Nölken Palm(Kernel)Oil-Statement
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The Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis)
PALM S Rival & Levang: Oil Palm Vol. 59(1) 2015 ALAIN RIVAL The Oil Palm Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche (Elaeis Agronomique pour le Développement guineensis ): Jakarta, Indonesia [email protected] Research AND Challenges PATRICE LEVANG Institut de Recherche pour Beyond le Développement Yaoundé, Cameroon Controversies [email protected] Scientists certainly have a part to play in the debate over oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) cultivation, which has captured and polarized public opinion, kindled and undoubtedly shaped by the media. How can this palm be viewed as a “miracle plant” by both the agro-food industry in the North and farmers in the tropical zone, but a serious ecological threat by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) campaigning for the environment or the rights of indigenous peoples? The time has come to move on from this biased and often irrational debate, which is rooted in topical issues of contemporary society in the North, such as junk food, biodiversity, energy policy and ethical consumption. One of the reasons the public has developed as nuclear energy, genetically modified crops such fixed ideas is that there has been a lack or shale gas) that is causing controversy but an of accurate information on the sector and its entire agrom-food sector that has come to actors and a clear-headed analysis of what is symbolize the conflict between the at stake. We point out that the production and conservation of natural spaces and de- processing of palm oil are part of a complex velopment. Consumers, elected representatives globalized agrom-industrial sector shared by and scientists are finally forced to take sides for multiple actors and stakeholders with often or against palm oil, with no room for ifs and conflicting interests. -
Current Knowledge on Interspecific Hybrid Palm Oils As Food and Food
foods Review Current Knowledge on Interspecific Hybrid Palm Oils as Food and Food Ingredient Massimo Mozzon , Roberta Foligni * and Cinzia Mannozzi * Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 10, 60131 Ancona, Italy; m.mozzon@staff.univpm.it * Correspondence: r.foligni@staff.univpm.it (R.F.); c.mannozzi@staff.univpm.it (C.M.); Tel.: +39-071-220-4010 (R.F.); +39-071-220-4014 (C.M.) Received: 6 April 2020; Accepted: 10 May 2020; Published: 14 May 2020 Abstract: The consumers’ opinion concerning conventional palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil is negatively affected by environmental and nutritional issues. However, oils extracted from drupes of interspecific hybrids Elaeis oleifera E. guineensis are getting more and more interest, due to their chemical and × nutritional properties. Unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic) are the most abundant constituents (60%–80% of total fatty acids) of hybrid palm oil (HPO) and are mainly acylated in position sn-2 of the glycerol backbone. Carotenes and tocotrienols are the most interesting components of the unsaponifiable matter, even if their amount in crude oils varies greatly. The Codex Committee on Fats and Oils recently provided HPO the “dignity” of codified fat substance for human consumption and defined the physical and chemical parameters for genuine crude oils. However, only few researches have been conducted to date on the functional and technological properties of HPO, thus limiting its utilization in food industry. Recent studies on the nutritional effects of HPO softened the initial enthusiasm about the “tropical equivalent of olive oil”, suggesting that the overconsumption of HPO in the most-consumed processed foods should be carefully monitored. -
Key Sustainability Issues in the Palm Oil Sector
Key Sustainability Issues in the Palm Oil Sector A Discussion Paper for Multi-Stakeholders Consultations (commissioned by the World Bank Group) By Cheng Hai Teoh THE WORLD BANK Disclaimer The opinions expressed in this discussion draft do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank Group or its member governments. The World Bank Group does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this draft and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this draft do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Table of Contents A. Introduction ................................................................................................... 2 Background ............................................................................................................ 2 Objectives .............................................................................................................. 2 Approach ............................................................................................................... 3 B. Overview of the Palm Oil Sector ..................................................................... 4 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 4 Development of the palm oil sector .......................................................................... -
Oil Palm in Indonesia— the Limits of Certification and Zero— Deforestation Pledges
LEAVES POLICY BRIEF FEBRUARY 2019 OIL PALM IN INDONESIA— THE LIMITS OF CERTIFICATION AND ZERO— DEFORESTATION PLEDGES Highlights • Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is one of the more visible and profitable agricultural commodities driving the expansion of industrial- and small-scale plantations into forest areas, particularly in Southeast Asia. • Between 2000 and 2010, around 4.5 million hectares (ha) of forests were lost in Indonesia with others estimating that the total amount could be over 7 million ha. Around 20% of this deforestation occurred on oil palm plantations. • In Indonesia, initiatives that mitigate and manage deforestation due to palm oil production include standards and certification, zero-deforestation pledges, improvements to smallholder productivity, and jurisdictional management. This policy brief examines how well these initiatives address the causes deforestation and environmental degradation and their acceptability among stakeholders. • Palm oil production in Africa and Asia has as of yet to cause large scale deforestation of primary forest as much of the land being used for plantations was previously cleared for agriculture. • Development partners can further mitigate palm oil’s impact on deforestation by identifying financially viable and sustainable small-scale models, improving the taxation models for plantations and supply chains, strengthening the legality of jurisdictional approaches, and improving traceability in the palm oil supply chain. Introduction and eventual conversion of natural forests and peatland beginning with forestry concessions. In Southeast Asia, Globally, tropical deforestation, forest fires, and peatland oil palm cultivation has become synonymous with tropical degradation are a major cause of greenhouse gas emissions deforestation and subject to numerous environmental and biodiversity loss. -
Sustainable Palm Derivatives in the Baked Goods and Prepared Foods
Sustainable Palm Derivatives in the Baked Goods and Prepared Foods A CPET Special Newsletter March 2016 The Purpose of this Special Newsletter This newsletter provides information and guidance to businesses and government departments on sourcing baked goods and prepared foods made with sustainable palm oil and palm kernel oil and their derivatives. It outlines the complexities in the palm oil supply chain, explains why sustainable palm oil and palm-based derivatives have been difficult to source in the past, and provides an overview of what manufacturers are currently doing to manufacture baked good and prepared foods made with sustainable and traceable palm oil. It also provides a quick guide to sourcing certified palm oil in food products. Introduction to Palm-based Derivative Supply Chain Palm oil and palm kernel oil are complex commodities due to the demand for a large number of fractions and derivatives of the oils. In fact, about 60% of the palm oil and palm kernel oil consumed globally is in the form of derivatives such as olein and stearin.1 The versatility of palm makes it an attractive commodity, but the supply chains for these derivatives are multi-layered and have been historically difficult to trace. Although traceability is improving, the derivatives can be challenging to source as sustainable. At the most basic level of the refining process, palm oil and palm kernel oil are split, fractionated, and separated into liquid palm olein and solid palm stearin at a ratio of 4:1. Further fractionation, hydrogenation, refining and blending can then be carried out to produce different oil derivatives with unique physical and chemical properties. -
THE BIODIVERSITY LOSS CRISIS in SOUTHEAST ASIA a Literature Review on Current Research
Louise Nilsson Kultur och Samhälle Urbana Studier MV109C Miljövetenskap: Kandidatkurs VT 2019 Handledare: Jonas Lundgren & Johanna Nygren Spanne Picture 1: Cacao pods at plantation in Pulau Samosir, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia, Louise Nilsson, 2018. THE BIODIVERSITY LOSS CRISIS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA A literature review on current research Louise Nilsson Kultur och samhälle Urbana studier MV109C Miljövetenskap: Kandidatkurs VT 2019 Abstract This bachelor thesis focuses on the biodiversity loss problematics in Southeast Asia, since it is one of the most species rich places on Earth, coupled with the highest rate of loss of species. Four biodiversity hotspots encompasses Southeast Asia which implies areas of high endemism coupled with high rates habitat loss. This thesis aim to understand what current research in the field focuses on and what ways of protecting biodiversity in the area that exists. The main driver of biodiversity loss in Southeast Asia as well as in the rest of the world, are land-use alterations; forests and natural habitat being converted to monoculture plantations, as well as agricultural- and urban expansions. Through a systematic literature review of scientific material from 2010- 2019, the biodiversity research in Southeast Asia is reviewed. What the literature review concluded was that an array of environmental- as well as socioeconomic problems intensifies each other in the area, such as poverty and biodiversity loss. International cooperation to halt biodiversity loss and the global demand for products produced in the area which greatly damages ecosystems needs to be addressed urgently. Actions to halt the mass-extinction of species and their connected ecosystem services needs to be taken by providing means to organizations and to scientists that work in the area and could possibly be addressed by moving from anthropocentrism towards a biocentric nature view. -
Sustainable Palm Derivatives in Cleaning and Personal Care Products
Sustainable Palm Derivatives in Cleaning and Personal Care Products A CPET Special Newsletter July 2015 The Purpose of this Special Newsletter This newsletter is meant to provide information and guidance to businesses and government departments on sourcing cleaning products and personal care products made with sustainable palm oil derivatives. It outlines the complexities in the derivatives supply chain, explains why sustainable palm-based derivatives have been difficult to source in the past, and provides a quick guide to sourcing certified derivatives. Introduction to Palm-based Derivative Supply Chain Palm oil and palm kernel oil are complex commodities because of the demand for a large number of fractions and derivatives of the oils. In fact, about 60% of the palm oil and palm kernel oil consumed globally is in the form of derivatives such as olein and stearin.1 The supply chains for these derivatives are multi-layered and have been historically difficult to trace. Although traceability is improving, the derivatives can be challenging to source as sustainable. Oleochemicals, which are produced from the fatty acid distillates that result from the refining process of palm oil and palm kernel oil, are typically used in the production of cleaning products and personal care products. Palm based oleochemicals have a diverse range of applications. In the past decade, many European manufacturers and traders have shifted towards the use of palm-derived oleochemicals (as opposed to petrochemicals or other plant based oleochemicals), due to the increase in the number of plants in Southeast Asia with access to palm feedstocks. The environmental and social repercussions of this shift in usage, and the parallel significant increase in oil palm plantations in Southeast Asia, have been dramatic, leading to deforestation, climate change, habitat loss, and disruptions to local communities. -
Transmission of the Coconut Cadang-Cadang Viroid to Six Species of Palm by Inoculation with Nucleic Acid Extracts
Plant Pathology {\9H5) 34, 391-401 Transmission of the coconut cadang-cadang viroid to six species of palm by inoculation with nucleic acid extracts JULITA S. \MPER\ALand ROSEMARIE M. BAUTISTA Philippine Coconut Authority, Albav Research Center. Banao, Guinobatan, Albay, Philippines JOHN W. RANDLES Plant Pathology Department, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia Seedlings of Areca catechu (betel nut palm), Corypha elata (buri palm), Adonidia merrillii (manila palm), Elaeis guineensis (oil palm), Chrysalidocarpus lutescens (palmera) and Oreodoxa regia (royal palm) were inoculated with nucleic acid extracts from coconut palms with cadang-cadang disease. Within 2 years of inoculation, analysis using a ^-P-labelled DNA probe complementary to the coconut cadang-cadang viroid (CCCV) showed that RNA sequences identical to CCCV were present in the inoculated seedlings. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels showed that these palms also contained an RNA with mobility identical to CCCW. Four to five years after inoculation, the infected palms of four species were usually stunted compared with uninoculated palms, while betel nut and palmera were not stunted. Yellowing of leaflets was observed with defined spots or mottling of the older fronds in all except betel nut palms. All infected palms showed mild or severe yellow- leaf spotting. These results widen the known host range and. hence, the potential number of viroid reservoir species in the field. INTRODUCTION examined. The presence of alternative plant The viroid associated with cadang-cadang infec- reservoirs in the field is one important aspect tion of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) (Randies. and studies are in progress on the identification 1975) has been shown to cause the disease when of additional species that are susceptible to inoculated to coconut palm (Zelazny et al. -
Pest Categorisation of Cadang‐Cadang Viroid
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università di Brescia SCIENTIFIC OPINION ADOPTED: 27 June 2017 doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4928 Pest categorisation of Cadang-Cadang viroid EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Michael Jeger, Claude Bragard, David Caffier, Thierry Candresse, Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Gianni Gilioli, Jean-Claude Gregoire, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Alan MacLeod, Maria Navajas Navarro, Bjorn€ Niere, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Trond Rafoss, Vittorio Rossi, Gregor Urek, Ariena Van Bruggen, Wopke Van der Werf, Jonathan West, Elisavet Chatzivassiliou, Stephan Winter, Gabor Hollo and Thierry Candresse Abstract The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Cadang-Cadang viroid for the European Union (EU) territory. Coconut cadang-cadang viroid (CCCVd) is a well-known viroid for which efficient molecular detection assays are available. It is transmitted by vegetative multiplication of infected hosts, by seed and pollen and, possibly, by the action of unknown vector(s). CCCVd is reported from a few countries in Asia and is not known to occur in the EU. It therefore does not meet one of the criteria for being a Union regulated non-quarantine pest. The host range of CCCVd is restricted to Arecaceae species (palms), in particular coconut and it is listed on all known hosts in Annex IIAI of Directive 2000/29/EC. CCCVd is expected to be able to enter in the EU and to be able to establish in the open in the southernmost regions of the EU and elsewhere under protected cultivation. -
Secrets of Palm Oil Biosynthesis Revealed
COMMENTARY Secrets of palm oil biosynthesis revealed Toni Voelker1 Monsanto, Davis, CA 95616 lobally, vegetable oils are har- Not only is oil palm by far the most diacylglycerol or phosphatidyl choline to vested from a handful of oil productive oil crop, with annual yields of- TAG. So, how then is the oil palm meso- G crops at an annual rate ex- ten exceeding 4 tons/ha, but during fruit carp cell programmed for the divergence ceeding 100 million tons (1). maturation, its mesocarp cells efficiently of almost all photosynthate to lipid stor- Most oils are used for human or animal convert photosynthate to TAGs, which age, when date palm cells store photosyn- consumption, although a minor fraction is subsequently accumulate to levels as high thate simply as sugars? A priori one would derivatized to oleochemicals. More re- as exceeding 90% of the tissue dry weight predict that there must be an up-regula- cently, an increasing amount of vegetable at maturity. In contrast, in the mesocarp of tion of all of the pertinent components oil is being diverted to the production of date palm, no TAGs are found. Instead, from FA biosynthesis, precursor supply, as biodiesel [i.e., fatty acid (FA) methyl- large amounts of sugars accumulate during well as lipid assembly. However, this is not esters], and is an attractive feedstock for maturation to levels as high as 50% of what Bourgis et al. (9) find. Surprisingly, the so-called “drop-in” biofuels of the fu- dry weight (9). For their study in PNAS, none of the ER enzymes of the so-called ture, further increasing the demand on this Bourgis et al. -
The Threat of Cadang-Cadang Disease
19931 MARAMOROSCH:CADANG-CADANG t87 Principes,37(4), 1993, pp. r87-r96 The Threat of Cadang-CadangDisease Kenr Menerr,roRoscH Department ofEntomology, Cook College, New Jersey Agricuhural Experiment Station, Rutgers-The State Uniuersity, Neu Brunswick, Nl 08903 "milk") ABSTRACT (coconut and the palms provide the only shade and building material. of cadang-cadang disease In 1975 the viroid cause Cadang-cadang disease occurs and of coconut and other palms became established in the Philippines and Guam. The suspected occurrence of spreads currently.on Luzon and a number this disease on other Pacific inlands requires confir- of other Philippine islands, as well as on mation. Replanting with the early maturing Mawa Cuam. The diseasehas been suspected on cultivar, widely advocated in the Philippines, merely a few other Pacific islands recently. provides a temporary but inadequate remedy because this cultivar is susceptible to viroid infection. The HistoricalBackground spread of the disease could be controlled by proper "dying-dying," extension work, requiring the thorough decontami- Cadang-cadang means nation of tools used by plantation workers. Concen- or slowly dying in Bicolano, the language trated sodium carbonate solution can degrade RNA viroids, remaining stable and retaining its RNA- spoken in southeastern Luzon. The first destroying activity under tropical conditions. An well-documented outbreak of the disease extensive testing program for resistance to cadang- was noticed on San Miguel Island off Luzon Such a long-term program will cadang is imperative. in 1928. By 1933 nearly 257o of the require proper funding, commitment, trained person- nel and quarantined importation of coconut cultivars coconut palms had died there and the plan- from all parts of the world. -
Sustainable Development Overview 2009 Creating a Better Future Every Day Contents Highlights
Sustainable Development Overview 2009 Creating a better future every day Contents Highlights 1 Introduction 2 Our business and brands 4 An overview of our impacts 6 Creating a better future every day 9 Progress on our commitments 10 Health and well- being 11 Nutrition Launched ambitious new vision to double the 14 Hygiene and well- being size of our business while reducing our overall environmental impacts across the entire value chain 17 Sustainable living 18 Sustainable agriculture % 21 Climate change 15 of our palm oil now sourced 24 Water sustainably via GreenPalm certifcates 27 Packaging % 30 Supporting economic 15 of the tea we use globally development now sourced from Rainforest ™ Alliance Certifed farms 34 External commentary 36 Our Sustainable Development Report Reduced environmental impacts of 37 Awards and recognition our manufacturing operations by 41%* for CO2 from energy, 65%* for water use and %* 73 for total waste, measured per tonne of production over 1995-2009 This Overview summarises our most signifcant impacts. Our online Sustainable Lifebuoy promoted Development Report is our principal means of reporting: Global Handwashing Day it sets out our policies and performance on the issues in 23 countries, covered in this Overview reaching millions of people as well as many others. See page 36 44% of our food portfolio now in line www.unilever.com/ sustainability with internationally accepted guidelines for saturated and trans fat, sugar and salt Launched global ‘Brush Day and Night’ campaign with FDI World Dental Federation Food industry sector leader in the Dow Jones Sustainability World Indexes for the 11th year running – the only company ever to have achieved this *2009 data is preliminary – see Footnote, page 35 Introduction 2009 was a good year for Unilever.