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The Creation of Life 1970.Pdf · A. E. Wilder Smith studied natural sci­ ences at Oxford University and received his Ph.D. in organic chemistry from Read­ ing University in 1941. From 1945-1949 he · pursued cancer research under a Count­ . ess of Lisburne Memorial Fellowship at Middlesex Hospital Medical School. Uni­ versity of London. He was Chief of Research at Geistlich Soehne (Pharma- . ceuticals). Ltd.. at Lucerne from 1951-1955 and lectured on chemotherapy and phar­ macology at Geneva from 1955-1964, be­ ing granted the Doctor of Science degree from the University of Geneva in 1964. He received his third doctorate from the E. T. M. in Zurich. Dr. Wilder Smith was visiting Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Illinois, at the Medical Center, ChicagD, 1957-1958, . and visiting Professor of Pharmacology at the School of Medicine, University of : Bergen. Norway, from 1960-1962, while on leave from Geneva. Since 1964 he has . been Professor of Pharmacology at the Medical Center, University of Illinois, where he is also on the faculty of the Col­ lege of Nursing. Al present he is on leave in Ankara, Turkey, where he is establish­ ing a Graduate School of Pharmacology at the request of the U.S. Government. He has authored and co-authored more , than 50 scientific publications, including · · his books Man's Origin, Man's Destiny and The Drug Users, and is widely known as r · a speaker to student and lay groups on such subjects as Darwinism and contem- porary thought. recent pharmacological advances and drug addiction in today's society. Dr. Smith received the "Golden Apple" award for "the best course in five years of college life" from senior students in the College of Pharmacy in 1967 and 1969. : and the same award from the College of · Nursing in 1968. For four consecutive: . years he received the "Instructor of the Year" award and citation for the best senior year course. Students commented, "He made us not only better scientists.. but better men." evidence which may radically modify their . view of life and its meaning. a cybernetic approach to evolution A. E. WILDER SMITH D. Sc., Ph.D., Or. es. Sc., F.R.I.C. Pr �sbyterian College Library Clinton, South Carolina 29325 HAROLD SHAW PUBLISHERS WHEATON, ILLINOIS 5 r;:; v 1 G ;.._;5"" :...� THE CREATION OF LIFE. Copyright© 1970 by A. E. Wilder Smith. Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in crilicc1l ariicles and review:;. For information address Harold Shaw Publishers, Box 567, Wheaton, Illinois 60187. FIRST EDITION IS BN 87788-144-8 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 78-133984 083331 contents Ack owledgements Foreword Introduction Part I 1. Missing Factors in Neo-Darwinian Thought 3 7 MISSING FACTORS 38 NATURAL SELECTION INADEQUATE 39 THE SITUATION IN NUCLEAR PHYSICS 39 RANDOMNESS INADEQUATE 40 SIGNIFICANCE OF VAST TIME SPANS 40 NECESSITY OF ENERGY SOURCES 42 NATURAL SELECTION 42 2. Abiogenesis: Its Postulated Mechanisms 45 RANDOM SYSTEMS POSTULATED AS LEADING TO ABIOGENESIS-THE ORIGIN OF BIOMONOMERS 45 SPONTANEOUS SYNTHESIS OF BIOMONOMERS 47 SPONTANEOUS SYNTHESIS OF BIOMONOMERS-AMINO ACIDS 49 SPONTANEOUS SYNTHESIS OF BUILDING BLOCKS-SUGARS 50 SPONTANEOUS SYNTHESIS OF BUILDING BLOCKS­ HETEROCYCLIC BASES 50 SPONTANEOUS SYNTHESIS OF BIOMONOMERS-PORPHYRINS 51 THE SYNTHESIS OF LIFE FROM ITS BUILDING BLOCKS 52 SPONTANEOUS BIOMONOMERS BUT NO SPONTANEOUS SEQUENCED PROTEINS 55 ENTROPY "HOLES" AND ENTROPY "MOUNTAINS" 56 3. Mechanisms for Macromolecular Synthesis 59 DEHYDRATION, CONDENSATION AND POLYMERIZATION OF BUILDING BLOCKS 59 MECHANISMS FOR OBTAINING DIRECTION IN SYNTHESIS 61 VARIOUS VIEWS ON THE ORIGIN OF DIRECTION AND SPECIFICITY IN SYNTHESIS 62 MECHANISMS BY WHICH DIRECTION, SPECIFICITY AND CODING MAY BE INTRODUCED 66 INHERENT MECHANISMS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CODING SEQUENCES 69 AN ILLUSTRATION FROM SPITZBERGEN 71 THE MAGNITUDE OF NATURAL SPECIFICITY 71 AUTOCATALYTIC AUTODIRECTIVE FEEDBACK 73 A FURTHER ILLUSTRATION 74 COMPLEXITY AND SPECIFICITY 76 4. Prebiological Systems 79 THE IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING ORIGINS 79 COACERVATES 81 MICROSPHERES 86 COACERVATES, MICROSPHERES AND MORPHOGENICITY 87 CRITERIA OF "BEING ALIVE" 88 FURTHER EVIDENCE CITED BY KENYON AND STEINMAN 91 REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM 97 AN ILLUSTRATION FROM TURKEY 98 5. The Genetic Code and its Meaning 103 RANDOM PROCESSES IN ARCHEBIOPOESIS 103 SEA WAVES AND COLUMNS OF WATER: AN ILLUSTRATION 106 ARCHEBIOPOESIS AND DNA 108 THE GENETIC CODE 109 THE NATURE OF CONSTRAINTS IN MACROMOLECULAR SYNTHESIS 112 CONSTRAINT AND PROBABILITY 114 THE NATURE OF SPECIFICITY AND BIOLOGICAL CODING 115 6. Biochemical Predestination: Further Implications 119 RECENT TRENDS IN ABIOGENETIC THEORY 120 SOME CONSEQUENCES OF BIOCHEMICAL PREDESTINATION 123 MAZE-RUNNING AND MICE 126 INHERENT PROPERTIES MANDATORY 129 BOWING TO THE EVIDENCE 130 THE ORIGIN OF CONSTRAINT 131 ANOTHER LOOK AT KENYON'S BIOMONOMER CONSTRAINT 133 A SUGGESTED SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF CONSTRAINT AND DIRECTION IN SYNTHESIS 135 "CANNED" INFORMATION 137 AN ILLUSTRATION FROM THE NEAR EAST 139 FACING UP TO THE REAL PROBLEM 141 Part II 7. Relationships between Speciation and Metabolic Energy 147 PROGRAMMING THE CELL: ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS 147 METABOLIC ENERGY, PROGRAMMING AND INTELLIGENCE 150 THE BRAIN AS A CONVERTER OF CALORIES INTO CODES 152 A NEW AND HITHERTO UNPRECEDENTED STEP 153 EXPERIMENTS IN THE UPWARD EVOLUTION OF THE SUGAR BEET 154 THE UNIQUENESS OF THE BRAIN AS A CODING ORGAN 156 THOUGHT EXOGENOUS TO BIOLOGY-SOME INTELLECTUAL DIFFICULTIES 159 8. Artificial Consciousness 163 CULBERTSON'S WORK 163 THE NERVE NET THEORY OF SENSE DATA AND CONSCIOUSNESS 166 C. D. BROAD'S WORK ON BRAIN FUNCTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS 167 INHERENT PROGRAMMING: THE BRAIN VS. THE TELEVISION SET 168 FURTHER ASPECTS OF CULBERTSON'S VIEWS ON CONSCIOUSNESS 170 THE INADEQUACY OF PURELY MECHANICAL CONCEPTS OF CONSCIOUSNESS 171 SIR JAMES JEANS AND THE PROBLEM OF CONSCIOUSNESS 173 THE UNIVERSE-A THOUGHT IN CONSCIOUSNESS 177 DESIGN-THE EVIDENCE FOR MIND AND CONSCIOUSNESS 179 9. Consciousness and the Space/Time Continuum 181 DEFINITION AND EXAMPLE OF A WORLD-LINE 182 WORLD-LINES AND CONSCIOUSNESS 183 FURTHER WORK ON THE NATURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS 185 BOHR'S VIEWS ON CONSCIOUSNESS 190 TRANSFINITE CONSCIOUSNESS AND INDETERMINACY 191 THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL WORMS AND INDETERMINACY 192 SUMMARY 194 10. Intelligence: Artificial and Biological 197 DEFINITION OF INTELLIGENCE 197 IMPORTANT PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH BIOLOGICAL AND MECHANICAL INTELLIGENCE 199 BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR BROAD-SPECTRUM ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 202 THE BRAIN AND THE COMPUTER COMPARED 205 UNSOLVED PROBLEMS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 206 MACHINE TRANSLATION OF LANGUAGE 207 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INTELLIGENCE AND PATTERN RECOGNITION: ANDROIDS AND PARTIAL ROBOTS 207 A REVIEW OF SIGNIFICANT FACTORS IN HUMAN AND ARTIFICIAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND INTELLIGENCE 210 MEASUREMENT OF MIND AND CONSCIOUSNESS 211 SUMMARY 215 11. Toward a Synthesis in the Problem of Origins 217 CYBERNETICS AND THE PROBLEM OF ORIGINS 219 THE SOURCE OF CODING INFORMATION 223 REVIEW OF THE THREE ACCOUNTS OF INTELLIGENCE BEHIND UNIVERSAL ORDER 226 WILLIAM PALEY AND THE ARGUMENT FROM DESIGN 229 THE "SUPER-COMPUTERS" 232 PALEY AGAIN-SOME CONSEQUENCES 233 JAMMING THE "THOUGHT-MILL" 234 CONCLUSION-SAMSON 237 12. Quantitative Considerations and Prospects 239 SUMMARIZING THE PROBLEM MATHEMATICALLY 240 COMMUNICATION THEORY 241 UPHEAVAL OVERDUE IN THEORY OF ORIGINS 244 INTELLIGENCE AND THE ARGUMENT FROM DESIGN 245 THE COMMUNICATION GAP 247 THE DESIGNER AND THE DESIGNED 247 NATURAL SELECTION AND LARGE TIME SPANS AS MECHANISMS FOR REDUCED ENTROPY STATUS 249 THE NECESSITY OF LARGE TIME SPANS IN THE NEO-DARWINIAN SCHEME 252 EPILOGUE 254 Glossary Index Bibliography All that is made seems planless to the darkened mind, be­ cause there are more plans than it looked for . ... There seems no plan because it is all plan. C. S. Lewis in Perelandra acknowledgments It is a pleasure to make the following acknowledgments: Dr. Julian Richardson, Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering at the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, was kind and patient enough to work through the total manuscript and make many constructive suggestions. The Atlas Computer Laboratory Library, Harwell, Eng­ land, afforded me hospitality during a fortnight's pleasant stay there in the summer of 1969. The members of the staff of the library unearthed many useful references for me in the course of our discussions. The Library of the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, allowed me the use of its resources on several occa­ sions, especially on the subject of consciousness and artificial intelligence. Also the library of Hacettepe University af­ forded me vaiuable assistance in tracing relevant works. Last but not least, my good and patient wife worked care­ fully through the entire text, and helped in the compilation 12 of the index, besides managing a household of a temporary character in Turkey, looking after four rapidly growing chil­ dren and being willing to put up with a fourth book in about as many years. Scripture references are from the Revised Standard Ver­ sion of the Bible. foreword We are experiencing an age in which science and its appli­ cations are supreme. Man had only to make up his mind to reach the moon, and within ten years of the decision he had touched down on the lunar surface several times and brought back samples for analysis. There would seem to be no limit to human achievement by the same technique if supplies of time and money were adequate. In the wake of the application of the so-called scientific method, a monoculture of technical know-how has developed and is spreading rapidly around the globe. Knowing how to tackle a problem by the scientific approach is not, however, the only ingredient of the present scientific monoculture. A philosophy of life accompanies this technical ability. Science studies matter and is not very good at much else. And the study of matter has led many to believe that a wholly mate­ rial universe is the only reality.
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