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Conference Report Highlights of the Meeting on “Horizontal Gene ORIENTAL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY ISSN: 0970-020 X CODEN: OJCHEG An International Open Free Access, Peer Reviewed Research Journal 2013, Vol. 29, No. (4): Pg. 1687-1693 www.orientjchem.org Conference Report Highlights of the Meeting on “Horizontal Gene Transfer and the Last Universal Common Ancestor” Held at the Open University, Milton Keynes, UK SOHAN Jheeta Network of Researchers on Horizontal Gene Transfer and the Last Universal Common Ancestor, 1 Scott Hall Crescent, Leeds, LS7 3RB, U.K. *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/290459 (Received: July 12, 2013; Accepted: August 04, 2013) ABstract This paper summarises the oral presentations, their outcomes and conclusions drawn from the meeting entitled: ‘Horizontal Gene transfer and the Last Universal Common Ancestor’ which was held at the Open University, Milton Keynes, UK, on the 5th and the 6th September 2013. Key words: Horizontal gene transfer; HGT, Lateral gene transfer; LGT, Phylogenetic tree of life, Transformation; Gene transfer agent (GTA); Last universal common ancestor (LUCA) INTRODUCTION brought together an international gathering of scientists from Japan, India, Israel, Russia, USA, One of the first of its kind, this meeting, Canada, Germany, Denmark, Italy, Spain as well held on the 5th and the 6th September, was designed as participants from the UK (Figure 3). With such an to investigate and evaluate the importance of assortment of eminent researchers under one roof, ‘horizontal gene transfer’ (HGT) during the period of the meeting was both energetic and engaging and the ‘last universal common ancestor’ (LUCA) prior generated a lively debate and exchange of ideas. to the emergence of the three domains (Archaea, The synopses of the presentations are outlined in Bacteria and Eukarya) of life and their becoming this report. separate branches of the phylogenetic tree (Figure 1). The idea of the tree of life is not new as it was Prof. J. Thomas Beatty (University of first suggested by Charles Darwin who reasoned British Columbia) presented: ‘Gene transfer agents that every living species was a product of a species in prokaryotes: viral progenitors, or revamped that came before it and that they all emanated from phages?’ a single common organism (Figure 2). The meeting 1688 Jheeta et al., Orient. J. Chem., Vol. 29(4), 1687-1693 (2013) Prof. Beatty and his group study the extant bacterial cell to another living bacterial cell via induction of the prophage-like gene transfer the multiprotein complex: T4SS, a type IV secretion agent RcGTA, of the purple non-sulfur bacterium system normally involved in protein secretion and Rhodobacter capsulatus. Several pathways that it is derived from DNA transfer machineries. The affect the production of extracellular RcGTA particles same channel [T4SS] is used to transport a DNA have been discovered. One pathway involves the strand from one cell to another and it occurs when response-regulator CtrA, which is essential for DNA replicase excises a DNA strand; the strand and transcription of RcGTA structural genes; a second replicase bind to form a nucleoprotein complex; it is pathway transmits a quorum-sensing signal, this complex which is transferred to another extant produced by a homoserine lactone synthase, which cell via T4SS. is needed for maximal induction of transcription of RcGTA genes; and a third pathway requires the She proposed a coupling protein (CP) sensor-kinase homologue CckA for maturation of that both mediates substrate recognition and DNA RcGTA particles and release from cells. It was found transfer through the T4SS. Additionally, bacterial that RcGTA particles are released by cell lysis and conjugation comes about by merging a rolling- that a small percentage of wild type cells induce circle replication system with a T4SS. It was further RcGTA gene expression and go on to essentially proposed that CP may be a key factor in the evolution commit suicide. Induction of RcGTA genes appears of these secretion systems, as it interacts with both to be controlled by a stochastic process involving the secreted substrate and the T4SS with different changes in gene transcription, as opposed to a specificities. genetic modification. Prof. Armen Mulkidjanian (University of Genome sequences show that most Osnabrueck, Germany/ Lomonosov University, prokaryotes contain prophage-like gene clusters, but Moscow, Russia) presented: ‘Energetics of possible relationships to gene transfer agents (GTAs) the first cells and the Last Universal Cellular were unclear. Beatty and coworkers established Ancestor (LUCA)’ that RcGTA-like gene clusters are widespread but The broad premise of Prof. Mulkidjanian’s found exclusively within the alpha-proteobacteria. A presentation was the importance of K+, Mg2+, Zn2+, phylogenetic tree comparing 16S rRNA and RcGTA Mn2+ and phosphate ions in the origin of life on Earth. gene homologue sequences indicates that these two This is because these ions, in modern biology, are types of gene have evolved in concert. It appears essential for the ‘proper’ function of a large number that a single RcGTA ancestor arose in the alpha- of ubiquitous proteins and functional systems such proteobacteria after divergence of this line from as ribosomes, diverse ATPases and GTPases, other prokaryotes. The similarity of 16S rRNA and rotary membrane ATP synthases, which depend RcGTA-like protein sequence trees in of present-day on high levels of these ions; from this premise it species indicates that the transmission of RcGTA-like can be surmised that the same ions with similar genes was largely vertical, as for most cellular genes, concentrations to those of modern biology were with little or no HGT. They suggested that GTAs have needed for supporting the LUCA. The environmental arisen independently in multiple prokaryotic lines, setting for the origin of life, where these ions could and that at least RcGTA arose long after the initial have been present, was thought to have been the divergence of prokaryotes into ancestors of present- vapour-dominated zones of inland geothermal day species. systems rather than the underwater hydrothermal vents on the sea floor. Prof. Mulkidjanian also put Prof. Matxalen Llosa, University of Cantabria, forward that any LUCAs were likely to be consortia of Spain presented: ‘Bacterial conjugation: a protein replicating life forms, not necessarily with the same secretion system adapted to DNA transfer, or genomes as each other, rather than a single LUCA vice versa?’ organism. HGT and the sharing of gene products and Prof. Llosa discussed the molecular metabolites would have been vital for the survival of mechanism of bacterial conjugation, whereby DNA such primordial consortia which eventually gave rise segments are transferred horizontally from one to the 3 domains of life. Jheeta et al., Orient. J. Chem., Vol. 29(4), 1687-1693 (2013) 1689 collaboration of non-linear process at mesoscopic Prof. John Allen (Queen Mary, University level and emergence of a minimal protocell- of London) presented: ‘Coupling between like photoautotrophic supramolecular assembly information processing and redox chemistry. “Jeewanu” in a simulated possible prebiotic Cellular co-location of energy transduction with atmosphere.’ genome function.’ Prof. Allen proposed two hypotheses. The Prof. Gupta showed the result of his first is ‘Co-location for Redox Regulation of gene experiment which formed proto-cell like entities, expression’ (CoRR) and its relation with bacterial referred to as Jeewanu, which could be made from redox regulatory systems. CoRR states that a a sterile mixture of various chemicals (ammonium biological energy generating apparatus is under molybdate, diammonium phosphate, formaldehyde the control of the genomic informational system and ‘biological minerals’), when exposed to sunlight, and vice versa - such coupling channels are to be the reaction produced vesicles surrounded by found in both mitochondria and chloroplasts, which semi-permeable membranes. These Jeewanu were are derived from the LUCA. The second hypothesis, bluish in colour, double layered spheres which were the ‘redox switch hypothesis’ predicts that the able to multiply by budding and they were able to first oxygen-evolving organism, a cyanbacterium, carry out photolysis of water – a process akin to was the descendant of an autotrophic bacterium photosynthesis; such experimentation has yet to that performed anoxygenic photosynthesis using be verified independently. If anyone is interested in hydrogen sulphide. In this proposed ancestor, the validating these findings, please contact Prof. Gupta revolutionary advent of free molecular oxygen on as he would be only too pleased to provide details Earth resulted from a mutation that caused a failure of the experiment upon request via: vkgcmd@gmail. of redox regulation, leading to expression of genes com. for both photosystem I and photosystem II reaction centres. Prof. Addy Pross (Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel) presented: ‘Seeking the Dr. Søren Overballe-Petersen (Centre for evolutionary roots of horizontal gene transfer.’ GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Prof. Pross explained the roots of HGT from Denmark) presented: ‘Natural transformation the point of view of ‘systems chemistry’- a relatively of bacteria by highly fragmented, damaged and new area of science. Complex self-assembling ancient DNA.’ systems underpin all life and the new ‘systems DNA from both extant and dead cells can chemistry’ is the modern explanatory tool.
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