The Threat of Cadang-Cadang Disease
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The Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis)
PALM S Rival & Levang: Oil Palm Vol. 59(1) 2015 ALAIN RIVAL The Oil Palm Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche (Elaeis Agronomique pour le Développement guineensis ): Jakarta, Indonesia [email protected] Research AND Challenges PATRICE LEVANG Institut de Recherche pour Beyond le Développement Yaoundé, Cameroon Controversies [email protected] Scientists certainly have a part to play in the debate over oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) cultivation, which has captured and polarized public opinion, kindled and undoubtedly shaped by the media. How can this palm be viewed as a “miracle plant” by both the agro-food industry in the North and farmers in the tropical zone, but a serious ecological threat by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) campaigning for the environment or the rights of indigenous peoples? The time has come to move on from this biased and often irrational debate, which is rooted in topical issues of contemporary society in the North, such as junk food, biodiversity, energy policy and ethical consumption. One of the reasons the public has developed as nuclear energy, genetically modified crops such fixed ideas is that there has been a lack or shale gas) that is causing controversy but an of accurate information on the sector and its entire agrom-food sector that has come to actors and a clear-headed analysis of what is symbolize the conflict between the at stake. We point out that the production and conservation of natural spaces and de- processing of palm oil are part of a complex velopment. Consumers, elected representatives globalized agrom-industrial sector shared by and scientists are finally forced to take sides for multiple actors and stakeholders with often or against palm oil, with no room for ifs and conflicting interests. -
COCONUT Post-Harvest Operations
COCONUT Post-harvest Operations - Post-harvest Compendium COCONUT: Post-harvest Operations Organisation: Asian and Pacific Coconut Community (APCC) www.apcc.org.sg Author: P.G.Punchihewa and R.N. Arancon Edited by AGSI/FAO: Danilo Mejia (Technical), Beverly Lewis (Language & Style), Last reviewed: 14/10/1999 Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.1 Economic and Social Impact of Coconut..................................................................... 2 1.2 World Trade ................................................................................................................. 5 1.3 Primary Products .......................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Secondary and derived product .................................................................................. 12 1.5 Requirements for Export and Quality Assurance ...................................................... 22 2. Post-Production Operations ............................................................................................. 24 2.1 Pre-Harvest Operations .............................................................................................. 24 2.2 Harvesting .................................................................................................................. 24 2.3 Copra Processing ...................................................................................................... -
Nölken Palm(Kernel)Oil-Statement
2 Nölken Palm oil and palm kernel oil Statement Palm oil is one of the most important vegetable oils as well as the displacement of indigenous people and in the world and is used in many consumer goods. the destruction of biodiversity. During the extraction of palm oil from the fruit, it is also possible to obtain palm kernel oil. This oil from For the variety of care and cosmetics products which palm kernel is a key ingredient for the production of we produce, we use raw materials such as surfactants washing and cleaning substances, e.g. for cosmetics and or emulsifiers based on renewable raw materials with detergents. Palm oil is also used in the food industry and palm kernel oil for example as a primary material. These as fuels or combustibles. However, the cultivation of oil raw materials are identified as palm oil or palm kernel palms (Elaeis guineensis) is often criticised because the oil derivatives. As a result of their productivity, palm production of palm oil is still associated with negative kernel oil derivatives are best suited to the production effects such as the clearance of rain forests, cultivation of cosmetic products. on peat soil with the emission of large amounts of CO2, Replacing palm kernel oil with other oils is not really a non-governmental organisations (i.e. WWF, Greenpea- solution. The shift to soy oil for example, the second ce) call not for an end to the use of palm (kernel) oil most important vegetable oil in the world, would then but for a transfer to a sustainable cultivation of palm cause problems in other countries. -
Current Knowledge on Interspecific Hybrid Palm Oils As Food and Food
foods Review Current Knowledge on Interspecific Hybrid Palm Oils as Food and Food Ingredient Massimo Mozzon , Roberta Foligni * and Cinzia Mannozzi * Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 10, 60131 Ancona, Italy; m.mozzon@staff.univpm.it * Correspondence: r.foligni@staff.univpm.it (R.F.); c.mannozzi@staff.univpm.it (C.M.); Tel.: +39-071-220-4010 (R.F.); +39-071-220-4014 (C.M.) Received: 6 April 2020; Accepted: 10 May 2020; Published: 14 May 2020 Abstract: The consumers’ opinion concerning conventional palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil is negatively affected by environmental and nutritional issues. However, oils extracted from drupes of interspecific hybrids Elaeis oleifera E. guineensis are getting more and more interest, due to their chemical and × nutritional properties. Unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic) are the most abundant constituents (60%–80% of total fatty acids) of hybrid palm oil (HPO) and are mainly acylated in position sn-2 of the glycerol backbone. Carotenes and tocotrienols are the most interesting components of the unsaponifiable matter, even if their amount in crude oils varies greatly. The Codex Committee on Fats and Oils recently provided HPO the “dignity” of codified fat substance for human consumption and defined the physical and chemical parameters for genuine crude oils. However, only few researches have been conducted to date on the functional and technological properties of HPO, thus limiting its utilization in food industry. Recent studies on the nutritional effects of HPO softened the initial enthusiasm about the “tropical equivalent of olive oil”, suggesting that the overconsumption of HPO in the most-consumed processed foods should be carefully monitored. -
4.1 Cocos Nucifera Coconut
4.1 Cocos nucifera Coconut Valerie Hocher, [ean-Luc Verdeil and Bernard Malaurie IRD/CIRAD Coconut Program, UMR 1098 BEPC, IRD, BP 64501-911 Av. Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France 1. Introduction length and 30-120 cm deep and continu ously generate adventitious roots (Reynolds, 1.1. Botany and history 1988; Persley, 1992). Nutrients and water are absorbed by the rootlets. The coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) is a rela The coconut palm 'trunk' is a stem with tively slow growing woody perennial species. no true bark, no branches and no cambium. It is the only species in the genus Cocos. All Secondary growth (increased stem diameter) forms known to date are diploid (2n = 2x = is by secondary enlargement meristem 32). No closely related species with even par located below the shoot meristem. Growth tial interfertility has been reported (Bourdeix depends on age, ecotype and edaphic condi et al., 2001). The lifespan of a coconut palm tions, but is generally between 30 and 100 cm can be > 60 years under favourable ecological per annum. The stem is surmounted by a conditions. Coconuts can grow to a height of crown of approx. 30 compound leaves, approx. 25 m (Ohler, 1999). which protect the terminal vegetative bud Optimum growing conditions for coconut and whose destruction causes the death of are in the lowland humid tropics at altitudes the palm. An adult coconut has virtually as < 1000 m near coastal areas in sandy, weII many unopened (20-30) as opened leaves. drained soils (Persley, 1992); however, Leaves are produced continuously at approx. -
Coconut Oil and Coconut Water: Are Coconuts the New Superfood?
DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE RESEARCH & EXTENSION Family and Consumer Sciences University of Arkansas System FSFCS90 Coconut Oil and Coconut Water: Are Coconuts the New Superfood? Jamie I. Baum, PhD Products containing coconut (e.g., population studies) that show a Assistant Professor continue to increase in popularity. link between high coconut-consuming Nutrition Products such as coconut oil and coco countries and longevity [1-2]. nut water are flooding the market. It is difficult to walk into a grocery store Coconut oil is considered a Rosemary Rodibaugh, without seeing a coconut-containing saturated fat and contains 9 calories PhD product on display. There are hundreds per gram. There are two basic types of fats – saturated and unsaturated. Professor - Nutrition of blogs and diets that sing the praises of health benefits they claim are linked Unsaturated fats are healthy fats and to coconut products, including weight include plant-based fats (such as loss, cancer prevention and improved vegetable oils and fats found in nuts, brain function in Alzheimer’s disease. avocados and seeds) and fish oils. Does this mean that coconuts are the These fats should be the primary fats next superfood? in your diet because they either do not affect cholesterol levels or they raise HDL (good) cholesterol without Coconut Oil raising LDL (bad) cholesterol. Coconut oil is an edible oil Saturated fats found in animal fats extracted from the “meat” of matured and tropical oils, including coconut oil, coconuts. It has several applications should be consumed only in small in the food industry. It is used in amounts because they raise both processed foods because it is relatively HDL (good) and LDL (bad) cholesterol. -
Coconut Water
COMPOSITION OF YOUNG COCONUT PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES FPDD Guide No. 5 - Rev. 2, Series of 2019 WATER Proximate g/100 g To prolong the shelf-life of coconut water, PHILIPPINE Energy 109 kJ various preservation techniques are recom- COCONUT Moisture 95.2 mended: Protein 0.2 AUTHORITY Fat 0.0 Ultra High Temperature (UHT) involves Ash 0.2 heating the water to 130 oC to 150 oC for 2-45 Fructose 2.4 ALBAY RESEARCH seconds; the product is aseptically packaged Glucose 2.7 ENTER Sucrose 1.5 in order to obtain a stable shelf -life (1 to 2 C Total Sugar 5-6.6 years at ambient temperatures), but affects the coconut water’s natural flavor. Minerals mg/100 g Calcium 12.0 Microfiltration is a type of physical filtration COCONUT PROCESSING Chlorine 118 process where a contaminated fluid is passed TECHNOLOGIES Magnesium 10-11.0 through a special pore-sized membrane to Manganese 1,020.0 separate microorganisms and suspended Phosphorus 9.0 Potassium 186-294 particles from the liquid Sodium 5-25 YOUNG Cold Preservation is the process that Vitamins Content involves filtration, bottling and temperature Nicotinic acid 0.64 µg/mL control ((0-4°C), allowing the bottled coconut COCONUT Riboflavin (Vit. B2) 0.01 µg/mL water to stay fresh from 10 days to 3 weeks Niacin (Vit. B3) 0.10 mg/100g and retain its natural flavour. This is the most Ascorbic Acid (Vit. C) 2.2-3.7 mg/mL preferred method for extending the shelf-life ATER of the coconut water W Amino Acids Mg/100mL Alanine 10 Arginine 32 Aspartic Acid 18 Glutamic Acid 43 Glycine 10 Isoleucine 8 FOOD PRODUCT -
Ofero A. Caparino, Ph.D. Division Chief, Bioprocess Engineering Division Philmech
Ofero A. Caparino, Ph.D. Division Chief, BioProcess Engineering Division PHilMech Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization CLSU Compound Science City of Munoz Nueva Ecija Tel: 044-4560-213 68 out of 79 3.61 B provinces are nuts coconut areas 2.7 B nuts 340 M bearing trees 8.92 B 15.31 B nuts/year nuts Reference: PCA, 2013) WORLD TOP TEN COCONUT PRODUCERS (FAOSTAT, 2013) 15.31 B nuts/year 20,000,000 18,000,000 (Average 2007-2011) 16,000,000 14,000,000 12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 ‐ PRODUCTION COCONUT MACHINERY, PRIMARY VALUE‐ADDED MARKET SALES EQUIPMENT for INCOME INPUTS PARTS PROJECT PRODUCT PRODUCTS R&D, COOKING OIL OILMILLS OIL SOAPS PRODUCTION MEAT DETERGENTS RESOURCES KERNEL PROCESSING COPRA LIVESTOCK FEEDS MACHINERY MEAL Nursery/Seed Gardens ROPES, GEOTEXTILES BEATING MACHINE, FIBER DOORMATS, BASKETS HUSK DECORTICATOR, BALER, 1‐ & 2‐PLY ORGANIC FERTILIZER ROPE TWINER, Farmers/ COIR DUST ROOTING MEDIA Planting DOORMAT EQUIPMENT HORTICULTURE POTS DOMESTIC AND …creating new JAGGERY, COCONECTAR, EXPORT TODDY Fertilization SAP COCOSUGAR, LUMBANOG MARKETS WINE, VINEGAR Pest demands in the Management COCONUT Coconut COCONUT JUICE, VINEGAR, NATA emerging markets WATER WaterWATER DE COCO, WINE LATHE, CUTTER, ACTIVATED worldwidePOLISHER, CHARCOAL CHARCOAL SHELL HANDICRAFT Harvest FORMED FASHION ACCESSORIES, MACHINERY PRODUCTS BELTS, BUTTONS, HANDICRAFTS WOOD WOOD, WOOD, HANDICRAFTS, LUMBER LUMBER FURNITURES LEAVES, LEAF SHEATHS, HATS, SLIPPERS, BASKETS, STIPULES BAGS, HANDICRAFTS FRUIT TRAYS, PICTURE INFLORESCENCE FRAMES, PLACE MATS, BLINDS, ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS Flowchart of Supply and Value of Coconut and Coconut Products in the Philippines , Coconut industry strategic plan for Philippine Agriculture 2010 Sources of cocowater – Large desiccated coconut processing plants Some health benefits of coconut water Use for intravenous hydration of patients in remote areas (Campbell‐Falck et al.,2000). -
FIC-Prop-65-Notice-Reporter.Pdf
FIC Proposition 65 Food Notice Reporter (Current as of 9/25/2021) A B C D E F G H Date Attorney Alleged Notice General Manufacturer Product of Amended/ Additional Chemical(s) 60 day Notice Link was Case /Company Concern Withdrawn Notice Detected 1 Filed Number Sprouts VeggIe RotInI; Sprouts FruIt & GraIn https://oag.ca.gov/system/fIl Sprouts Farmers Cereal Bars; Sprouts 9/24/21 2021-02369 Lead es/prop65/notIces/2021- Market, Inc. SpInach FettucIne; 02369.pdf Sprouts StraIght Cut 2 Sweet Potato FrIes Sprouts Pasta & VeggIe https://oag.ca.gov/system/fIl Sprouts Farmers 9/24/21 2021-02370 Sauce; Sprouts VeggIe Lead es/prop65/notIces/2021- Market, Inc. 3 Power Bowl 02370.pdf Dawn Anderson, LLC; https://oag.ca.gov/system/fIl 9/24/21 2021-02371 Sprouts Farmers OhI Wholesome Bars Lead es/prop65/notIces/2021- 4 Market, Inc. 02371.pdf Brad's Raw ChIps, LLC; https://oag.ca.gov/system/fIl 9/24/21 2021-02372 Sprouts Farmers Brad's Raw ChIps Lead es/prop65/notIces/2021- 5 Market, Inc. 02372.pdf Plant Snacks, LLC; Plant Snacks Vegan https://oag.ca.gov/system/fIl 9/24/21 2021-02373 Sprouts Farmers Cheddar Cassava Root Lead es/prop65/notIces/2021- 6 Market, Inc. ChIps 02373.pdf Nature's Earthly https://oag.ca.gov/system/fIl ChoIce; Global JuIces Nature's Earthly ChoIce 9/24/21 2021-02374 Lead es/prop65/notIces/2021- and FruIts, LLC; Great Day Beet Powder 02374.pdf 7 Walmart, Inc. Freeland Foods, LLC; Go Raw OrganIc https://oag.ca.gov/system/fIl 9/24/21 2021-02375 Ralphs Grocery Sprouted Sea Salt Lead es/prop65/notIces/2021- 8 Company Sunflower Seeds 02375.pdf The CarrIngton Tea https://oag.ca.gov/system/fIl CarrIngton Farms Beet 9/24/21 2021-02376 Company, LLC; Lead es/prop65/notIces/2021- Root Powder 9 Walmart, Inc. -
Oil Palm in Indonesia— the Limits of Certification and Zero— Deforestation Pledges
LEAVES POLICY BRIEF FEBRUARY 2019 OIL PALM IN INDONESIA— THE LIMITS OF CERTIFICATION AND ZERO— DEFORESTATION PLEDGES Highlights • Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is one of the more visible and profitable agricultural commodities driving the expansion of industrial- and small-scale plantations into forest areas, particularly in Southeast Asia. • Between 2000 and 2010, around 4.5 million hectares (ha) of forests were lost in Indonesia with others estimating that the total amount could be over 7 million ha. Around 20% of this deforestation occurred on oil palm plantations. • In Indonesia, initiatives that mitigate and manage deforestation due to palm oil production include standards and certification, zero-deforestation pledges, improvements to smallholder productivity, and jurisdictional management. This policy brief examines how well these initiatives address the causes deforestation and environmental degradation and their acceptability among stakeholders. • Palm oil production in Africa and Asia has as of yet to cause large scale deforestation of primary forest as much of the land being used for plantations was previously cleared for agriculture. • Development partners can further mitigate palm oil’s impact on deforestation by identifying financially viable and sustainable small-scale models, improving the taxation models for plantations and supply chains, strengthening the legality of jurisdictional approaches, and improving traceability in the palm oil supply chain. Introduction and eventual conversion of natural forests and peatland beginning with forestry concessions. In Southeast Asia, Globally, tropical deforestation, forest fires, and peatland oil palm cultivation has become synonymous with tropical degradation are a major cause of greenhouse gas emissions deforestation and subject to numerous environmental and biodiversity loss. -
Oilseeds and Products Update
Required Report: Required - Public Distribution Date: November 30,2020 Report Number: ID2020-0039 Report Name: Oilseeds and Products Update Country: Indonesia Post: Jakarta Report Category: Oilseeds and Products Prepared By: Arif Rahmanulloh Approved By: Garrett Mcdonald Report Highlights: Weaker demand due to COVID-19 has reduced palm oil exports by 2 million tons. 2020 biodiesel distribution falls short of allocation as the diverging diesel price spread continues to threaten Indonesia’s B30 mandate. Senior Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) officials suggest new restrictions on soybean imports in the government regulations to implement an Omnibus Jobs Creation Law. THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Commodity: Oil, Palm Production Post maintains 2020/21 palm oil production at 42.5 million tons, an increase from 41.5 million tons in 2019/20 (see GAIN ID2020-0009). The national weather agency (BMKG) projected a La Nina event will impact Indonesia, causing higher than normal rainfall during the final quarter of 2020 before subsiding in February 2021. The higher levels of rainfall are expected to improve yields in areas where other inputs such as fertilizer are maintained. Consumption Based on the latest Biofuels Producer Association (APROBI) data, year-to-date biodiesel distribution reached 6.4 billion liters through September 2020, slightly lower than previous estimates. Annualized, total biodiesel distribution in 2020 is expected to reach 8.5 billion liters, 88 percent of total government allocation. Biodiesel exports have declined significantly to 24 million liters due to strong competition from cheaper fossil diesel. -
Coconut Water
COCONUT WATER Coconut water concentrate and coconut water (single strength) are two of the many types of products supplied by iTi Tropicals. Fruit Overview: Coconuts are the fruit of the coconut palm, native to countries such as Vietnam, Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, The Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia. They can also be found throughout South and Central America and the Caribbean. While the coconut is a simple dry nut composed of inner fibers, inside lies white, fleshy edible coconut meat, along with refreshing coconut water. The coconut palm has been called the “tree of life” because it offers a source of food, drink, oil, medicine, fiber, timber, thatch, mats, fuel, and domestic utensils for the local populations where it is grown. While coconuts have many uses including pure coconut, coconut cream, and coconut oil, coconut water is among the most popular. Coconut water is naturally filtered for nine months through the dense fibers of the coconut creating a nutritious, pure, and refreshing isotonic beverage that can be mixed with just about any other flavor or fruit without dominating the taste or color. Food Application: Coconut water, (also called coconut juice) is not only refreshing and cool, it has five essential electrolytes, including more potassium than a banana. It has no added sugars, fat, cholesterol or preservatives, and is significantly lower in calories than many other juices. Because coconut wa- ter is 100% juice and is extremely versatile, it can stand alone as a refreshing drink, or it can be blended. It can be the base of tropical drinks, teas, coffee, sauces, cocktails, smoothies, and can even be used as a cooking medium, broth, or marinade.