le; esa Vhys ds dqN fgLlksa ij vke dk isM+ rFkk ,d ljdkjh izkFkfed fo|ky; dk fuekZ.k djk;k x;k gSA Vhys dk foLrkj yxHkx 300 ehVj yEcs ,aoe~ 200 ehVj pkSM+s {ks= esa foLr`r gS rFkk bldh Å¡pkbZ yxHkx 1 ehVj ds yxHkx gSA¼fp«k la[;k&13½ ;gk¡ ls losZ{k.k ds Øe esa [kf.Mr bZV ,oa yky e`n~Hkk.M ds Bhdjs ;Fkk% ?kM+k ¼ok”k½ ijbZ] dSfjusVsM gkM+h] nzks.kh ¼csflu½] bR;kfn iqjko”ks’k dh izkfIr egRoiq.kZ gSA¼fp«k la[;k&14½ bl iqjkLFkYk ls ÁkIr ik«k¨a dk rqYkukRed v/;;u jkt?kkV ds prqFkZ dkYk 24 ] vkfx;kchj ds iape dkYk 25 o vdFkk ds prqFkZ dkYk 26 ls ÁkIr ik«k&ijEijk ls djus ds i'pkr~ ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ikBd Mhgok ls ÁkIr iqjko'¨"k xqIrdkYk ls lEcfU/kr gSA f[kfj;k iqy (27 0 9' 37.45'' mRrjh va{kk'k ,oa 84 0 6' 52 .26'' iwohZ ns'kkUrj] leqqnzry ls ÅWapkbZ & 78-90 ehVj ) ;g iqjkLFky cxgk& lsejk lM+d ekxZ ij cxgk&2 CykWd ds vUrxZr cxgk jsyos LVs”ku ls 9 fdyksehVj mÙkj fn”kk esa xqjofy;k uked xk¡o esa fLFkr gSA iqjkLFky ls 200 ehVj iwjc fn”kk esa gjgk unh cgrh gSaA orZeku le; esa fVys ds Åij LFkkuh; yksx¨a ds }kjk d`f’k dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gSA Vhys dk foLrkj yxHkx 200 ehVj ,oa 150 ehVj pkSM+s {ks= esa foLr`r gSA¼fp«k la[;k&15½ ;gk¡ ls loZ{k.k ds Øe esa xqIr ,oa iwoZ e/; dkyhu yky e`n~Hkk.M ds Bhdjs ;Fkk& ?kM+k ¼ok”k½] ijbZ] dVksjs ¼ckÅy½] nzks.kh ¼csflu½] ukn] dSfjusVsM gkaMh bR;kfn iqjko”ks’k dh izkfIr egRoiw.kZ gSA¼fp«k la[;k&16½ Åijh /kjkrYk ls ÁkIr iqjko'¨"k¨a dk rqYkukRed v/;;u fpjkan ds prqFkZ dkYk 27 ] oS'kkYkh ds prqFkZ dkYk 28 ] jkt?kkV ds prqFkZ dkYk 29 ls djus ds i'pkr~ ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;gk¡ ls ÁkIr iqjko'¨"k xqIrdkYk ,oa iwoZe/;dkYkhu laLÑfr ls lEcfU/kr gSA fl?kkMh Mhg (27 0 11' 20.07'' mRrjh va{kk'k ,oa 84 0 5' 46.42'' iwohZ ns'kkUrj] leqqnzry ls Å¡pkbZ & 74-50 ehVj ) ;g iqjkLFky cxgk ls lsejk tkus okys lM+d ekxZ ij cxgk&2 CYkkWd ds vUrxZr cxgk jsYkos LVs'ku ls 8 fdyksehVj mÙkj fn”kk esa fla?kkMh uked xkWo esa fLFkr gSA iqjkLFky ls lVs gjgk unh cgrh gSA orZeku le; esa iqjkLFky ds Åij ckl dk isM+ yxk gqvk gS rFkk dqN fgLls ds Åij dPph lM+d cu xbZ gSA ftl dkj.k Vhyk vo”ks’k ek= cpk gSA Vhys dk foLrkj {ks= yxHkx 100 ehVj yEcs rFkk 50 ehVj pkSM+s {ks= esa foLr`r gSA¼fp«k la[;k&17½ ;gk¡ loZs{k.k ds Øe esa yky e`n~Hkk.M ds Bhdjs ;Fkk & ijbZ] ukn] nzks.kh] dSfjusVsM gkaMh ,oa dqN vayd`r ik= bR;kfn iqjko”ks’k izdk”k esa vk;s gSA¼fp«k la[;k&18½ Åijh /kjkrYk ls ÁkIr iqjko'¨"k¨a dk rqYkukRed v/;;u fpjkan ds prqFkZ dkYk 30 ] oS'kkYkh ds prqFkZ dkYk 31 ] jkt?kkV ds prqFkZ dkYk 32 ls djus ds i'pkr~ ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;gk¡ ls ÁkIr iqjko'¨"k xqIrdkYk ,oa iwoZ e/;dkYkhu laLÑfr ls lEcfU/kr gSA 14 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X bl Ádkj mij¨ä iqjko'¨"k¨a ds v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij cxgk&2 CYk‚d {¨«k dh laLÑfr ds fofo/k vk;ke mtkxj gq, gSaA losZ{k.k ds }kjk t¨ iqjkLFkYk Ádk'k eas vk;s gSA os eq[;r% dq"kk.k ,oa xqIrdkYkhu gSA ;gk¡ ;g mYY¨[kuh; gS fd ;s lÒh iqjkLFkYk usikYk ds rjkbZ {¨«k ls lVs g¨us ds lkFk&lkFk Ákphu O;kikfjd ekxZ ikVYkhiq«k&YkqfEcuh ij fLFkr gS ftlls bu iqjkLFkYk¨a dk egÙo c<+ tkrk gSA vxj bu iqjkLFkYk¨a dk mR[kuu djk;k tk;sa r¨ bl {¨«k dh Ákphurk ,oa fofÒé Ákphu laLÑfr ds Áek.k Ádk'k eas vkus dh lEÒkouk O;ä dh tk ldrh gSA lUnHkZ lwphlwphlwph 1- pkS/kjh] ih-lh- jk; ¼1960½ fcgkj fMLVªhd xtsfV;j ^pEikj.k*] lfpoky; izsl] iVuk] i`- 1A 2- ukjk;.k] ,-ds- ,.M Vh- ,u- jk; ¼1977½ ,Dldsos'ku ,V jkt?kkV ikVZ&2 ] izk-Hkk-b-]la- ,oa iqjkrÙo foHkkx] dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh] i`- 55] 58] 68A 3- flag] iq#"kksÙke ,.M ,- ds- flag ¼2004½ n vkfdZ;ksykWth vkWQ fefMy xaxk Iysu ¼,Dldsos'ku ,V vfx;kchj½] vk;Zu cqDl b.Vjus'kuYk] ubZ fnYyh] i`- 32A 4- tk;loky] fonwyk ¼2009½ ,fU'k;.V okjk.klh ,u vkfdZ;ksykWthdy ilZisfDVo ¼,Dldsos'ku ,V vdFkk½] vk;Zu cqd b.Vjus'kuy] ubZ fnYyh] i`- 151&157A 5- ukjk;.k] ,-ds- ,.M Vh- ,u- jk;] iwoksZDr] i`- 55] 58] 68A 6- flag] iq#"kksÙke ,.M ,- ds- flag] iwoksZDr] i`- 32A 7- tk;loky] fonwyk] iwoksZDr] i`- 151&157A 8- ukjk;.k] ,- ds- ,.M Vh- ,u- jk;] iwoksZDr] i`- 55] 58A 9- flag] iq#"kksÙke ,.M ,- ds- flag] iwoksZDr] i`- 32A 10- tk;loky] fonwyk] iwoksZDr] i`- 151A 11- ukjk;.k] ,- ds- ,.M Vh- ,u- jk;] iwoksZDr] i`- 58A 12- flag] iq#"kksÙke ,.M ,- ds- flag] iwoksZDr] i`- 32A 13- tk;loky] fonwyk] iwoksZDr] i`- 151&152A 14- ogh] i`- 151&152 15- oekZ] ch- ,l- ¼2007½ fpjkan ,Dldsos'ku fji¨VZ ¼1961&1964½] iVuk] i`- 17A 16- flag] iq#"kksÙke ,.M ,- ds- flag] iwoksZDr] i`- 32A 17- flUgk] ch- ih- ,.M lhrkjke jk;] ¼1969½ oS'kkyh ,Dldsos'ku ¼1958&1962½ ] n Mk;jsDVªh vkWQ vkfdZ;ksykWth ,.M E;qft;e] iVuk] i`- 77] 79] 95A 18- flUgk] ch- ih- ,.M YkkYkk vkfnR; ukjk;.k ¼1970½ ikVfyiq= ,Dldsos'ku ¼1955&1956½] n Mk;jsDVªh vkWQ vkfdZ;ksykWth ,.M E;qft;e] fcgkj] iVuk] i`- 35&36A 15 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X 19- tk;loky] fonwyk] iwoksZDr] i`- 151&157A 20- oekZ] ch- ,l-] iwoksZDr] i`- 17A 21- flag] iq#"kksÙke ,.M ,- ds- flag] iwoksZDr] i`- 32A 22- flUgk] ch- ih- ,.M lhrkjke jk;] iwoksZDr] i`- 77&79A 23- flUgk] ch- ih- ,.M YkkYkk vkfnR; ukjk;.k] iwoksZDr] i`- 35&36A 24- ukjk;.k] ,- ds- ,.M Vh- ,u- jk;] iwoksZDr] i`- 58] 68A 25- flag] iq#"kksÙke ,.M ,- ds- flag] iwoksZDr] i`- 32A 26- tk;loky] fonwyk] iwoksZDr] i`- 151&157A 27- oekZ] ch- ,l-] iwoksZDr] i`- 17A 28- flUgk] ch- ih- ,.M lhrkjke jk;] iwoksZDr] i`- 79&95A 29- ukjk;.k] ,- ds- ,.M Vh-,u-jk;] iwoksZDr] i`- 58A 30- oekZ] ch- ,l] iwoksZDr] i`- 17A 31- flUgk] ch- ih- ,.M lhrkjke jk;] iwoksZDr] i`- 77&79A 32- ukjk;.k] ,- ds- ,.M Vh- ,u- jk;] iwoksZDr] i`- 55&58A nwjlaosnh ekufp= ij cxgk&2 CykWd ds uohu losZf{kr iqjkLFkyksa dh fLFkfr 16 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X fp«k la- 1 % cSjkVh LFkku iqjkLFkYk dk fogaxe n`'; fp«k la- 2 % cSjkVh LFkku iqjkLFkYk ls ÁkIr YkkYk e`n~Òk.M 17 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X fp«k la- 3 % fcyofu;k Mhgok iqjkLFkYk dk fogaxe n`'; fp«k la- 4 % fcyofu;k Mhgok iqjkLFkYk ls ÁkIr YkkYk e`n~Òk.M 18 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X fp«k la- 5 % fcUnkSfy;k LFkku iqjkLFkYk dk fogaxe n`'; fp«k la- 6 % fcUnkSfy;k LFkku iqjkLFkYk ls ÁkIr YkkYk e`n~Òk.M 19 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X fp«k la- 7 % pjfg;k LFkku iqjkLFkYk dk fogaxe n`'; fp«k la- 8 % pjfg;k LFkku iqjkLFkYk ls ÁkIr YkkYk e`n~Òk.M 20 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X fp«k la- 9 % xqjofy;k iqjkLFkYk dk fogaxe n`'; fp«k la- 10 % xqjofy;k iqjkLFkYk ls ÁkIr YkkYk e`n~Òk.M 21 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X fp«k la- 11% thriqj cxhpk iqjkLFkYk dk fogaxe n`'; fp«k la- 12 % thriqj cxhpk iqjkLFkYk ls ÁkIr YkkYk e`n~Òk.M 22 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X fp«k la- 13 % ikBd Mhgok iqjkLFkYk dk fogaxe n`'; fp«k la- 14 % ikBd Mhgok iqjkLFkYk ls ÁkIr YkkYk e`n~Òk.M 23 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X fp«k la- 15 % f[kfj;k iqy iqjkLFkYk dk fogaxe n`'; fp«k la- 16 % f[kfj;k iqy iqjkLFkYk ls ÁkIr YkkYk e`n~Òk.M 24 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X fp«k la- 17 % fl?kkMh Mhg iqjkLFkYk dk fogaxe n`'; fp«k la- 18 % fl?kkMh Mhg iqjkLFkYk ls ÁkIr YkkYk e`n~Òk.M 25 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Augmenting Present Day Water Resources by Reusing Ancient Water Works J. Manuel Dy. Curator, Pha/Harappan Archaeology National Museum, Delhi Dr. Tikam Tenwar Assistant Archaeologist ASI Museum, Shivpuri (M.P) Introduction Today, with increasing development and affluent lifestyles water resources are being drained out beyond its capacities of replenishment. Drawing water from rivers tens of kms away or more than hundred meters depth, cannot go on with increasing frequency and greater distances for long. In fact, the recent issue of the magazine ‘THE WEEK’ brings attention to the grim scenario with its cover page title ‘Land of Green Revolution, Now a Suicide Spot’. One major reason for the sorry state of affairs is ‘the lowering water level’, which ‘compels farmers to extend borewells and the recurring expenditure drives them to debt’ (Dey 2014:28). This is because good water lies at 600 ft depth and those who can afford to run bore at this depth have their fields green (Dey 2014 :32). Over consumption of the ground water anywhere would bring in similar results. Therefore, the well known principle to catch water where it falls is pleased to be extended also to thousands of ancient water works spread across the country. Simple techniques like tapered flagstone slabs lining the platforms and drains leading to tanks, temple tanks storing the overland flow of rainwater; reopening the blocked inlet channels; tapping of ground water by underground tunnels and supplying them without input of energy to the population has been cited herein as some examples of the ancient water management systems using wisdom in planning rather than adhoc systems being created on the brute strength of modern technologies. Revival of the traditional/ancient water works will also revive knowledge about earlier techniques of water management, which although low on technology and was run with least energy consumed, was also environmentally sound and shows itself ready to be reused even after centuries and occasionally millenniums that have elapsed. Not only for its day to day utility but for replenishment of water and ground water recharge these earlier systems should be made functional. The techniques used earlier times could be replicated elsewhere also. Besides all the above if the aesthetics of the area is improved because of tanks, lakes and other systems being revived the tourist attraction value of such areas of historic interest would be enhanced. Augmenting Water Resources Ever increasing horizontal and vertical distances, for providing water at the point of consumption, requires increasing amount of materials and energy investments, resulting in greater 26 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X environmental degradation required to execute and keep the systems functional. It is important therefore that water is caught where it falls augmented by collecting it through designated components of the water bodies, for use by local population and increasing ground water recharge. In Harappan times even with water scarcity people thrived due to indigenous methods employed by them to collect water in the semi-arid region of Kutch district of Gujarat as far back as middle of third millennium BCE. The Harappans of Dholavira on the one hand laboriously chiseled out large reservoirs in the precincts of the township, and on the other hand caused a mechanism for in situ collection of water and its storage in the reservoirs nearby (Bisht 1997: 26-34). The system consists of underground drain high enough for man to walk inside the same; originating from a stone-paved platform which is pierced by several manholes along its length of more than 150 m. The water thus collected from roofs and stone paved platforms of the castle used to cascade down into the large drain, which drained itself into the nearby reservoir. Thus besides catching rain water in reservoirs they arranged for water to reach from the habitation area and thrived as one of the largest township of Harappan civilization even though the region has only meager rainfall. Evidently, many sites over the centuries had several methods to tackle the demands of thriving populations but one that deserves attention is the ingenuity of the Buddhist monks during the second century CE who chiseled out grooves (Fig. 1) in the side of rock scarps that led the rain water of the rock surface into the large underground water tanks by the side of the caves in Kanheri a famous archaeological site near Mumbai. Much simpler yet nonetheless equally effective is the large open tanks near temples with devises to collect rain water from the surrounding topography (Manuel 2006:109). In the Mughal period an elaborate water collection system was devised in Burhanpur town. Here besides overland water flow that was collected in open tanks another more crucial component of the water collection and disbursal system was by intercepting the run off in subsoil ground water level through underground channels that led to tanks known as bhandaras (Kambo et. al 997: 30-36), The underground channels here, like the drains of Dholavira has airshaft at regular intervals. However, both are different; while Dholavira system drained away the rain water of the habitation into the reservoirs away from it, the Burhanpur system collected the water which had gone beneath the soil and stored it nearer to the residential areas. From the bhandaras a network of terracotta pipes supplied water to the point of consumption largely on the basis of difference of height from the bhandaras . One another interesting system though not grand in scale but critically effective is the Tankas in western parts of Rajasthan which are circular structures in the ground lined with fine polished lime that collect rain water. This water is used when other supplies fail. (Noronha 1998: 48-49). In ancient and medieval times the water management systems of the forts withstood droughts and sieges 27 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X supporting large population but today the situation is different, because of neglect and does not support even half of earlier population, that too remains dependent on drawing water from far off rivers or from tube wells in the plains below. Mandu Fort The fort nearly 35 Kms away from the District headquarters, Dhar was known to exist as a fortified settlement for more than 1400 years now. During its hey days it is reputed to have had 1500 dwellings, 334 palaces, 200 rest houses, 100 bazaar roads and 470 mosques (Yazdani 2000:1). Evidently a sizeable population lived on the plateau of Mandu Fort. Elaborate waterworks including those used for aesthetic enhancement by water display mechanisms were very much in vogue (Manuel 1997:245-247). The main water bodies namely: Sagar talab, Munj talab, Kapoor talab, Darya Khan tank , Nilkanth Temple tank , Ujjala baodi (Fig. 2) , Andheri baodi, Rewa kund, Champa baodi, Gola baodi, and Suraj talab , besides other unnamed talabs within the fortification, all show the great interest the rulers took in developing water resources even though this part of the country received good rains. Some of the water bodies are even now fruitfully utilized but there is scope for improvement both regarding the quality and quantity of potable water. Something seems amiss or at least grossly exaggerated, if one is only considering the dense population said to exist, being arrived on the basis of the number of edifices and public spaces quoted. However if one also looks at the number of water bodies quoted namely 200 wells, 260 baths 780 lakes and ponds the population of few lakhs during zenith of Mandu appears quite possible (Yazdani 2000:1). Unfortunately, today, with even less than 20,000 populations, the condition of Mandu becomes pitiable when ever rainfall becomes scarce. Thus, twice, within a decade, the water supply of Mandu had to be rationed to as low as once in four days. Shri D.K Richarya, Senior Conservation Assistant, Archaeological Survey of India (personal communication) mentions that this situation has risen due to the fact that the drainage pattern which earlier led water to the tanks and baodies has now been diverted away to fall into the plains below, so that the agricultural fields does not become water logged. Another reason he cites is the filling up of baodies and lakes with soil and structural debris. According to him baodies were interspersed at about 200 feet interval along the length of the fortification, which is now filled up with debris, although outline of the structures are yet often noticeable. Thus, with hundreds of water bodies in existence, now mostly in ruins the large population and water display then could have been maintained successfully. It may also be added herein that in spite of the many examples of water display mechanism like cascades, fountains, spirals, open channels, cisterns and pools, water was not wasted away as it was stored in underground tanks (Manuel 1997:245) at other end or else was sent to open tanks at lower level. 28 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Gwalior Fort The fort possesses picturesque view and attracts lakhs of visitors each year. Apart from the historical importance of the fort, and its monuments, it is also notable for its various water structures having pleasant view which also did provide unfailing supply of water throughout the year. Way back in 1865, Alexander Cunningham, the then Director General of Archaeology remarked ‘as a place of defence, Gwalior is superior to most of the other fortresses of Northern India- in the possession of unfailing supply of water’ (Cunningham 1872:341). The various tanks and baodies excavated at the fort show the ample use of traditional knowledge to utilize water as one of the main resource not only as life sustaining means but also played an important role during periods of long siege in providing regular availability of water due to which the fort remained largely impregnable for the invaders. The rulers of Gwalior fort were very much aware about the importance of water as an aspect of defense; hence they made an elaborate arrangement for storing monsoons water by constructing various tanks which are located both on the plateau of the hill as well as within the fortified slopes. Although Cunningham had given account of most of the tanks, cisterns and wells with direction and sizes of the same, however, few have been either filled up over the decades with no traces of them seen today or else no water reaches the tank, as brought to notice by a recent publication (Tiwari & Manuel 2013:345-362). Of the many that exist today some have water throughout the year yet there are several others, which are becoming degraded due to its inlet channels being choked and in extreme case these have becoming dumping grounds. Of the 17 water bodies enumerated in the above article some have been reiterated herein to bring to attention the strength of Gwalior fort in the past that thrived with much more population than those now living on the hill fort. With the ancient water works becoming practically redundant the denizens of the fort draw water from tube wells in the plains below and water from Tigra Dam 22 km away. Mansarovar Tal is situated near the western part of the fort. The tank is now popularly known as Jharokha Tal due to the blind pavilions lining the interior façade. It has rock-cut and ashlar masonry architecture. Several decades ago heavy quarrying of the adjacent rock outcrop was done in the eastern side damaging the walls. However evidence of the same would be found on excavations as Cunningham had given firm outline of the tank on all sides in his map. It is having scenic beauty (Fig. 3) and could be developed further by channelizing rain water into it. The Dhondapur Baodi , as the name indicates, is located in the outwork of one of the entrances of the fort known as Dhonda Gate which is in the north west of the fort. It measures 30ft. x 15ft. and has a depth of about 40ft. Clear channels draining the rain water into the baodi can be seen in the precincts. Evidently being outside the line of fortification and near the gateway the baodi was being used by the soldiers 29 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X guarding the defences. Interestingly structural remains of water being drawn from the top of the fort wall is till now extant but would not remain so for long as the systems which fall in disuse are scavenged by other people as a matter of right to such resources when no power that be lays claim to it. The depth from which the water was drawn is dizzying (Fig. 4); the channel leading the rain water into the baodi is also visible from the top. Sarad baodi and Anar baodi the two underground baodies are a kind of cistern cut in the side of the cliff supported by massive pillars taking the burden of the rock mass and is located between the Laxman Gate and Hathiya Paur Gate of the eastern entrance of the fort. Excavated in the rock, Sarad baodi is popular as the cold water cistern and has only a small arched entrance but internally it is a spacious reservoir with its ceiling supported on massive rock cut pillars. Anar baodi (Fig. 5) too has similar features as that of Sarad baodi . Both these reservoirs retain water throughout the year. These underground baodies are in the main premises of the Man Singh Palace complex and definitely reinforced the confidence of the rulers staying in the palace immediately above the rock mass, regarding the secure availability of water. Even today due to the well planned quarrying of subterranean water bodies, in spite of changes in drainage pattern caused by later edifices the two cisterns yet retain water throughout the year. Katora Tal situated behind the Teli Temple, is so named because of its near perfect bowl like circular shape. Due to the blocked inlets and change in topography due to later changes (Fig. 6) , it does not retain water for long. In earlier times rain water was collected through conduits in this tank which could have probably been very pleasant view as Cunningham mentioned it as a favorite resort of the garrison and that it is surrounded by a circular arcade, which however is not seen now (Cunningham 1872:341-55). In the British period itself, Cunningham mentioned about the conduits pipes which supplied it with rain water being closed with silt and debris as a result it frequently gets dried up. Similarly, another small water body near the Katora Tal known as Chamar Tal shows evidence of debris all around blocking the inlets to the tank. Most surprising is the case of Sas-Bahu Tal mentioned by Cunningham in the vicinity of the twin temples known as Sas-Bahu Temple. The tank is shown on the map published by him to be in front of the larger of the temples measured 250ft in length and 150ft. in breadth and had a depth of 15 to 18ft. Even during British period it is said to have dried up soon after monsoon. Evidently during its construction earlier it would have been much useful but later planning may have taken its toll on the utility of the water body and was leveled. There is yet another tank near Teli Temple, known as Gangola Tal which is of historic significance due to the inscriptions mentioning that sixth Sikh Guru, Hargobind used to bathe in this tank. Earlier mechanisms of water inlets are visible, peeping out from the modern masonry structures. 30 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Conclusion The above enumeration is but only few of the thousands of such examples found throughout the country, which have real possibility of actually being put to reuse – though some are already in use, even now, albeit most often at less than its optimum efficiency. If as a principle the ancient water heritage resources are put to reuse (with minimal investments), rather than making new systems, the population around would be immensely benefited not only by direct use of water but due to ground water replenishment by water held in such bodies which otherwise would have drained off. With the lapse of time the channels and inlets definitely have choked up with debris due to which water does not reach the depressions/tanks, and rather flows away to the nallas and rivers. One such example of accumulated siltation and debris was brought to notice when the Anar baodi and Sarad baodi was cleared more than a decade back. At that time the baodi which was filled with lot of garbage and silt, was cleaned up and it became clear that baodi could be made functional and its water could be used for various purposes. Hence pumps were fixed at the lower level of both baodies and a water pipeline was provided to lift the water up to the nearby museum and a garden could be maintained due to the water so drawn. This is an actual example of abandoned water systems put to use again with minimal investments. Such initiatives, however, would only be taken and maintained- even by institutions- only if the mindset changes to local harvesting of water rather than getting ample water by merely paying the bills, with no concern about environmental costs. Needless to reiterate that reuse of the ancient water works would bring relief to water scarcity stricken populations in many cities and towns but also would be useful in replicating similar systems elsewhere. These water bodies more often have historical importance and with the hydrology and ambience improved there would be more tourism which then would be a spin-off yielding further dividends for the efforts undertaken. References and Notes 1. Bisht, R.S. (1997) Dholavira Excavations, Indian Archaeology 1991-92 A Review, ASI New Delhi, pp. 26-34. 2. Cunningham, A. (1872) ASI, Reports 1862-65 Vol. II, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, (1872 reprint 2000), pp. 341-355. 3. Dey, S. (2014) Cradle. Now, Grave, THE WEEK , Vol. 32, No.34: 28, 32. 4. Kambo, D.P., J. D. Cruz and J. Ashraf (1997) Medieval Water Supply System in Burhanpur Town, Madhya Pradesh, A Review Puratattva No. 27 New Delhi, pp. 30-36. 5. Manuel, J. (1997) Aesthetic Enhancement by Water Display Mechanism as seen in Mandu, Sharda Publishing House, New Delhi, pp. 245. 31 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X 6. Manuel, J. (2006) Ancient Water Works as Models for Localised Water Management , Aryan Books International, New Delhi, pp. 106-113. 7. Noronha, F (1998) Where the water is, Down to Earth Vol. 6 No 18 New Delhi, pp. 48,49. 8. Tiwari Seema & J. Manuel (2013) Water Resources of Gwalior Fort as A Source of Tourism Potential, Proceedings of Seminar held in Bhopal Society of South Asian Archaeology& MP State Archaeology, Archives, and Museums, pp. 345-362. 9. Yazdani, G. (2000) Mandu: The City of Joy , Aryan Books International, New Delhi, pp. 1. 32 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Fig. 1: Groove cut by the side of Cave that leads Fig. -2: Ujjala Baodi, Part of surviving rain water into underground rock cut chambers at elaborate water resources of Mandu, Distt. the Buddhist caves site, Kanheri, near Mumbai. Dhar. Fig. 3: Mansarovar Tal, Partly dilapidated Fig. 4: Dhondapur Baodi, with extant inlet structures but yet retains water Gwalior fort, channel and platform for drawing water Gwalior Gwalior fort, Gwalior. Fig. 5: Anar Baodi, subterranean rock cut baodi in Fig. 6: Katora Tal, blocked inlet channels, the rock mass below Man Singh Palace, Gwalior Gwalior fort, Gwalior. fort, Gwalior. 33 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X dqatkorh% feFkd vkSj ;FkkFkZ yYys”k dqekj “kks/kkFkhZ izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl] laLd`fr iqjkrRo v/;;u”kkyk thokth fo”ofo|ky;] Xokfy;jA MkWMkWMkW-MkW--- dfork “kekZ vfrfFk fo}ku] bfrgkl foHkkx thokth fo”ofo|ky;] Xokfy;jA dqatkorh vksjNk ds cqansyk 1 ujs”k ohjflag nso cqansyk ¼ujflag nso½ dh iq=h rFkk tq>kjflag ¼;g chjflag nso dk ts’B iq= Fkk½ ,oa gjnkSy dh ogu FkhA dqatkorh dk fookg [kM+kSvk ds tehnkj ijekj ifjokj esa gqvk FkkA dqatkorh us [kM+kSvk esa ,d ckoM+h dk fuekZ.k djok;k FkkA xzke [kM+kSvk baVjx<&xksjk?kkV ¼ftyk nfr;k] e- iz-½ jksM+ ij baVjx< ls if”pe fn”kk esa yxHkx 3 fdeh nwj fLFkr gSA LFkkuh; yksx ckoM+h dks ek¡ dqatkorh ckoM+h ds uke ls lacksf/kr djrs gSaA 17oha “krkCnh ds iwokZ)Z esa cuh f=Lrkj; ckoM+h u dsoy ,sfrgkfld n`f’V ls egRoiw.kZ gS cfYd iqjkrkRoh; n`f’V ls Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA ckoM+h dk fuekZ.k cqansyk LFkkiR; dyk ds vUrxZr fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa lhf<+;ksa ds nksuksa vksj esgjko dh lajpuk cuk;h x;h gSA ckoM+h iqjkrRo vfHkys[kkxkj ,oa laxzgky; foHkkx] Hkksiky }kjk lajf{kr gSA dqatkorh ,oa gjnkSy laca/kh vusd fdonafr;k¡ ,oa naÙkdkFkk;sa cqqansy[k.M ,oa mlds vklikl ds {ks=ksa esa izpfyr gSA 2 vksjNk ujs”k egkjkt ohjflag ds ckjg iq=ksa esa ls ,d gjnkSy dks e/;izns”k ds cqansy[k.M+ esa yksdnsork ds :i esa iwtk tkrk gSA mUgksaus viuh HkkHkh dh izfr’Bk dh [kkfrj tgj ih fy;k FkkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ekaxfyd dk;Z esa os iwts tkrs gSaA caqnsy[kaM ds izR;sd uxj vkSj xzke esa yksdfiz; gjnkSy dk tUe laor 1655 ds vklikl ekuk tkrk gSA muds cM+s HkkbZ jktk tq>kjflag eqxy lezkV “kkgtgk¡ ds ;gk¡ ,d ljnkj ds :i esa dk;Zjr FksA tc os nf{k.k ls eqxy lsok ls pkj o’kZ3 ckn ykSVs rks jkT; ds ljnkjksa us tq>kj flag ds eu esa ;g “kadk iSnk dj nh fd muds NksVs HkkbZ gjnkSy vkSj mudh iRuh ds chp vuSfrd laca/k gSA bl “kadk dks rc vkSj etcwrh fey xbZ tc ,d fnu nksuksa HkkbZ [kkuk [kkus cSBs rks jkuh pEiknsoh us Hkwyo”k gjnkSy ds lekus lksus dh Fkkyh vkSj ifr tq>kj flag ds lekus pkanh dh Fkkyh j[k nhA gjnkSy ds lkeus lksus dh Fkkyh ns[kdj jktk eu gh eu ukjkt gh ugha gqvk] cfYd muds eu esa nksuksa dks ysdj lansg ds cht vkSj etcwr gks x,A nlvly gqvk ;g Fkk fd jkuh tq>kj flag dh vuqifLFkfr esa izfrfnu gjnkSy dks lksus dh Fkkyh esa Hkkstu djkrh FkhA ;gh otg Fkh fd Hkwyo”k ml fnu Hkh jkuh ls ,slk gh gqvkA lansg ds pyrs tq>kj flag us jkuh ls viuh ifo=rk fl) djus ds fy, gjnkSy dks fo’k;qDr Hkkstu nsus dk izLrko j[kkA jktk dh ckr lqu jkuh {k.kHkj rks vokd~ jgh] exj jkuh us tc gjnkSy dks jktk dh Hkkoukvksa o funsZ”k ls voxr djk;k rc gjnkSy ;g ckr lqudj vokd~ jg x,A D;ksafd nksuksa gh 34 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X nsoj HkkHkh ds chp ek¡&csVs tSls ifo= laca/k FksA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vkt Hkh mÙkjh e/;izns”k esa nsoj HkkHkh ds chp ek¡&csVs dk laca/k ekuk tkrk gSA nsoj ges”kk HkkHkh dks ek¡ dh n`f’V ls gh ns[krk gSA gjnkSy us r; dj fy;k fd os bl “kadk dks feVkus galrs&galrs vius izk.k ns nsaxsA mUgksaus HkkHkh ls dgk HkS;k dh tSlh vkKk gks rqe oSlk gh djksA jkuh us Hkh ifr dh vkKk dks nq%[kh eu ls ekuk vkSj gjnkSy dks fo’k;qDr Hkkstu djk;kA fo’k Hkjk Hkkstu djds gjnkSy us bl rjg viuh HkkHkh ds lrhRo dh ijh{kk nsrs gq, galrs&galrs vius izk.k R;kx fn,A 4 pawfd dqatkorh nfr;k dh ekrk dh ije HkDr FkhA tc gjnkSy us vius izk.k R;kx fn, rc mUgsa mDr o`rkUr dk liuk vk;kA og vius HkkbZ dks ns[kus vksjNk xbZ rks mlus vius lius dks lp ik;kA dqatkorh us vius cM+s HkkbZ tq>kjflag ls >xM+k fd;kA vUrr% mu nksuksa us viuk fj”rk rksM+ fy;kA ekuk tkrk gS fd tc dqatkorh dh yM+dh dk fookg gqvk rks tq>kjflag us Hkkr nsus ls bUdkj dj fn;k vkSj dqatkorh ls dgk fd gjnkSy ls Hkkr ekax ysA og gjnkSy ds fprk LFkku ij Hkkr ekaxrh gSA gjnkSy dh vkRek us nfr;k ds ,d lsB dks liuk fn;k] og mls vius [ktkus ds ckjs esa crkrs gSa rFkk lsB ls vuqjks/k djrs gS fd og daqtkorh dk HkkbZ cudj esjh vksj ls Hkkr nsA ijUrq fookg ds fnu dqtkorh us nfr;k ds lsB ls Hkkr ysus ls bUdkj dj fn;k vkSj etcwj gksdj gjnkSy dks “kjhj /kkj.k djuk iM+kA tc gjnkSy ckil tkus yxs rks dqtkorh us eksgo”k lkFk tkus dh ftn dhA gjnkSy us fdlh cgkus ls vn`”; gq, rks dqtkorh us Hkh mlh le; vius izk.k R;kx fn;sA ekuk tkrk gS fd vkt Hkh vksjNk esa nks [kEcs ¼dqtkorh vkSj gjnkSy ds izrhd½ HkkbZ nkSt ds fnu ikl&ikl vk tkrs gSA mDr dFkk vkt Hkh mÙkjh e/;izns”k ds xk¡o&xk¡o esa QSyh gqbZ gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vkt Hkh fookg ds le; ogu HkkbZ ls Hkkr ekaxrh gS vkSj HkkbZ viuk ije dÙkZO; le>dj viuh ogu dks Hkkr igukrk gSA fo”ks’kr% Xokfy;j pEcy laHkkx esa vkt Hkh ,slk dksbZ fookg us gksxk tc Hkkr ds le; gjnkSy dk xhr u x;k tkrk gksA gjnkSy ,oa dqtkorh ds laca/k esa bfrgkl esa vf/kd tkudkjh miyC/k ugha gSA os dsoy {ks=h; xk;u rFkk fdonafr;ksa esa gh thfor gSA vHkh rd tks “kks/kdk;Z gq, gS muesa gjnkSy dk dsoy uke ek= izkIr gksrk gSA ohjflag nso us vius ukSiq=ksa ds fy, ukS pkSfd;k¡ egy vksjNk esa cuok;kA bUgha esa gjnkSy dk iyfd;k Hkou vkSj mudh cSBd ,oa m|ku gSA vHkh rd fd;s x;s “kks/kdk;ksZ ,oa iqLrdksa esa dgha Hkh dqatkorh dk uke izkIr ugha gksrk gSA vc iz”u vkrk gS fd dqatkorh dk fookg [kM+kSvk ds fdl tkxhjnkj ijekj ds lkFk gqvk Fkk\ MkW- feJk ds “kks/k izca/k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd lso PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X dksbZ oa”kt u jgk rFkk HkkbZ dudflag vkSj fpUrkef.k Hkh ekjk x;kA blds ckn lqtkujk ds lEidZ esa ;g {ks= vk;k vkSj ohjflag cqansyk us mls viuk nkekn cukdj mldh “kfDr c 36 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X dqqatkorh dh ckoM+h] xzke [kMkSvk] nfr;k 37 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Contemporary Accounts of Raja Shiva Chhatrapati and His Successors from 17 th Century French and Dutch Print Media, Part ––– 1111 Amol N. Bankar Introduction Newspapers are one of the few surviving records types documenting an event’s history. In the process of historical writings, newspaper articles are always considered as a secondary or tertiary source of information. However, newspaper can be considered as primary source when limited contemporary sources are available for studying history. While newspapers are valuable as sources, issues arise when people rely only on them while reconstructing history. History is generally written based on new perspectives and interpretations of sources already in existence. Using newspapers alone can lead one to be misinformed about the time period being researched. Newspaper articles may include errors and discrepancies due to misreported events, unreliable sources, or political slants and biases. On the other hand, newspapers are intended to be a reliable source of information, especially when they are published ‘By Authority’ and the contents are meant to be regarded as official information. It is in this context that government used this medium to crush rumors and provide the readership with authoritative information. 2 ‘La Gazette’ : During the sixteenth century, ‘ relations ’ or eyewitness reports - veritable and false - were commonly printed and circulated all over Europe as a nascent form of news, competing with manuscript nouvelles à main (news sheets). They talked about politics and royal policies. For the most part, they were pure narrative accounts of events, with no analysis. 3 Under Chief Minister Cardinal Richelieu (1624-1642), the French crown had taken steps to wrest control of official information and news management away from the Parliament. 4 According to the ‘ Dictionnaire des journaux ’, the decade of the 1680s saw the birth of thirty French periodicals against seventeen in the 1670s (twenty six in the 1690s). 5 In 1680s, the European information market included French newspapers viz. la Gazette de Renaudot (1631-1792), les Relations véritables (Anvers, 1652-1741), les gazettes d’Amsterdam (1663-1795), la Gazette de Londres (1666-1705), la Gazette de Toulouse (1673-1752), la Gazette de Leyde (1677-1811), la Connaissance des temps (1679-1789), les Nouvelles solides et choisies (1683-1689), l’Histoire abrégée de l’Europe (1686-1688), le Mercure historique et politique (1686-1782), les Affaires du temps (1688-1689), les Considérations politiques (1688-1690), les Lettres sur les matières du temps (1688-1690), la Gazette de Liège (1688-1794), la Quintessence des Nouvelles (1689-1730), la Gazette de Berne (1689-1787), la Gazette d’Utrecht (1689-1787) 6 38 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X The controversial physician, philanthropist and publisher Théophraste Renaudot (1586 –1653) was the first in France to market relations. Beginning in 1631, he published ‘La Gazette’ (la Gazette de Renaudot ), where he printed relations, government reports, treaties, and other official documents. Printing relations turned them into the news; ‘La Gazette’ was the documentary ancestor to the newspaper. 7 It immediately became a propaganda tool for Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu, always edited under high official surveillance. Its audience was mainly the sword and robe nobility. 8 Cardinal Richelieu supported Renaudot’s publication and used it as an arm of propaganda. ‘La Gazette’ , as proto-newspaper comprised of ‘relations ’ supported the positions of the crown. 9 Meanwhile, the Paris Parliament, however, saw a threat in Renaudot, who practiced free medicine for the poor as well as publishing state information. After the death of Richelieu, Renaudot was put on tria l, and his operations were closed down. The Paris Parliament and, later, Colbert made it clear that they did not like state documents being published unless it was to directly support their own political authority. 10 After Théophraste Renaudot, Jacques Ren audot owned the state monopoly to publish ‘La Gazette’ .11 After Jacques, the periodical went in the hands of Father Eusebius III Renaudot, grand -son of the founder and an expert in close communication of the Court. Fig. 1: Monograms of the newsp aper La Gazette 12 and Oprechte Haerlemsche Courant . ‘La Gazette’ became France’s, and Europe’s, first continuing newspaper, published till 1792. 13 In 1680 it was reprinted in six cities viz. Paris, Rouen, Lyon, Bordeaux, Toulouse and Tours. 14 This newspaper appeared weekly, often accompanied (until the mid -1670s) by special supplements called ‘ relations ’ and ‘ extraordinaires ’. ‘La Gazette’ was composed mainly of political and military news dispatches from correspondents in capitals all over the worl d and gave scant attention to the arts. 15 This was an epoch of international competition in the market of information and the rise of the Dutch newspapers. That’s why to satisfy the curiosity of readers for world affairs; ‘La Gazette’ started publishing in ternational news. 39 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X News Reports Associated With Raja Shiva Chhatrapati The first reference to the prospect of news regarding Chhatrapati Shivaji in the British newspaper was predicted by Mehendale in his magnum opus ‘Shri Raja Shiva Chhatrapati’. 16 Based on these guidelines, one news report citing the name of Chhatrapati Shivaji published in English newspaper ‘ London Gazette ’ was discovered by Palande-Datar. 17 In 2011, I also came across two news articles published in French newspaper ‘La Gazette’. These news articles not only talk about Raja Shiva Chhatrapati, but also add some new information which can be verified by examining other historical records. These news articles, its transliteration, English translations were not published earlier and are now published here along with brief discussions and footnotes. (1) La Gazette (n° 50, pp. 298-299, A Paris du Bureau d’Adresse, aux Galléries du Louvre devant la rue S. Thomas) le 22 Juin 1680 : [p. 298] De Surate Port de Mer dans les Estats du grand Mogol, le 4 Novembre 1679: Apres qu’Aureng Zebe en témoignant un grand zèle pour la Religion Mahométane, eut mit son père Chah Ihan (Jahan) dans une prison où il est mort, eut défait Dara & Sujah ses Frères aisnez, eut fait couper le col à Dara à caule qu’il beuvoit du vin contre la Loi de Mahomet, eut fait arrester Morad Bakche son Frère cadet, & se fut empire par ces Moens, de l’Empire des Indes, il songea à rendre ses Peuples heureux. Il commança à decharger les Mahométans de toutes forte d’imposts, & les Payens de la plus grande partie de ce qu’ils payoient. Il envoya des Commissaires dans de Provinces qu’il a voit gouvernées avant que de parvenir à la Couronne, & dans celics où il avoit paslé avec son Armée pour réparer tous les dommages qu’on avoit faits sous son nom, & fit payer à un Marchand d’ Aureng-abad cent vingt cinq mill cécus qu’on lui avoit rabatus autrefois sur un compare d’estoffes qu’il lui avoit fournies: & parce que les Mahométans sont persuadez que si la nouriture qu’on prend est achetée d’un argent malacquis cette nourriture se changeant en la subs- [p. 299] -tance de l’homme le rend desagréable à Dieu, il ne mangeoit & ne beuvoit précisement que ce qu’il gaignoit par son travail journaliar en faisant des copies de l’Alcoran qu’il faisoit vendre en secret, de peur que les Omras ou Grandes Seigneurs Mahométans ne les acherasfent trop cher pour lui faire leur cour. Il avoit si grand peur que ses Sujets ne fussent tiranisez qu’il remplisoit les villes & les Provinces, d’Intendans, de Commissaires & de Controlleurs quis’ accordoient ensemble pour pillar le Peuple, & payoit tribut aux Rois ses voisins, qui auparavant estoient tous ses tributaires, a fin d’empescher qu’il ne fislent des courses sur les Frontiéres de ses Estats, & ne ruinassent quelques pauvres Gens. Il n’entre plus dans le Haran où ses Femmes sont enfermées. Il continue tous jours de vivre avec la mis sur les Indiens qui sont Violâtres, 40 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X un Impost dont il tirera des sommes immenses. Il se lèvera sur tous les masles depuis l’aage de douze ans. Les pauvres payeront chacun cinq livres par an. Ceux qui ont cinq cens livres de bien payeront dix neuf fransparan (sic. frans par an). La pluspart de Rajas ou Princes Indiens ne le veulent point souftrir, & sont prests à se révolter. Il y en a de jà plusieurs qui se sont donnez à Sevagi qui depuis quelques années a fait de grandes Conquestes dans l’Indoustan : & les autres menassent de suivre le parti de Sultan Mazum second Fils d’Aureng zébe qui a quitte la Cour & s’est retire dans une Province éloignée. Le Grand Mogol en paroist fort estonné depuis la mort de Sultan Mahmoud son Fils aisné qui este empoisonné, & qui l’auroit pû secourir avec les Forces du Roi de Golkonde dont il avoit épouse la Fille unique. [English Translation: La Gazette (No. 50, pp. 298-299) 22 June 1680: Surat, Sea Port in the Kingdom of Great Mogul, The 4th November 1679. 18 [p. 298] After witnessing a ‘great zeal’ for Mohammedan Religion, Aureng Zebe (Aurangzeb) put his father Chah Ihan (Shah Jahan) in prison, where he died; he defeated his elder Brothers Dara and Sujah, having Dara beheaded on the ground he had consumed wine in contravention of the law of Muhammad; he arrested his younger Brother Morad Bakche (Murad Bakhsh), and by these means he was then Emperor of India, and dreamt of making his People happy. 19 He began by exempting the Mohammedans from all taxes and the majority of tributes they owed. He sent Commissioners to the Provinces he had ruled before ascending the throne, and to those who had suffered the passage of his Army, in order to remedy all the damages which had occurred in his name, and he paid to a Merchant of Aurangabad 25,000 cécus (sic. écus?) 20 with whom he had formerly disputed for a case of fabrics, which he had formerly discounted to him for a case of fabrics that he (the Merchant) had supplied him. 21 And in order to persuade the Mohammedans that if the food they purchase is acquired with illicit money, this food turns into the same substance of human beings and becomes disagreeable to God, he only ate and drank precisely what he gained from his daily work by making copies of the Quran which were then sold secretly, fearing that the Omras or the Great Lords Mohammedans might offer too high a price to cajole him. 22 He feared so greatly that his Subjects might be tyrannized that he filled cities and Provinces with Agents, Commissioners and Inspectors who acted by mutual consent to tax the Population, and used to pay tributes to his neighbours Kings, who all seemed to be his tributaries, in order to prevent turmoil’s on the borders of his States and thus the ruin of poor People. He no longer enters the Harem where his Women are enclosed. He continues to live on the [taxation] imposed over the Idolatrous Indians, a Duty from which immense sums must derive. It must be collected from all males above the age of twelve. The poor shall pay five livres every year. Those who possess five hundred livres of goods shall pay nineteen frans (livres ?) per year. 23 The majority of Rajas and Indian 41 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Princes do not want to suffer any longer, and are prepared to revolt. There are already several who devoted themselves to Sevagi (Raja Shivaji), who obtained in few years considerable conquests within the Industan (Hindustan); and others are threatening to follow the party of Mazum Sultan (Qutb ud-Din Muhammad Muazzam later titled as Shah Alam), Aurangzeb’s second Son who left the court and retired in a remote province. The Great Mogol appeared deeply touched by the death of his eldest Son Sultan Mahmoud, who was poisoned, and he might have been of help with the forces of the King of Golkonda whose daughter he had married. 24 ] In Europe, and particularly in England, a substantial amount of public attention was focused on the Mughals. An “ India Craze ” developed in the last generation of the century. In England, as elsewhere in Europe, the public was furnished with a substantial reading matter on Aurangzeb’s realm written by first hand, acute, and well-informed observers. Many books and articles were written by English voyagers to India which quickly appeared in print. 25 We have a little information as regards how the news and other forms of information were transmitted to India from Europe and vice versa. 26 This news report helps us to understand contemporary impression of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb from perspectives of Europeans. In the decade of 1680s, travel accounts from Mughal empire by French explorer(s): Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, 27 François Bernier, 28 Jean de Thévenot 29 became very popular in Europe. Louis Moréri’s well-liked French Encyclopaedia, “Le grand Dictionaire historique, ou le mélange curieux de l’histoire sacrée et profane” (The Great Historical Dictionary, or Anthology of Sacred and Secular History) in its 1683 edition added biographical article on ‘Great Mughals’, which was also entirely based on the accounts of Thévenot and Bernier. 30 On 21 st February 1671, Dutch newspaper ‘ Oprechte Haerlemsche Saterdaegse Courant ’ had published a news announcing the release of new French book authored by Doctor François Bernier “ Histoire & Evenemens particuliers pendant la derniere Revolution, & ce qui s’est passé quelque temps après, dans les Estats du grand Mogol ” in its edition 31 42 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Fig. 2: ‘Augustus representation’ of Aurangzeb, copper -plate engraving published by Nicolas De L’armessin in the year 1690 (Private collection). 43 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Throughout Mughal India the succession struggle was high public drama. Rumour and gossip darted across the bazaars of every town and city. European traders collated and sent back reports to Europe on the crisis. 32 Well known English poet, literary critic, translator, and playwright John Dryden had written a popular drama ‘ Aurengzebe, a tragedy’ in 1676, which was reprinted in 1685, 1694, 1732, 1735. It is loosely based on the characters of Aurangzeb (Aureng-zebe), the then-reigning Mughal Emperor of India; his brother, Murad Baksh (Morat); and their father, Shah Jahan (Emperor). The piece is the last drama that Dryden wrote in rhymed verse. It is considered his best heroic work. This play is entirely fictional and based on Bernier’s account of the Mughal court in the final days of Emperor Shah Jahan. Dryden had invented fictional character ‘Melisinda’, devoted wife of fickle, womanising Prince Murad. After the death of Murad in battle, she announces her intention to join Murad on the funeral pyre (i.e. Sati), which formed climax in this play.The play was first performed 17 th November 1675 by the King’s Company at the Theatre Royal 33 . However, this news report clearly cites Aurangzeb’s ‘blind zeal’, fanaticism and intolerance against Hindus. From the beginning of his reign, Aurangzeb had demonstrated bigotry by persecuting Hindus in various ways. Aurangzeb started exempting Mohammedans from all taxes they owed and imposed Jaziya on idolatrous Indians (Hindus). 34 English records depict the miserable condition of Hindus ,”This kings (Aurangzeb) daies (days) more precizenes (preciseness) in his Mahometen religion hath greatly distributed the whole kingdom...... not to all minding any thing of his kingdome, but gives himselfe wholy upon the converting, or rather perverting the Banias etc. and pulling downe the places of their idolitrous worship, erecting muskeets (mosques) in their roome” . Aurangzeb issued an order on 9 th April 1669 to the governors of all provinces to demolish the schools and temples of the infidels and strongly put down their teachings and religious practices. This ‘blind zeal’ for wanton iconoclasm and religious persecution was challenged by none of the Hindu princes except Shivaji who had taken upon himself the sacred duty of protecting the Hindu religion against Moslem and Christian onslaughts. A letter by Englishman Gary implies that Shivaji declared war against Aurangzeb when he began to persecute the Hindus and that this war was expected to last long, “The archrebel Sevagee is againe engaged in armes against nature of Orangsha, who, out of a ‘blinde zeale’ for reformation, hath demolished many of the Gentues (Hindu) temples and forceth many to turne Musselemins....Decan is like to bee (be) seat of waree (war)...”. 35 This news report also reminds me of a copper-plate engraving depicting ‘Augustus representation’ of Aurangzeb along with some information in French, which was included by Nicolas De L’armessin in his ‘Les Augustes représentations de tous les rois de France’ compiled in 1690 (fig.2). This engraving was printed at Pomme d’or Press, S t Severin, Paris 36 after it was privileged by 44 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X the emperor. 37 The French writing available on this engraving gives very similar information as available in the first news report which we have already seen. It talks about, “murder of brothers and emprisonment of father by Aurangzeb; imposition of commutation-money or Jaziya on idolatrous Indians; most of the Rajas or Great Lords are ready to revolt and some want to follow the party of the rebel Seva-Gi (Raja Shivaji), who has for a few years devastated much land in Indostan (“ ta pluspart des Rajas, ou Grands seigneurs sont prest à se revolter les uns veulent suivre le party du rebelle Seva-Gi, qui a depuis quelques annees ravage beaucoup de terres dans l’Indostan ”); rebel of Aurangzeb’s son Mu’azzam and death of Aurangzeb’s favorite son Mohammad Sultan”. 38 It is also possible that information printed on the engraving and the details available in the news report are based on the same source (dated 4 th September 1679 ?). 39 (2) La Gazette (n° 88, pp. 549-550, A Paris du Bureau d’Adresse, aux Galleries du Louvre devant la rue S. Thomas) le 19 Octobre 1680: [549] D’Hispahan Capitale de Perse, le 1 r Mars 1680 : Le Soleil d’Orient vaisseau de la Compagnie Françoise des Indes Orientales arriva le 1 de Fevrier au port de Gamron pres de l’isle d’Ormus. Il n’en estoit jamais venu un si grand dans cette mer. Il est de 1200 tonneaux: & monté de 200 hommes, avec 70 piéces de cannon. Il a sait une Carguaison fort avantageuse, à caufe que les Anglois ont esté obligez d’envoyer tous leurs vaifleaux à Bombayn, pour defendre cette place contre le Raja Sévagi ; qui, après avoir pillé la ville de Danga qui n’en est pas loin, menace de l’assiéger. Bombayn a este cédé aux Anglois avec Tanger, par les Portugais en faveur du marriage de l’Infante Catherine aprésent Reyne d’Angleterre. Le Prince Sévagi continüe ses conquests avec un grand succez. Il a depuis deux ans, défait Cercan Loudy Prince dépendant du Roy de Visiapour: & s’est emparé de toutes ses terres sitüées sur la coste de Coromandel au Sud de Méliapour, entre les Estats de Tanjaor & ceux du Roy de Golconde. Il a presque rüiné le Roy de Visiapour dont il estoit sujet autrefois, & s’est rendu maistre de tous les pays depuis Sourat jusqu’au dela de Goa, à la réserve de fix ou sept places sur la coste : de forte que les terres qu’il a conquis s’etendent depuis Sourat jusqu’aupres de Négapatan, & ont pres de 250 lieües de longueur. Le 23 du mois de Ianvier (Janvier) dernier, la ville de Masulipatan, où se faisoit la plus grande partie du commerce du Royaume de Golconde, fut sumergeé par les eaux de la mer, & par vne plüie extraordinaire Durant un furieux Houragan. On asteure qu’il y eut 25 mille personnes noyées & que la perte des marchandises est de 20 millions. Il est tombé une plüie de sang Durant deux heures, dans le village de Sohon pres de Dely: oü de Grand Mogol fait sa résidence. Une partie de la de Sougen pres d’Agra a esté abymée par un tremblement de terre. Le Calife de Mascate en Arabie est mort & a laislë deux fils qui se font la guerre pour cette Principauté. Les deux fils de Cheravaskan en Prince de 45 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Georgie sont aussi en guerre pour les Estats de leur pére. L’Aîné avec 30 mille homes, s’est emparé de Teflis qui en est la capitale : & a obligé son frére, quoy qu’appüyé par le Roy de Perse, à s’enfermer dans une forteresse. Le 21 de Ianvier (Janvier), ce Roy fit arracher les yeux à son Chancelier parce qu’il l’avoit regardé trop familierement : & il a fait couper la main à un autre de ses principaux Ministres pour un sujet encore plus leger. [English Translation: La Gazette (No. 88, pp. 549-550, 19 October 1680): Hispahan (Ispahan), The Capital of Perse (Persia), The 1 st March 1680. 40 (549) ‘Soleil d’Orient’ (The Sun of Orient) 41 , sailing ship of the French East India Company, arrived at the port of Gamron on the Island of Hormuz on February 1st. No one had ever seen such a large vessel in this sea. It is of 1,200 tons weight; equipped with 200 men and 70 pieces of cannons. It had got a superior loading capacity. The English to send all their sailing ships to Bombay (Mumbai), to defend this place from Raja Sévagi (Shivaji), who reached the city of Danga (sic. Danda), which is not far away, and he threatened to put it under siege. Bombay together with Tangier was ceded to the English by the Portuguese in exchange for the marriage of the Infanta Catherine later Queen of England. 42 The Prince Sévagi (Raja Shivaji) continued his conquests with great success. In two years he managed to defeat the Prince Cercan Loudy (Sherkhan Lodhi), vassal of the King of Visiapour (Bijapur), and he seized all his lands located on the Coromandel Coast in South Meliapour, between the States of Tanjor (Tanjore) and those of the King of Golconde (Golkonda). He almost ruined the King of Visiapour to whom he was formerly subjected, and was made the ruler of all the countries from Surat to Goa with the exception of six or seven places along the coast. The wide lands he conquered extend from Surat to the vicinity of Negapatan for nearly 250 lieües 43 of length. On the 23rd of the last month of January the city of Masulipatan, the major trading centre of the Kingdom of Golkonde, was flooded by the waters of the sea and the extraordinary rains during a furious Hurricane. We heard of 25 thousand people drowned and of 20 million commercial losses 44 and a shower of blood fell for two hours in the village of Sohon near Delhi, where the Great Mogul has his residence. A part of Sougen nearby Agra was shipwrecked following an earthquake. The caliph (Imam) of Muscate (Muscat) died and left 2 children who are at war for his Principality. The 2 children of Cheravaskan, Prince of Georgia, are also at war with the claim of the states of their father. The eldest, heading 30,000 men, seized Teflis (Tiflis) which is the capital, and forced his brother who was supported by the King of Persia to retreat into a fortress. On the 21st of January, the King did tear his eyes to his Chancellor’s since he had looked at him with too familiar a glance; he did cut his hand to another one of his senior ministers for a reason even more trivial]. 45 This news report recounts two very important events from the biography of Raja Shivaji: 46 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X 1. First, it discusses conflict of Raja Shivaji with Council of Mumbai. We know that, from August 1679, Raja Shivaji began fortifying Khanderi Island. The Mumbai council was fully aware of the importance of this Island so they decided to intervene and made several attempts to stop the construction by sending blockading squadrons. In October 1679, Council of Mumbai learnt that Raja Shivaji’s 4000 Maratha soldiers were assembled at Kalyan-Bhiwandi with the intention of descending upon Mumbai by way of Thane, and had sent four messengers to the Portuguese Captain General at Vasai asking for a passage through his territory. The Portuguese Captain refused to grant it whereupon the Maratha threatened to force a passage and marched to Panvel in their own territory opposite Turbhe. On 22 nd Oct 1679, Mumbai Council feared that their intention was to embark in seven large Gurabs that they had in readiness and descent upon Mumbai. Therefore Mumbai council instructed Keigwin to send back two Shibads for the defence of Mumbai as soon as he heard or saw the guns of Mumbai firing. In this news ‘Danda’ (Danda-Rajpuri), name of a town in the Siddi’s territory is misspelt as ‘Danga’. On 10th November 1679 Siddi’s flotilla reached Mumbai and soon they arrived off Khanderi. Siddi occupied Underi Island and several skirmishes and battles were fought and gunfire was continuously exchanged between the two warring parties. According to dispatch dated 8th April 1680, Surat Council had reported the conclusion of the treaty with Raja Shivaji. 46 2. The second important event noted in the news report is a complete defeat of Sherkhan Lodhi. This episode was witnessed by François Martin and same is narrated in his Mémoires . After his surrender Sherkhan with only 20 troops, went to the forests of Ariyalur and promised to leave Ariyalur reached to Madura or Mysore. Sherkhan then took refuge with Nayaka of Maravar tribe (Setupati of Ramanad) and very little is known about him thereafter. 47 It is interesting to note that there are very few contemporary sources which note the extent of Raja Shivaji’s kingdom. The present news report notes, the extent of Raja Shivaji’s kingdom of nearly 250 lieües from Surat to Negapatanam, which covers distance of approximately 895 kilometres. First News Reports Regarding Loot of Surat in Other French and Dutch Newspapers During the reign of Louis XIV, several French Protestants (Huguenots) fled to the Netherlands, several of them started publishing newspapers in French which was the ‘lingua franca’ of Europe, these papers were known as ‘ Gazettes étrangères’ (foreign gazettes) in France. The Gazette d’Amsterdam, known in France as ‘Gazette d’Hollande’ , was an outstanding newspaper of its time and had long been considered the principal European journal of political information. Another newspaper ‘ Oprechte Haerlemsche Courant ’ was a Dutch weekly initially published by Abraham 47 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Casteleyn 48 , beginning in 1656 under the title ‘ Weeckelycke Courante van Europa ’ (Weekly Newspaper of Europe). In 1664, when the authorities took steps to protect the weekly from its imitators, it became known as ‘ De Oprechte Haerlemse Courant ’ (The genuine newspaper of Haarlem). There are some news records which don’t mention the name of Raja Shivaji but these are related to him. (1) Dutch newspaper Oprechte Haerlemsche Saterdaegse Courant (No. 26, 26 June 1671, Page 2) records first report of plunder of Surat by Raja Shivaji: “Londen den 23 Juny. Hier zijn weder twee Schepen uyt Oost Indien gearriveert, te weten, her Casteel van Barkelaey, komt van Suratte, eude de Constantinopelsse Coopman, kolendre van Bantem ; met dat van Suratte heeft men Tydinge, hoe dat seecker Rebel aldaer de Stadt Suratte had in brandt gensteecken; sulckx dat meer als de helft van gemelde stadt was afgebrandt:dese Indiaensse Rebel was genaemt Hemnibol: d’Engelsse en Duytse Logie en waren door dese brandt niet beschadight”. [English Translation: London, the 23rd June. Two ships from the East Indies have again arrived here, namely, the ‘Castle of Barkelaey’ (Casteel van Barkelaey), comes from Surat, and the ‘Constantinople Merchant’ (Constantinopelsse Coopman), arrived from Bantam. With the one from Surat, tidings were received how a certain rebel there had put on fire the city Surat, such that more than half of the mentioned city was burned down. This Indian rebel was named Hemnibol (Hannibal?). The English and Dutch lodges were not damaged by this fire”. ] The date of this news is earlier than the report published in English newspaper London Gazette (No. 589, From Thursday, July, 6 to Munday, July 10, 1671, p.1) which was discovered earlier by Palande-Datar. 49 Based on same event a news report account was published in Dutch newspaper Oprechte Haerlemsche Saterdaegse Courant (No. 34, 22 Augusti 1671, Page 1): “VRANCKRYCK: Marsielja den 4 Augusti. Het Schip de St. Pieter in Compagnie van noch een ander, zijn hier van Aleppogearriveert, mancqueren van daer 70 Dagen; met deselve heeft men Tydingeuyt Indien over Bassora, wegens de Stadt Suratte, dat deselve door den Rebel met 15000 Paerden en eenighVoetvolck is overvallen ende uytgeplondert, hebben aldaer een grooten Roof gehaelt, en zijn doen weer deur gegan ; indien den Grooten Mogol hier tegen niet en kan versien, is het met den Handel aldaergedaen”. [English Translation : “FRANCE: Marseille the 4 of August. The ship St. Peter, in accompany of still another, have arrived here in 70 days from Aleppo; with these ships news from India arrived from Bassora (Basra, Iraq), about the city of Surat, that this city had been attacked by the Rebel with 48 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X 15000 horses and some foot-soldiers and plundered and that they had left with a large booty; if the Great Mughal can’t do anything against it, the trade here will be finished.”]. Though the name Raja Shivaji is not directly mentioned in Dutch news reports, based on contemporary accounts, there is no doubt these reports talk about the plunder of Surat by Raja Shivaji in 1670. Here Raja Shivaji is styled ‘Hemnibol (Hannibal?)’, we know that, by virtue of his extraordinary qualities Raja Shivaji is several times revealed as “Hanibal / Hanniball/ Haniball” in contemporary European records. He is even called (or compared with) “Hercules” , “Alexander the great” , “Atilla” , “Sertorius”, “Ceaser / Alexander ”, “Gustave Adolfe” (of Sweden) and “ King David ”. 50 (2) The news reporting a rumour regarding rebel Mughal Prince (supported by Raja Shivaji), against his father Aurangzeb is mentioned in French newspaper ‘La gazette d’Amsterdam’ (No.2, 31 Décembre 1670, page 4) : “ ……..la compagnie royale y a receu des lettres de Surate par la voye d’Alop, par lesquelles l’on en donne avis que le fils du Grand Mogol se voyant déshérite de son père, il s’est joint a un de ses sujets qui s’estoit soulève contre ce Prince, & avoit une armée de 30000 hommes sur pied, avec laquelle il avoit déjà pris plusieurs forteresses de ce pais la. ”. [English Translation: La gazette d’Amsterdam, 31 st December, 1670, “……… The Royal company received a letters of Surat from Alop (Aleppo) which give us the news that the son of the Great Mogul, seeing that his father disinherited him, he has joined one of his subjects who had revolted against the Prince, and had an army of 30,000 men on foot, with which he had already taken several of this country’s fortresses” ]. The same news item was also appeared in Dutch newspaper ‘Oprechte Haerlemsche Dingsdaegse Courant’ (No. 52, 29 December 1670, page 1) 51 Actually, after Raja Shivaji had launched his offensive against the Mughals, Aurangzeb had ordered Dilir Khan to join Prince Muazzam, the Mughal viceroy of the Deccan against Raja Shivaji. A quarrel started between the Khan and the Prince by due to some mischief by Iftikhar Khan. Meanwhile, in Deccan there were wild rumours of civil war among the imperialists and it was even thought that Sultan Muazzam the Mughal’s son who resides at Aurangabad being assisted by Shivaji and other princes has raised a vast army and is intended against his father. This rumour is reflected in despatches of English East India Company. 52 (To be continued…………..) 49 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Acknowledgements I am also thankful to my teacher Shri G. B. Mehendale, Mr Francesco Grosso, Italy; Dr Letizia Trinco, Sapienza University of Rome, Dr Lennart Bes, Netherlands; Mr Jan Lingen, Netherlands and Shri Rohit Sahsrabudhe for their constant inspiring support and suggestions for improvement of this subject.The author can be contacted at [email protected] Notes and References 1. Brief details of these News reports were included in my presentations during the fortnightly meeting at Bharat Itihas Samshodhak Mandal, Pune on 26 th September 2014 and 07 th July 2015. 2. Harris, ‘The Press in English Society from the Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries ’, P. 33; In the year 1666 a reader from Lyme had praised the rational account of the fire (of London) given by London Gazette, after a diversity of reports. Ibid, P. 33; also refer online article by Jennifer M. Newby and Sarah B. Hardy on the following URL: http://centuryofaction.org/index.php/main_site/document_project/using_ newspapers_as _primary _sources . (Last accessed on 12/07/2015) 3. Soll, ‘Publishing The Prince - History, Reading, and the Birth of Political Criticism’ , P. 67. 4. Soll, ‘Information Master - Jean-Baptiste Colbert’s Secret State Intelligence System’ , P. 32. 5. “D’après le Dictionnaire des journaux, la décennie voit la naissance de trente périodiques francophones contre dix-sept dans les années 1670 (vingt-six dans les années 1690) ”. Haffemayer, “ Le système d’information de la Gazette dans les années 1680 “, online article in French, no pagination. This article is revised version of his earlier article “ La Gazette en 1683-1685-1689 : analyse d’un système d’information “, published in Le Temps des médias, n° 20, 2013, P. 32–46. URL: http://www.unicaen.fr/gazette/presentation.php (Last accessed on 20/08/2015). 6. “Dans les années 1680, le marché européen de l’information comprend une vingtaine de gazettes francophones : la Gazette de Renaudot (1631-1792), les Relations véritables (Anvers, 1652-1741), les gazettes d’Amsterdam (1663-1795), la Gazette de Londres (1666- 1705), la Gazette de Toulouse (1673-1752), la Gazette de Leyde (1677-1811), la Connaissance des temps (1679-1789), les Nouvelles solides et choisies (1683-1689), l’Histoire abrégée de l’Europe (1686-1688), le Mercure historique et politique (1686-1782), les Affaires du temps (1688-1689), les Considérations politiques (1688-1690), les Lettres sur les matières du temps (1688-1690), la Gazette de Liège (1688-1794), la Quintessence des Nouvelles (1689-1730), la Gazette de Berne (1689-1787), la Gazette d’Utrecht (1689- 1787)”. Haffemayer, Ibid. 50 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X 7. Soll, ‘Publishing The Prince’ , P. 67. 8. Soll, ‘Information Master’, P. 136. 9. Soll, ‘Publishing The Prince’ , P. 67. 10. Soll, Ibid, P. 67. 11. Soll, ‘Information Master’, P. 136. 12. The monogram of this newspaper contains the motto “ Guide du ciel, j’adresse et par mer et par terre “ . In the beginning (in May 1648) its editorial office was at the Louvre gallery in Paris. 13. “La Gazette ” became “ La Gazette de France ” in 1762, with the subtitle “ Organe officiel du Government royal ” (Official organ of the royal Government). 14. “En 1680, la Gazette n’est réimprimée que dans six villes (Paris, Rouen, Lyon, Bordeaux, Tours et Toulouse) ”. Haffemayer, Ibid, online article in French, no pagination. 15. Berger, ‘Public Access to Art in Paris: A Documentary History from the Middle Ages to 1800’, P. 92. 16. Mehendale, ‘Shri Raja Shiva Chhatrapati’ , Vol. 1, P. 838-839, fn. 892. 17. London Gazette (No.757 From Munday February, 17 to Thursday February 20, 1672) : Extract of a Letter written from Aleppo; November 19, 1672 : Two day since we received Letters from India, written by the English President residing at Surratte, who acquaints us with the daily fears they have there, from Sevagee the Rebel, who having beaten the Mogul in several Battels, remains almost Master of Countrey, and takes the boldness to write to all the European Ministers in Suratte, that if they refuse to send him such and such immediate presents of Money by way of Contribution, he will return and ruine that City; That he exacts the like from the Inhabitants, who certainly would comply with his Demands, but that the Officers of the Mogul, being there hinder them. Which puts them into an extream Streight, and causes others daily to convey away their richesss; many also embarking and transporting themselves into other parts, to avoid the storm they fear will fall upon them. ‘Tis probable that the Island of Bombay, belonging to the English, will reap no small benefit by these Broyles; to which place many Bannians flock with their Families and Estates. ‘Tis reported that that Island is now made one of the richest and pleasantest places in all India. ‘Tis said, they want nothing but some industrious English hands, and that it is intended to engage what numbers may be, to come and Inhabit there, with a promise of many considerable advantages, especially that of Trade in all Asia, and to Affrica, as far as the Cape of Good Hope, and to the Gulfe of Persia, and several Islands in those parts. URL: 51 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/757/page/1 (Last accessed on 10/05/2015). The corresponding Gregorian date for this news is 29 th November 1672. 18. The corresponding Gregorian date for this news is 4th November 1679. 19. Shah Jahan’s illness, pent-up tensions between the mature Mughal princes exploded into a four-sided war of succession. Dara Shukoh was arrested by Aurangzeb’s army and on the night of August 30, 1659, he was killed along with his youngest son Sipihr Shukoh, when the official ulema condemned Dara to death on grounds of apostasy from Islam and idolatry. Prince Shuja was defeated by the imperial army under Mir Jumla. Shuja left Dacca by boat with his family and taken refuge with the raiding king of Arakan, where he died. Murad Bakhsh remained alive as a captive of Aurangzeb. But, he was convicted guilty for murdering diwan of Gujarat and was executed on December 4, 1661. Richards, ‘The Mughal Empire’, P. 161-162. 20. One “écu” was equal to 3 Livres. The Livres was an imagenary French unit of value used for accounting purposes. 1 Rupee = 1.5 Livre, Hence 1 écu = 2 Rupees. Mehendale ‘ Shivaji: his life and times’ , P. 718. 21. I am unable to find reference to this event in the other sources published so far. 22. Two copies of the Quran written by Aurangzeb with his own hand were presented to Medina 'Maasir-I-Alamgiri' notes: "Two copies of the Holy Quran transcribed with his own hand on the tablet (lawh), marginal lines in gold and silver, and binding of which 7,000 rupees had been spent, he had presented to Medina". Sarkar, 'Maasir-I-Alamgiri'. P. 313, 318.. 23. The French word ‘ fransparan’ is same as ‘frans par an’. I had found that instead of writing ‘frans par an’ separately, its combined form ‘ fransparan ’ was popular in 16 th to 18 century French works. 24. Abdullah Qutb Shah had three daughters and no sons. His eldest daughter was married to Muhammad Sultan, eldest son of Aurangzeb. At the time of this marriage Aurengzeb exacted a promise from Qutb Shah that Mohammad Sultan would be made heir to the throne of Golkonda. But Muhammad Sultan broke away from his father during the was of succession and sided with his uncle Shuja. Soon afterwards, he was induced to come back and was imprisoned at Gwalior. He was released in 1672, given a mansab in 1674 , but after a couple of years he died in 1676 . Mehendale ‘ Shivaji: his life and times’ , P. 527. 25. Lach, ‘ Asia in the making of Europe ’, Vol 3, Book 2, P. 707. 26. Monsieur Chapelain had sent political news to Bernier from Europe. Apart from the News, the Parisian group also sent packets of books to India via Marseilles, Aleppo, Baghdad, Basra 52 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X and Surat. Bernier had heard about the edition of Gassendi that appeared in Lyons in 1658 under Montmor’s patronage, and asked for a copy to be sent. Sending such packages always involved great uncertainty. The route from Marseilles via Aleppo, Baghdad, Basra, and Surat was long enough for Chapelain to have to write four letters without having heard any reply, Even if a package reached its destination, Chapelain could not be sure that Bernier would still be there when it did. Dew, ‘Orientalism in Louis XIV’s France’, P. 156. 27. Tavernier, ‘Les Six Voyages…en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes, Pendant l’espace de quarante ans’; Tavernier, ‘Recüeil de plusieurs Relations & Traitez singuliers et curieux de J. B. Tavernier’. English translation by Ball, ‘Travels in India by Jean Baptiste Tavernier’. 28. Bernier, ‘The history of the late revolution of the empire of the great Mogol’; Bernier, ‘Histoire de la derniere Revolution des Estats du Grand Mogol’; Bernier, ‘Suite des Memoires du Sieur Bernier sur l’Empire du Grand Mogol’; Bernier, ‘Voyages de François Bernier’. English translation by Irving, ‘ Travels in the Mogul empire by Francis Bernier’, 29. Thévenot, ‘Troisieme partie des Voyages de M. de Thévenot, contenant la Relation de l’Indostan, des Nouveaux Mogols & pays des Indes’ ; Thévenot, ‘Relation d’un Voyage fait au Levant. Dans laquelle il est curieusement traité des Estats sujets au Grand Seigneur...’ ; Thévenot, ‘Suite du Voyage de Levant’. English translation by Sen, ‘Foreign Biographies of Shivaji ’, P. 135-146. 30. Moréri, ‘Le grand Dictionaire historique, ou le mélange curieux de l’histoire sacrée et profane ’, Vol.2. P. 660-661. 31. Here is complete News: “In’s Gravenhage werdt gedruckt ende fal met den eersten uytgegeven werden: Histoire & Evenemens particuliers pendant la derniere Revolution, & ce qui s’est passé quelque temps après, dans les Estats du grand Mogol, par le Sieur F. Bernier Medecin. In 12”, Published in Oprechte Haerlemsche Saterdaegse Courant , No. 8, 21 st Ferbruary 1671, P. 2. 32. Richards, Ibid, P. 161-162. 33. This premiere production (1675) featured Charles Hart in the title role, Michael Mohun as the Old Emperor, Edward Kynaston as Morat, William Wintershall as Arimant, Rebecca Marshall as the Empress Nourmahal, Elizabeth Cox as Indamora, and Mary Corbet as Melesinda. Downes, ‘Roscius Anglicanus, Or an Historical Review of the Stage’ , p.10-11. Also see URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureng-zebe (Last accessed on 10/05/2015). 34. Maasir-I-Alamgiri notes Aurangzeb imposed commutation-money or Jaziya on Hindus: “ As all the aims of the religious Emperor were directed to the spreading of the law of Islam and 53 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X the overthrow of the practices of the infidels, he issued orders to the high diwani officers that from Wednesday, the 2 nd April 1679/ 1 st Rabi. A., in obedience to the Quranic injunction ‘till they pay commutation money (jazia) with the hand in humility’ and in agreement with the canonical traditions, jazia should be collected from the infidels (zimmis) of the capital and the provinces. Many of the honest scholars of the time were appointed to discharge the work (of collecting jazia). May God actuate him to do that which He loves and is pleased with, and make his future life better than the present”. Sarkar, ‘Maasir -i-Alamgiri’ , p.108. The same text further records “By one stroke of the pen, the Hindu clerks (writers) were dismissed from the public employment. Large numbers of the places of worship of the infidels and great temples of these wicked people have been thrown down and desolated. Men who can see only the outside of things are filled with wonder at the ‘successful accomplishment of such a seemingly difficult task. And on the sites of the temples, lofty mosques have been built. His Majesty personally taught the credo to many of the infidels who came to him, guided by their good fortune, with a view to being converted to Islam, and he bestowed on them robes of honour and other favours. About the middle of his reign he decided to levy the jaziya tax on the Hindus, as ordained by the Shara’ and it was enforced throughout his empire”. Sarkar, ‘Maasir-i-Alamgiri’ , P. 314-315. 35. Balkrishna, ‘ Shivaji the great’ , Vol.2, pp. 277-278. For nature of Raja Shivaji’s religious policies refer: Mehendale ‘ Shivaji: his life and times’ , P. 405-413. 36. The Rue Saint -Jacques is a old street in the Latin Quarter of Paris which lies along the cardo of Roman Lutetia. Saint-Séverin is a Roman Catholic Church in the Latin Quarter of Paris, located on the lively tourist street now known as Rue Saint-Séverin . 37. “ Paris chez N de L’armessin Rue St Jacqs, a la Pomme d’or Pres St Severin, Avec Privil. Du Roy”. Same engraving (p.155) is included in De l’Armessin’s “ Les Augustes représentations de tous les rois de France…”. 38. The French text on this engraving can be read as: “ AURENG-ZEBE ROY DES INDES orientales, apres la mort de Scha-Jeha son pere quil avoit fait metre en prison par un zele de la Religion Mahometane dont il fait austere profession ayant d’effait ses freres ais nez Dara, & Siyach, fait arrester Morad-Backch son cadet fait couper le cot a Dara, a cause quil beuuoit du vin contre la loy de Mahomet s’est empare par ces moyens de l’empire des Indes, s’appliquant à rendre ses peuples heureux, d’echarge les Mahometans de toutes sortes d’imposts, rend justice luy mesme a toutes les heures du jour mais il commence à persecuter les Indiens idolastres les chargeans de grands imposts dont il pretend tirer de grandes 54 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X sommes, ta pluspart des Rajas, ou Grands seigneurs sont prest à se revolter les uns veulent suivre le party du rebelle Seva-Gi, qui a depuis quelques annees ravage beaucoup de terres dans l’Indostan, les aves le party de Sultan Mazum, second fils d’Aureng-Zebe, qui a quite la cour, et cest retirè dans une province esloignée, ces rebellions estonne extremement le Grand Aureng-Zebe, et regrette fort le Sultan Mahmoud, son fils aisnè qui a estè empoisonnè et qui lauroit peu se courir ave les forces du Roy de Golkonde dont il avoit espouse la fille unique, comme les Mahometans se persuade quel a nourriture qu’on prend estant achatteé d’un argent mal acquis, cette Nouriture se changeant en la substance de l’homme le rend d’esagreable a Dieu, ce Prince ne vit que de son travail journalier en fais, des copies de l’alcoran quil fais vendre en sécret, peur q’les grands ne les achettent trop po r lui faire leur cour, voila l’estat auq l , est apres sent ce Grand Mogor, Suivant la Relation du 4 e, 9 bre 1679 ”.. 39. Here, the date is written as “ 4e, 9bre 1679 ”, possibly “ 9bre ” is abbreviation of French Month “ septembre ”. 40. Corresponding Gregorian date for this news is 1 st March 1680. 41. ‘Soleil d’Orinet’ was a first vessel built in the naval yards set up by Minister Colbertat Faouedic in 1671. At 1000 tons and armed with 60 cannons it was the one of the largest vessels ever built for the French East India Company. This ship wrecked somewhere northeast of Itapère. Van den Boogaerde, ‘Shipwrecks of Madagascar ’, pp.131-134. The ‘Soleil d’Orient’ set sail in 1681 with gifts from the King of Siam (Thailand) to King Louis XIV of France, the Pope, wife of the eldest son of Louis XIV, Duke of Burgundy, Duke of Anjou, Marquis of Croissy, Marquis of Sergnelay, Abbot of Choisy; three ambassadors and 20 valets accompanied the gifts including 60 crates of royal magnificent presents; major gifts from M. Constance and King of Bantam (including ‘hundreds of diamonds’) were also part of the cargo. Most accounts say she hit land and broke up near the south-east tip of Madagascar, so the wreckage may be in shallow water. Inside, the first to find it will discover a 1,000- piece gold dinner set (a gift from the Emperor of Japan), as well as silver, and porcelain. Some of the porcelain was a gift from the Chinese emperor, so the historical value is enormous. URL: http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?140138 (Last accessed on 10/05/2015) 42. The cession of seven islands of Bombay and Tangier to England occurred on 23 rd June 1661 as dowry for Portuguese King Alfonse-VI’s sister, Catherine of Braganza, who married King Charles-II of England. Carrington, ‘The British Overseas: Exploits of a Nation of Shopkeepers’ , Vol. 1, P. 46. 55 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X 43. ‘lieue’ is French standard for a measure of distance. (Its anglicised form is ‘league’). One ‘lieue’ equals 2,000 toises or 3.89 kilometeres or 2.42 English miles. See McClellan, ‘Colonialism and Science’ , p. xix; ‘lieue’ = old French measure for distance, of variable length. The old ‘ lieue de poste’ of France was equal to 2 miles 743 yards, (Tavernier, Tome I, p. 334) c.f. Indrani Ray, ‘ The French East India Company and the Trade of the Indian Ocean’ , endnote 27, P. 61. 44. The cyclone and floods of October 1679 destroyed a large part of Masulipatanam, especially its lower side and damaged coastal shipping. Three ships were lost at sea and it is not known how much of the city-based shipping lost in this manner was. Arasaratnam et al, ‘Masulipatnam and Cambay ’, P. 63. 45. Marie-Catherine Le Jumel de Barneville, Baroness d’Aulnoy (1650-51 – 4 January 1705), also known as Countess d’Aulnoy, was a French writer known for her fairy tales. She had authored twelve books including three pseudo-memoirs viz. “ Mémoires de la cour d’Espagne ” (‘Memories of the Court of Spain’, 1690), “ Relation du voyage d’Espagne ” (‘Account of the Voyage to Spain’, 1691), “ Mémoires de la cour d’Angleterre ” (‘Memories of the Court of England’, 1695). She gained the reputation as a historian and was elected as a member of Paduan Accademia dei Ricovatri. Her fictional accounts were considered as historical sources; however, the later researchers had proved her accounts being ‘fraudulent’. Foulché-Delbosc had already noted, Madame d’Aulnoy never went to Spain. Her “ Memoires de Cour d’Espagne ” and her “ Relation du Voyage d’Espagne ” thus contain no direct information and no personal observation. The two works are mere compilations and were composed partly by reproducing more or less lengthy passages from printed works which were available at that time. The work of compilation has been done intelligently and adroitly. Up to 1865, these works were treated as ‘Real memoirs’ and ‘An original work’. The account of Madame d’Aulnoy is mainly based on most celebrated books on Spain and Newspaper “La Gazette”. This lady had used this News record published in Gazette, n° 88 and created a quasi-historical record in her French book “ Mémoires de la cour d’Espagne ”. As this account is fully fictional and it has no historical value, same not discussed here in detail. See Madame D’Aulnoy (2014), ‘Travels into Spain’, Routledge, see Introductory note by Foulché-Delbosc. 46. See Mehendale, ‘ Shiva Chhatrapatinche Aarmar ’ P. 97-155; Mehendale ‘ Shivaji: his life and times’ , P. 556-593. 47. See Martin, p. 88-104; Mehendale ‘ Shivaji: his life and times’ , P. 534-537, Mehendale, ‘Shri Raja Shiva Chhatrapati’ , Vol. 2, P. 288-292. 56 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X 48. Couvée, International Communication Gazette, February 1958, vol. 4 no. 1, P. 97. 49. London Gazette [No. 589, From Thursday, July, 6 to Munday (sic. Monday), July 10, 1671]: Paris, July 9 (1671): “...... Our East India Company have lately received Letters dated in December last, from their Director at Surat, telling them, of their having been forced, together with those of other Nations residing there, to leave the place, and retire some Leagues off, upon the approach of a great Body of Indians, in Rebellion against the Great Mogol, who plundered the place, and so returned again; that there was in that Bay lading, two French Ships, which might be ready to sayl in January or February following” . This News record was first discovered by Mrs Saili Palande-Datar in 2008 and presented during her press conference at Bharat Itihas Samshodhak Mandal, Pune. URL: https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/589/page/1 (Last accessed on 10/05/2015). Corresponding Gregorian date for this news is 19 th July 1671. 50. Raja Shivaji is several times called (or compared with) “Hanibal” (E.R.S., Part 2, No. 279), “Come not short of Hanniball for Stratagems” (Balkrishna, Ibid, Vol. 4, P. 204), “Haniball” (Balkrishna, Ibid, Vol. 3, P. 195). He is also called “greater than Hercules” (Balkrishna, Ibid, Vol. 2, P. 102), “Not less dexterous than Alexander the great” , “New Atilla of India” , “Second Sertorius” (Balkrishna, Ibid, Vol. 4, p. 204), “ Ceaser / Alexander ” (E.R.S., Part 2, No. 270; E.R.S., Part 1, No. 150), “Suede Gustave Adolfe” (Carré, “ Voyage des Indes orientales, mêlé de plusieurs histoires curieuses ”, Tome 1. P.49) and “King David” (E.R.S., Part 2, No. 539). 51. “Londen den 23 December. Die van de Osst-Indisse Compagnie alhier hebben Brieyen uyt Zuratte (Suratte) over Aleppo bekomen, met welcke geadvisecrt was, hoe dat een grooten Rebel, by hem hebbende wel 30000 man, tegens den Grooten Mogol was opgestaen, en dat ousten Soon van gedachten Mogol (zijnde van sijn Vader uyt de Ersfenis gestooten) sigh by geseyde Rebel hadde vervoeght, ende reets verscheyde Casteelen, den Mogol toebehoorende, hadde ingenomen”. ’Oprechte Haerlemsche Dingsdaegse Courant’ (No. 52, 29 December 1670, P. 1. 52. An English letter dated 5 th September shed light on this event , “There are invoyced to us 10 bailes Broad Cloth; which being all greens, are not proper for this place if in regard the warr between the Mogull, his sone, and Sevagee all trade is stopt on the maine…..There are in a continuall feare of the princes army coming against Surat”. E.R.S. No. 217, P. 16. Also refer Balkrishna, Ibid, Vol.2, P. 279-282. A letter from Bombay to Surat, dated 2 nd October 1670 records, “The dissetled condition of the affairs in these parts hat almost put a stop to all 57 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X trade. Sultan Maazum (sic.) the Mogulls son who resides at Orungabaud being assisted with Sevagy and other Princes, hath raised a vast army and is intended against his Father. What the event will be of this war is yet uncertaine; neither can we gather any true news. Some say he is already set out against his Father and is now near Agra. Others say that he took the field but is returned againe, the Mogull for peace sake having granted him the Kingdom of Decan and Province of Guzzerat, which he hath accepted of Balkrishna, Ibid, Vol.2, P. 279- 282. BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbreviations 1. Martin - ‘Mémoires de François Martin, fondateur de Pondichéry, 1665-1696 (French). 2. E.R.S. - English Records on Shivaji (1659-1682). Primary Sources 1. Bernier, François (1671) ‘Histoire de la derniere Revolution des Estats du Grand Mogol’ (French) Paris: Claude Barbin. 2. Bernier, François (1671) ‘Suite des Memoires du Sieur Bernier sur l’Empire du Grand Mogol’ (French) The Hague: Chez Arnout Leers. 3. Bernier, François (1824) ‘The history of the late revolution of the empire of the great Mogol’ . Calcutta: P. Crichton. 4. Bernier, François (1981) ‘Voyages de François Bernier’ (French). Edited by France Bhattacharya, Paris: Fayard. 5. Carré, Barthélemy. 1690. “ Voyage des Indes orientales, mêlé de plusieurs histoires curieuses ” (French). Tome 1. Paris: Claude Barbin. 6. De L’armessin, Nicolas (1690) ‘Les Augustes représentations de tous les rois de France, depuis Pharamond jusqu’à Louis XIIII, avec un abrégé historique sous chacun, contenant leurs Naissances, Inclinations et actions plus remarquables pendant leurs règnes’ (French). Paris : N. de L’armessin. 7. LA GAZETTE D’AMSTERDAM, N o.2, 01 Janvier 1670 (French). 8. LA GAZETTE, N o. 88, Page 549-550, 19 October 1680 (French). 9. LA GAZETTE, N o. 97, Page 298-299, 22 June 1680 (French). 10. LONDON GAZETTE, No. 589, From Thursday July, 6 to Monday July 10, 1671. URL: https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/589/page/1 (Last accessed on 10/05/2015) 11. LONDON GAZETTE, No. 757, From Munday February, 17 to Thursday February 20, 1672. URL: https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/757/page/1 58 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X 12. Martin, A. ‘Mémoires de François Martin, fondateur de Pondichéry, 1665-1696 (French), Vol. II (Octobre 1674 – Décembre 1688), 1932, Paris: Société de l’histoire des Colonies Françaises. 13. Moreri, Louis (1683) “ Le grand Dictionaire historique, ou le mélange curieux de l’histoire sacrée et profane ” (French). Tome 2, Lyon: Jean Girin & Barthelemy Riviere; Paris: Denis Thierry. 14. Oprechte Haerlemsche Dingsdaegse Courant, No. 52, 29 December 1670 (Dutch). 15. Oprechte Haerlemsche Saterdaegse Courant, No. 08, 21st Ferbruary 1671 (Dutch). 16. Oprechte Haerlemsche Saterdaegse Courant, No. 26, 26 June 1671 (Dutch). 17. Oprechte Haerlemsche Saterdaegse Courant, No. 34, 22 Augusti 1671 (Dutch). 18. SARKAR , Jadunath (1947) ‘Maasir-I-Alamgiri, A History of the Emperor Aurangzib- Alamagir’. Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal. 19. SEN, Surendranath (1958) ‘Foreign biographies of Shivaji’ Calcutta: K. P. Bagchi & Co. 20. Shiva Charitra Karyalaya (1931) ‘English Records on Shivaji, 1659-1682’ . Vol. I & II. Shivaji Tercentenary Memorial Series - Vol. VI. Published by N. C. Kelkar et. al. Pune : Shiva Charitra Karyalaya. 21. Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste (1676) ‘Les Six Voyages…en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes, Pendant l’espace de quarante ans’ (French) Vol. I & II., Paris: Gervais Clouzier & Claude Barbin. 22. Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste (1679) ‘Recüeil de plusieurs Relations & Traitez singuliers et curieux de J. B. Tavernier’ (French) Paris: Gervais Clouzier. 23. Thévenot, Jean (1664) Relation d’un Voyage fait au Levant. Dans laquelle il est curieusement traité des Estats sujets au Grand Seigneur... ’ (French) Paris: Louis Bilaine. 24. Thévenot, Jean (1684) ‘Troisieme partie des Voyages de M. de Thévenot, contenant la Relation de l’Indostan, des Nouveaux Mogols & pays des Indes’ (French) Paris: Claude Barbin. 25. Thévenot, Jean (1974) ‘Suite du Voyage de Levant’ (French) Paris: C. Angot. Other Sources 1. Arasaratnam, Sinnappah and RAY, Aniruddha.1994. ‘Masulipatanam and Cambay, A history of two port towns, 1500-1800’ New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. 2. BALKRISHNA . 1939. ’Shivaji the Great’ .Vol.3. Kolhapur: The Arya Book Depot. 3. BALKRISHNA . 1940. ’Shivaji the Great’ .Vol.4. Kolhapur: The Arya Book Depot. 4. Berger, Robert (1999) Public Access to Art in Paris: A Documentary History from the Middle Ages to 1800’ . Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press. 5. Carrington, C. (1968) ‘The British Overseas: Exploits of a Nation of Shopkeepers’ . Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 59 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X 6. Couvee, D. H. 1958. ‘The administration of the ‘Oprechte Haarlemse Courant’ 1738-1742’. International Communication Gazette , February 1958, vol. 4 no. 1. SAGE Publication 7. Downes, John. 1709. ‘Roscius Anglicanus, Or an Historical Review of the Stage’. London: Playford. 8. Dryden, John. 1685. ‘ Aurengzebe, A Tragedy’ London: Henry Herringman. 9. Haffemayer, 2013. “ Le système d’information de la Gazette dans les années 1680 “, online article. URL: http://www.unicaen.fr/gazette/presentation.php 10. Haffemayer, Stéphane. 2013. “La Gazette en 1683-1685-1689 : analyse d’un système d’information”, (French). Nouvelles du monde. Le Temps des médias, Revue d’histoire , n° 20 (Printemps / été 2013). Paris : Société Pour l’Histoire des Médias. 11. Harris, Michael. 1986. ‘The Press in English Society from the Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries’ , New Jersey: Associated University Press (AUP), Fairleigh Dickinson University. 12. lach, Donald et. Al. 1998. ‘ Asia in the Making of Europe . Vol. 3. Book 2. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 13. Mcclellan III, James E. 2010. ’Colonialism and Science: Saint Domingue and the Old Regime’, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 14. Mehendale, Gajanan. 2007 (Reprint). ‘Raja Shiva Chhatrapati’ . Vol. 1 & 2. Pune : Diamond Prakashan. 15. Mehendale, Gajanan. 2010. ‘ Shiva Chhatrapatinche Aarmar’ (Marathi). Thane: Paramamitra Prakashan. 16. Mehendale, Gajanan. 2011. ‘Shivaji: his life and times’ . Thane: Paramamitra Prakashan. 17. Ray, Indrani. 1999. ‘The French East India Company and the Trade of the Indian Ocean: A Collection of Essays’ , Edited and compiled by Lakshmi Subramanian, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. 18. Richards, John (2001) ‘The Mughal Empire’. The New Cambridge History of India . Vol. 1, Part 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 19. Soll, Jacob (2005) ‘Publishing the Prince - History, Reading, and the Birth of Political Criticism’. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. 20. Soll, Jacob (2009) ‘Information Master: Jean-Baptiste Colbert’s Secret State Intelligence System’. Cultures of Knowledge in the Early Modern World. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. 21. Van Den Boogaerde, Pierre (2009) ‘Shipwrecks of Madagascar’ , New York: Strategic Book Publishing. 60 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X The Dutch appeal to Shivaji for trading rights at Vengurla factorfactoryy of VOC --- some new discoveries Nikhil Bellarykar. Grace Bunglow, Near Balwantrao Marathe Highschool, Shivajinagar, Miraj, Pin-416410 Maharashtra [email protected] Mobile: +919503732986 Abstract: During a recent visit to the Nationaal Archief at The Hague, Netherlands, I discovered a sizable corpus of letters, hitherto unknown 1, exchanged between the Dutch East India Company (more commonly known as Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, i.e.VOC) and Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha polity. These letters, besides being the first known example of Dutch-Shivaji direct correspondence, reveal a huge amount of information about the political & economic events that took place in India at that time along with the structure of bureaucratic machinery. This paper discusses 6 letters and 1 kaul (letter of assurance) given by Shivaji & his officials to the VOC regarding the management of trade at Vengurla in 1676. Keywords: VOC, Shivaji, Maratha History. Introduction India's western coast has long been an important trading region. Ever since the Portuguese capture of Goa in 1510 CE, European presence in this littoral region steadily grew, especially in the 17 th century with the arrival of the Dutch and the English trading companies. It resulted in a considerable Portuguese, Dutch & English presence on the coast. As an entrepôt between the western Deccan hinterland and western Indian Ocean region, the west coast of India was thus a vital region for the European trading companies. These letters and the accompanying correspondence are key to understand the political events in the Western Deccan from 1675-1676 & their economic impact on trade. This was a period characterized by constant warfare, conquests and raiding of enemy territories, thus contributing to a steep decline of trade on the Konkan coast, which was acutely felt by all, including the Europeans, viz. English, French, Dutch, Portuguese. This situation compelled the Dutch to meet with Shivaji’s officials who ruled the port of Vengurla and the surrounding lands, and secure from them the letters of assurance thereof. 61 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X The paper, after discussing in brief the political & economical background, talks a bit about the organization of the VOC records at the Nationaal Archief, The Hague. Thereafter, the original Dutch text and its complete English translation is provided. The paper concludes after the salient features in the letters & their background information are discussed. Political situation in Western Deccan during 1675-76 This was a very active period and has many facets to it, viz. -Shivaji’s treaty with Mughals and conquests in north & south -Situation in Adilshahi realm -Encounters with Siddi on Konkan coast The narrative for this section is largely taken from G.B.Mehendale's book "Shivaji: His Life and Times", P. 492-506. Shivaji’s treaty with Mughals and conquests in north & south Shivaji was coronated in a grand ceremony on 6th June, 1674 at his capital, Raigad. Soon after this, he started expanding his kingdom in many directions. In December 1674, Maratha forces struck deep into Khandesh i.e. Northwest Deccan, attacking and plundering the Mughal territory as far north as Burhanpur.They also plundered Dharangaon, a place 125 km to the north of Aurangabad, on 1st January 1675. Shortly after this, Shivaji opened negotiations for a Mughal-Maratha treaty in January 1675, which was concluded in June 1675, by way of which he was granted Sardeshmukhi rights for Deccan amongst other conditions. Shivaji thus secured the northern border of his kingdom with this treaty for the time being. While this treaty was being negotiated, Maratha forces were also active in the south. On 6th March, 1675, Shivaji set out (most probably from Raigad), and laid siege to the fort of Phonda, located in Goa. His army for the expedition comprised of 15,000 cavalry, 14,000 infantry and 10,000 labourers. Of these, around 2,000 cavalry and 7,000 infantry were nearby Phonda fort itself. After nearly 1 month of laying siege to the fort, on 1st May 1675, a wall of the fort was blown up by a mine and the fort was captured. Annaji Pandit, one of the “ashta-pradhans” i.e. the council of 8 ministers, remained there to oversee repairs and provisions after the conquest. Soon after conquering this fort, Shivaji’s forces conquered the nearby towns of Karwar, Ankola, Shiveshwar, Kadra; thereby extending the southern boundary of Shivaji’s kingdom till the Gangavalli River that flows through and meets the sea in what is today the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka. After this, Shivaji returned to Raigad in June 1675. While travelling for this campaign, he had put restrictions on movement of people such that the flow of traffic and information wouldn’t flow northwards, as long as possible. 62 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Situation in Adilshahi realm At the same time, the peace treaty between Mughals & Shivaji had gone sour, because when Bahadur Khan, the Mughal official sent his envoys to Shivaji for the compliance with the treaty, the later not only denied that such a treaty ever happened, and also made them leave immediately (around July-August 1675). Therefore, the Mughals had an immediate reason to attack Shivaji, just as Bijapur, because swathes of their lands were recently annexed by Shivaji. This prompted an alliance between the two, which was initiated by Khawas Khan, leader of the Deccani faction in the Bijapur court. The two signed a treaty in October 1675, under which the Adilshah was exempted from paying the yearly tribute to Mughals and Khawas Khan was to launch an offensive against Shivaji. But this plan was upset by the sudden takeover of Bijapur by Bahlul Khan, the leader of the opposing Pathan faction in the Bijapur court. He imprisoned and executed the opposition leader, Khawas Khan and assumed the regentship of Bijapur in late 1675-early 1676. The Mughal general Bahadur Khan conveyed this to Aurangzeb, and awaited his orders. After the orders came from the later, he launched an invasion on Bijapur. Some time later, he was joined by Dilir Khan, another Mughal general, and on 1st July 1676, their combined forces met Bahlul Khan near Indi, a town in Bijapur district of Karnataka, where it was defeated by Bahlul Khan. Then the Mughals laid siege to the fort of Naldurg (45 km southwest of the town of Solapur in Maharashtra). The Adilshahi forces, despite the Bhima River overflowing, crossed it and made the Mughals retreat. Encounters with Siddi on Konkan coast The tiny kingdom of Murud-Janjira on the northern Konkan coast, ruled by rulers of Abyssinian extraction called Siddi, had always been the thorn in the side of the nascent Maratha kingdom. The clashes increased after Shivaji’s naval ambitions started growing. The Siddi’s fleet often wintered at Mumbai, but this was being problematic because of Shivaji and his relations with Englishmen. During 1675, Shivaji was preparing his fleet for an invasion of Danda-Rajpuri (i.e. capital of Siddi’s kingdom), which continued till the rainy season. When Shivaji besieged Danda- Rajpuri around August 1675, Siddi was desparate and appealed to Englishmen for help, but in vain. So he applied to Mughals for help, who sent a fleet comprising of 2 large men-of-war, several frigates and 2000 men, under Siddi Qasim, the brother of Siddi ruler Siddi Sambul. On 2nd November, the 2 brothers came to the southern Konkan coast, and burnt and plundered Vengurla. They had a clash with Shivaji’s navy, where the latter was defeated. Economic repurcussions of the political events It is obvious from the above description that the said period (1675-76 CE) was one of great political turmoil. Shivaji's extensive campaigns during this short period of time and the long-standing 63 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X enmity against Shivaji of both the Mughals and the Adil Shahis invariably meant more wars in the region. The Dutch trade, by their own admission, suffered considerably because of that. Rombout Lefer, a merchant at Vengurla and Abraham Lefeber, the head of the factory at Vengurla, both wrote detailed reports to Joan Matsuijker, the Dutch governor general at Batavia in Indonesia about the situation. Mostly the stopping of the inflow of goods, coupled with the raids on trading posts seem to be the culprits in this case. The Dutch complained that the lodge at Vengurla was rendered mostly useless owing to the constant warfare in the nearby regions 2. Also the crops in the region nearby Phonda, Karwar, etc. were damaged by the fighting armies and therefore the harvest in 1675 was a disaster 3. The French were at Rajapur without any trade since last few years 4, and they were struggling to get payment for gunpowder that they supplied to Shivaji. Portuguese were similarly affected owing to tussles with Shivaji’s men in the Salset region 5, while the English, notwithstanding their trade, also suffered in the raid by Shivaji’s army at Athni and Karwar 6. Shivaji’s dominions nearby Vengurla were burnt by Siddi as well in late 1675 7. In addition, the Mughal-Bijapur, Mughal-Maratha and Maratha-Bijapur wars were also going on in the same region during the said period. Therefore, trade in general on Konkan coast declined sharply in this period. The Dutch trade at Vengurla had practically come to a standstill. This compelled the Dutch to meet Shivaji and his various officials for sorting out the issue and resume trade. Dutch-Maratha negotiations for resuming the trade at Vengurla The VOC secured a foothold at Vengurla, near Goa on the southern Konkan coast in 1637 8. The then king of Bijapur, Muhammad Adilshah, granted them a kaul, confirming their rights to live there and also exempted them half the taxes. In 1641 9, a permanent lodge was built, with protective wall and cannons for protection. Till 1673, it was an independent department, and answered directly to Batavia. From 1673-76, it was under Surat. It was an important market for various spices as well. From January 1676, the Dutch factors at Vengurla were mentioning the necessity of meeting with Shivaji’s officials and securing a letter of assurance from them that would guarantee the Dutch to conduct their trade freely, as was done before. They first met with the official at Vengurla, and discussed with him the points to be raised with Annaji pandit, from the “Ashta-Pradhana Mandala” aka the group of 8 ministers 10 , demanding “an absolute and categorical answer” to their requests, viz. that the deadlock be resolved and the old trading rights of the VOC be resumed 11 . The name of this official is given in the letters as “Madnasij Sancer 12 ”, which I interpret as being “Mahadaji Shankar”. After discussing the points with Mahadaji Shankar, the Dutch wrote letters to Annaji pandit, Shivaji 64 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X and Sambhaji. These were written by the merchant Rombout Lefer on behalf of the VOC. They were at first bit skeptical if the letters would have the desired effect, but, in some time, there came a reply came from Shivaji, wherein he “supported the decision taken by the chancellor Annaji pandit 13 ”. This “decision taken by chancellor Annaji pandit” was vehemently opposed by the Dutch representative Abraham Lefeber, which involved the yearly payment of 1000 pagodas to him by Shivaji 14 , most likely for espionage and/or favorable trade deals (The correspondence merely notes 'for the state'.) amidst other stipulations, for ex. that the VOC sell half of the goods brought by it to Vengurla to Shivaji’s government and the other half to other, independent merchants. Annaji and Abraham Lefeber, the chief of the factory at Vengurla, met with each other and debated at length about the stipulations. Lefeber remarked that “This may be the manner of this land but I will not be a rascal who complies with it, for 4000 or 10000 pagodas even.” Upon this, Annaji simply said that he couldn’t remove this clause, and that the company will have to comply with it. The ultimate result of this is not known; most likely the 1000 pagodas were not paid. Abraham Lefeber mentions this at length with considerable resentment in their private correspondence, remarking on “the evil practices of Brahmins 15 .” These negotiations were still not successful, for the Dutch remark that “…since we last wrote (on 29 April 1676), we haven’t been able to get the kaul from Shivaji 16 ”. After few more back-and- forth meetings, the kaul was finally granted, which was received with all the letters provided by Shivaji & Annaji to Rombout Lefer and Abraham Lefeber (6 letters in total, apart from the kaul). Nevertheless, the actual trade still didn’t resume promptly on account of some monopolistic and monetary concerns, as is apparent from the following account. Shivaji demanded that the copper at Vengurla be sold only to him on account of his great need for the same, which was unpalatable to Dutch, despite promises of advance cash payment. In early September 1676, the subhedar of the region, one “Balazi Suro”, visited the Dutch at Vengurla, and enquired about the state of their trade. The Dutch were initially aloof, after which he mentioned that Shivaji greatly needed copper, for which the Dutch would be paid in cash and in advance, and that therefore they bring 4000-5000 “Kissiens 16a ” of copper. He gave many other promises as well, but the Dutch were cautious, having seen how the English & French at Rajapur had struggled with getting the payment from Shivaji, using the promissory notes given by him. Sensing the reluctance of the Dutch, Balazi Suro further said that “the Dutch should try to find a middle path and satisfy the Raja’s desire partly, if not fully 17 ”. In the coming sections, the organization of VOC documents in the Nationaal Archief will be discussed and also give a complete translation of the documents along with the original Dutch text will be given. 65 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X A brief description of VOC archives and location of the documents therein The Nationaal Archief at The Hague, Netherlands houses all the surviving archives of the Heren XVII 18 of the VOC. Together with all the six “chambers”, viz. Amsterdam, Zeeland, Delft, Rotterdam, Enkhuizen, Hoorn, the records together comprise of 14,933 volumes in total, dominated by Amsterdam & Zeeland chambers, with around 7,000 volumes each. The code number for VOC collection is 1.04.02. Records for other chambers have survived only in very small proportion as compared to these two. The volumes have the designation VOC and are numbered as VOC 1, VOC 2….till VOC 14,933 19 . Of these, the volumes from the Amsterdam chamber, viz. VOC 1053- VOC 3986 are the most important ones for studying the events in 17th century India through Dutch records. Those are called Overgekomen Brieven en papieren (Incoming letters & papers). They contain reports of events in India & elsewhere, written by the Dutch factors in India and sent to the Heren XVII, along with correspondence with the native states. The 6 letters and 1 kaul are in the volume VOC 1321, P. 973-976. Translation of the documents with the original Dutch text Translation of the kaul Dutch text English translation Translaat coul of verseecker brief door den heer Translation of kaul or assurance-letter by the Siuasij Ragia en antwoort op de voorstellingh van lord Shivaji Raja and answer to the appeal of the honorable Mr. Rombout lefer that was sent de E[dele] Sr. Rombout lefer gedaan gesonden, (by Shivaji), having been received at 14th July, sijnde den 14de Julij 1676: op wingurla ontfangen. 1676 at Vengurla. Desen verseecker brief gegeven uijt den huijse van This assurance-letter (is) given from the house sijn hoogheijt Siuasij Ragia, die altijt geluckigh of his highness, the ever successful Shivaji blijve aan de meerbij desen Feijtoor der Hollanders Raja, to the … factor of the Hollanders that live die resteert tot wingurla in de provintie van Coudal at Vengurla in the province of Cudal in the year in het jaar 1076:- 1076:- Den persoon mijne presentie, den grooten pandito The great pandit & chancelier Annaji Pandit, annasij pandito cancelier heeft bekent gemaekt dat who has personally made it known (to me) that den handel der Hollanders die sij deese the trade of the Hollanders was recently jegenwoordigh belet bleef , en dat hij nu om die hindered. He (Annaji) had spoken to the Dutch saeke aen vrijen voort ganck te geeven met de & took action for ensuring free progress of the Hollanders gesproocken en gehandelt hadt,en dat trade. His highness then has bestowed an sijn hoogheijt in dien gevolge geliefde een assurance-letter to that effect in the name of the 66 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X verseecker brief in den naam van den Hollantsen Dutch factors. The Dutch wrote their intention feijtoor te vergunnen en oock was der Hollanders in a letter, which was exhibited (before Shivaji), intentie schrifteijck gecomen en welcke Brief is and being considered for granting the kaul or verthoont daarop geconsidereert, hebbende is aanul. the assurance-letter to you (i.e. Dutch). [uijden] caul of voorseeker brief vergunt. De eerste punct schrijfft uE.[dele] sijn meningh, The first point written to you and its meaning is: aanhalende om hunne cooplieden te lossen, vrij te To control the exodus of their merchants (from vercoopen, en coopen aan, en van i[e]der sonder VOC), the free buying and selling of goods without being prevented in any way by the belet van de regeringh van dese materie heeft den government, the Pandit (i.e. Annaji Datto) has pandito met den feijtoor Abraham lefeber discussed with the factor Abraham Lefeber gesprocken, en beslooten, in dien gevolge cunt about this matter, and decided to let you proceed with this. The lord (Shivaji) will also uE.[dele] laten voortgaan hiermee den heer sal dat allow the same and will not let this promise oock naercoomen en geen mancqueren laten break. ontstaan. Het tweede punct schrijft uE[dele]: en belooft van The second point written as follows. vercoopende en coopende coopmansz: in de haven You promise to pay toll on sold and bought wingurla en ‘[de] thol gereghtigheit te sullen betalen goods in the port of Vengurla, similar to what gelijck ten tijden der moorse regeringh den manier der coopl.[uiden] is geweest, dat is seer wel op was paid in the Muslim i.e. Bijapur’s rule. The deselve manier ten tijden der visiapourders lord (Shivaji) will continue this system. gebruijckt, sal den heer doen naarcoomen. Het derde punct schrijft uE[dele]: van hunne The third point written: goederen de naar booven moghte vervoert, en van On the goods transported from the above(i.e. daar gebraght worden, niet verobligeert sult sijn Vengurla) or brought there, you (VOC) are not meer te geeven dan een thol, de goederen die obligated to give anything more than a toll uE[dele]: boven in het lant coopt, in de haven payment, e.g. goods that you have bought in the brenght, en met hun scheepen vervoert of in land around Vengurla, or the ones brought to wingurla coopt, en in hun scheepen doet laden, of the port, and transported by ships. Of these uijt wingurla naar booven brenght van dewelcke goods, you will give toll & other benefits uE[dele] thol en andere proffijten die ten tijde der therein as given in the time of the Bijapur rule, visiapourders genoomen, en ue[dele]: gegeven hebt, and the lord (Shivaji) shall also take the same geeft die op die wijse, en de heer salse [zal ze] op amount. die selve manier mede neemen. 67 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Het vierde punct, haelt ue[dele]: was The fourth point written by you is that you gesz:[geschreven] dat ue[dele]: in de landen en should be able to bring all sorts of goods havens van sijn hoogheijt, geene uijtgesondert alle without exception in the lands and ports soorten van goederen soude aanbrengen, en daar voorgeen thol betalen ten ware deselve vercoght of belonging to his highness, without paying any naar boven vervoert sijn en deselve niet cunde toll other than that was agreed before in the vercoght worde nogh niet genegen, sijnde deselve time of the Bijapur rule, on goods sold or naar boven te vervoeren, die goederen als dan weder in hunne scheepen te laden, en te vervoeren maar transported to Vengurla, and the goods that wel gevallen, sonder daar voor thol, of iets anders te couldn't be agreed upon to be sold. I will also betaalen dit sal ick oock naarcoomen gelijck ten ensure that it is adhered to. eijnde [error for tijde] der visiapourders de manier is geweest. Het vijfde staat gesz[geschreven]: dat de scheepen The fifth point written: That the ships of the van de compagnie in enige havens van sijn company, in any ports of his highness, may also hoogheijt, welcke die oock soude mogen sijn come freely, and can similarly carry with them coomende, en soo deselve enige eetwaren, water en iets anders benoodight sijnde, dat te mogen any eatables, water and anything else that may vervoeren, en behoorde behulpigh te sijn en daar be needed. They will be clearly helped, no niet nieus op te stellen nogh oock geen questions asked- and will also not be prevented verhinderinge te doen directelijck, of indirectelijck, rakende dese materie sal ick de ministers mijne either directly or indirectly. I will order my plaetse ordonneren, en doen naer comen, gelijck ministers about this matter to comply with this, voor dese de manier is geweest. in the same way as has been done formerly. Het sesde punct hebt ue:gesz: dat ue[dele]: dienaars The sixth point you've written is that: of osse drijvers matroosen tot de vaartuijgen, Your servants, oxdrivers, sailors for the pattemaars, of andere volck, die met gelt of gelijk vesseles, couriers or other folk, sent in the lands andere versonden wierde in de landen van sijn of his highness with money or the like will not hoogheijt geen verhinderingh diende te doen, nogh be prevented (from going through), will not be op te houden, nogh geen thol te varderen maar vrij held (by the men of Shivaji), nor will toll be te laten passereren, derwaarts sij gesonden sijn, en collected from them. They will be allowed to hun hulp der noodigh sijnde te bewijsen, dit sal de pass freely where they were sent, and will be heer oock volgens de gewese manier der helped once they prove their need. The lord visiapourder laten doen, sijt verseeckert ue (Shivaji) will also ensure that the same is done voortganck latende neemen gelijck de grooten as during the rule of Bijapur. You can assuredly pandito met der feijtoor Abraham lefeber beslooten go further, and similarly the great pandit has heft, en om an andere Saeken behulpingh te sijn en decided (after discussing with) Abraham 68 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X secours te bewijsen gelijck voordesen gedaan is, en Lefeber to help for other causes as well as this sal geen manqueret (it means ontbreken, in gebreke one, and it (i.e. the promise) shall not be blijven ) sijn nogh eenige molestie of iets buijten broken, and neither would be the Dutch be reden gedaan worden en in wingurla of andere molested or treated unreasonably. And we will plaatsen, en landen sullen wij aan de Hollanders van extend this respect and favor in Vengurla or den company een respect faveur, en hulp bewijsen other places and other provinces to the selt u. hart wegens dese materie gerust en sonder Dutchmen of the company & provide help to twiffelingh. them. You should rest assured without any doubt about this matter. ten andere schrijft ue: dat hun cooper op de wegh The other point written by you is that your hier geweest is gerooft in’t jaer 1672: en dat ik copper on the way here (i.e. Vengurla) was soude gelieve de voldoeningh daarvan te doen, robbed in the year 1672 and that I should make nooijt isser cooper van de Hollanders gebracht op payment for the same. (But) Never have I polpotneijck coopman van wingurla, heb ick received payment (earlier) (maybe toll etc.) for presentie van coophandel van de regeringh en moet the trade of copper of the Dutchmen, that was van hem hebbbe 14-a-16000 pagooden op reecbi: brought to Polpotneijck, the merchant of van die somme hebbe dat cooper van hem Vengurla, and also (never received) the sum of genoomen, en gehouden, polpotneijck is 14 to 16 thousand pagodas from him alongwith jegewoordigh gevlught en is bij ue: soo van het the copper. Nowadays, Popotneijck has fled cooper en dat hij van ue, aangenoomen het gelt niet (from Vengurla) and is presently with you. braecht heeft, doet hem sulcs doen of brenght Therefore bring Polpotneik to me, so that I will polpotneijck in mijn presentie wij sullen hem give him the amount for copper. Because he is satisfactie van het cooper doen geeven, want hij dat connected to this issue and thus this will be verbonden is in deser voegen is geresolveert, en resolved. It is thus decided that you can unload beslooten, en laet sonder mancquiemert ue: goods in that port (i.e. Vengurla) without any coopmanschappen lossen in die haven, laat coopen, problems, can bring goods to the port, buy & en vercoopen, aanbrengen, en vervoeren en doet in sell & transport them, and thus the trade at the breede u: coophandel op dat die plaats: slorere en place will grow and be thus profitable. The kaul proffijt breijght ‘tis een verseckeren brief gesz: den i.e. assurance-letter granted on the 21st day of 21de den maent Zilahez. the month Zilhez. Boven aanstont het chiap van den heer Suasij ragia Above stood the seal of lord Shivaji Raja and en aan de zijde dat van en mhoro pandito sijn on the side that of the Moro Pandit, both printed tweede in swarten int gedrukt. in black ink. 69 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Translation of letter No.1 Dutch text English translation Translaat brief door sijn hoogheijt Suasij Ragia aan Translation of letter written by his highness den Compagnise Rombout lefer gesz: sijnde den 14 Shivaji Raja to the company’s person Rombout Lefer, being received at Vengurla on Julij 1676: in wingurla ontfangen. 14th July 1676. Naar enige eertitulen en complimenten. With honorific titles and compliments. Der brief die in dese daagen gesonden hebt is ter The letter sent recently (by you) was been read goeder uijre gelesen daarin hadt gesz: dat de negotie at good hour. Therein, you had written that the trade of the honorable company at that port van de heerlijk compagnie in die haven zedert enige (i.e. Vengurla) was hindered because of some tijt om enige reden verhindert was en dat ue: reasons, and that recently you had conveyed jegenwoordigh op het versoek van den befaamden your intention in writing to the well-known governor of Vengurla, Mahadaji Shankar. madnasij sancar, gouverneur van wingurla ue: Further, you had asked that one should intentie schriftelijk, hadde op gestelt, en dat men consider and prefer to follow a course of Considereerende geliefde te ordonneren en wijse om action that would allow the trade to freely progress. It is also necessary for me as well den vrijen handel voortganck te laten neemen wijl that the company’s trade in the port prospers. mijn is dat selve noodigh dat de S: compagnie Concerning this matter, the person attending to negotierende de haven comt te floreren, rakende dit this issue, the great Annaji pandit, has dealt den persoon van presentie den grooten pandito, with the factor Abraham Lefeber and resolved it. And now I will send the special kaul in the annasij pandito, cancelier, met den feijtoor Abraham name of the factor (mentioned before), lefeber, handelende, hebben geresolveert, en nu op accepting that decree (of letting the Dutch to uE[dele] schrijven ik dat besluijt accepterende sende further their trade). Thereby, you will understand that the agreement shall not be coul bijsonder in de naam van den feijtoor daar uijt broken from your side, and further we will uE[dele]sult verstaan laat nu volgens het besluijt van also abide by it and will not break it from our uwe zijde geen mancquemert coomen en volgens den side. The lord (Shivaji) thus guarantees (the kaul etc.), and makes known to the company coul naer te coomen sullen wij van onse zijde niet that they should rest assured because the trade gebreecken, zijt dat verseckert, en maekt dat de heer of the Dutchmen wilwill expand and progress. company bekent, en gerust blijvende, maekt dat de I will not write more. negotie der Hollanders in’t breede voortgaet en [ick] ben niet breeder. Aghter den brief stont het Chiap van sijn hoogheijt Behind the letter was the seal of his highness Siuasij ragia, in swarten inck gedruckt. Shivaji Raja, printed in black ink. 70 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Translation of letter No. 2 Dutch text English translation Translaat brief door den heer Annasij Pandito Translation of letter by lord Annaji Pandit, Cancelier van Suasij Ragia aan den C: Se: Rombout Chancellor (i.e. pradhan) of Shivaji Raja to the Lefer gesz: sijnde den 14de Julij heeft ontfangen. company’s merchant, Mr. Rombout Lefer, being received on 14 July. Naar veel complimenten en groote tituls With many compliments and great titles. Een brief door ue: mijn vrunt gesonden, ter goeder A letter that you, my friend, had sent was uijre ontfangende, heeft mij vreughde toegebraght received at good hour and I was pleased to read it. You have written that the trade of the ue, schrijft dat de negotie van de logie in de haven Dutch lodge at the port of Vengurla was van wingurla zedert eenige tijt verhindert was, en impeded since some time, an issue which you welck ue nu op het aandienen van den wingurlasen, brought to the attention of Mahadaji Shankar, the well known governor of Vengurla and the befaamden gouverneur madiasij sancar en den honorable factor Mr. Abraham Lefeber, who eerlicken feijtoor Abraham lefeber ter harten hadt then pursued this matter further. You have genoomen, dat ick waerelijk: aannemen mijn wensch written in this way that, “ My wish is truly the same as what you have spoken with Abraham is desgelijcs ue: hebt met Abraham beslooten en Lefeber and decided. About the bringing of gesproocken, wegens het aanbrengen van cooper, het copper, it is very good, and recently you have is seer goet, en jegenwoordigh hebt ue: articulen om sent the points (of the kaul to us) to agree naer te coomen gesonden en dien voege with, and to be considered for use. After the agreement with Abraham, if a kaul of his considereerende en volgens het besluijt met highness (i.e. Shivaji) would be sent, it would Abraham gedaan coul van sijn hoogheijt sendende be very trustworthy. And our commerce will soude seecker vertrouwd hebbe, en onse help this factory prosper. “ You have also written a letter to his highness, coopmanschapen brengende de feijtoria doen which I have already come across, and and the floreeren op dese manier hebt ue: gesz: en oock hebt letter of you, my friend, has the same points as ue: een brief aan sijn hoogheijt gesonden waer op ick the ones in the dealing with the factor al de woorden hebbe verstaan, en den brief van ue: (Abraham Lefeber) and the decision therafter, mijn vrunt yten de articulen om naer te coomen, als with all of them being conveyed to his hetgeen met den feijtoor van wingurla gehandelt en highness (Shivaji) in the full. The kaul is also beslooten hebbe alles aan sijn hooghijt bekent an answer to the letter (of Dutch) and sent to gemaekt ingevolge van het geen met de feitoor the Dutch factor (erased text, most probably beslooten hebbe als de articulen die ue: gesz: hebt Abraham Lefeber). You should rest assured om op die wijse voortganck te doen neemen, is de about the content herein, and should bring in coul gemaackt ook antwoort op den brief en aan de 71 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X hollantse feijtoor (erased text) gesonden ue: copper and all sorts of other goods freely in hartgerust stellende begrijpende den inhout derselve, the port of Vengurla, thus furthering your doet cooper en alle soorte van coopman sz: gelijck trade. As a consequence of the decision, we voor dese in die haven aanbrengen en doet op die will abide by the terms in the kaul and will not mannier ue: negotie voortgaenck neemen, en doet in break those in the minimum. Hereby you gevolge van het besluijt, wij sullen gelijck de coul is, should rest assured, bring your goods and thus naercoomen sonder in het minste te mancqueren, help prosper your factory. Therein lies the hier op secker vertrouwe en stellende en hun benefit for both of us. About this, I have coopmansz brengende, doet u: feijtooria floreeren, written in detail to the factors, which you daar in sal ue: en onse proffijt sijn wegens materie should comply with in full, i.e. the (terms) het ick vele woorden aan deen feijtoria gesz: die ue: discussed with the factor (Abraham Lefeber) mijn vrunt wel sult verstaan en in gevolge van het & thus decided. We shall also abide by those geen met den feijtoor beslooten hebben sullen wij and will not cause any break in the trade & naarcoomen, en van onse zijde sal in het winst geen profit from our side. I will not write more. gebreck sijn, ick ben niet breede. Aghter stont het chiap van annasij pandito in swaert On the back side was the seal of Annaji inct gedruckt. pandit, printed in black ink. Translation of letter No. 3 Dutch text English translation Translaat briefien door sijn hoogheijt Suasij Ragia Translation of the letter written by his aan den Resident Abraham lefeber gesz: sijnde den highness Shivaji Raja to the resident Abraham 14 julij 1676: in wingurla ontfangen Lefeber, received on 14th July 1676 in Vengurla. Naar gewoonte titul en complimenten. With the usual titles and compliments. Het versoek dat ue: in dese dagen gesonden hebt, is The petition that you had sent in these days ter goeder uijre gelesen, veel hadt ue: gesz:, dat de has been read at the good hour. You had coophandel der Hollanders verhindert was dat wegh written much about the impeded & vanished genoomen, en er vrije negotie sijnde soude alhaer trade of the Dutchmen, and also about how floweren en ue: proffiteren en dat in brede sulcs aan free progress of trade was necessary for den grooten pandito annasij pandito, cancelier hadt prosperity & happiness, & also that the bekent gemaekt oock heft sinjeur rombout lefer gesz: merchants on good terms with you should be 72 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X op’t welck naer consideratie ick dan geliefde permitted to conduct trade in that port (i.e. antwoort te geven, en dat d’ ce: compagnie van ue: Vengurla). Mr. Rombout Lefer conveyed this het geode meningh genegen was, hun handel in die to (my) chancelier, the great Annaji Pandit. haven te drijven wat isser bitr als dat mijn wensch is Considering this, I am giving my answer. het selve, en dat negotie van de heeren companie in’t (My answer) My wish is the same (as what brede voorgaet, en die haer sloreert sinjeur rombout you've written), and that the trade of the lefer, tot wingurla coomende, heft sijn intentie company should expand, and thereby prosper. schriftelijk gesonden, het welcke, en het geen den Mr. Rombout Lefer, coming to Vengurla, has grooten pandito met ue: handelende heeft beslooten conveyed his intention in writing, which has is bekent geworden dat ick aanneeme, en soude been acted upon by the great pandit and antwoort aan die sinjeur en caul in de naam van de conveyed to you that I will act on this and hollantse feijtoor, geloven ue: dat soo ue: naer comt grant the kaul in the name of the Dutch factor. met het geen met d’ pandito beslooten heft, dat wij We trust you to abide by the terms which the van onse zijde in geen gebrecken sullen blijve, om pandit has decided, and we shall also not break den caul naer te coomen, ue, sigh gerust staende, those from our side & abide by the kaul. You doet ue: coophandel in’t breede. rest assured and expand your trade. Aghter stont het chiap van sijn hoogheijt siuasij ragia On the backside was the seal of his highness in swarte inct gedruckt. Shivaji Raja, printed in black ink. Translation of letter No.4 Dutch text English translation Translaat briefien door den heer Cancelier annasij Translation of letter sent by honorable pandito aan den Resident Abraham lefeber gesz: chancelier Annaji pandit to the resident zijnde den 14 Julij 1676: in wingurla ontfangen. Abraham Lefeber, being received on 14th July 1676 in Vengurla. Naar eertitulen en complimenten. With honorofic titles and compliments. De brieven die ue: mijn vrunt nu twee reijse The letters that you, my friend, have sent me gesonden hebt, hebbe ter goeder uijre ontfangen, en on two occasions have been received at the daarmede vreughd becoomen, en veele woorden met right hour and I was pleased to read them. You enigheijt gesz: hebbe in’t breede verstaan wij have written in considerable detail, which we begeeren ‘t selve, ue: feijtoria is in wingurla sonder will begin to consider. Your factory in 73 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X handel daer door geen van beijde proffijt geniet, Vengurla is without any trade as of now, daerom ick ue: mijn vrunt op veele maniere therefore both of us are not benefitting from it. vertroostride, hel een besluijt genoomen en gelijck Thus deprived (from profit etc.), you made a ue: geseijt hebt met sult coopmansz in die haven te decision and thus shall thereby bring goods in sullen aanbrengen soo doet u handel in’t breede the port of Vengurla so that your trade shall voortgaan wij sullen in’t minste in geen gebreecke expand. We will not in the least break the blijven en onse coul naar te coomen stelt u gerust, treaty and abide by our kaul. You rest assured, ue” hebt sijn brief die van den sinjeur commissaris, as you have the letter of Mr. commissioner en de articulen om door sijn hoogheijt te worden (i.e. Rombout Lefer), and the points that were gealprobeert het welcke en het geen, met ue: presented by his highness (i.e. Shivaji), and beslooten aan sijn hoogheijt hebbe bekent gemaekt, discussed with you, which you also conveyed en om die puncte en het geen ue: gesz, hebt naer te to us. I have taken the kaul of his highness (i.e. coomen, hebt ick een coul van sijn hoogheijt Shivaji) in the name of the Dutch factor and genoomen in de naam van den hollantsen feijtoor en (also) as answer to the letter of Mr. die als antwoort op de brieven van den sinjeur: commissioner, which I have sent to you. You commissaris en ue: gesonden, die wel verstaande en shall understand it, and thus rest assured. Let ue: hart gerust stellende, doet ue: feitoria, en die your factory in the port prosper. The letters to haven floreren doet de brieven aan den sinjeur: the commissioner be obeyed and the kaul to commissaris bestellen en daer/doet hem de coul wel him be understood, so that it’s clear that you verstaan, soo het behoort en sonder eenige schrupel should rest assured without any doubt or fear. of vreese van iets blijft gerust en doet gelijk: door Similarly, following the decision (i.e. of kaul deese met lust cooper en andere soorte van etc.), you should freely bring copper and other coopmanen aanbrengen en doet in gevolge van het sorts of goods (to the port). We will abide by besluijt, wij sullen onse coul naer coomen, doen wij our kaul, will meet in Vengurla (once more?) in wingurla den andere ontmoeten, en wat wij and what we discussed and thereafter decided, gehandelt en beslooten hebben sullen wij naer and shall be followed by us. You should also coomen op die wijse doet ue: naer sijn belofte en abide by the same, and let the trade at doet die haven door ue: handel floreeren en profijt Vengurla prosper and also share the profit geeven, ick niet breeder. thereof. I shall not write more. Aghter stont het chiap van annasij pandito in swarte On the backside stood the seal of Annaji inct gedruckt. pandit, printed in black ink. 74 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Translation of letter No.5 Dutch text English translation Translaat brief door sijn hoogheijt Suasij Ragia in’t Translation of the letter sent by his highness Secrat aan den Resident Abraham lefeber gesz: Shivaji Raja to the resident Abraham Lefeber sijnde den 14de Julij 1676: in wingurla ontfangen. in secret, being received on 14 July 1676 at Vengurla. Naar Titul en complimenten With titles and compliments. In dese dagen heft den person van provintie den In these days, the great Annaji pandit, the grooten annasij pandito, mij bekent gemaackt hoe person of the province (where Vengurla is), dat de hollanders in wingurla hun cooper en andere made known to me, how the Dutchmen in soorte van coompansz: loste, en verkoghte tegen den Vengurla brought their goods (in Vengurla) prijs van souratta, en dat hun handel eerst met de and sold against the prices prevailing at Surat. cooplieden cassiba en santuba en daar nae met (He also told me) That their trade was at first polpotneijck hadden gedreven en dat sijn hoogheijt handled by the merchants Kashiba and daer nae timasineijck hadt gesonden, om die handel Santuba and therafter by Polpotnaik. After voor reecq. Van sijn hoogheijt te doen daer door that, his highness had sent Timaji Naik to verhinderingh was ontslaan, en het lossen en de conduct trade as per the requirements of his negotie in die haven gestaerkt, en dat hij de intentie highness. This was hindered and the bringing der Hollanders geconsidereert hebbende met of goods as well as trade in that port Abraham hadt beslooten dat men tot den handel der (Vengurla) was hampered. Hollanders om te dienen tot een deckmantel en laten Annaji pandit has considered the intention of dan der handel der Hollanders tegen der souratse the Dutch and decided with Abraham Lefeber prijs voor reecq van sijn hoogheijt doen, geevde de that the trade of the Dutch continue as a Hollanders hunne waere prijs en de daer van cover(?) and against the prices at Surat for his coomende winst voor sijn hoogheijt en daar van’s highness. The profit out of it be given to his jaarlijcx 1000: pagoden wegens de regeringh aan highness and 1000 pagodas be given to Abraham geeven, hiermede soude de Hollanders in Abraham Lefeber yearly. Hereby the Dutch het publijck te vrede sijn en onder den duijm soude should be at peace in public, and under the den coophandel voor sijn hoogheijt gedreeven rule of his highness (Shivaji) conduct their worden, en de saeken der Hollanders vrij gelijk voor trade. The business of the Dutch shall dese voortgaan en proffiteren en dat hij van die similarly proceed freely and prosper. The manier gehandelt hadt, hier op considereerende de: decision taken by Annaji pandit would be 75 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X besluijt, in’t breede, hebbe het geacceptert en tussen accepted by us and we expect the same from de Hollanders, en ons, stele ue” doet ue: volgens het you. We shall give you 1000 pagodas yearly. besluijt van den grooten pandito, dien volgens sullen You shall never break this (contract), and rest wij van onse sijde mede naer coomen, en uijt de assured that it will not be broken by us as well. winst der regeringh sullen wij ue: ‘s jaarlijcx 1000: What more shall I write in this letter? pagoden tibekijs 20 geeven, dat sal noijt gebreecken stelt u: hart gerust en doet de saecken van beijde zijde voortgaan wat sal ick meer schrijven dit in het schreft. Aghter stont het chiap van sijn hoogheijt suasij On the backside stood the seal of his highness Ragia. Shivaji Raja. Translation of letter No.6 Dutch text English translation Translaat briefien door den heer Cancelier Annasij Translation of letter by lord chancellor Annaji pandito pandito aanden Resident Abraham lefeber Pandit to the resident Abraham Lefeber, sent uit secreert gesz: sijnde den 14 de julij in wingurla in secret and received on 14th July (1676) at ontfangen. Vengurla. Naar titul en complimenten With titles and compliments. Een brief die ue: mijn vrunt gesonden hebt, is ter A letter that your excellency, my friend, had goeder uijre ontfangen en heft mij vreughde sent was received at the good hour and I was toegebracht en den brief aan sijn hoogheijt gesz: happy to read it. And the letter to his highness hebbe verthoont, en bekent maakende het geen met (i.e. Shivaji) by you was shown to me. I have ue” gedaan hebben heb ick generalijck een coul in de taken a general kaul in the name of the Dutch naam van den hollantsen feijtoor genoomen en een factors and also sent a special answer to you besonder antwoort gesonden, heft u: hart maar (as requested). So you rest assured, and relieve gerust, en vertroost den commissaris, doet in die the commissioner (from the task?). As I have haven handelt duijsent pagooden aan coopmansz: made known to his highness also, you will brengen van de andere saek, die ick ue: belooft bring the thousand pagodas for the goods hebbe oock aan sijn hoogheijt bekent maekende om brought to the port and for other causes as naer te coomen in gevolge gaet een brief besonder well. A special letter for that has been sent to aan ue: daar uijt ue: het sult verstaan stelt u” maer you, and let it be understood that the trade gerust en ue” tusschen de Hollanders en ons between us be handled through a merchant 76 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X blijvende laet veel goederen vanwaardije in die designated by you. Through him, the haven aan brengen wij considereerende sullen in het Hollanders shall satisfy the requirements of publijck een coopman stellen seggende een coopman his highness and sell goods against the price at uijt de haven te sijn behoort ue” met hem te handelen Surat. The price of copper and others will be en onder den duijm de coophandel den Hollanders given in cash to the Hollanders, who in turn voor sijn reecq: van sijn hoogheijt te laten gaan tegen shall give (a part of) their profit and also 1000 de souratse prijs, het cooper en anderen sorteringh pagodas yearly to you. So have I ordered geveende den Hollanders de nacke prijs de winst sal which you should trust & accordingly bring voor sijn hoogheijt sijn en daer uijt jaerlijcx aan ue: the goods in the Dutch company’s lodge. Thus geveen 1000:pagoden, soo hebbe belooft, welcke you should continue your trade. About the worden ue: seckerlijck geloove, en vertrouwende, en profit of the trade, there is another letter of his op die manier als beslooten is doende de coopmansz highness (Shivaji), which you should never der Hollanders in de logie lossen en den handel in’t make public. Rest assured, (and) I shall not breede de voortgaen op dat (erased word) proffijte (say) further. comen raekende dit is nogh een andere brief van sijn hoogheijt bewaert die wel in’t secreet sonder die ooijt te publiceeren, blijft vertroost ick ben biet breder. Achter stont het chiap van annasij pandito en On the backside was the seal of Annaji Pandit, swarten jnct gedrukt. printed in black ink. Some important points to be considered Date of the kaul and the letters The date of the kaul is given as “21st day of the month Zilhez” While the year is given 1076. Given that it was in 1676 CE, the reckoning is obviously Suhur. The Fasli year is thus 1086. This date thus translates to Saturday, 26 February, 1676 CE 21 . There are no dates mentioned in any of the letters, but one can estimate the time frame within which those must have been written. Letter no. 1 till 4 are basically the answers to the ones sent by Abraham Lefeber & Rombout Lefer to Shivaji, Annaji Pandit & Sambhaji. The later were sent in before 19 January 1676, as is evident from the related OBP (Overgekomen Brieven en Papieren) correspondence 22 . The kaul was then drafted on 26 February. Letter no. 1 till 4 contain phrases like “I will send you the kaul”, “I have granted the kaul”, etc. Hence they must have been written after 26 February 1676. Also, the kaul as well as letters 1 till 4 don’t have any mention of the stipulation of 77 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X “yearly 1000 pagodas”. This stipulation was decided in the meeting of Annaji Pandit & Abraham Lefeber on 31st March 1676 23 . Hence letter no. 1 to 4 must have been written before 31 March 1676. The relative chronology of them seems hard to estimate though. In letter no. 4, Annaji Pandit mentions the “letters sent by you (Abraham Lefeber) on two occasions”. Hence it must be the last of the four. Also, in the accompanying OBP correspondence, it is mentioned that “Rombout Lefer didn’t achieve much by the replies to his letters, sent to Shivaji and Annaji Pandit”. Since letter no. 1 & 2 are the ones addressed to Rombout Lefer, it is evident that letter no. 1 & 2 predate letter no. 3 & 4. Coupled with the fact that letter no. 4 is the last, the relative ordering of the letters seems to be exactly the same as the order in which they appear in the original manuscript. Letter no. 5 & 6 contain the provision of “yearly 1000 pagodas”, which was arrived at a meeting on 31st March, 1676 as was seen above. Hence these must have been written after 31st March 1676. Further, the OBP correspondence mentions that “Shivaji sent a reply, in which he supported the pandit’s decision 24 ”. Out of the six letters above, the only letters which contains such a statement is letter no. 5. Therefore, letters 5 & 6 must have been written before 29th April 1676. (Vide footnote 22). Further, letter no. 6 mentions that “a special letter has been sent about the 1000 pagodas”. It is obvious that it is referring to letter no.5. Hence letter 5 predates letter 6. Hence the order in which the letters appear in the manuscript is same as their temporal order. This is summarized in the following table. Document Date Kaul 26 February 1676 Letter no.1 26 February 1676-31 March 1676. Letter no.2 -Ditto- (after letter 1) Letter no.3 -Ditto-(after letter 2) Letter no.4 -Ditto-(after letter 3) Letter no.5 31 March 1676-29 April 1676 Letter no.6 -Ditto-(after letter 5) 78 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Language of the documents All the letters contain Dutch translations of some stock Marathi phrases that are found in many Maratha-era documents, which are summarized below. Dutch expression used Corresponding Marathi phrase Typical place of usage in the with meaning in English Marathi letters Ick niet breeder लेखनसीमा (The limit of writing, i.e. End ( used in the same place the writing stops here) in the current letters) Wat sal ick meer schriften बहुत काय िल हण (What more shall I End ( used in the same place write) in the current letters) Een brief die ue.. gesonden hebt तु ह ं प पाठ वल ते पावल (received the Beginning ( used in the same ter goeder uijre ontfangen letter you sent) place in the current letters) heft mij vreughde toegebracht संतोष जाहला (was pleased), used Beginning ( used in the same together with the above one place in the current letters) Hence the language of the letters must be Marathi. Same can be said about the kaul, despite the absence of such phrases therein because quite a few Marathi kauls of Shivaji are extant 25 . Aspects of Shivaji’s administrative system From the letters, kaul and the accompanying OBP correspondence, some interesting facets of Shivaji’s administrative system can be gleaned. When the Dutch at Vengurla decided to meet with Shivaji’s officials, they first met with Mahadaji Shankar, the hawaldar at Vengurla, and after discussing with him, drafted their demands, which they forwarded to Annaji pandit (better known as Annaji Datto), who was the minister of land revenue aka Surnis . The first application was made by Rombout Lefer, who was a senior merchant at Vengurla. Thereafter, Abraham Lefeber, who was the head of the factory at vengurla, also made the same application, because the earlier ones didn’t have the desired effect. The applications were made to Annaji Pandit, Shivaji and to his elder son Sambhaji as well 26 . Sambhaji was only 18 years old at that time, being born in 1658. It shows how Shivaji was grooming his son for future responsibilities at such a young age. Between Mahadaji Shankar and Annaji Pandit stood one Balazi Suro (called “great-governor” in the accompanying correspondence) in the administrative hierarchy. The Dutch seem to have bypassed him completely in the negotiations as opposed to the Porto Novo affair 27 , where they had to secure the permission of all 3 levels of administration, from “Sannosie & Nattesi” at the lowest level (i.e. Porto Novo hawaldars) to Raghunath Pandit, the subhedar of Adilshahi Karnataka, appointed by Shivaji. The reason behind this may be that in Porto Novo, they had to start from scratch; hence support from every level of administration was necessary, whereas in the case of Vengurla, it was 79 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X only a matter of re-drafting an earlier contract and there were no apparent security concerns. It is also worth mentioning that Shivaji, who was otherwise very cautious about the security of his realm, did not order the demolition of the protective walls around the Vengurla lodge of VOC 28 . This again contrasts with Raghunath Pandit’s orders not to erect fortifications around the Dutch factory at Porto Novo. This difference in treatment of Dutch settlements on the two coasts by Shivaji’s two officials, viz. Annaji Datto & Raghunath Pandit warrants further analysis. Attempted Fitna & Lefeber's loyalty As described above (vide endnote 13), Annaji Pandit had offered Abraham Lefeber a yerly payment of 1000 pagodas. This unexpectedly generous offer was no doubt so that Lefeber consider Shivaji's profit besides that of VOC. This was a clever attempt by Shivaji to buy the loyalty of Lefeber, which would have given him an insider's access to the machinations of VOC- a huge asset for an ambitious King like him. This attempt didn't succeed, and Lefeber is quick to mention to his superiors that "He won't be a rascal for 4000 or even 10000 pagodas a year". He wanted to underscore his honesty to his superiors at Batavia, perhaps in the hope of reward. This whole episode is very interesting and unique because it is one of the rare known cases where one finds the explicit mention of an offer from Shivaji. Borrowing Andre Wink's terminology, one can call this an "attempted Fitna 29 ". Copper diplomacy The Dutch had requested compensation for the copper that had been captured in Shivaji’s dominions in 1672 30 . Now, the middleman for the Dutch at that time was one Polpotnaik 31 , a merchant-cum-smalltime-ruler, living nearby Vengurla. In 1673, both Shivaji and Portuguese had seized his ships due to some dispute, after which he sought asylum with the Dutch 32 . Shivaji retorted in the kaul that, because of Polpotnaik, he hadn’t received the tax etc. for copper & other trade worth 14000-16000 pagodas and as a result, the Dutch should hand him over to Shivaji. It seems that the Dutch were unwilling to hand him over, because of which their asking for compensation was thus a moot point. Further, Shivaji was in such a great need of copper that he wanted to be the only customer of it at the port of Vengurla, which the Dutch were reluctant to agree with, because of the payment issues. They had seen the English struggle with getting the payment of copper 33 , and were hence wary. His ‘great-governor’ Balazi Suro promised the Dutch advance cash payment for it, and also wanted around 4000-5000 ‘kissiens’ of copper 33a . Such urgency and huge quantity point out to the most likely use- coinage. After coronation, Shivaji struck copper, gold and silver coins. The copper one was called Shivarai and was the most common. 80 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Interestingly, the copper is often referred to as “Japanese stuff” in the accompanying correspondence 34 . The reason is that VOC used to buy a lot of copper from Japan in 17th century and sell it across Asia. Around 1675-76, the total export of copper outside of Japan was around 3 million Dutch pounds. This copper was brought from the island of Dejima, located in the southernmost Japanese province of Nagasaki. After 1641, this was the only place where the Dutch were allowed to trade by Japanese authority 35 . Security & prosperity As seen in the “political situation” section, the years 1675-76 were marked by constant warfare between many rulers. As a result, trade was virtually at a standstill. Hence, settling the disputes with Dutch was necessary, in view of the tax income from Vengurla and also for obtaining the requisite raw materials. One reason behind his haste in obtaining copper might be his impending Karnataka campaign, for which he departed from Maharashtra on 6th October 1676 36 . Because he needed to leave his dominions for quite a while (Shivaji was away from his homeland for 1 year during the campaign), it was imperative for him to secure as much peace at home as possible. Conclusion The Vengurla corpus of letters and the accompanying correspondence are very unique and important sources for Shivaji’s life. Since the Dutch East India Company was a primarily commercial enterprise, their relations with Shivaji reflected this. Shivaji’s dealings with the Dutch generated sources that reveal his fiscal policies towards trade in considerable detail. This paper is the first of many such upcoming ones that will discuss incidents where the Dutch & Marathas had to discuss & negotiate hard with each other. This in turn will enhance the understanding of both VOC and Marathas under Shivaji. Acknowledgements For this paper, I am completely indebted to Lennart Bes, Prof. Gijs Kruijtzer & my teacher Mehendale Sir & my friend Nikhil Sheth. While in Netherlands, Prof. Bes gave me invaluable suggestions for locating the relevant documents within the vast ocean that is VOC archives; Prof. Kruijtzer very kindly corrected my transliteration & translation mistakes, and also provided ample guidance in almost every topic relating to VOC, while tolerating my rambling talk more than once at his place. I can’t thank both Dutchmen enough for their all-round help. Mehendale Sir has always been bedrock of support & guidance ever since we first met around a decade ago & the detailed, constructive comments of Mr. Sheth have always proved to be immensely instructive and useful. 81 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X References and Notes 1. The Dutch records discovered till date concerning Maratha History contain no such letters. The situation is aptly summed up by G B Mehendale, who, in Shri Raja Shivachhatrapati, vol.1, P. 21, footnote 94, remarks: “Shivaji and his officials must have corresponded with the Dutch, but no such letter has been known till date”. 2. VOC 1321, P. 959 verso. 3. VOC 1321, P. 967 recto. 4. VOC 1321, P. 971 recto. 5. VOC 1321, P. 963 verso. 6. English records on Shivaji, volume 2, letter No. 159. 7. VOC 1321, N. 966 verso. 8. Corpus Diplomaticum Neerlando Indicum, vol. 1, P. 294-97. 9. Corpus Diplomaticum Neerlando Indicum, vol. 1, P. 358-60. 10. VOC 1321, P. 960 recto, vide the letter sent on 19 January 1676 from Vengurla. 11. VOC 1321, P. 958 recto, vide the letter sent on 19 January 1676 from Vengurla. 12. VOC 1321, P. 974 recto, vide the letter sent by Shivaji to VOC, received on 14 July 1676 at Vengurla 13. VOC 1321, P. 971 recto, vide the letter sent on 9 September 1676 from Vengurla. 14. Ibid. 15. In most of the European correspondence about Shivaji, his Brahmin officials are often the target of criticism because the European traders mostly interacted with civil officials, most of who happened to be Brahmins. 16. VOC 1321, P. 972 recto. 16a. I haven't been able to determine the exact amount of weight denoted by "kissiens". It is a diminutive of the word "kist", meaning case, casket, etc. 17. VOC 1321, P. 972 recto. 18. Heren XVII refers to the 17 directors of the VOC, who were selected from the various “Chambers” as mentioned above. They were the supreme authority of VOC. 19. M.A.P. Meilink-Roelofsz, “De archiven van VOC”, sdu uitgeverij, ‘s Gravenhage 1992. 20. Spelling variant of “pagoda tibbekis”, the pagoda used at Vengurla. VOC Glossarium, P. 84. 21. Swami Kannu Pillai, An Indian Ephemeris. Vol. VI, P. 154. 22. VOC 1321, P. 958 verso, vide the report sent on 19th January, 1676. 23. VOC 1321, P. 971 recto, vide the report sent on 29th April, 1676. 82 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X 24. Ibid. 25. Kulkarni, Shiva Chhatrapatinchi patre, Vol. 1 & 2. 26. VOC 1321, P. 960 recto, vide the letter sent on 19th January 1676. 27. Bellarykar, “Dutch-Maratha relations & Porto Novo affair, 1678-80”, BISM quarterly for 2015-16, P. 57-71. 28. http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1700_1799/malabar/vengurla/ven gurla.html 29. Unrest or rebellion, from Arabic Fitnah. Cf Wink, Land & sovereignty in India. This interpretation was suggested to me by Dr. Gijs Kruijtzer in an email. 30. VOC 1321, P. 974 recto. 31. Polpotnaik is obviously a corruption of a local name. I am not able to imagine what his original name was. 32. Batavia Dagh register, 1676, P. 299-301. 33. English records on Shivaji, Vol. 1, letters in 1672-73. 33a. Refer to note 16a. 34. VOC 1321, P. 972 verso. 35. Ryuto Shimada, The intra-Asian trade in Japanese copper by the Dutch East India Companyduring the 18th century, P. 11-13. 36. G B Mehendale, Shivaji His life and times, P. 515. 83 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X lqJqr dkyhu lekt % ,d voyksdu M‚M‚M‚-M‚ --- çhrh oekZoekZoekZ 'kks/k Nk=k ¼ih-Mh-,Q-½ laiw.kkZuan laL—r fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh] m-ç- lqJqr lafgrk izkphu Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk dh vizfre HksaV gSA dqN fo}kuksa dk ekuuk gS fd lqJqr us ^”kY; fpfdRlk* ¼vkijs”ku½ dk izkjaHk fd;k ijUrq ;g fopkj ,dkaxh lk izrhr gksrk gS D;ksafd “kY; fpfdRlk ds fofHkUu lksikuksa dk ;gk¡ tks Øec) o.kZu feyrk gS og ,dk,d mn~Hkwr u gksdj ,d lrr~ izfØ;k] ,d Øec) fodkl iz.kkyh dk ifj.kke gSA oSls /kuoarjh] vf”ouh dqekj] lq’ks.k ds vfrfjDr vkS’k/ksuo] oSrj.k] vkSjHr] ikS’dykor djoh;s] xksiqj jf{kr] xkX;Z] xkyo vkfn oS|ksa dk uke osn lafgrkvksa esa feyrk gSA ogha ^thod* dk o.kZu gesa egktuin dky esa feyrk gSA lqJqr dks /kuoarjh dk f”k’; ekuk x;k gSA lqJqr fu”p; gh ikf.kuh ls izkphu gSA D;ksafd v’Vk/;k;h esa ^^lkSJqrikfFkZok%** “kCn dk mYys[k gS tks lqJqr rFkk mudh f”k’; ijaijk dh vksj bafxr djrk gSA lqJqr dk mYys[k ckS) vkpk;Z ukxktqZu us Hkh fd;k gS tks fd budh vfr izkphurk dk |ksrd gSA vr% lqJqr fu”p; gh ikf.kuh] iratfy] pjd o ukxkZtqu ls izkphu gSA lqJqr fu”p; gh cq) ls Hkh izkphu Fks D;ksafd ckS) xzUFk egkoXx esa HkS’kT; LdU/k esa fofHkUu jksxksa o muds mipkj dk foLr`r fooj.k feyrk gSA lkFk gh “kkY; deZ ;k “kY; fpfdRlk dk Hkh o.kZu egkoXx esa feyrk gSA egkoXx ds vuqlkj cq) us fHk{kqvksa dks “kkL= deZ dh vuqefr nh Fkh QksM+k bR;kfn dh “kY; fpfdRlk dh tk ldrh gSA fdUrq cq) us xqIrkaxksa ds nks vaxqy ds vklikl “kkY; deZ dks fuf’k) crk;k D;ksafd bu LFkyksa ds vklikl dk peZ eqyk;e gksrk gSA ,- ,l- vYrsdj ¼izkphu Hkkjrh; f”k{k.k i)fr½ ds vuqlkj fpfdRld cuus gsrq yxHkx 8 o’kZ rd f”k{kk ysuh iM+rh FkhA D;ksafd fpfdRlk foKku bruk c`gn Fkk fd ,d yEch vof/k esa gh bldk Kku gks ldrk FkkA lkFk gh pjd ds ,d fopkj dks ;gk¡ O;Dr djukk vko”;d gSA dksbZ Hkh fpfdRld lHkh vaxksa dh fpfdRlk esa leFkZ ugha gks ldrk gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd izkphu dky esa Hkh esfMdy dkWyst gqvk djrs FksA r{kf”kyk esa nh tkus okyh fpfdRlk foKku dh f”k{kk rRdkyhu lekt esa yksdfiz; FkhA egktuin dky esa ex/k esa jktoS| thod us r{kf”kyk ls gh f”k{kk yh Fkh rFkk ex/kjkt fcEclkj ds iq= vHk; us Hkh r{kf”kyk esa gh fpfdRlk foKku dh f”k{kk xzg.k dh FkhA ckn esa og izfl) oS|kpk;Z cu x;k Fkk mldk fpfdRlk “kqYd 1600 dk’kkiZ.k Fkk ¼dk”;i txnh”k] 1937% 727½A ckn ds dky esa bfRlax us dgk fd ckS) f”k{kk esa fpfdRlk Hkh ,d vko”;d vax Fkh ¼bfRlax]rkdkdl] 1896% 169½A lqJqr dks ^”kY; fpfdRlk* dk tud ekuk tkrk gS] fu”p; gh mUgksaus vius le; ls iwoZ dh tkus okyh “kY; fpfdRlk dks ,d uohu vk;ke] ,d u;k dysoj fn;kA lqJqr vius ;qx ls vkxs ds O;fDr Fks 84 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X D;ksafd ;fn ge lqJqr lafgrk dk v/;;u djsa rks ik;saxs fd Nk=ksa ds p;u esa mUgksaus czkã.k] {kf=;] oS”; ds vfrfjDr lnkpkjh “kqnzksa dks Hkh LFkku fn;k ¼”kkL=h] 1905% 13&14½ tks rRdkyhu lkekftd O;oLFkk dks ns[krs gq, ,d Økafrdkjh dne FkkA mUgksaus yxHkx 2000 o’kZ iwoZ gh ,d fpfdRld ds fy;s uSfrd vknZ”k fu/kkZfjr dj fn;s Fks fd ,d fpfdfRld dks czkã.k] xq#] nfjnz] fe=] lU;klh] vukFk] “kj.kkxr dh fpfdRlk vius ckU/koksa dh rjg djuh pkfg, vFkkZr~ tks fpfdRldh; [kpZ ugha Hkh mBk ldrs gSa mudh Hkh fpfdRlk djuk vko”;d gSA ogha mUgksaus Hkz’V o ikih dh fpfdRlk djus ij fu’ks/k crk;kA orZeku esa Hkh bUgha fpfdRldh; vkn”kZ dh vko”;drk vuqHko dh tk jgh gSA tgk¡ fpfdRlk dks O;kikj esa iz.khr dj fn;k x;k gSA lqJqr dk dky if.kuh ls iwoZ ekuk x;k gS vkSj ikf.kuh dk dky lqizfl) oklqnso “kj.k vxzoky us 500 bZ0 iw0 ds yxHkx ekuk gSA vr% lqJqr dk dky ikf.kuh ls iwoZ 600 bZ0 iw0 rd j[kk tk ldrk gSA vr% lqJqr egktuin dky ls dqN iwoZ gq, gksaxsA lqJqr us ^^vUuiku fof/k** uked v/;k; esa fofHkUu izdkj /kkU;ks] Qyksa] “kkd bR;kfn dk o.kZu gS tks lqJqr dkyhu vfr fodflr d`f’k dh vksj bafxr djrk gSA ogha ^;U= fof/k* uked v/;k; esa “kY; fpfdRlk ds ;a=ksa dks ykSg fufeZr crk;k x;kA ^^rkfu izk;’kks ykSgkfu HkofUr rRizfr:idkf.k ok rnYkkHks**rnYkkHks**A lqJqr ds vuqlkj “kY; fpfdRlk esa iz;qDr midj.k ykSg ¼oqRt LVhy½ ls fufeZr gSA ykSg u feyus ij midj.k fuekZ.k esa lksus pk¡nh rk¡ck vkfn /kkrq dk iz;ksx gks ldrk gSA lkFk gh gkFkh nk¡r J`ax dk’B dk Hkh iz;ksx vkin~ dky esa gks ldrk gSA vFkkZr~ lqJqr ykSg /kkrq ls ifjfpr FksA vk/kkj % lqJqr lafgrk lqJqr us 100 izdkj ds “kY; ;U=ksa ;k midj.kkas dk o.kZu fd;k gSA lqJqr lafgrk ds vuqlkj “kY; fpfdRlk dks ;a= “kq) rh{.kk;d oksRl LVhy ls cuokus pkfg,] og Lo;a vius fujh{k.k esa ;ksX; ykSgdkj ls 85 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X ;s midj.k cuokus pkfg,A vr% fpfdRld dks /kkrqdeZ dk Hkh Hkyh&Hkk¡fr Kku gksuk pkfg,A bu “kL=ksa dh /kkj le;≤ ij rst djus ds fy;s bUgsa xje dj Øe”k% {kkj] ty vkSj rSy esa Mqckus dk Hkh o.kZu lqJqr us fd;k gSA ;gk¡ ^^ik;uk** “kCn dk o.kZu gqvk gS ^^rs’kka ik;uk f=fo/kk {kkjksnd rSys’kq**rSys’kq**A ik;uk “kCn VsEifjax ds fy;s iz;qDr gksrk gS ¼”kkL=h] 1905% 38&39½A lkFk gh lqJqr us ykSg midj.k ¼”kY; ;U=½ dh /kkjk laLFkkiuk dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k gSA “kL=ksa dks [kqjnqjh f”kyk ij f?kldj rst fd;k tkrk Fkk fQj lsey ds o`{k ds VqdM+s ij “kL= dks nks&rhu ckj f?kl ysaA ftl izdkj ls ukbZ vktdy mLrjs dks peZiê ij nks&rhu ckj fQjk ysrs gSaA lqJqr us ^;ksX;klw=e~ esa “kL=deZ ds vH;kl gsrq fofHkUu izdkj ds oLrqvksa ¼inkFkksZa½ dk o.kZu fd;k gS ;Fkk& iq’iQy ¼dksgM+k½] vykcw ¼ykSdh½] dkfyUnd ¼rjcwt½] =iql ¼[khjk½] ,okZ: ¼ddM+h½ vkfn dk o.kZu fd;k gS ¼”kkL=h] 1905% 40&41½A ^iqLr* (Dummy) ds phj&QkM+ }kjk Hkh lqJqr vius f”k’;ksa dks “kL=deZ dk vH;kl djkrs Fks D;ksafd euq bR;kfn _f’k;ksa us “ko Li”kZ dks fuf’k) ekuk gS vkSj euq us “ko dks Nwus ds i”pkr~ Luku dk izko/kku Hkh crk;k gSA vr% e`r “ko ds LFkku ij (Dummy) ;k iqLr dk iz;ksx “kkL=deZ ds fy, djus dk o.kZu fpfdRldh; xzUFk esa gS afdUrq fu”p; gh “ko dh phj&QkM+ }kjk gh Nk= ekuo “kjhj dh lgh lajpuk ls voxr gks ldrs FksA vr% lqJqr vkSj vU; f”k{kd oS| bl fof/k dk Hkh iz;ksx vo”; gh djrs jgs gksaxsA vFkZ”kkL= ds pkSFks vf/kdj.k ds vk”kqe`rd ifj{kk v/;k; esa fo’k }kjk ekj fn;s x;s e`rd ds ân; ds ,d va”k dks dkVdj vkx esa tyk;s tkus dk o.kZu gSA ;fn ekal ds tyus ij mlesa ls fpV&fpV dh vkokt vk;s rks le> tkuk pkfg, fd ml lafnX/k e`rd dh e`R;q fo’k ls gqbZ gS ¼xSjksyk] 2006%362½A vo”; gh iksLVekVZe ;k vk”kqe`rd ds “kjhj dk ijh{k.k djus okys vf/kdkjh dks ekuo “kjhj dk phj&QkM+ djus rFkk fofHkUu vaxra= dh igpku vkfn ls ifjfpr djk;k x;k gksxkA vr% fu”p; gh izkphu dky esa e`rd “kjhj dk phj&QkM+ fd;k tkrk Fkk rFkk lqJqr o muds f”k’; ykokfjl “koksa ij “kL=deZ dk vH;kl djrs gksaxsA ^^”kY; fpfdRlk** ¼vkijs”ku½ dk izkjEHk ;q) esa ?kk;y lSfudksa dh lqJq’kk ls gqvk gksxkA izkphu dky esa fo”ks’k :i ls /kkrq rduhdh fodkl ds lkFk gh vfLFk Ja`x rkez rFkk ykSg fufeZr ck.kkxz dk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA bu ck.kksa ls j{kk gsrq dop dk Hkh iz;ksx gksrk Fkk fdUrq ykSg fufeZr rh{.k ck.k] Hkkys o gkjiwu fuf”pr gh bu peZ fufeZr dopksa dks Hksndj ;ks)kvksa dks Nyuh djrs jgs gksaxsA vkSj bUgsa fudkyus dh vfHkfØ;k ds nkSjku gh “kY; fpfdRlk dk izkjaHk gqvk lkFk gh mŸkjksŸkj fodkl Hkh gqvk ¼”kkL=h] 1905% 139½A lkFk gh ihM+k mRiUu djus okys dkjd ¼okr] fiŸk o dQ½ ^^”kY;** dgykrs gSaA tgk¡ gesa ,d vksj gesa lqJqr lafgrk ls rRdkyhu fpfdRlk iz.kkyh dk Kku gksrk gS ogha rRdkyhu ;q) esa iz;qDr fofHkUu izdkj o vkd`fr ds ck.kksa dk Hkh Kku gksrk gSA ;Fkk&lqJqr us fofHkUu o`{kksa ds iŸkksa o 86 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X iq’iksa] fofHkUu i”kq&if{k;ksa ds eq[k dh vkd`fr;ksa okys ck.kksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA dqN ck.kksa ds eq[k ihiy ds iRrksa] dqN ck.kksa ds eq[kkxz okusj ds iRrksa] dqN ds ekyrh dh dyh] dqN ds byk;ph ds rjg gksrs FksA vFkZ”kkL= esa Hkh gesa vfl;f’V ¼iryh nq/kkjh ryokj½ fuf”=”ka [kM~x ftldk vxyk Hkkx dkQh Vs<+k gSA e.Mkxz ¼xksykdkj ryokj½ bu rhu vkdkj ds [kM~xksa dk o.kZu feyrk gSA vk;q/kk/;{k v/;k; esa gesa vU; “kL=ksa ds vfrfjDr ckal] lj ¼ujdqy½] dk’B “kykdk ¼etcwr ydM+h½ ls fufeZr ck.kksa ds vfrfjDr ^ukjkp* uked ykSg fufeZr ck.k dk o.kZu feyrk gS ¼xSjksyk] 2006%162½A ogha lqJqr lafgr esa Hkh Lo.kZ] jtr] rkez /kkrq ls fufeZr ck.kksa ds vfrfjDr ykSg fufeZr rh{.k ck.kksa dk o.kZu feyrk gSA “kY; fpfdRlk ds mijkar ?kko flyus ds fy;s fofHkUu izdkj ds lw=ksa dk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA eghu lw=] v”ekUrd o`{k dh Nky ls feyus okys js”ks ds lw=] lu ds lw=] {kkSfelw=] Luk;q ruk] ?kksM+s ds cky] ewokZ vkSj fxyks; ds rUrq dk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA vkt Hkh fpfdRld daxk: ds Luk;q] ?kksM+s ds cky] js”ke] lu] pk¡nh ds rkj] fo”ks’k :i ls Catgut dk iz;ksx djrs gSa ¼”kkL=h] 1905% 135½A ?kko flyus ds fy, vyx&vyx izdkj dh lwbZ;kas dk mYys[k Hkh feyrk gSA de xgjs ?kko o lfU/k;ksa dks lhyus gsrq nks vaxqy yEch vkSj xksy eq[k okyh lwbZ dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA laosnu”khy LFkyksa ;Fkk& o`’.kdks’k mnj vkfn dks lhyus gsrq ?kuq’k ds leku Vs<+h lwbZ Bhd gksrh gSA lkFk gh lqJqr lafgrk esa eksVh] xksy] rh{.k vxz Hkkx okyh lwbZ dk Hkh o.kZu gSA ;g ekyrh ¼pesyh½ ds iq’i ds M.By ds vxz Hkkx dh Hkk¡fr xksy o eksVh gksuh pkfg, ¼”kkL=h] 1905% 136½A ?kko ij Vkads yxkus ds i”pkr~ {kkSeoL= rFkk fipw ¼:bZ ds Qks;s½ ls <+ddj ?kko Hkjus okys pw.kZ dk fNM+dko djds ?kko ij iV~Vh cka/kus dk Hkh mYys[k gS¼”kkL=h] 1905% 136½A orZeku esa vaxzsth fpfdRlk iz.kkyh esa vusd laKkgj.k (Anaesthetic) vkSj osnukgjd (Anodyne) vkS’kf/k;ksa dk vkfo’dkj gks x;k gSA ftlls cM+s ls cM+s vkijs”ku esa jksxh dks osnuk ugh gksrk gSA lkFk gh vaxzsth fpfdRlk i)fr esa vf/kdrj “kkD=deZ ls iwoZ jksxh dks [kkyh isV j[kk tkrk gSA ogha lqJqr lafgrk esa “kY; deZ ls iwoZ ¼dqN jksxksa dks NksM+dj½ jksxh dks ;okxw bR;kfn Hkkstu djk fn;k tkrk gS¼”kkL=h] 1905% 95½A D;ksafd jDr ikpu ra= esa Hkkstu ipkus ds fy, vf/kd ek=k esa tkus yxrk gS ftlls “kkD= deZ ds nkSjku de jDrlzko gksrk gSA lkFk gh jksxh dks vUu f[kykus esa ewNkZ Hkh ugha vkrh gSA lqJqr lafgrk ds 16osa v/;k; esa IykfLVd ltZjh dk o.kZu gSA d.kZikyh] ukd rFkk vks’B ds lU/kkuksa ¼ltZjh½ dk o.kZu ;gk¡ feyrk gSA d.kZ ds ckgjh dikV] ukfldk dV tkus ij rFkk dVs gq, vks’B rFkk tUetkr vks’B fod`r dks “kY; fØ;k }kjk lqUnj :i nsus dk fo”o esa izkphure~ mYys[k gesa lqJqr lafgrk esa feyrk gSA lqJqr lafagrk esa ;g Hkh mfYyf[kr gS fd ukd] vks’B d.kZ dh ltZjh esa leFkZ oS| gh jktk dk oS| cu ldus ds ;ksX; gksrk gS ¼”kkL=h] 1905% 91½A lqJqr lafgr esa gesa ^^fo’k dU;k** dk Hkh mYys[k feyrk gSA dYiLFkku uked v/;k; esa fo’k dU;k dh O;k[;k dh x;h gSA blesa fo’k fpfdRlk ;k fo’kkDr izk.kh dh izk.k j{kd djus okyh fpfdRlk iz.kkyh 87 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X dk o.kZu gSA vFkkZr~ dYiLFkku dks Toxicology dgk tk ldrk gSA dYiLFkku dk vU; uke ^^vaxn ra=** Hkh gSA izkphu dky esa jktkvksa ds izk.kkUr ;k fouk”k djus gsrq “k=q Ny ls HkksT; inkFkZ] ty] oL=kfn esa fo’k dk iz;ksx djrs Fks bl Øe esa fo’k dU;k dk Hkh o.kZu feyrk gSA ftlds lkFk lgokl djus ls e`R;q dks izkIr gks tkrk Fkk ¼”kkL=h] 1905% 2&3½A bu fo’k dU;kvksa dks ckY;koLFkk ls gh FkksM+h&FkksM+h ek=k esa fo’k dk lsou djk;k tkrk Fkk fQj /khjs&/khjs fo’k dh ek=k c<+k;h tkrh FkhA ;kSoukoLFkk dks izkIr gksrs&gksrs fo’k dU;k,a bruh fo’kSyh gks tkrh Fkh fd mudk pqEcu o lEHkksx djus ls iq#’k e`R;q dks izkIr gks tkrk Fkk ¼”kkL=h] 1905% 3½A eqnzkjk{kl tSls xzUFkksa esa Hkh fo’k dU;kvksa dk o.kZu feyrk gSA fo”kk[knŸk jfpr eqnzkjk{kl uked xzUFk esa mfYyf[kr gS fd pk.kD; us fo’k dU;k dk iz;ksx djds ioZrs”oj dks e`R;q nh rFkk pUnzxqIr ekS;Z ds jkLrs dk ,d cM+k d.Vd nwj fd;kA vFkZ”kkL= esa Hkh dkydwV] oRluke tSls Hk;kud fo’kksa dk o.kZu gSA jl”kkL=h; xzUFkksa esa Hkh oRlukd] dkydwV] gykgy] Ja`fxd] laf[k;k tSls fo’kksa dk o.kZu feyrk gSA bu fo’kksa dks “k=q ds oL=ksa vkfn ij fdlh izdkj fNM+d fn;k tkrk Fkk ftlls “k=q dh e`R;q gks tkrh Fkh ¼xSjksyk] 2006%636½A lkFk gh vFkZ”kkL= esa Hkh ^fo’kdU;k* dk mYYks[k gS ;fn ge eqnzkjk{kl esa of.kZr fo’kdU;k ds izek.k dks ukV~;dkj dh dYiuk eku Hkh ys rks Hkh vFkZ”kkL= tSlk fo”kq) oSKkfud xzUFk esa ;fn fo’kdU;k dk o.kZu feyrk gS rks gesa le>uk pkfg, fd vius izseh dks fo’k }kjk ekjus okyh fo’k dU;k,a rRdkyhu lekt esa Fkh vkSj mudk mi;ksx jktuSfrd Ny gsrq Hkh gksrk jgk gksxkA vFkZ”kkL= ds Locyksi?kkV izfrdkj% v/;k; esa fo’kdU;k ls cpko ds mik;ksa dk Li’Vr% o.kZu gSA ;Fkk& yglks PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X efg’k egk”kwy] gk;ud] nw’kd egknw’kd vkfn ¼vFkkZr~ lqJqr lafgr esa yxHkx 18 izdkj ds pkoyksa ½ dk o.kZu gSA lkFk gh dksnks] “;ked] uhokj] “kkUrqu] ojd] fiz;axq] e/kqfydk] ukUnkseqfo] xos/kqd] o:d] eqdqUnd] os.kq;o vkfn /kkU;ksa dk Hkh o.kZu gSA lqJqr lafgr ds dyk; ¼eVj½] edq’B ¼eksB½] puk lrhu ¼eVj Hksn½] gjs.kq ¼eVj Hksn½ vkBdh ¼vjgj ;k rwj½ elwj vkfn nkyksa dk Hkh o.kZu ;gk¡ feyrk gSA blds vfrfjDr dqyFkh] fry] tkS ¼;o½] xks/kwe ;k xsgw¡] ljlksa vkfn /kkU;ksa dk Hkh o.kZu ;gk¡ feyrk gSA lqJqr lafgrk esa fofHkUu izdkj ds Qyksa elkyksa vkS’kf/k;ksa dk Hkh o.kZu vUuikufof/k v/;k; esa feyrk gSA ;Fkk& vkaoyk] csj] vke] uhe] ukjaxh] tEchj bR;kfnA iqu% csy] rkM+] ukfj;y] [ktwj] cknke] dktw bR;kfnA blds vfrfjDr gjM+] cgsM+k diwj] tkrhQy yoax feyok vkfn vkS’kf/k ds :i esa gksus okys Qykas dk Hkh o.kZu gSA diky ¼vaxkj½ dks;ys ij ykSg ros] feêh ds ros ij ids ¼dkikykadkjiDokLrq½ inkFkZ ipus esa gYds ;k “kh?kz ipus okys rFkk ok;q fodkj feVkus okys ¼ok;qdkisd½ gksrss gSa ¼”kkL=h] 1905% 266½A lkFk gh lqJqr lafgrk esa mcys O;atuksa dk Hkh o.kZu gSA ;Fkk& pkoy ls fufeZr& e.M] is;k] foysih] ;okxwA nqX/k esa idk;h vksnu ¼[khj½A fry] pkoy] mM+n] ewax esa cuh d`”kjk ;k f[kpM+h ¼”kkL=h] 1905% 271½A fofHkUu izdkj ds ik=ksa dk Hkh o.kZu gS ftlesa HkksT; inkFkZ ijksls tkrs FksA ;Fkk& is; inkFkZ pkanh ds ik=ksa esa] lHkh HkksT; ;k O;atu dsys ;k PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X fu”p; gh lqJqr lafgrk ds dky ¼600 bZ- iw-½ esa gh ,d foLr`r d`f’k foKku dh LFkkiuk gks pqdh FkhA D;ksafd lqJqr lafgrk esa Hkh fofHkUu vUuksa] Qyksa] iq’iksa] “kkdksa vkfn dk foLr`r o.kZu gSA fu”p; gh mŸkj oSfnd dky esa jktk o jktrŸo ds fl)kUr LFkkfir gks pqds FksA jktk dks n.M U;k; dk vf/kdkj fey pqdk FkkA jktk u dsoy ;q) esa lsuk dk uk;d Fkk vfirq lekt esa _rq ;k uSfrd fu;eksa dk izfrikyu djkus ds fy;s Hkh fuq;Dr fd;k tkrk FkkA lqJqr ds dky esa fu”p; gh 16 tuin vfLrRo esa vk x;s FksA vr% jktk u dsoy dj xzg.k djrk jgk gksxk vfirq flDds fuxZr djus] fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa dks izek.k i= nsrk jgk gksxk lkFk gh lqJqr lafgrk esa of.kZr gS fd fpfdRld dks jktk fpfdRlk o “kY; fpfdRlk djus dh vuqefr o izek.k i= nsrk Fkk ¼”kkL=h] 1905%41½A blls fl) gksrk gS fd rRdkyhu lekt o jkT; esa jktk ls vis{kk dh tkrh Fkh fd og lHkh f”kYidkjksa] Jsf.k;ksa] oS|ksa vkfn ij viuh dM+h n`f’V j[ksA orZeku esa Hkh izek.k i= izkIr djus ds i”pkr~ gh MkWDVj viuh lsok ns ldrs gSa] og vuqfpr dk;Z gksus ij mudk izek.k i= fujLr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bl iz.kkyh dk voyksdu ge izkphu Hkkjrh; lekt esa Hkh ikrs gSaA vr% ge lqJqr lafgrk ds vk/kkj ij ge dg ldrs gS] izkphu Hkkjrh; lekt iw.kZr% oSKkfud vkSj uSfrd fu;eksa ds vuq:i FkkA lUnHkZ lwphlwphlwph 1- “kkL=h] vfEcdk nÙk ¼1905½ lqJqr lafgrk] pkS[kEHkk laLd`r laLFkku okjk.klh] vfEcdk nŸk “kkL=hA 2- jkgqy lkad`R;k;u ¼1935½ fou;fiVd ¼egkoXx½] egkcksf/k xzUFkekyk&3] lkjukFk] okjk.klhA 3- okpLifr xSjksyk ¼2006½ dkSfVyh; vFkZ”kkL=] o pkS[kEHkk lqj Hkkjrh izdk”ku] okjk.klhA 4- bfRlax] rkdkdl ¼1896½ , fjdkMZ vkWu n cqf)’V fjfytu] vkDlQksMZA 5- tkrdekyk ¼1937½ ftYn&2] fHk{kq txnh”k dk”;i] ukyUnk egkfogkj ukyUnkA 6- foHkk f=ikBh ¼1976½ isUVsM xzss os;j ,u vkW;ju ,t dYpj vkWQ uknuZ bf.M;k] U;w fnYyhA 90 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Newly Discovered Archaeological Sites of Nimapara, Dist.Puri, Odisha Dr. Atula Kumar Pradhan Assistant Professor & Head Dept.of History Oupada College, Oupada Dist.Balasore Nimapara is located at 20.07 0 N, 86.02 0 and has an average elevation of 8m. This area is situated on the bank of river Kushabhadra, a branch of Kuakhai River originates from Balianta and meets the sea of Bay of Bengal at the shrine of Ramachandi, located 15 miles east of Puri. Being situated in a strategic location, this area invites various cultures through the ages. But during the Somavamshi and Ganga period, this area saw its glorious days in the Odishan history. The present article is based on the exploration work carried out in the Nimapara region of Kushabhadra basin.The exploration revealed large number of port sites, trade centers and temple sites. The survey at the Kushabhadra bridge of Puri-Konark Marine Drive also yielded evidences of maritime trade. Due to heavy damage of the mound, only potsherds of red ware and few Chinese ceramic shreds could be traced out. From this point up to the Garudasewar area, several mounds and sand dunes can be seen on the left side of the road. It was not possible to go inside the deep forest in the marine drive region. The survey of Ramchandi temple and its periphery revealed some ancient ceramic industries. The eastern part of the existing temple of Ramchandi an image of Marichi, the Buddhist goddess. The existing mounds and sand dunes along the banks of these small water channels clearly indicate existence of some habitation as antiquities in the form of potteries and beads have been found. The survey of the area revealed potteries of medieval period and some terracotta beads. However, the survey of this Garudeswar, Tikina and Ramchandi area revealed many interesting features for maritime study. The exposed long terracotta pipe and lid found in the region of Tikina and Ashram clearly indicate its connectivity of this site. The survey of this area throws new light about the rich maritime tradition of coastal Odisha. Boitabhangatutha of Vishupur is located in the Nimapara Block of Puri district. This place is very close to the bank of River Kushabhadra, which is connected to the Bay of Bengal at Ramachandi of Konark. The site has been earlier described by late historian Jagabandhu Singh 1. But the present exploration revealed medieval potteries, beads and other iron objects, garmented seals, brickbats, clay bulae from the Kurunji Sahi of Nimapara 2. The author already included and published in these primary data's in his ph.d thesis 3 and other journals 4. 91 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X ARCHAEOLOGICAL VESTIAGES OF NIMAPARA Dhaleswar Temple This temple is dedicated to Shiva and is located on top of a mound in the village Dhaleswar. The mound contains large number of bricks and potsherds of medieval period. The main temple has been renovated many times. In the vicinity of the temple huge stone pillars and wells are found. This shrine faces west. The parsavadevata niches contain Ganesha, Kartikeya and Parvati. The sculptures of Surya (Pl.1) and Chamunda (Pl.2) are enshrined in the entrance of the temple. In the vicinity of the temple complex Shiva linga, terracotta animal figurines and other material are found. Sagada Deuli This site is located in the Nimapara tehsil of Puri district. Being situated on the confluence of river Kushabhadra and Dhanua, the region has attracted early historical habitants to settle. Large number of terracotta images, ceramics of early historical and medieval period (Pl.3) and other material dates it early times. The antiquities retrieved were 6ft below the ground level. Large numbers of fragments of crucibles, brickbats, stones and hubs cutch are special mention (Pl.4). So far as ceramic are concerned, the shapes of dish on stand, bowls, basins, black slipped ware, black and red ware, buff red ware, red slipped ware and knobbed ware are predominating. Various sizes of beads of terracotta and semi precious stones have also been recovered from this site. A medieval temple stands very close to the site. Pingalei, Denua This temple is located in the Denua village of Nimapara. This shrine consists of a deula and a jagamohana , built of stone. The lintel of the door jamb contains the navagraha images. The sanctum of the temple enshrines an unidentified image. The jagamohana houses beautiful sculptures of standing chamunda, Vishnu, Ganesha, Varahi (Pl.5). The niches of the temple housed the images of Parvati, Ganesha and Kartikeya. The temple compound is scattered with fragmentary remains of a temple and deula charini . Nilakantheswar Temple, Denua This temple is located on the extreme right bank of Kushabhadra and faces east. It consists of a deula (sanctum) and a jagamohana. A rectangular hall has been added in front of the jagamohana at a later date. The foundation of the temple is made up of stone but the super structure is built up of bricks. The doorjamb contains the figures of two Shaiva dwarpalas. The jagamohana contains the sculptures of Ganesha, Bhuvaraha, Laxmi Nrishmha, Kartikeya, Trivikrama. Very close to this temple, another sculptural shed named Jagulai houses various sculptures and plaques. Among these sculptures and plaques, the fragmentary images of Varahi and Buddha are should be mentioned (Pl.6). 92 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X In this village are two more temples named Purneswara and Beleswara which are half ruined, with garbhagriha and huge bricks. At the outskirts of this village the Isaneswara temple, also has sculptures of brahminical pantheon (Pl.7). Bateswar Temple, Alipingal This temple is situated in the Alipingal village of Nimapara tehsil, Puri district. The temple contains a garbhagriha and a ruined jagamohana along with a detached pillared mandapa . The temple is dedicated to Shiva and houses various sculptures of late medieval period. The main sculptures are Bhuvaraha, Trivikrama and Nrisimha. Besides these, other brahminical sculptures are also found in the premises of the temple. At the centre of the village is another Ganesha temple, which houses the sculptures of Ganesha and other brahminical, deties. Bijipur This village is located on the right bank of river Kushabhadra and contains two important shrines - Narayani temple and Raghunath temple. According to local people some sculptures were accidentally recovered from the river bank and then these sculptures were housed in the Naryani temple. A detail survey yielded some fragmented sculptures of brahminical pantheon housed in the niches of the Narayani temple. The Raghunath temple also contains the sculptures of late medieval period. At the end of the village another village Guatira also contains the sculptures and temple ruins. Astasambhu This village is also located on the right bank of Kushabhadra. Two ruined temples have been reported during the survey works viz. Astasambhu and Rameswara. The site Astasambhu is named so, because of the existence of eight sivlingas . This site is situated about 5mts above the general ground level. The mound contains brick walls and other fragments of a stone temple. The vicinity of this site yielded large number of medieval ceramics. The noteworthy feature of this site is the Chamunda image which is worshipped under a tree (Pl.8). From the iconographical features, the image dates back to late medieval period. Another shrine Rameswara also contains shiva linga and temple fragments. Other important temples of this area like Purenswar temple, Bhildeuli, Somanath temple of Vishnupur and Grameswar temple of Terundia are earlier reported. Sidheswar Temple This site is located on the left bank of river Kushabhadra. There are a large number of master pieces and other fragmented sculptures installed in these group of late medieval temples. It is situated about 2 kms from Nimapara town. The temple faces east and consists of a deula and porch. A rectangular hall has been added in front of the jagamohana at a later date along with niche shrine in front of the parswadevatas . The temple is managed by a trusty. The bada of the main temple is 93 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X pancha ratha in design and stands on a short pitha now mostly buried. The multi faceted pilasters at the corners are decorated with erotic imagery carved in high relief at their base. The decorative scrollwork on the major façade of the shaft is the circular v arthula , popular during the 12 th century. The niche of the lower story houses the parsvadevata . A lintel above the niche is relieved with elephant processions and a central dwaralata bimba panel though most of the frieze is now missing. The pilasters flanking this lower story duplicate the design of the kanika while the crowning vimanika consisting of ten horizontal mouldings capped by an amalaka , extends up to the gandi. The parsvadevatas are from Shiva’s family. On stylistic grounds the temple can be tentatively dated to the 13 th - 14th century A.D. But the sculptures stored in the garbhagriha and niches of the temple are of 12 th century A.D. Nimapara possesses a rich and varied cultural heritage, spreading over millennia of history. This area is interspersed with numerous remains in the form of monuments and sites ranging from early medieval to late medieval period. The scientific exploration and village to village survey of this region will open many puzzles of Odishan history. References and Notes 1. J. Singh, Prachina Utkala (O), Vol.II, Orissa Sahitya Academi, Bhubaneswar, 1964, pp.137- 151. 2. Atula Kumar Pradhan, “ Maritime Heritage of Orissa with Special Reference to Prachi Valley”, in History Today , No.9, Indian History and Culture Society, New Delhi, 2008, p.47. 3. Atula Kumar Pradhan, Maritime Traditions of Orissa: An Archaeological Study (From Earliest time to 13 th C.A.D) , Ph.d thesis (unpublished) Utkal Univeristy, Bhuaneswar, 2014. 4. Atula Kumar Pradhan, “Archaeologcial Investigation in Puri District”, in Puramanthana , No.8, Current Advances in Indian Archaeology, Delhi, 2017, pp.49-62. 94 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Pl.1: Surya, Dhaleswar temple, Nimapara, Pl. 2 : Chamunda, Dhaleswar temple, Nimapara, Kushabhadra Valley Kushabhadra Valley Pl. 3: Retrieved ceramic, Sagada Deuli, Pl. 4: Retrieved antiquities, Sagada Deuli, Nimapara, Kushabhadra Valley Nimapara, Kushabhadra Valley 95 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Pl. 5 : Housed Sculptures,Pingalei Temple, Pl.6 : Fragmented Sculpture of Buddha, Jagulai, Nimapara, Kushabhadra Valley Denua, Nimapara, Kushabhadra Valley Pl. 7: Vishnu, Isaneswar temple, Chhenua, Pl. 8 : Chamunda, Astasambhu, Nimapara, Nimapara, Kushabhadra Valley Kushabhadra Valley 96 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X eqjSuk ftys ds ,sfrgkfld efUnj uanuh MUMkSfr;k “kks/kkFkhZ bfrgkl thokth fo”ofo|ky;] Xokfy;jA izLrkouk eqjSuk ftyk e/;izns”k ds pEcy laHkkx ds dkSus esa fLFkr gS tks fd 22 015* ls 26 052* mŸkjh v{kka”k o 76 022* ls 78 042* iwohZ ns”kkarj ds e/; fLFkr gSA 111 eqjSuk ftys dks e/; izns”k dk izos”k }kj dgk tkrk gSA eqjSuk laHkkx ds mŸkj fn”kk esa fLFkr gS tks vkxjk&eqEcbZ jktekxZ ij fLFkr gS bl ftys dk uke eqjSuk nks “kCnksa eqj$jSuk ls feydj cuk gS ftldk vFkZ gS eksjks dk fuokl LFkku ;gk¡ ns”k ds lcls vf/kd eksj ik, tkrs gSaA ;g ftyk vius iM+kslh ftys fHk.M ds foijhr gkfu vkcknh okyk gS e/; izns”k ds ?kuh vkcknh okys ftyksa esa bldk ikapoka LFkku gSA bl ftys dk bfrgkl Hkh oSfnd ;qx ls izkjEHk gksrk gSA ;gk¡ dbZ LFky egkHkkjr dky ds uxjksa ls lEcfU/kr gSA 11oha “krkCnh es ;gk¡ dNokg jktkvksa dk jkT; FkkA ftlesa dhfrZjkt izeq[k FkkA 15oha “krkCnh esa bl {ks= ij djSyh ds jktk xksiky flag dk “kklu jgkA 18oha “krkCnh esa ;g {ks= flaf/k;k “kkldksa ds lkezkT; dk vax cuk jgkA bl izdkj ;g ftyk vius Hkhrj bfrgkl ds fofHkUu dkyksa dks lesVs gq, gSA ;gk¡ dh Hkwfe vusd _f’k eqfu;ksa dh riLFkyh jgh gS eqjSuk ftys dh Hkwfe dbZ ,sfrgfld /kkfeZd LFkyksa ls le`) gSA 222 ddu eB efUnj flgksfu;k eqjSuk dk ddu eB efUnj flgksfu;k esa fLFkr gS izkjEHk esa ;g dPNi?kkr jktkvksa dh jkt/kkuh jgh gSA ;g efUnj dPNi?kkr jktk dhfrZ jkt }kjk cu;k x;kA ,d HkO; f”ko efUnj gSA dgk tkrk gS fd dhfrZjkt us viuh jkuh dduorh ds uke ls bls cuok;k FkkA dNokg “kkldksa us bl xzke dks 11oha “krkCnh esa clk;k FkkA ;g efUnj 116 QqV Å¡pk gS vkSj mldh okLrqdyk [ktqjkgks ds efUnj ftUgsa pansyoa”kh; jktkvksa }kjk LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk ds leku gsA efUnj fuekZ.k iRFkjksa ds }kjk gqvk gS ftlesa iRFkj dks tksM+us okys fdlh Hkh inkFkZ dks tksM+us dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k gSA 333 dqUrs”oj egknso efUnj vkxjk&eqEcbZ ekxZ ij fLFkr uwjkckn ls 10 ehy mŸkj&iwoZ es avklu unh ds ?kqeko ij ,d igkM+h ij vofLFkr dqaryiqj xk¡o gS tks eqjSuk rglhy ds varxZr vkrk gS orZeku esa ;g dqrokj dgykrk gSA dqaryaiqj dk laca/k egkHkkjr dky ls tqM+k gqvk gSA 444 ;g efUnj egkHkkjr dkyhu vfr izkphu LFky gS ;gk¡ ij egkeqfu nqokZlk th us ik.Moksa dh ek¡ dqUrh dks ,d fnO; ea= fn;k Fkk vksj dqarh us blh LFkku ij ml ea= }kjk Hkxoku lw;Z dk vkOgku fd;k rFkk lw;Z }kjk ojnku esa mls d.kZ izkIr gqvkA ;gk¡ vklu unh cgrh gS ftlds rV ij lw;Z ds jFk ds ?kksM+ksa ds in fpUg ik, tkrs gSaA dqUrs”oj egknso efUnj esa Hkxoku 97 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X f”ko] x.ks”k] dqUrh nsoh] guqeku th dh ewfrZ;k¡ LFkkfir gSaA bl efUnj dh LFkkiuk dk dksbZ Li’V vfHkys[k ugha feyrk gS ij tu_fr;ks ds vuqlkj ;g egkHkkjr dkyhu efUnj gSA tc dqUry uxj dh LFkkiuk gqbZ mlls iwoZ ;gk¡ lw;Z efUnj gksus ds ladsr feyrs gSaA 555 ekjd.Ms”oj efUnj ;g efUnj eqjSuk ds guqeku pkSjkgs ij fLFkr gS bl efUnj dk uke ejd.Ms”oj egknso blfy, iM+k D;ksafd blesa f”ko o _f’k ekjd.Ms”oj fojkftr gSA efUnj esa f”ko ifjokj jke njckj] ekjd.Ms”oj _f’k] y[eh fo’.kq vkfn dh ewfrZ;ka LFkkfir gSaA ftldk {ks=Qy vR;ar O;kid gS tks yxHkx 2500 oxZ ehVj gS ;g efUnj 1906 bZ- esa LFkkfir gqvk bldh LFkkiuk pUæ ikjk”kj us dh FkhA efUnj dh LFkkiuk ds le; ;gk¡ ij flaf/k;k “kkldksa dk jkT; FkkA 666 ea”kkea”kkea”kkiw.kZea”kk iw.kZ guqeku efUnj uSukx<+ jksM ea”kkiw.kZ guqeku th dk ,d vU;e fUnj uSukx<+ jksM ij eqjSuk esa fLFkr gSA efUnj esa guqeku th dh ewfrZ ds vfrfjDr ueZn”oj egknso] Vk¡xs”oj egknso] x.ks”k th] vUuiw.kkZ ekrk lkse dkfrZd] HkSjoth dh ewfrZ;k¡ LFkkfir gSaA lcls igys guqeku th dh ewfrZ ihiy ds isM+ ds uhps j[kh gqbZ Fkh ftldks tksjh ds tkxhjnkj Nqvkjke d`ikjke if.Mr us mBkdj tksjh ds “e”kku esa Mky nh FkhA D;ksafd og mldh lEifŸk Fkh ifj.kkeLo:i muds cPps dh e`R;q gks xbZ vkSj mudks dksM gks x;kA rc xk¡o okyksa ds dgus ij ewfrZ dks ogh LFkkfir dj fn;k rFkk guqeku th ls ekQh ekaxh ftlls og Bhd gks x,A vU; lHkh ewfrZ;ksa dh LFkkiuk Hkh guqeku th dh ewfrZ;ksa ds lkFk dh x;hA 777 flagksfflagksfu;ku;k xzke ds ,sfrgkfld tSu efUnj eqjSuk ds flagksfu;k xzke esa tSfu;ksa ds tSu efUnj fLFkr gSaA flagksfu;k xzke tSu /kez dk ifo= LFky gS ;gk¡ ls tSu /kez ls lEcaf/kr rhFkZdj “kkfUr ukFk] vjukFk vkSj dqFkqaukFk dh HkO; dykRed izfrek,¡ izkIr gqbZ gSaA ;s ewfrZ;k¡ 10oha] 11oha “krkCnh dh gSa tks fd 50&60 o’kZ igys gh feêh ds Vhys ls [kqnkbZ esa v[kf.Mr izkIr gqbZA tSu lEiznk; us ;gk¡ dkykUrj esa ,d HkO; efUnj cuok;kA 888 fxfxfxjkZtfx jkZt th dk efUnj egknso ukdk fxjkZt th ds efUnj ds uke ls izfl) Jh d`’.k th dk efUnj egknso ukds ij gSA bl efUnj esa f”kofyax gksus ds dkj.k ;gk¡ ij tks pkSjkgk gS bldk uke egknso ukdk iM+k gSA efUnj esa Hkxoku Jh d`’.k fxjkZt th dh ewfrZ LFkkfir gSaA ;g efUnj 150 o’kZ iqjkuk gS efUnj dh LFkkiuk ds le; ;g {ks= flaf/k;k dkyhu jkT; dk vax FkkA 999 Jh nkÅth efUnj Jh nkÅth egkjkt dk efUnj eqjSuk ds eqjSu xk¡o esa fLFkr gS Hkxoku Jh d`’.k dh ewfrZ Jh nkÅth ds :i esa dkys iRFkj dh gS tks ns[kus esa ltho yxrh gSA bl efUnj dh LFkkiuk ds le; ;gk¡ ij eqxy lkezkT; FkkA 101010 98 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X ferkoyh Xokfy;j ls 25 ehy nwj mŸkj dh vksj flagksfu;k uked dLck gSA blds nf{k.k dh vksj ferkoyh uked xzke gSA ;g eqjSuk ftys esa vkrk gSA 111111 eqjSuk esa fLFkr pkSlB ;ksfxjh efUnj dk fo”ks’k egRo gS bl efUnj dks xqtjs tekus esa rkaf=d fo”ofo|ky; dg tkrk FkkA xzke iapk;r ferkoyh Fkkuk fjBkSjkdyka ftyk eqjSuk esa ;g izkphu pkSlB ;ksfxuh f”ko efUnj gS bls bdars”oj egknso ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS bl efUnj dh Å¡pkbZ Hkwfe ry ls 300 QhV gSA bldk fuekZ.k rRdkyhu izfrgkj {kf=; jktkvksa us fd;k FkkA ;g efUnj xksykdkj gSA blh xksykbZ esa cus pkSalB dejksa esa gj ,d esa ,d f”kofyax LFkkfir gS blds eq[; ifjlj esa ,d fo”kky f”ko efUnj gSA Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo foHkkx ds eqrkfcd bl efUnj dks uoha lnh esa cuok;k x;k FkkA bl efUnj ds 170 QhV ds O;kl ds ?ksjs esa vUnj dh vksj 64 d{k cus gq, gSaA 12 dHkh gj dejs esa Hkxoku f”ko ds lkFk pkSlB ;ksfxuh dh ewfrZ;k¡ Hkh Fkha blhfy, bls pkSalB ;ksfxuh f”ko efUnj dgk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ rdjhcu 200 lhf<+;k¡ p<+us ds ckn ;gk¡ igq¡pk tkrk gSA ;g lkS ls T;knk iRFkj ds [kEHkksa ij fVdk gSA bl f”ko efUnj dks rksej jktk ohjenso dk laj{k.k izkIr FkkA ohjenso ds uke ;qDr f”kykys[k ls bldh iqf’V gksrh gSA ;gh og f”ko efUnj gS ftldks vk/kkj ekudj fczfV”k okLrqfon lj ,Mfou yqfV;al us laln Hkou cuk;kA 131313 “kfu efUnj eqjSuk ftys esa fLFkr “kfu efUnj Xokfy;j ls 18 fdyks eh- dh nwjh ij fLFkr gS ekuk tkrk gS fd ;gk¡ LFkkfir “kfu fi.M guqeku th us yadk ls Qsdk Fkk tks ;gk¡ vkdj LFkkfir gks x;kA “kfupjk fLFkr “kfunso efUnj dk fuekZ.k jktk foØekfnR; us “kq: djok;k Fkk ejkBksa ds “kklu dky esa flaf/k;k “kkldksa }kjk th.kksZ)kj djk;k x;kA izkphu “kfupjk /kke esa “kfu nso dh vlyh izfrek fLFkr gS “kfunso ds n”kZu ds fy, gtkjksa yksx lEiw.kZ Hkkjr o fons”kksa ls vkrs gSaA 141414 i<+koyh eqjSuk ftys ds vUrxZr vkus okyk ,sfrgkfld LFkr i<+koyh Xokfy;j ls 28 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij mŸkj fn”kk esa fLFkr gSA ;g ferkoyh ls yxk gqvk gSA ferkoyh ls nf{k.k&if”pe fn”kk esa djhc pkj fdyksehVj gh vkxs c<+us ij iM+koyh vkrk gS i<+koyh esa fo”kky fo’.kq efUnj gS efUnj ds e.Mi ds pkj nhokjksa ij pkj ;qxksa] lr;qx] =srk;qx] }kij ;qx vkSj dy;qx esa euq’; dh izo`fŸk dks fn[kkus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA i<+koyh esa “kkunkj uDdk”kh ns[kus dks feyrh gSA 1 fdyks eh- vkxs f”ko efUnj dk ,d [ktkuk gS tks vkBoha “krkCnh esa dHkh ;gk¡ 300&400 f”ko efUnj dk lewg FkkA ,d le; esa lHkh efUnj tehnkst gks x, iqjkrRo foHkkx bu efUnjska dks fQj ls iquZLFkkfir dj jgh gSA 151515 cVs”oj e/;izns”k ds eqjSuk ls yxHkx 25 fdyks eh- nwj pEcy ds chgM+ksa esa ,d txg iM+rh gS ¼cVs”oj rhFkZ½ ;g vkBoha ls nloha “krkCnh ds chp xqtZj izfrgkj jktoa”k }kjk cuokbZ xbZ vc rd dh lcls 99 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X csgrjhu dyk gS djhc ,d gh txg ij 200 efUnj dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gS bu efUnjksa dk fuekZ.k xqtZj izfrgkl jktoa”k ds lezkV fefgj Hkkst ds “kkludky esa izkjEHk gqv vkSj xqtZj lezkV fot;iky ds “kklu dky esa bu efUnjksa dks fuekZ.k iwjk gqvk Hkxoku f”ko vksj fo’.kq dks lefiZr ;s efUnj [ktqjkgksa ls Hkh 300 o’kZ iwoZ cus Fks ijUrq pEcy ds Mkdqvksa ds vkrad ds dkj.k ;s misf{kr jgs ij vc Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo foHkkx ds Mk;jsDVj ¼,-,l-vkbZ-½ us bu efUnjksa dks iquZLFkkfir djus dk ftEek mBk;k gSA 161616 fu’d’kZ Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa eqjSuk laHkkx dk bfrgkl vR;ar xkSjo”kkyh gS ;g laHkkx izkphu dky ls fofHkUu lkaLd`fr;ksa dk dsUæ jgkA eqjSuk ftys dk bfrgkl oSfnd ;qx ls izkjEHk gqvk rFkk ;gk¡ ds dbZ /kkfeZd LFky egkHkkjr dky ds uxjksa ls lEcaf/kr gSa ;g ftyk vius Hkhrj bfrgkl ds fofHkUu dkyksa dks lesVs gq, gS vkSj ;gk¡ dh Hkwfe vusd _f’k;ksa eqfu;ksa dh riLFkyh jgh gSA eqjSuk ftyk dbz /kkfeZd LFkyksa ls le`) gSA lUnHkZ lwphlwphlwph 1- ,-,e- flugk] e-iz- fMfLVªDV xtsfV;j] eqjSukA 2- MkW- izfeyk dqej] e/; izns”k ,d HkkSxksfyd v/;;u] i`- 3A 3- tuZy vkWQ ,f”k;kfVd lkslk;Vh vkWQ caxky] Hkkx&31] i`- 393 4- egkHkkjr ds m)j.k lsA 5- Xokfy;j jkT; ds vfHkys[kA 6- egke.Mys”oj egknso efUnj] eqjSuk ds eq[; }kj ij vafdr efUnj fuekZ.k foojf.kdk ls izkIr tkudkjh ds vuqlkjA 7- efUnj ij vafdr ifêdk ls izkIr lwpuk ds vk/kkj ijA 8- bf.M;u ,fDVDojh] Hkkx&15] Qjojh&1886] “yksd 5&6] i`- 36A 9- efUnj ifjlj dh ifêdk ds vk/kkj ijA 10- oghA 11- Xokfy;j jkT; vfHkys[k Øekad 162] ;g f”kykys[k xwtjh egy laxzgky;] Xokfy;j esa gSA 12- Hkze.k] losZ{k.k ds vk/kkj ijA 13- lej yksx] vDVwcj&fnlEcj] 2004 i`- 82 laiknd esg:fUulk ijost] Hkksiky vkys[k&dqyJs’B Hkxorh izlkn&pkSalB ;ksfxuh efUnj ferkoyhA 14- www.udanti.com 15- Hkze.k ,oa losZ{k.k ds vk/kkj ij 16- www.udanti.com 100 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X i;kZoj.k esa ty rRo dk egRo jpuk “kekZ “kks/kkFkhZ thokth fo”ofo|ky;] Xokfy;jA l`f’V dk eq[; vk/kkj typØ gh gSaA lkxj] ufn;ksa] rkykcksa bR;kfn dk ty ok’i cudj ok;qe.My ls gksrs gq, vkdk”k esa ckny ds :i esa fufeZr gksdj o’kkZ ds Lo:i esa iqu% ty :i esa i`Foh ij vk tkrk gSA blh dkj.k ls thou pØ dk;e gSA foKku dk eq[; fl)kar esa ikuh fd laKk H2O gSa vFkkZr~ ikuh esa gkbMªkstu ds 2 v.kq ,oa vkWDlhtu ds ,d v.kq gksrs gSa ,oa vkWDlhtu ds ek/;e ls izk;% lHkh tho “okl ds ek/;e ls vkWDlhtu ysrs gSaA blhfy;s mls izk.k ok;q dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;g gesa thfor j[krk gSA ty dks _Xosn esa vki% ¼vkiks nsork½ uke ls lacksf/kr fd;k x;k gS] ftldk o.kZu pkj lwDrksa esa izkIr gksrk gSA eq[;r% ;s ty izokgksa] es?kksa vkSj ufn;ksa ds fy, iz;qDr gq, gSaA vius otz dh lgk;rk ls bUnz us mlds fy;s ekxZ cuk fn;k gS ftl ij og lnk pyrk gS vkSj dHkh pyus ls foeq[k ugha gksrkA nqfjr ¼vfu’V½ vkfn ds fuokj.kkFkZ budk vkokgu fd;k x;k gSA os fHk’kt~ ds :i esa Hkh ekus x;s gSaA vki% dks ifo=% ¼dkjd½ Hkh ekuk x;k gSA vki% dks izk.k :i Hkh ekuk x;k gSA bl yksd ds ve`r dks vki% dgk x;k gSA 1 ;gk¡ vki dk vFkZ ty fy;k x;k gSA blh vk/kkj ij dkykUrj esa o:.k ,de ty dk nsork eku fy;k x;kA vki dk vFkZ lkekU; ty gh ugha Lohdkj fd;k tk ldrk] cfYd bldk vFkZ tyok’i gS] tks bZ”oj dh Hkkafr i`Foh e.My dks ?ksjs gq, FkkA oSfnd _f’k vki ls l`f’V dh jpuk Lohdkj djrs gSA 2 _Xosn esa ty cukus dk lw= fn;k x;k gS fd fe= vkSj o:.k ds la;ksx ls ty cuk gSA ea= esa fe= vkSj o:.k “kCnksa ls Øe”k% Oxygen vkSj Hydrogen dk xzg.k gSA ty dk lw= gS& H2O vFkkZr~ gkbZMªkstu xSl ds 2 v.kq vkSj vkWDlhtu dk 1 v.kq ,d ik= esa j[kdj mlesa fo|qr~&rjax izokfgr djus ij ty curk gSA _Xosn ds pkj ea=ksa ¼7-33-10 ls 13½ esa bl fo’k; dks vkSj Li’V fd;k x;k gSA fe=a gqos iwrn{ka o:.ka p fj”kknle~A f/k;a /k`rkpha lk/kUrkA ¼_¼_---- 111-1---2222----7½7½7½7½ osnksa esa ty dks gh thou ekuk x;k gSA vr% thou dks lq[ke; cukus ds fy, bldh “kqf) furkUr vko”;d ekuh gSA tc leLr thoksa dks thouh “kfDr iznku djus okyk ty LoPN gksxk] rHkh ge Hkh LoLF; jg ldrs gSaA ty dks LoPN djus rFkk mldh lQy iz;ksx fof/k dk o.kZu djrs gq, vFkoZosn ds ,d eU= esa dgk x;k gS& bek vki% iz HkjkE;;{ek ;{euk”kuhA x`gkux`gkux`gkuqix`gku qiqi iziz lhnkE;e`rsulhnkE;e`rsu lgkfXuukAlgkfXuukA ¼v¼vFkoZ-¼v 3-12-9½ 101 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X vFkkZr~ vPNs izdkj ls jksx jfgr rFkk jksx uk”kd bl ty dks eSa ykrk gw¡] “kq) tyiku djus ls eSa e`R;q ls cpk jgw¡xkA vUu] ?k`r] nqX/k vkfn lkexzh rFkk vfXu ds lfgr ?kjksa esa vkdj vPNh rjg cSBrk gw¡A “kq) ty ekuo gh ugha cfYd leLr izkf.k;ksa ds fy, nh?kkZ;qRo iznku dj izk.kj{kd rFkk dY;k.kdkjh gksrk gSA _Xosn esa dgk x;k gS& “ka uks nsoh jfHk’V; vkiks Hkofur ihr;sA “ka ;ks jfHklzofUrq u%AA ¼_¼_---- 101010-10 ---9999----4½4½4½4½ vFkkZr~ dY;k.kdkjh ty gekjs vHkh’V dh izkfIr ds fy, rFkk j{kk ds fy, lq[ke; gksA ;g ty ge ij lq[k le`f) dh o’kkZ djsA ty ekuo ds eq[ke.My ds lkSUn;Z dks c<+kus esa dkseyrk rFkk dkfUr iznku djus esa vkS’kf/k Lo:i gSA ty Hkkstu dh ikpu fØ;k esa vR;f/kd lgk;d gSA d`f’k deZ dk Hkh egRo osnksa esa izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gSA fdlkuksa dh vka[ks ty ds fy, o’kkZ_rq esa cknyksa dks ns[kus esa yxh jgrh gSa& rLek vja xeke oks ;L; {k;k; ftUoFkA vkiks tu;Fkk p u%A ¼_¼_---- 101010-10 ---9999----3½3½3½3½ vFkkZr~ gs ty! rqe vUu dh izkfIr ds fy, mi;ksxh gksA rqe ij thou rFkk ukuk izdkj dh vks’kf/k;k] ouLifr;ka ,oa vUu vkfn inkFkZ fuHkZj gSA ty ds vusd L=ksrksa dks ge lkekU; nSfud thou esa ns[krs gSaA bu L=ksrksa dk ;fn oxhZdj.k fd;k tk, rks ns[krs gS fd _Xosn ikap izdkj ds L=ksrksa dk o.kZu djrk gS& ;k vkiks fnO;k mr ok lzofUr [kfuf=ek mr ok ;k% Lo;atk%A leqnzkFkkZ ;k% “kqp;% ikodkLrk vkiks nsohfjg ekeoUrqA 333 1- fnO;k vki% & o’kkZ ds }kjk cjlus okyk tyA 2- lzoU; vki% & cgrk tyA 3- [kfuf=ek vki% & [kqnkbZ ls izkIr tyA 4- Lo;atk% vki% & Lor% mRiUu gq, >juks dk tyA 5- leqnzkFkkZ% vki% & lkeqfnzd tyA ty ds fofHkUu L=ksrksa esa ls o’kkZ ds ty dks gh lokZf/kd xq.kdkjh ekuk tkrk gSA blds lkFk gh i`Foh esa izkIr gksus okys lHkh tyksa esls Hkwfexr ty lokZf/kd ifo= gksrrk gSA blds foijhr lkeqfnzd ty dks lHkh nks’kksa ls ;qDr ekuk tkrk gS] D;ksafd lkeqfnzd ty xU/k;qDr] f=nks’kksa dk dkjd vkSj uedhu gksrk gSA 4 102 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X _Xosn ds uklnh; lwDr ¼10@129½ esa xgu xEHkhj vEHkl~ ¼vFkkg ty½ dh vksj ladsr gS] tks l`f’V ds vkjaHk esa FkkA tc leLr txr rekse; Fkk] ml le; loZ= vizdsr&lfyy ¼ikuh gh ikuh] vuojr vkSj vfofPN= ikuh½ FkkA 5 fu?k.Vq esa es?k uke o`= ¼vlqj laKk½ gSA bls bUnz “k=q ekuk x;k gSA o`= dk “k=q vFkkZr~ fuokjd lw;Z gS] lw;Z dk uke Ro’Vk gS] mldh lUrku es?k gS] D;ksafd lw;Z dh fdj.kksa ds }kjk ty d.k&d.k gksdj Åij dks tkdj ogk¡ feydj es?k:i gks tkrk gSA ¼mlh es?k dh vlqj laKk gSA fQj mldks lw;Z ekj dj Hkwfe ij fxjk nsrk gSA og ty Hkwfe esa izfo’V gkrk gS] unh esa cgrk gqvk leqnz esa igq¡prk gS] fQj ok’i:i gksdj Åij igq¡prk gSA ml es?k:i o`= dks bUnz vFkkZr~ lw;Z ekj nsrk gSA½ rFkk es?k dk o`= uke blfy;s gS fd o`=ks o`.kkrs%& og Lohdkj djus ;ksX; vkSj izdk”k dk vkoj.k djus okyk gSA o`= ds bl ty:i “kjhj ls cM+h&cM+h ufn;k¡ mRiUu gksdj vxk/k leqnz esa tkdj feyrh gSa vkSj ftruk ty rkykc ok dwi vkfn esa 6 jg tkrk gS] og ekuks i`fFkoh esa “k;u dj jgk gSA ty dh pkj voLFkk,a Li’Vk{kjksa esa osnksa esa of.kZr gSA ,srjs; czkã.k esa crk;k x;k gS fd vkRek us ftl ty dks mRiUu fd;k] og pk voLFkkvksa esa pkj ukeksa ls pkj yksdksa esa O;kIr gSA muds uke gSa& vEHk] ejhfp] Hkj vkSj vkiA vEHk buesa ls og gS] tks lw;Ze.My ls Hkh Å/oZ&izns”k esa eg% tu% vkfn yksdksa esa O;kIr gSA vUrfj{k esa tks ty O;kIr gS] og ejhfp :i gS ,oa i`fFkoh ds mRiknu esa tks ty vxzlj gksrk gS og Hkj gS vkSj i`fFkoh ij izokfgr gksus okyk ;k i`fFkoh dks [kksnus ij fudyus okyk vki% uke ls gh izfl) gSaA buesa loZizFke tks vEHk% uke dgk x;k gS] og ekSfyd tyrRo gS] ogha iaphd`r gksdj vU; rRoksa ds lfEeJ.k ls LFkwy voLFkk esa vkdj ty :i esa ifj.kr gqvk] ftls ge ns[krs gSa ;k ftls ge ihrs gSa] ihdj viuh I;kl cqtkrs gSa rFkk vU; dke ysrs gSaA LFkwy ty dk lfEeJ.k :i gksuk vusd eU=ksa esa Li’V of.kZr gSA *vIl*vIl*vIlq*vIl q q eses lksekslkseks vozohnUrfoZ”okfuvozohnUrfoZ”okfu Hks’ktkHks’ktk vfXuavfXua pp fo”o”kfo”o”kfo”o”kaHkqoe~*aHkqoe~*aHkqoe~* vFkkZr~ ty ds Hkhrj fojkteku tks lkse rRo gS] og gesa crkrk gS fd ty ds Hkhrj leLr vkS’kf/k;k¡ gSa] D;ksafd lkse esa gh lw{e :i ls lkjh vkS’kf/k;k¡ jgrh gSaA blesa lkse ds gksus ij mudk gksuk Hkh fl) gks tkrk gS vkSj fo”o dks “kkfUr nsus okyk vfXurRo Hkh mlesa gS] ;g Hkh lkse cryk nsrk gS] D;ksafd vfXu ds fcuk lkse dh lÙkk laHko ughaA lkse ds laHko ls vfXu “kkUr cu tkrh gSA bl izdkj tc ty ds Hkhrj nks rRoksa dks foKku us Hkh Li’Vr;k Lohdkj fd;kA 7 deZdk.M ls lqizfl) ,d eU= nz’VO; gS& ;k fnO;k vki% i;lk lEcHkwoq ;kZa vkUrfj{kk mr ikfFkZoh;kZ%AZoh;kZ%A fgjo;o.kkZ ;fK;kLrku vki% f”kok% laL;ksuk% lqgok HkoUrqAA vFkkZr~ tks fnO; ty vius lkj Hkwr jl ls lfEefJr gS vkSj tks vUrfj{k dk vkSj Hkwfe dk ty gS] fgj.; vFkkZr~ lqo.kZ ds leku o.kZ okyk] ;K ds mi;qDr og ty gekjs fy;s dY;k.k vkSj lq[k dk nsus okyk ;K dk lE;d~ izdkj lk/ku gksaA bl eU= esa rhu izdkj ds ty dk o.kZu gqvk gSA ,d fnO;] vFkkZr~ 103 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X |qyksd dk] nwljk vUrfj{k dk vkSj rhljk Hkwfe dkA vFkoZosn ds jkT;kfHk’ksd izdj.k ds ,d eU= esa Hkh bu rhuksa gh izdkj ds tyksa dk mYys[k gS vkSj _Xosn ds ,d eU= esa ikfFkZo ty ds rhu foHkkx vkSj fd;s gSaA ,d ty unh vkfn esa cgus okyk] nwljk x<+k [kksnus ls fudyus okyk vkSj rhljk vius vki Hkwfe ls fudyus okyk] tSlk fd ioZr esa dbZ txg ns[kk tkrk gSA ;s HkwfeLFk ty ds gh vokUrj foHkkx gSaA czkã.k] mifu’kn~] euqLe`fr] iqjk.k vkfn esa loZ= l`f’V ds vkjEHk vi~ dh mRifÙk dgh xbZ gSA vi uke ;|fi ty dk gh izfl) gS] fdUrq bl LFkwy ty ls ogk¡ rkRi;Z ugha] jl :i nzo inkFkZ ogk¡ vi ;k vEHk “kCn dk vFkZ gSA LFkwyHkwr gksus ij ogh ty cu tkrk gSA ogh vi ;k vEHk fnO; ty dgus ;ksX; gSA ;|fi nksuksa ,d gh rRo ls izknqHkwZr gS] fdUrq voLFkkvksa esa ,d nwljs ls fojks/k gh gksrk gSA og czãk.M esa loZ= O;kIr gS& *loZekiksea; txr~*A osn eU=ksa esa dgk x;k gS fd pUnzek vi ds Hkhrj gksdj nkSM+rk gSA lw;Z ds lehi vkSj lw;Z ds lkFk vki fo|eku gSA lw;Z vkSj vfXu vi~ esa gh iSnk gksrs gSaA Hkxoku lw;Z tc mn;kpy ij vkrs gSa rc mudh fdj.ksa iz[kjrk ls QSyrh gSa] ogk¡ ls mlus izns”k ds vi~ dks nwj gVkrh tkrh gSaA /kzqo izns”k esa tgk¡ lw;Z dh fdj.ksa vfreUn gks tkrh gSa] ogk¡ og vi bdV~Bk gks tkrk gSA cgqr bdV~Bk gks tkus ds dkj.k ogk¡ og ?kuhHkwr gksdj LFkwy ty ds :i esa vk tkrk gS vkSj xq:rk ds dkj.k ok;q esa ugha Bgj ldrk] vr% lqes: ds f”k[kj ij fxj iM+rk gSA 8 oSfnd lekt esa fpfdRlk i)fr dk loZ lk/kkj.k izfØ;k ty FkkA fdlh Hkh rjg dh chekfj;ksa dk igyk mipkj ty ds ek/;e ls gksrk gSA _f’kx.k chekfj;ksa dks eq[; rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;s Fks& nSfgd] nSfod vkSj HkkSfrdA bUgha dks dgha&dgha oa”kt nSfgd vkSj vkxUrqd dgk gSA vFkoZosn esa dgk x;k gS fd vkdk”kekxZ ls mM+us okys if{k;ksa }kjk tks vk?kkr vkfn vkxUrqd chekjh gks tkrh gS] ftlds dkj.k yksx nqxZfrxzLr gks tkrs gSa] mldh “kkfUr ds fy;s ty ls izkFkZuk dh xbZ gSA blh izdkj vU; dbZ LFky ij nSfgd jksxksa ds “kkUR;FkZ o’kkZ ds le; fxjus okys ty ls izkFkZuk dh xbZ gS fd ;s lw;Z ls lacaf/kr lkr jf”e;k¡ tc :i /kkjkvksa dks uhps mrkjrh gSa rks viuh /kkjk ls jksxksa dks “kkUr djrh gSaA gs O;kf/kxzLr iq:’k! os mrkjs gq, o`f’V ty rsjs ihM+k nk;d dklkfn jksxksa dks u’V djsA ;K drkZvksa dh ekrk vkSj cgu ds leku ty] lksejl] gksenzO;] nw/k] /k`r vkfn dks vius ekxksZa ls ;K esa ykdj jksx “kkUR;FkZ izkFkZuk djrs gSaA lw;Z ftl ty ds lkFk jgrk gS rFkk lw;Ze.My fLFkr og ty gekjs ;”k dks Qy iznku djus dh “kfDr lEiUu djsA eSa ty ds vf/k’Bkrk nsork dk vkàku djrk gw¡] tgk¡ tyiw.kZ unh] rkykoksa esa gekjh xk;sa ty ihrh gSaA ty ve`r vkSj vkS’kf/k;ksa ls ifjiw.kZ gSa] eSa mlls Hks’ktRo dh ;kpuk djrk gw¡A blds bu fnO; xq.kksa ls gekjs ?kksM+s vksj xk;sa cyoku vkSj “kfDrlEiUu cusA gs tyksa ! rqe leLr lq[k dks nsrs gks blfy;s gesa lq[kksiHkksx djus] je.kh; rRoksa ds n”kZu djus rFkk ijczã ls lk{kkRdkj ds fy;s ifjiq’V dhft;sA ftl izdkj ekrk;sa LosPNk ls vfHkyk’kkiwoZd vius cPpksa dks nw/k fiykdj iq’V djrh gSa] mlh izdkj gs tyksa! vki esa fLFkr tks rRo:i ije dY;k.kdkjh xq.k gSa muesa gedksa Hkkxhnkj djksA vFkkZr~ ml jl ls iq’V djksA gs tyksa! ftl vUukfn dh o`f) ds fy;s r`Ir djrs gks] ml vUu dh izkfIr ds fy;s vkidks ge i;kZIr :i esa 104 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X ikosa vkSj vki gesa vf/kdkf/kd :i esa c<+kvksaA leLr /kuksa ,oa lq[k lk/kuksa ds Lokeh] izkf.kek= dks vius&vius LFkku ij clkus okys vkS’kf/k;ksa ls O;kf/k fuokj.k djus okys ty ls eSa izkFkZuk djrk gw¡A ty gekjs lHkh izdkj dh chekfj;ksa dks nwj dj nsA 9 _Xosnkfn xzUFkksa esa ty ls cjkcj izkFkZuk fd;k x;k gS fd f=rki dks “keu djus esa ty l{ke gSA ty Je dks nwj djrk gS] DykfUr gVkrk gS] ewNkZ rFkk I;kl dks u’V djrk gSA rUnzk] oeu vkSj fccU/k dks gVkus okyk] cydkjd] funzk dks nwj djus okyk] r`fIrnk;d] ân; ds fy;s fgrdj] vO;Dr jl okyk] vth.kZ dk “keu djus okyk] lnk fgrdkjd] “khry] y?kq] LoPN] lEiw.kZ e/kqjkfn jlksa dk dkj.k ,oa ve`r ds leku thou nkrk vk;qosZn vkfn xzUFkksa esa dgk x;k gSA eqfu;ksa us fnO; rFkk HkkSe bu Hksnksa ls ty nks izdkj dk ekuk gSA blesa fnO; ty& 1- /kkjkt 2- djdkHko 3- rkS’kkj 4- gSe bu Hksnksa ls fnO; ty pkj izdkj dk dgk x;k gSA buesa pkj vFkkZr~ /kkjkt tks ty gS og vU; tyksa dh vis{kk vf/kd xq.kdkjh gksrk gSA ,slk vk;qosZn dk fl)kUr gSA /kkjk :i ls vkdk”k ls fxjk gqvk ty ;fn /kqyh gqbZ LoPN f”kyk ;k i`fFkoh ij fxjk gks rks mls ysdj LoPN eksVs oL= ls Nku dj lksuk] pk¡nh] rkEck] LQfVd] dk¡p vFkok feV~Vh buesa ls pkgs ftl fdlh cus gq, orZu esa j[k nsa] ogh /kkjkt dgk tkrk gSA /kkjkt ty dks vk;qosZnksa esa f=nks’k uk”kd rFkk vfunsZ”; jl okyk dgk gSA blesa dkSu lk jl gS bldk ftàk ds }kjk Bhd&Bhd fu.kZ; ugha gks ldrkA vr% bls vfunsZ”; jl okyk dgrs gSaA y?kq lkSE; ¼lkSEkxqe ;qDr½ jlk;u] cydkjd] r`fIrnk;d] vkàkn mRiUu djus okyk] thou Lo:i] ikpd] cqfn~/ko)Zd] ewNkZ] rUnzk] nkg] Je] DykfUr] I;kl bu lcksa dks nwj djrk gSA 10 dkjdkty vkdk”kLFk ok;q rFkk vfXu ds la;ksx ls ?ku gksdj tks iRFkj ds VqdM+s dh rjg vksyk fxjrk gS og djdk laca/kh ty dgykrk gS rFkk ve`r ds leku Lokfn’V gksrk gSA djdk laca/kh ty LoLFk] fo”kn] xq:] fLFkj] “khry rFk fLuX/k bu xq.kksa ls ;qDr] dfBu] fiRruk”kd rFkk dQ vkSj ckr dks mRIkUu djus okyk gksrk gSA 11 rkS’kkj ty unh ls ysdj leqnz i;ZUr rd ds ty esa tks vfXu jgrk gS mlls vFkkZr~ vfXu ls mRiUu gksus okys /kwe ds va”k ls jfgr tks ty gS og rq’kkj laKd ty dgykrk gSA mDr rq’kkj laca/kh ty izk.kh ek= ds fy;s viF; gS] fdUrq o`{kkfn;ksa ds fy;s vR;f/kd fgrdj dgk x;k gSA rq’kkj laca/kh ty “khry] jDr] okrtud] fdafpr fiÙkdkjd] dQ] vLrEHk] d.B rFkk vfXu laca/kh jksx] izesg rFkk xyx.Mkfn jksx dks nwj djus okyk gksrk gSA gSe ty fgeky; ds f”k[kj vkfn LFkkuksa ls nzohHkwr gksdj tks ty ojlrk gS vFkkZr~ vkdk”k ls ok;q }kjk mM+&mM+ dj b/kj&m/kj fxjrk gS mlh dks gSe dgrs gSaA gse ty&”khry] fiÙkuk”kd] xq: rFkk ok;q dks 105 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X c<+kus okyk gksrk gSA cgqrksa _f’k;ksa dk rks ;g Hkh eURkO; gS fd cM+okuy ds /kw,¡ ls izsfjr gksdj tks leqnz dk ty ok;q }kj mÙkj fn”kk esa igq¡pk;s tkus ij ?kuhHkwr gks tkrk gS mls gSe ty dgrs gSaA fge ty “khry gksrk gS rFkk nk:.k ¼dfBu½ rFkk lw{e Hkh gksrk gSA bl ty esa ,d vkSj fof”k’V xq.k gS fd ;g ty f=nks’k dks nwf’kr ugha djrk gSA HkkSe ty cqf)ekuksa us HkkSe ty dks izFke taxy] vuwi vkSj lk/kkj.k bu Hksnksa ls rhu izdkj dk ekuk gSA tkaxy ty tgk¡ ij FkksM+s ty rFkk FkksM+s o`{k gksrs gSa vkSj fiÙk rFkk jDr laca/kh fodkj vFkok jDrfiÙk jksx vf/kd mRiUu gksrs gSa mls tkaxy ns”k rFkk ogk¡ ds ty dks tkaxy ty le>uk pkfg,A tkaxy ty :{k] yo.kjl ;qDr] y?kq] fiÙkuk”kd] vfXuo/kZd] dQuk”kd] iF; ,oa vusd izdkj ds fodkjksa dks u’V djus okyk gksrk gSA lk/kkj.k ty tgk¡ ij tkaxy rFkk vkuwi ns”kksa ds fpUg feys gq, gksa rks mls lk/kkj.k ns”k rFkk ogk¡ ds ty dks lk/kkj.k ty le>uk pkfg,A lk/kkj.k ty e/kqjl ;qDr] vfXunhid] “khry] y/kq r`fIrdkjd] jkspd nkg rFkk f=nks’k dks nwj djus okyk dgk x;k gSA vkuwi ty tgk¡ ij vf/kd :i ls ty rFkk o`{k gksrs gSa vkSj ckr rFkk dQ laca/kh jksx Hkh vf/kd :i ls gksrs gSa mls vuwi ns”k rFkk ogk¡ ds ty dks vkuwi dgrs gSaA vfHk’;Unh] Lokfn’V] fLUkX/k] ?ku] xq:] vfXu dks u’V djus okyk] dQdkjd] ân; ds fy;s fgrdj rFkk cgqr ls jksxksa dks mRiUu djus okyk gksrk gSA ukns; ty :{k] okrtud] Yk?kq] vfXunhid] bZ’kr~ vfHkO;Unh] fo”kn~ xq.k;qDr] dVq jl ;qDr ,oa dQ ,= rFkk fiÙk dks nwj djus okyk dgk x;k gSA “kh?kz rFkk eUnxfr ls cgus okys Hksn ls ,oa ns”k Hksn ls ufn;ksa ds tyksa esa tks xq.kHksn gksrs gSa os ;s gSa& “kh?kz xfr ogus okyh ,slh ftruh ufn;k¡ gksrh gSa mu loksa dk ty Yk?kq rFkk LoPN gksrk gSA eUnxfr ls ogus okyh ;k lsokj ls <+ds gq, ty oky vFkok efyu ty okyh ,slh tks ufn;k¡ gSa mu loksa dk ty xq: gksrk gSA vkSn~fHkn~ ty uhph teu dks NksM+dj tks cM+h /kkjk ls fudy dj cgrk gS ml ty dks egf’kZ yksx vkSn~fHkn~ ty dgrs gSaA vkSn~fHkn~ ty fiÙk uk”kd] vfrnkgh] vfr”khry] r`fIrdkjd] e/kqj jl ;qDr] cy dkjd rFkk fdafpr okr dkjd ,oa y?kq gksrk gSA 12 106 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X uS>Zj ty ioZr ds f”k[kj ls fxjrs gq, ty ds izokg dks fu>Zj] lj rFkk izL=o.k dgrs gSaA uS>Zj ty :fpdkjd] dQuk”kd] vfXunhid] y?kq] e/kqj jl ;qDr] foikd esa dVqjl ;qDr] okrdkjd rFkk bZ’kr~ fiÙkdkjd gksrk gSA lkjl ty unh dk ty tgk¡ ij ioZr vkfn ls jksds tkus ij [kj&[kj dj nzfor gksrk gS vkSj dey ds iÙkksa ls tgk¡ <+dk jgrk gS ml lafpr ty;qDr izns”k dks lj dgrs gSa rFkk mlds ty dks lkjl ty dgk tkrk gSA lkjl ty cydkjd] I;kl dks ukl djus okyk] e/kqj rFkk dk’kk; jl;qDr] y?kq] jkspd ,oa ew= rFkk ey dk focU/k djus okyk gksrk gSA rkMkx ty iz”kLr Hkwfe dk tks Hkkx gS mlij fLFkr vusd o’kksZa rd iqjkuk tks tyk”k; gS mls rM+kx dgrs gSa vkSj rRlaca/kh ty dks rkMkx ty dgrs gSaA rkM+kxty Lokfn’V] DokFk] jl;qDr] foikd esa dVqjl ;qDr] ckytud] ey&ew= dk focU/k djus okyk ,oa jDrfiÙk rFkk dQ dks nwj djus okyk gksrk gSA 13 okI; ty tks dqvk¡ iRFkj rFkk bVksa ls ca/kk gqvk gks rFkk cgqr cM+k gks vkSj ftlesa mrus ds fy;s lhf<+;k¡ Hkh cuh gks rks mls okih dgrs gSa vkSj mlds ty dks okI; ty dgrs gSaA okI; ty ;fn [kkjk gks rks fiÙkdkjd ,oa dQ rFkk okr dks nwj djus okyk gksrk gS vkSj ;fn ogh ehBk gks rks dQdkjd] okrdkjd rFkk fiÙk uk”kd gksrk gSA dkSi ty tks xM~<+k FkksMs+ foLrkj dk vFkkZr~ de pkSM+k e.Mykdkj] xgjk gksrk gS rFkk og bZVsa vkfn ls c¡/kk gks ;k u ca/kk gks rks mls dwi vFkkZr~ dqvk¡ dgrs gSaA mlh dk ty dkSi ty dgk tkrk gSA dkSi ty ;fn Lokfn’V gks rks f=nks’k uk”kd] fgrdkjh rFkk y?kq gksrk gSA ;fn [kkjk gks rks dQ rFkk okr uk”kd] vfXu nhid vkSj vR;Ur fiÙk dkjd gksrk gSA pkSU; ty tks xM~<+k vius vki gks x;k gks vkSj ftlesa iRFkj ds VqdM+s gksa ,oa ty uhys vatu ds leku gks rFkk yrkvksa ds foLrkj ls <+dk gks rks mls pkSaP; ty dgrs gSaA vU; vkpk;ksZa dk er gS fd tks xM~<+k iRFkj vkfn ls u ca/kk gqvk gks mls pkSaP; dgrs gSa vkSj blds ty dsk _f’k yksx pkSaP; ty dgrs gSaA pkSaP; ty vfXu dkjd] :{k] dQ uk”kd] y?kq e/kqj jl ;qDr] fiÙk uk”kd] jkspd] ikpd rFkk fo”kn~ xq.k ;qDr gksrk gSA 107 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X ikYoy ty lw;Z tc pUnzek ds u{k= ij gksa rc ftlesa dqN Hkh ty u jgrk gks ,sls NksVs&NksVs ryS;s dks iYoy dgrs gSa vkSj blds ty dks ikYoy ty dgrs gSaaA ikYoy ty vfHk’;Unh] xq: Lokfn’V rFkk f=nksZ’k dkjd gksrk gSA fofdj ty unh vkfn ds fudV tks okyqdkee; Hkwfe gks ogk¡ ij tks ty [kksn dj fudkyk tkrk gS mls fofdj ty dgrs gSaA fofdj ty “khry] LoPN] f=nksZ’k] y?kq d’kk; rFkk e/kqj jl ;qDr ,oa fiÙkuk”kd gksrk gSA ;fn ogh ty /kkjk gks rks fdafpr fiÙkdkjd gksrk gSA dSnkj ty dsnkj “kCn [ksr dk i;kZ;okph gSA vr% blds ty dks dSnkj ty dgrs gSaA dSnkj ty vfHk’;Unh] e/kqj jl ;qDr xq: rFkk okrkfn nks’k dkjd gksrk gSA o`f’V ty rRdky o’kkZ gksdj tks ty i`Foh ij tek jgrk gS mls o`f’V ty dgrs gSa] ;g vfgrdkjd gksrk gSA fdUrq ;gh ty rhu jkf= ds ckn feV~Vh cSB tkus ls ;fn LoPN gks rks ve`r ds leku xq.kdkjh gksrk gSA va”kwnd ty ftl ty ds Åij fnu esa lw;Z dh fdj.ksa vkSj jkr esa pUnzek dh fdj.ksa iM+h gks mls va”kwnd dgrs gSaA va”kwnd ty fLuX/k] xq.k;qDr] f=nks’ku’kd] vfHk’;Unh u gksdj] funksZ’k] vkarfj{k ty ds leku cydkjd] jlk;u] es/kk “kfDr ds fy, fgrdj] “khry] y?kq rFkk ve`r ds leku gksrk gSA “kjn _rq esa vxLr rkjk ds mn; gksus ls lHkh izdkj ds ty LoPN gks tkrs gSa vr% os lHkh fgrdkjh gksrs gSA 14 i`Foh ;k Hkwe.My lw;Ze.My dk lcls egRoiw.kZ xzg blfy;s gS fd ;gk¡ ij ,d ,slk okrkoj.k gS tks ,d laj{kd dEcy dh Hkk¡fr bls bl izdkj yisVs gq, gS fd thou dh mRifÙk gks lds vksj mldks /kkj.k fd;k tk ldsA bu lcesa lcls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ty dh gS tks i`fFkoh ij ok’i] nzo rFkk fge bu rhuksa voLFkkvksa dk ,d ,slk pØ cukrk gS tks lw;Z ds fdlh vU; xzg ij rks ugha gh gS] “kk;n ldy czkã.k esa Hkh dgha ugh gSA oSfnd _f’k;ksa us ty bl egRo dks igpkuk vkSj _Xosn dh _pkvksa dk ,d cgqr cM++k va”k bldh egÙkk dks js[kkafdr djrk gqvk bUnz dh Lrqfr djrk gSA vUrfj{k ls /kjrh ij iM+k ty tc fge ds :i esa ioZrksa ij te x;k rks mls o`= ¼tes gq, ty dk ?ksjk ;k Xysf”k;j½ dgk x;k rFkk bldks u’V djds ufn;ksa dks izokfgr djus dk dke ftl nsork us fd;k og bUnz dgyk;kA ufn;ksa ds ty dh rqyuk nw/k ls dh xbZ gS okLro esa mls iqf’Vdkjd i; gh ekuk x;k gS tks euq’; gh ugha oju~ ouLifr;ksa rFkk d`fe dhV vkfn ds fy;s Hkh thounk;h ekuk x;k gSA ,d n`f’V ls ty dks gh _Xosn dk izfrik| fo’k; dgk tk ldrk gSA 108 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X vFkoZosn esa ty dh egÙkk dks izfrikfnr djrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd ftlls c<+us okyh ouLifr;k¡ vkfn viuk thou izkIr djrh gSa] og thou dk lRo i`Foh ij ugha gS vkSj u |qyksd esa gS] vfirq vUrfj{k esa lapkj djus okys es?ke.My esa rstLoh ifo= vkSj “kq) ty gSA ftu es?kksa esa lw;Z fn[kkbZ nsrk gks] ftuesa fo|qr :ih vfXu dHkh O;Dr vkSj dHkh xqIr :i esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] og ty gh gesa “kq)rk] “kkfUr vkSj vkjksX; ns ldrk gSA lqizfl) bUnzo`= vk[;ku Hkh ty ds egÙkk dks izfrikfnr djrk gSA bUnz o’kkZ ds ty dks okf/kr djus okys nSR; o`=klqj :ih vdky dk _f’k n/khfp dh lgk;rk ls lagkj djrs gSa rFkk LoPN okfj/kkjkvksa dk /kjrh ij fuckZ/k fopj.k lqfuf”pr djrs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bUnz dks ty ds nsork dh Hkh laKk nh xbZ gSA oSfnd _f’k ty ds vkS’k/kh; Lo:i ls Hkh Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ifjfpr Fks] laHkor% blh dkj.k mUgksaus ty dks *f”kore jl* dh laKk nh xbZA 15 _Xosfnd _f’k izkFkZuk djrs gq, dgrk gS fd l`f’V esa fo|eku tyA rqe gekjs “kjhj ds fy, vkS’kf/k dk dk;Z djks rkfd ge uhjksx jgdj fpj dky rd lw;Z dk n”kZu djrs jgsa vFkkZr~ nh?kkZ;q gksA 16 ;tqosZfnd _f’k “kUuks nsohjfHk’V; vkiks HkoUrq ihr;sA “kU;ksjfHkL=oUrq u% 17 dgdj “kq) ty ds izokfgr gksus dh dkeuk djrk gSA vFkoZosn esa i`fFkoh ij “kq) is; ty ds loZnk miyC/k jgus dh bZ”oj ls dkeuk dh x;h gS& “kq)k u vvkiLrUoskiLrUos {kjUrq ;ks u% lsnqjfiz;s ra fu n/e%An/e%A ifo=s.k i`fFkfo eksr~ iqukfeAA 181818 Hkxoku Jhd`’.k esa Jhen~Hkkxorxhrk esa Lo;a dks ufn;ksa esa HkkxhjFkh xaxk rFkk tyk”k;ksa esa leqnz crkdj ty dh egÙkk dks Lohd`fr iznku dh gSA Hkkjrh; euh’kk dh n`f’V esa tyL=ksr dsoy futhZo tyk”k; ek= ugha Fks] vfirq o:.k nso rFkk fofHkUu ufn;ksa ds :i esa mlus vusd nsfo;ksa dh dYiuk dh FkhA 19 blh dkj.k Luku djrs le; lIrflU/kqvksa esa ty ds lekos”k gsrq vkt Hkh bl ea= }kjk mudk vkàku fd;k trk gSA lanHkZ lwph 1. _Xnso lafgrk] laiknd& Jhjke “kekZ ,oa Hkxorh nsoh “kekZ] “kkfUrdqUt] gfj}kj ¼m- iz-½] i`- 7 ¼ifjf”k’V½A 2. lgk;] f”koLo:i] izkphu Hkkjrh; /keZ ,oa n”kZu] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl] fnYyh] 2010] i`- 21A 3. _Xosn dk lqcks/k&Hkk’; ¼rhljk Hkkx½] 7-49-2] i`- 111A 4. “kqDyk] jRuk ,oa nÙkk] dqlqe Hkwfj;k] laLd`r&lkfgR; esa i;kZoj.k] lR;e~ ifCyf”kax gkml] ubZ fnYyh] 2013] i`- 32A 5. Lokeh lR;izdk”k ljLorh] izkphu Hkkjr esa jlk;u dk fodkl] i`- 41A 6. ljLorh] egf’kZ n;kuUn] _XosnkfnHkk’;Hkwfedk] i`- 326&27A 7. >k] fo|s”oj] oSfnd lekt vkSj vkpkj&fopkj leh{kk] dyk izdk”ku] okjk.klh] 2011] i`- 161A 8. ogh] i`- 162A 109 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X 9. ogh] i`- 164&165A 10. ogh] i`- 165A 11. ogh] i`- 166A 12. ogh] i`- 168A 13. ogh] i`- 168A 14. ogh] i`- 169A 15. ;tqosZn& 32-13A 16. _Xosn& 01-23-21A 17. ;tqosZn& 32-12A 18. vFkoZosn& 12-01-30A 19. _Xosn& 10-75-06A 110 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X izkphu Hkkjrh; U;k; O;oLFkk uUnfd”kksj fotiqfj;k bfrgkl foHkkx] thokth fo”ofo|ky;] Xokfy;jA Hkkjr ds izkphu /keZxzUFkksa esa gesa rRdkyhu izpfyr fof/k vkSj U;k; iz’kklu ds fo"k; esa i;kZIr tkudkjh feyrh gSA ml le; lekt esa /keZ dks lokZf/kd egRo izkIr gksus ds dkj.k vf/kdka”k fof/k;k¡ /kkfeZd fu;euksa esa gh ladyr FkhaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd gekjs izkphu osn&iqjk.kksa] 'kkL=ksa] mifu"knksa vkfn dks rRdkyhu fof/k dk vk/kkj lw= ekuk x;k gSA izkphu O;oLFkk esa fof/k vFkok U;k;&iz”kklu dks /keZ dk gh ,d vax ekuk x;k FkkA vr% fof/k ds vuqikyu esa uSfrdrk ¼ morality ½ ij lokZf/kd cy fn;k tkuk LokHkkfod FkkA vf/kdka”k fof/k;k¡ vkSj /keZxzUFk laLd`r Hkk"kk esa fuc) FkhaA lEHkor% ;gh dkj.k gS fd fgUnw fof/k dk vkfoHkkZo iqjkru gksrs gq, Hkh mldk vocks/k tulk/kkj.k dks vf/kd ugha gks ldkA rFkkfi ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu ds lkFk&lkFk ;g ewy O;oLFkk fujUrj cnyrh jgh gSA oSfnd dky ds gesa tks fyf[kr xzaFk izkIr gksrs gSaA muesa iz'kklfud O;oLFkk dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA oSfnd dky ls gh U;k; O;oLFkk dk loksZPp vf/kdkjh jktk dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS] tks iqjksfgr ;k vU; ijke'kZ nkrkvksa dh lgk;rk ls U;k; djrk FkkA jktk iz/kku n.M/kj gksrk Fkk vFkkZr~ og lHkh n.Mksa ls eqDr gksrk FkkA izkjafHkd xzaFkksa esa ge _Xosn dk mYys[k djrs gSA ftles fofHkUu vijk/kksa dh tkudkjh rFkk mu vijk/kksa ds fy;s fuf”pr n.M fo/kku dk mYys[k feyrk gSA _Xosn esa MdSrh i'kq/ku dh pkSjh] vU; oLrqvksa dh pkSjh lsa/k] tqvk[kksjh ysu&nsu ds >xM+s] lkekftd ijEijkvksa dk mYya?ku tSls vijk/kksa dk o.kZu gSA bl le; n.M fo/kku vf/kd fodflr ugha gks ik;k Fkk fQj Hkh lHkh izdkj ds vijkf/k;ksa dks n.M fn;k tkrk Fkk ;|fi e`R;qn.M izpfyr Fkk ijUrq vf/kdka'k ekeyksa esa 'kkjhfjd n.M gh mi;qDr ekuk tkrk Fkk gR;k dk n.M nzO; ds :i gksrk Fkk tks ekjs x;s O;fDr dh fLFkfr ds vuqdwy de o vf/kd fu/kkZfjr dj fn;k x;k FkkA mPp Js.kh ds O;fDr dh gR;k dk n.M lkS xk; rd fn;k tkrk FkkA _Xosn esa ,d O;fDr dks 'krnk; dgk x;k gS] D;ksafd mldh tku dh dher lkS xk; FkhA pkSjksa vkSj vijkf/k;ksa dks dV?kjksa ;k cUnhx````g esa cUn fd;k tkrk Fkk nh?kZO;kl dh dFkk ls Li"V gksrk gSA fd vijk/k izekf.kr djus ;k funksZ’k lkfcr djus ds fy;s] vfXu ijh{kk] ty ijh{kk] ij'kq ijh{kk dh izFkk dk izpyu Fkk rFkk fnokfy;sa O;fDr _.k vnk u djus ij nkl cuk fy;s tkrs FksA e/;e'kh & 'kCn dk _Xosn esa mYys[k gksus ls izfrr gksrk gS fd iap fu.kZ; dh izFkk Hkh izpfyr FkhA xzkeksa esa lHkh izdkj ds fu.kZ; xzke iapk;r }kjk fy;s tkrs FksA vFkoZosn esa ijhf{kr dks e`R;q yksd dk nsork crk;k x;k gSA vFkkZr~ og fujdq'k 'kkld FkkA og czkã.kksa rd dks ns'k ls fudyok ldrk FkkA jktk jkT; dk loksZPp O;fDr gksrk Fkk mlds vf/kdkj vlhfer gksrs Fks og fdlh Hkh fu.kZ; ds fy;s Lora= gksrk Fkk ijUrq fQj Hkh bl dky esa jktk ij lHkk vkSj lfefr uked nks laLFkk;sa mldh fujdq'krk ij fu;a=.k j[krh FkhA 111 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X lriFk czkã.k esa jktk ds 12 jRuh;ksa ds uke fn;s gSA ftues LFkkifr uked vf/kdkjh tks U;k; vf/kdkjh Hkh gksrk FkkA ¼mRrj oSfnddky½ oSfnd dky esa U;k;k/kh”k dks iz”u fouk;d dgk tkrk FkkA _Xosn esa xzke okfnu 'kCn xk¡o dk fookn xk¡o esa gh gy fd;k tkrk FkkA lw= dky esa fy[ks xzaFk /keZ lw=ksa esa dsoy jktrU= dk gh mYys[k ik;k tkrk gSA D;ksafd vk;Z blh O;oLFkk ds i{kikrh gSA os jkT; dks ,d /kkfeZd laLFkk ds :i esa ns[krs gSA ftlesa jktk ,oa iztk nksuksa gh nSoh bPNkuqlkj viuk&viuk dk;Z djrs gSA /keZ lw=ksa esa jktk dh fujdq'krk ij jksd yxk;h x;hA mudk dFku Fkk fd vR;kpkjh jktk bgyksd vkSj ijyksd nksuksa esa n.M ikrk gSA bl dky esa /keZ gh jktk dh fujdq'krk dk fu;ked Fkk lHkk ;k lfefr tSlh laLFkk lekIr dj nh x;h FkhA bl dky esa jktk loksZPp U;k;/kh'k gh ekuk x;k ijUrq mlds U;k; laca/kh vf/kdkj dk mi;ksx ijke'kZ nk;ha czã.k }kjk gh djrk Fkk nhokuh vkSj QkStnkjh nksuksa gh izdkj ds eqdneksa dk fu.kZ; jktk }kjk gh fd;k tkrk FkkA dkuwu ds vk/kkj osn vkSj vuqJfr Fks xkSre ds /keZ lw= ds vuqlkj U;k; nku /keZ xzaFkksa vkSj o.kkZsa vkSj dqyksa ds jhfr&fjokt ds vuqlkj gksrk Fkk bl le; dk n.M fo/kku oxksZa ds vuqlkj Fkk ,d gh vijk/k ds fy;s o.kZ ds vuqlkj fofHkUu n.M FkkA czkã.k dks vi'kCn dgus ;k vieku djus okys {kf=; dks lkS eqnzkvksa dk vkfFkZd n.M fn;k tkrk Fkk vkSj oS'; dks blh vijk/k ds fy;s Ms<+ lkS eqnzkvksa dk n.M fn;k tkrk FkkA ysfdu ;fn dksbZ czkã.k fdlh {kf=; dks vi'kCn dgrk rks mls dsoy 50 eqnzkvksa dk n.M Fkk ftl vijk/k ds fy;s 'kwnz dks e`R;q n.M fn;k tkrk FkkA ijUrq vxj czkã.k fdlh {kf=; dh gR;k dk nks"kh gksrk rks mls ,d lgL= xk; dk vkfFkZd n.M gh FkkA tcfd oS'; dh gR;k ij lkS xk; vkSj 'kqnz dh gR;k ij dsoy 10 xk;ksa dk vkfFkZd n.M fn;k tkrk FkkA ;s xk; e`rd ds ifjokj dks nh tkrh FkhaA pkSjh ds vijk/k ds fy;s dBksj n.M Fkk t?kU; pkSj vijkf/k;ksa dks e`R;qn.M rd fn;k tkrk FkkA lk/kkj.k vijkf/k;ksa ds fy;s 'kkjhfjd vkSj vkfFkZd n.M dk fo/kku Fkk rFkk ?kksjre vijkf/k;ksa dks jkT; ls fu"dkf”kr Hkh dj fn;k tkrk FkkA bl ;qx esa lekt vkSj jktlHkkvksa esa czkã.kksa dk vf/kd izHkqRo Fkk] mUgsa lkekftd /kkfeZd vkSj jktuhfrd {ks=ksa esa brus vf/kd fof'k"V vf/kdkj izkIr gks x;s Fks fd os izk; e`R;q n.M ls eqDr FksA tgk¡ 'kwnz dks fdlh vijk/k esa n.M fn;k tkrk Fkk mlh vijk/k esa czkã.k n.M eqDr gksrk FkkA 'kwnz dks {kfr igq¡pkus okys czkã.k dks n.M ls eqDr j[kk x;k FkkA mRrjkf/kdkj vkSj lEifRr foHkktu ds fu;e Fks L=h fdlh dh mRrjkf/kdkjh ugha gks ldrh FkhA vkSj u mls lEifRr ds vf/kdkj gh Fks] firk dh lEifRr esa iq=h dk dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha gksrk Fkk izk; T;s"B iq= gh lEifRr dk mRrjkf/kdkjh gksrk FkkA U;k; ds fy, U;k;ky; gksrs Fks ckS/kk;u /keZlw= esa U;k;nku ds fy;s ,sls U;k;ky;ksa vkSj osnksa ds Kkrkvksa dh ifj"knksa dk mYys[k gSA lezkV czkã.k iqjksfgrksa dh lykg ij gh dk;Z djrk Fkk iz'kklu esa czkã.kksa dk loksZPp LFkku Fkk xkSre ds vuqlkj jktk vkSj czkã.k nksuksa gh lalkj dh uSfrd O;oLFkk ds fu;ked Fks ;g Hkh ekuk x;k fd 112 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X jktk lHkh dk Lokeh gksrk gS] fdUrq czkã.k dk ughaA iqjksfgrksa ds vfrfjDr izfl) czkã.kksa dh ,d ifj"kn~ Hkh gksrh Fkh tks /kkfeZd jktuSfrd rFkk U;k; lEca/kh ekeyksa esa lykg nsrh FkhA jkT;in vuqokaf'kd Fks jktk ifo= pfj= okys izFke rhu tkfr;ksa esa ls vf/kdkfj;ksa dk ,d la?k fu;qDr djrk Fkk ftudk dk;Z uxjksa vkSj xzkeksa esa pkSjh dks jksduk Fkk xzkeh.k O;oLFkk esa LFkkifr uked ,d inkf/kdkjh dk mYys[k feyrk gSA tks dk;Zikfydk ,oa U;k; lEca/kh ekeyksa dk v/;{k gksrk FkkA egkdkO; dky esa vk;ksZa dk izlkj iwohZ Hkkjr esa gqvk ns'k esa cM+s&cM+s jkT;ksa dh LFkkiuk gq;h] jktkvksa dkss egkjktkf/kjkt] lezkV] pØorhZ tSlh fo'kky mikf/k;k¡ nh tkuha yxhA egkdkO; dky esa gesa jkek;.k ds v;ks/;kdk.M esa iz'kklu ds 18 foHkkxksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSA ftlesa fnz"Vk dk mYys[k eq[;U;k;k/kh’k ds :i esa fd;k x;k gSA tcfd egkHkkjr esa budh la[;k 36 crkbZ xbZ ftudksa rhFkZ dgk x;k gSa & /keZ'kkL= ;qx esa /keZ ds vk/kkj ij U;k; O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA iwoZ dh Hkkafr jktk gh vius jkT; dk loksZPp U;k;/kh'k ekuk tkrk FkkA fo".kq Le`fr dk dFku gS fd jktk Lo;a U;k;nku djsa vFkok ,sls fdlh fo}ku iqjksfgr dks fu;qDr djs tks eqdneksa dks lqudj fu.kZ; nsaA iztk ds fy;s U;k; nku dh O;oLFkk djuk jktk dk drZO; ekuk x;kA yksxksa dks leqfpr U;k; izkIr gks lds blfy;s uxj ds fof'k"V U;k;ky;ksa dk dk;Z djrs FksA budks Hkh vius lnL;ksa ds eqdnes lquus vkSj mu ij U;k; nsus dk vf/kdkj Fkk buds dkuwu loZekU; Fks ijUrq fQj Hkh vxj dksbZ O;fDr buds fu.kZ; ls larq"V ugha gksrk gSA rks og ekeyk iqufoZpkj ds fy;s jkT; ds eq[; U;k;ky; esa vihy dj ldrk Fkk vkSj jktk dk fu.kZ; loZekU; gksrk FkkA ;kKoYd; vkSj ukjn nksuksa us gh eqdneksa ij iqufoZpkj djus dh iz.kkyh dks ekuk gSA vk/kqfud U;k; O;oLFkk esa nhokuh vkSj QkStnkjh ds vyx&vyx vijk/ki ekus x;s vkSj fHkUu&fHkUu n.M fo/kku gSA ijUrq Le`fr;ksa esa vijk/kksa vkSj n.M fo/kkuksa gsrq bl izdkj dk Hksn ugha fd;k x;k FkkA euqLe`fr esa vijk/kksa ds vBkjg izdkj fn;s gSA tcfd vU; Le`fr;ksa esa nl izdkjksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSA tSls jktk dh vkKkvksa dk mYya?ku djuk] fuank djuk] xkyh&xyksp djuk] vieku djuk] geyk djuk] gR;k] cykRdkj] Hkzw.k gR;k] pksjh&Mkdk] tkfr;ksa dk lfEeJ.k djuk vkSj o.kZ ldjksa dh o`f) djuk vkfn vijk/kksa dks dkcw djus ds fy;s fofHkUu izdkj dh ;U=.kk,¡ nh tkrh Fkh] funksZ"k izekf.kr djus gsrq ijh{kk,¡ gksrh FkhA euq us nks izdkj dh ijh{kkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS& vfXu ijh{kk vkSj ty ijh{kk] ijUrq ;kKoYD; us ik¡p izdkj dh ijh{kkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA vfXu] ty] dky] rqyk vkSj fo"kA czgLifr us ukS izdkj dh foLr`r ijh{kk,¡ crk;h gSA mi;qZDr fofo/k ijh{kk,¡ vkSj mudh iz.kkfy;k¡ fofHkUu izdkj ds vijk/kksa ds fy;s fu/kkZfjr dh x;h FkhA U;k;ky;ksa esa lk{; dh vksj Hkh fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tkrk Fkk euq us viuh Le`fr esa U;k;ky;ksa esa fyf[kr izek.kksa ds fo"k; esa foLr`r :i ls foospuk dh gSA vyx&vyx vijk/k ds fy;s fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dk n.M ;k ltk fu/kkZfjr dh x;h FkhA tSls& lSa/k yxkdj pksjh djus okys O;fDr dks lwyh ij p<+k fn;k tkrk Fkk] Mkdk Mkyus okys dks isM+ ls yVdkdj 113 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Qk¡lh nh tkrh FkhA xk; dh pksjh djus okys dh ukd] dku dkV fy;s tkrs FksA vukt] lksuk] pk¡nh tSlh oLrqvksa dh pksjh ij Hkh Qk¡lh dh ltk nh tkrh FkhA jktnzksg ds vijk/kh dks izk.kn.M dh ltk] czkã.k dh gR;k djus ij tkfr cfg"dkj vFkok lEifRr ls oafpr gksus dh ltk dk fo/kku FkkA O;fHkpkfj.kh efgykvksa ds fy;s n.M fo/kku dBksj FkkA _.k ds vijk/k ds fo"k; esa Le`fr;ksa esa erHksn gS] euq Le`fr dk dFku gS fd eqdnes esa feF;k Hkk"k.k ;k lk{; nsus okys dks _.k ds /ku dk nksxquk vkfFkZd n.M ;k tqekZuk fd;k tk;sA fo".kq Le`fr dk dFku gS fd tc fdlh _.k ds eqdnes esa _.kh ij Hkh tqekZuk fd;k tk;s rks mldk 1@10 ok Hkkx jktk ds [ktkus esa tek fd;k tk;sA Le`fr;ksa esa _.kh O;fDr;ksa dks gs; n`f"V ls ns[kk x;k gSA /kqr ØhM+k ;k tqvk[kksjh vijk/k ekuk x;k FkkA ukjn Le`fr esa dgk x;k gS fd tqvk&[kksjh ij jkT; dk fu;a=.k j[kk tk;s vkSj ml ij dqN n.M vkSj dj j[kk tk;s ftlls jkT; dh vk; esa o`f) gks] ;kKoYO;] c`gLifr vkSj ukjn Le`fr esa lk>snkjh iz.kkyh ,oa mlds fu;e iz.kkyh vkSj dkuwuksa dk fo’kn o.kZu gS ukjn us izf”k{k.k izkIr djus ds fy, fo|kFkhZ ;k f’kYih ds fy;s Hkh dkuwu fu/kkZfjr fd;s Fks mudk dFku gS fd tks fo/kkFkhZ ;k f’kYih viuk izf”k{k.k izkIr djus ds iw.kZ gh Hkkx tk;s mls nf.Mr fd;k tk;sA euq dk er gS fd czgk.k dks xq:rj vijk/k djus ij Hkh izk.k n.M ls eqDr j[kk tk;s ijUrq vU; Le`frdkj ,slk ugh ekurs gS bl dky esa tqekZuk vkSj vkfFkZd n.M vijk/kh dh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj yxk;s tkrs Fks ftlesa lk/kj.k O;fDr ij gYdk tqekZuk vkSj /kuoku O;fDr ij Hkkjh tqekZuk djus dk fu;e FkkA egk tuin dky esa mYysf[kr 16 egktuinksa esa dkS”ky vofUr oRl vkSj ex/k vf/kd 'kfDr 'kkyh Fks bu lHkh tuinksa esa jktra=Rred 'kklu iz.kkyh Fkh iwoZ dh Hkkfr jktk dks gh lokZsPp U;k;k/kh”k Lohdkj fd;k x;kA jkT; dh U;k; O;oLFkk dBksj FkhA bl le; Hkh vax foPNsn e`R;qn.M rFkk vkfFkZd n.M fn;s tkrs FksA lkekU; turk vkSj iz”kklfud vf/kdkjh lHkh dks vijk/kh fl) gksus ij fu/kkZfjr n.M fn;k tkrk FkkA jktk dh vnkyr ds ckn jkT; dk ,d eq[; U;k;y; Fkh gksrk FkkA ftlds U;k;/kh”k dks O;kogkfjd egkek= dgk tkrk FkkA blh dh vnkyr es lHkh izdkj ds eqdneksa dh lquokbZ gksrh FkhA tcfd xzkeh.k {ks= esa xzke Hkkstd uked vf/kdkjh xzke ds eqdneksa dk fu.kZ; djrk FkkA O;kogkfjd ekgek= vkSj xzke Hkkstd jktk ds inkf/kdkjh gksrs FksA ftudk dk;Z fofHkUu eqdneksa dk fuiVkjk djuk vkSj dkuwu O;oLFkk dks ouk;s j[kuk FkkA x.kjkT; 'kklu iz.kkyh esa U;k; O;oLFkk dh tkudkjh ds izeq[k L=ksrksa esa vFkZ”kkL= yfyr foLrkj] tkrd dFkk,sa] vn:dFkk vkfn ledkyhu xzFkksa dk mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gS x.kjkT;ksa esa 'kklu turk=kRed ik}fr ij vk/kkfjr Fkk blesa jkTkk ;k eqf[k;k dk fuokZpu gksrk Fkk tks jk"Vªifr ds :i esa dk;Z djrk FkkA bldh lgk;rk ds fy;s ,d ijke”kZnk=h ifj"kn gksrh Fkh ftls laFkkxkj dgk tkrk Fkk ftldh lnL;ksa dh la[;k 500 rd gksrh FkhA dkSfVY; us fyPNfo jkT; dks jkt”kCnksaithoh dgk gS ftldk vFkZZ gksrk gS ogk dk izR;sd equ"; vius dks jktk le>rk gSA bu x.kjkT;ksa esa vijk/kksa ds fy;s dBksj fu;e ykxw fd;s x;s FksA vijk/kh ijh{kk vkB U;k;ky;ksa esa gksrh FkhA jkT;sa esa fofu”p; egkek= uk;d 114 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X deZpkjh gksrk Fkk og vijk/kksa dh tkap djrk FkkA vxj O;fDr vijk/kh fl} gksrk Fkk rks egkek=k mls nwljs O;kogkfjd uked vU; inkf/kdkjh ds lkeus izLrqr djrk Fkk vkSj O;kogkfjd iqu% vius ls mPp vf/kdkjh lw=/kkj uked deZpkjh ds lEeq[k vfHk;qDr dks izLrqr djrk FkkA blds ckn Hkh vxj vfHk;qDr vijk/kh le>k tkrk Fkk rks og vVBdqyd ds lkeus yk;k tkrk Fkk mlds ckn Hkk.Mkxkfjd] lsukifr] mijktk vkSj var esa jktk ds lkeus izLrqr gksuk iM+rk Fkk n.M dk vk/kkj iosf.kiksRFkd uked iwoZ n`"VkUr lafgrk Fkh n.M iw.kZr% vijk/k fl) gksus ij feyrk FkkA ekS;Z dky esa Hkh U;k; O;oLFkk dk vk/kkj /keZxzaFk gh jgs ijarq bl {ks= esa lcls egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku pUnzxqIr ekS;Z ds eU=h dkSfVY; ¼pk.kD;½ dk jgk gSA dkSfVY; ds vFkZ’kkL= esa mRre jkT; O;oLFkk] jktuSfrd nk¡o&isap rFkk vuq’kklu&O;oLFkk ds fy, fof/k ds iz;ksx lEcU/kh foLr`r fu;e fn;s x;s gSA vFkZk”kkL= esa nh xbZ n.Muhfr lEcU/kh O;oLFkk ls rRdkyhu fgUnw 'kkldksa dh U;k;iVqrk ds fo"k; esa lgt gh vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA lkjka”k ;g gS fd fof/k dh n`f"V ls vFkZ”kkL= dk egRo /keZ”kkL=ksa ls vf/kd gSA bl dky esa igyh ckj nhokuh vkSj QkStnkjh ekeyksa dks vyx&vyx djus dk iz;kl x;k rFkk dsfnz; U;k;ky; ds ckn izkarh; U;k;ky; LFkkfir fd;s x;s muds uhps LFkkuh; U;k;ky; gksrs FksA LFkkuh; U;k;ky; ds ckn nzks.keq[k vkSj laxzg.k rFkk lcls uhps xzke U;k;ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd ekS;Z dky esa U;k; O;oLFkk dks iwjs jkT; dh lHkh bdkbZ;ksa esa LFkkfir fd;k x;kA ikVyhiq= dk U;k;ky; dsfnz; U;k;ky; Fkk tks vihy dh lcls cM+h vnkyr gksrh Fkh xzkela?k vkSj jktk ds U;k;ky; ds vfrfjDr vU; lHkh U;k;ky; nks izdkj ds Fks /keZLFkh; vkSj daVd'kks/kuA /keZLFkh; U;k;ky;ksa dk U;k; fu.kZ; /keZ’kkL= esa fuiq.k rhu /keZLFk ;k O;kogkfjd rFkk rhu vekO; djrs FksA bUgs ,d izdkj ls nhokuh vnkyrs dg ldrs gSA dqN fo)kuksa ds vuqlkj /keZLFkh; U;k;ky; os U;k;k;y; Fks tks O;fDr;ksa ds ikjLifjd fookn ds lEca/k esa fu.kZ; nsrs FksA dVad’kks/ku U;k;ky; ds U;k;/kh”k rhu iznsf"V rFkk rhu vekR; gksrs Fks vkSj jkT; rFkk O;fDr ds chp ds fookn buds U;k; ds fo"k; FksA bUgas ge ,d rjg ls QkStnkjh vnkyr dg ldrs gSA fdUrq bu nksuksa ds chp Hksn bruk Li"V ugha Fkk vo”; gh /keZLFkh; U;k;y;ksa esa vf/kdka”k ckn fo"k; fookg L=h/ku rykd] nku] ?kj] [ksr] lsrqca/k] tyk”k; lEca/kh fookn] Ø; foØ; lEca/kh >xM+s ls lacaf/kr Fks fdUrq pkSjh Mkds vkSj ywV ds ekeys Hkh /keZLFkh; U;k;ky; esa gh is”k fd;s tkrs Fks ftls ÞlkglÞ dgk x;kA blh izdkj dqopu] ekugkfu vkSj ekjihV ds ekeys Hkh blh vnkyr esa is”k fd;s tkrs FksA bUgs okd~ ik:"; rFkk n.M ik:"; dgk tkrk FkkA fdUrq lekt fojks/kh rRoksa dks leqfpr n.M nsus dk dk;Z eq[;r% daVd”kks/ku U;k;ky; dk Fkk uhydaB 'kkL=h ds vuqlkj daVd”kks/ku U;k;ky; ,d u;s izdkj ds U;k;ky; Fks tks ekS;Z lkezkT; dh vf/kdkf/kd tfVy lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd O;oLFkkvksa dh vko”;drk dks iwjk djus ds fy;s cuk;s x;s Fks rkfd ,d vR;ar laxfBr 'kklura= ds fofo/k fo"k;ksa ls laca) fu.kZ; dks dk;kZfUor fd;k tk ldsA os ,d izdkj ds fo”ks"k U;k;ky; Fks tgk¡ vfHk;ksxksa ij rqjar fopkj fd;k tkrk FkkA 115 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X pUnzxqIr ekS;Z dk n.M fo/kku dBksj Fkk vijk/k ds gydsiu ;k xaHkhjrk ij vFkZn.M] dkjkxzg] fuokZlu vaxHkx ;k e`R;q n.M fn;k tkrk FkkA f”kfYi;ksa ds vaxHkx djus mUgsa gkfu igq¡pkus okys vkSj dj vnk u djus ij e`R;q n.M fn;k tkrk FkkA O;fopkj] fo”okl?kkr] jktdh; lEifr dks gkfu igq¡pkus ij vax Hkax dk n.M fn;k tkrk FkkA U;k; iz”kklu ds {ks= esa v’kksd us lkokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ lq/kkj fd;s /kksyh rFkk tkSx<+ ds izFke i`Fkd f”kykys[kksa esa og uxj O;ogkfjdksa dks vkns”k nsrk gS fd fcuk mfpr dkj.k ds fdlh dks dSn ;k 'kkjhfjd ;kruk;sa u nsaA v'kksd ds ik¡pos f”kykys[k ls irk pyrk gS fd /keZegkek= dSn dh ltk ik;s O;fDr;ksa dk fufj{k.k djrs Fks ;fn mls vdkj.k n.M feyk gS rks mls eqDr dj ldrs Fks vijk/kh dk ifjokj ;fn cM+k gS rks mUgsa /ku nsrs FksA vxj vijk/kh o`) gS rks mlds Lora= djk nsrs Fks v’kksd izfr ikapos o"kZ U;k;k/kh”kksa ds dk;Z dh tk¡p ds fy;s egkek=ksa dks nkSjs ij Hkstrk FkkA U;k; iz’kklu esa ,d:irk ykus ds fy;s v”kksd us vius vfHk"ksd ds 26osa o"kZ jTtqdksa dks U;k; lEca/kh ekeyksa esa Lora= vf/kdkj iznku dj fn;s os fdlh vijk/kh dh ltk dks de ;k cM+k ldrs FksA ;g U;k; lEca/kh lq/kkj uxj O;ogkfjd U;k;/kh”k ds HksnHkko dks lekIr djus ds fy;s fd;k x;k egRoiw.kZ dne FkkA v”kksd ds pkSFks LrEHk ys[k ls irk pyrk gS fd jTtqdks dks U;kf;d vuqla/kku rFkk n.M esa Lora= dj fn;k fofHkUu vekuoh; ;krukvksa dks can djk fn;k x;k e`R;qn.M izkIr vijk/kh dks jkgr ;k eksgyr nh tkus yxh rFkk mlds lEca/kh jTtqdksa ds ikl n.M dks de djkus dk vkosnu Hkh dj ldrs FksA vkSj vijk/kh dh ltk ij iqu% fopkj fd;k tkrk FkkA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd izFke ckj ekS;Z dky esa gh U;k; O;oLFkk esa lq/kkj fd;s x;s rFkk iwoZ dh fofHkUu vekuoh; ;krukvksa dks lekIr fd;k x;k igyh ckj czkã.k vijkf/k;ksa dks Hkh n.M O;oLFkk ds varxZr j[kk x;kA xqIrdkyhu ys[kksa esa U;k; foHkkx dk mYys[k ledkyhu xazFk jpukvksa Le`fr;ksa vkSj fons’kh ys[kdksa ds fooj.k esa feyrk gS] ftuls irk pyrk gh fd xqIr ;qx esa U;k; O;OkLFkk vR;kf/kd fodflr FkhA xqIr ;qx esa izFke ckj nhokuh rFkk QkStnkjh vijk/kksa ls lEcaf/kr dkuwuksa dh O;k[;k izLrqr dh x;hA bl ;qx esa mÙkjkf/kdkjh lEca/kh Li"V ,oa fo’kn dkuwuksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k lezkV ns”k dk loksZPp U;k;k/kh”k gksrk Fkk og lHkh izdkj ds ekeyksa ds lquokbZ dh vfUre vnkyr Fkh] lezkV ds vfrfjDr ,d eq[; U;k;k/kh”k rFkk vU; vusd U;k;k/kh”k gksrs Fks tks lkezkT; ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa fLFkr vusd U;k;ky;ks esa U;k;k/kh”k dk dk;Z djrs FksA O;kikfj;ksa rFkk O;olkf;;ksa dh Jsf.k;ksa ds vius vyx&vyx U;k;ky; gksrs FksA Le`fr xzaFkksa esa iwx rFkk dqy uked laLFkkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA ftlesa iwx uxj esa jgus okyh fofHkUu tkfr;ksa dh lfefr FkhA xzkeksa esa U;k; dk dk;Z xzke iapk;rs djrh FkhA tgk¡ dksbZ izekf.kr lk{; ugha gksrk FkkA ogk¡ fofHkUu fnO; ijh{kk;s yh tkrh FkhA xqIrdkyhu vfHkys[kksa esa U;k;k/kh”kksa dks egkn.M uk;d] n.Muk;d loZn.Muk;d vkfn dgk x;k gSa ukynk vkSj oS”kkyh ls dqN U;k;ky;ksa dh eqnzk;sa feyh gS ftuds Åij U;k;kf/kdj.k] /kekZf/kdkj.k rFkk /keZl”kkukf/kdj.k vafdr feyrk gSA Qkfg;ku ds fooj.k ls irk pyrk gS fd xqIr ;qx es an.M fo/kku vr;ar dksey Fkk e`R;aq n.M vkSj 'kkjhfjd ;krukvksa tSlh ltkvksa dks lekIr 116 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X dj fn;k x;k FkkA ldanxqIr ds twukx<+ ys[kls irk pyrk gS fd ml dky esa n.Mksa ds }kjk yksxks dks vR;f/kd ihM+k ugha igq¡pk;h tkrh FkhA blh izdkj e`PNdfjde esa mYys[k feyrk gS fd pk:nÙk dks gR;kjk fl) gks tkus ij Hkh e`R;q n.M ugha fn;k x;k FkkA vijk/kksa esa lkekU;r% vkfFkZd tqekZus fy;s tkrs FksA ckj&ckj jktnzksg djus okys vijk/kksa dk nkfguk gkFk dkV fy;k tkrk Fkk ijarq fQj Hkh xqIr dkyhu n.M O;oLFkk ekS;ksZa dh vis{kk e`nq Fkh tgk¡ dkSfVY; t?kU; vijk/kksa ds fy;s e`R;qn.M dk fo/kku djrk gS ogh xqIrdkyhu Le`fr;k¡ ek= izrkfM+r djus dk fo/kku izLrqr djrh gSA bl izdkj xqIrdky esa izkphu Hkkjrh; n.M fo/kku dks mnkj vkSj e`nq cukus dk ;Fks"V iz;kl fd;k x;k Fkk tc ge ns”k esa tklwlh rFkk vijk/kksa ds fy;s dBksj n.M+ksa dh izkphu ijEijk dk Lej.k djrs gSA rks gesa ;g ekuus ds fy;s ck/; gksuk iM+rk gS fd xqIrksa ds iz”kklu us izkphu Hkkjrh; n.M fo/kku esa ekuoh; lq/kkj ds ,d u;s ;qx dk lq=ikr fd;k FkkA lanHkZ lwph 1- ijkt;s] ,u- oh-] Hkkjr dk oS/kkfud ,oa laoS/kkfud bfrgkl] bykgkckn] 2003A 2- ywfu;k] ch- ,u-] izkphu Hkkjrh; laLd`fr] y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky] vkxjkA 3- JhokLro] ds- lh-] izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl rFkk laLd`fr] bygkckn] 2005A 4- oekZ] nhukukFk] izkphu Hkkjr] Kkunk izdk”ku] ubZ fnYyhA 5- ik.Ms;] oh- lh-] izkphu Hkkjr dk jktuSfrd rFkk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] bykgkcknA 6- >k vkSj Jhekyh] izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] fgUnh ek/;e dk;kZUo; funsZ”kky;] ubZ fnYyhA 7- “kqDy] vkpk;Z jkepUnz] eSxLFkuht dk Hkkjro’khZ; o.kZu] e/; izns”k fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] HkksikyA 8- vxzoky] deys”k] dkSfVY; vFkZ”kkL= ,oa “kqØuhfr dh jkt O;oLFkk,a] jk/kk ifCyds”kUl] ubZ fnYyh] 1997A 9- fo|kyadkj] lR;dsrq] izkphu Hkkjr dh “kklu laLFkk,a vkSj jktuhfrd fopkj] JhljLorh lnu] ubZ fnYyh] 1999A 10- dqekj] d`’.k] izkphu Hkkjr dk iz”kklfud ,oa jktuhfrd laLFkk,a] JhljLorh lnu] ubZ fnYyh] 1998A 11- ukgj jfr Hkkuqflag] izkphu Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd ,oa lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] fdrkc ?kj] ubZ fnYyh] 1999A 12- “kekZ] ,y- ih- Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky] vkxjkA 13- Fkkij] jksfeyk] Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] jktdey izdk”ku] ubZ fnYyh] 2000A 14- vk=s;h] fo”okl] izkphu Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] mIiy ifCyds”ku gkml] ubZ fnYyh] 1982A 117 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Guide Lines for Authors ∑ Preparation of the research paper. ∑ Title, name of the author, affiliation and abstract. ∑ Research papers/Article/Note etc. should not exceed 20 pages. In the research paper maps, drawing and photographs can be used and should be sent as separate files. ∑ Research paper should be typed in Hindi Script KRUTIDEV 010 with font size 14 and English TIMES NEW ROMAN with font size 010 and 1.5 line space. ∑ All references cited within the research paper should be given at the end; by following the format as under; ∑ Style of references/ format of citations. ∑ References within research paper should be cited as; if single; (Dwivedi, 1999) if more; ( Dwivedi et al., 1999) if two; ( Dwivedi and Kumar, 1999). for more than one reference of the same author from single year should be written as (Dwivedi et al., 1999 a, b). ∑ Reference for research article. Pradhan, Atula Kumar (2014), New light on rare coins from Pachrahi excavation, Prag Samiksha, 1(2): pp. 1-14. ∑ Reference for newspaper article. Vijpuriya, Nandkishor (2012, December 28), Temple architecture of Padavali.“City Bhaskar, Gwalior” Dainik Bhaskar, pp.35 ∑ Government publications, reports related to the use of references. Annual Report (2011-2012), University Grants Commission, Government of India, pp. 12. Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017), Planning, Economics and Statistics Department, Government of Madhya Pradesh, Volume – I, pp. 35 ∑ References of edited books/Proceedings. Pandy R.P. (1994); Rock art discoveries around Gwalior, Midhra P.K. (Ed.); Heritage of India: Past and Present, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi, pp. ∑ References of book: R. N. Mishra (2002) Bhartiya Murtikala ka Itihas, ShilpiGranth, pp. 30-40. ∑ Book Chapter: Kumar, Lallesh (2015) A Review of Sculpture in Gopadri. In: Dwivedi S. K. (Ed.) Gwalior: A Review, Samya Publication, Gwalior, pp. 40-90. ∑ References for Dictionary. Fredrick w. Bounce (2001); A Dictionary of Buddhist and Hindu Iconography, D.K. Print world, New Delhi, pp. 40 118 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X ∑ Reference for Dissertation. Kumar, Lallesh (2012); Batesara: Temple architecture and Iconography, Unpublished Master of Philosophy dissertation, Jiwaji University Gwalior, pp. ∑ Well know abbreviations for journals e.g. EI, AI, ASI, AR, ASIR, CII, IAR, IHQ, JAS, IC etc. ∑ Web addresses should be referred in research paper in following manner http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_bihar.asp ∑ Research papers will be selected for publication on the basis of merit by the editorial board and copyright will of Prag Samiksha. ∑ Research paper/Book Review should reach the chief editor in two copies, sent through registered post and one copy to be mailed on [email protected] . ∑ Prag Samiksha accepts the paper at any time and publishes it in the upcoming issue. 119 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X Subscription/membership from Name of Author: Proof./Dr./Mr./Miss...... Degeneration: ...... Subject...... Name of Institute/college...... Address...... State...... Country...... pin...... Mobile/phone no...... E- mail id...... I wish to subscribe to/renew my subscription to “pragsamiksha” a half yearly research journal for one issue/annual/life time (individual/(individual/ instituinstitutional).tional). A bank draft/cheque/cash ...... draws in favor of dr. s. d. sisodia, jiwaji university, Gwalior (m. p.). I enclose a chaque/D.D. No...... Rs...... Payable at Gwalior (m. p.) Sent this subscription/membership from: ToToTo Dr. Shanti devsisodia (Assistant professor) Ancient Indian history, culture and archaeology Applicant’s Jiwaji University, Gwalior (M. P.) 474011 recent Phone no. 0751-2442720, 9425742232 photograph E-mail id: [email protected] Disclaimer: ° Editorial board/Editor retains the right to accept/decline the article/Research paper/note etc. for the journal. ° My/our research paper/article/note etc. is originally written by me/us and all information is correct. I/We will fully responsible for research paper/Article etc . Signature of Applicant (Name...... ) For office use only Membershipno...... Valid up to...... category...... Receipt no...... -...... Date...... 120 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016 PRAG SAMIKSHA ISSN 23212321----659X659X659X659X COPYRIGHT AGREEMENT FORM I hereby declare, on behalf and my co-author (if any) that: ° The research paper/article is original work mine and has not been published in the same form elsewhere. Also, the research paper/article does not contravene any existing copyright or any other third party rights. ° Reproduction of the material published in PragSamiksha in any form by any person without the permission of the publisher is violation of copyright and appropriate action may be initiated against the person violating the copyright. ° I am/We are the sole author of the research paper and maintain the authority to enter into this agreement and the granting of right to the PragSamiksha and this does not contravene any clause of this agreement. ° The editor will not be responsible for the views expressed in the research paper/article etc. ° I/We hereby transfer the unlimited rights of publication of the mentioned research paper/article in whole to the PragSamiksha (ISSN 2321-659X). ° Plagiarism is illegal and editorial board/editor will not be responsible for any plagiarized matter used in the article. Name of Author: Prof./Dr./Mr./Miss...... Name of Co-author: Prof./Dr./Mr./Miss...... Title of paper: ...... Subject: ...... Date...... Place...... Signature of Applicant Name...... Address...... 121 VOL. 4/No.7/AUGUST/2016