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Speicherprogrammierbare Computer John Von Neumann (1903-1957) Der Erfinder: • 1945 EDVAC Report Mit Beschreibung Des Speicher- Programmierprinzips

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Speicherprogrammierbare Computer John Von Neumann (1903-1957) Der Erfinder: • 1945 EDVAC Report Mit Beschreibung Des Speicher- Programmierprinzips Institut of Electrical Power Systems Wegkreuzungen von Energie, Information und Kommunikation „Bringing the past into the future“ Autor Dipl.-Ing. Dr. techn. Helmut Malleck Technische Universität Graz Institut für Elektrische Anlagen www.ifea.tugraz.at Dipl.-Ing. Dr. techn. Helmut Malleck ist auch Senior Advisor an der Fachhochschule Technikum Wien Institut of Electrical Power Systems gestern – heute – morgen Technologies of the Decade on the Zukunftsthesen:shoulders of still -earlier pioneers: EnergieEnergie Information 1. EntwicklungsstufenSmartphones in der totalen 2. VernetzungSocial Networking Mensch 2.3. SmalltalkVoice over der IP Dinge 3.4. KünstlicheLED lights Intelligenz übertrifft den 5. MenschenMulticore CPUs 4.6. WirCloud sind C omputingsdas Büro 5.7. EinfachDrone A istircrafts schön Basistechnologie 6.8. IntelligentesPlanetary Rovers Verkehrsmanagement und mehr Mobilität 9. Flexible AC Transmission 7. Individualisierung und Aufstieg der 10. Digital Photography No-Names 11. Class D-Radio Quelle:Quelle Hochleitner,: Top 11 A.: Technologies Morgen, Wie of smarte the Decade Technik, IEEE unser Spectrum Leben erleichtern, January 2011 wird, Edition Steinbauer, Wien 2005 Professor Österreichische Horst Cerjak, Physikalische 19.12.2005 Gesellschaft 64. Jahrestagung 2014 Institut of Electrical Power Systems Energiespeicherung/-umwandlung Akkumulatoren ... nach Entladung wieder aufladbar Johann Wilhelm Ritter (1776-1810) • 1801 Entdeckung der UV-Strahlung • 1802 Erfindung des ersten Akkumulators: „Rittersche Ladungssäule“ Wilhelm Josef Sinsteden (1803-1891) • 1854 Entwicklung des Bleiakkumulators 1997 Lithium-Eisen-Phosphat-Akkumulatoren Kathodenmaterial LiFePO4, Anode aus Graphit oder hartem Kohlenstoff mit eingelagertem Lithium Verwendung als Bleiakkumulatoren-Ersatz 1989 Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulatoren Oberbegriff für Lithium-Polymer-, Lithium-Cobaltdioxid-, Lithium-Titanat-, Lithium-Luft-, Lithium-Mangan-, Lithium-Eisenphosphat- und Zinn-Schwefel-Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulatoren Verwendung in Mobiltelefonen, Digitalkameras, Notebooks,... und in Elektroautos,... 2007 Lithium-Polymer-Akkumulatoren Elektrolyt ist in einem gelartigen Polymer gebunden, nicht flüssig wie bei herkömmlichen Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulatoren Verwendung in Solarfahrzeugen, Elektroautos, Modellbau, Mobiltelefonen, MP3-Player,... 2014 Lithium-Anode mit Nano-Schutzschicht aus amorphem Kohlenstoff: längere Akku-Laufzeit, Effizienz 99% Quelle: Journal Nature Nanotechnology Brennstoffzellen ... sind Energieumwandler 2012 Tragbare Brennstoffzellen mit USB-Port, Butangas zur Befeuerung. Eine Butangas-Kartusche erzeugt so viel Energie um ein Smartphone bis zu 14 Mal aufzuladen. Zum Vergleich, mit mobilen Akkupacks ist 2- bis 3-maliges Aufladen möglich Quelle: http://t3n.de/news/tragbare-brennstoffzelle-zwei-387015/ „Two weeks of smartphone charging in your pocket“ Brookstone will carry a portable fuel cell USB charger from Lilliputian Systems able to deliver extended hours of charge time for smartphones and other electronics. Quelle: http://www.cnet.com/news/two-weeks-of-smartphone-charging-in-your-pocket/ Professor Österreichische Horst Cerjak, Physikalische 19.12.2005 Gesellschaft 64. Jahrestagung 2014 Institut of Electrical Power Systems Elektrische Energie: DC vs. AC Nikolai Tesla (1856- 1943)• Wechselstrommotor: Entdeckung des Drehfeldes, Nutzung für synchrone und asynchrone Drehstrommotoren, Mehrphasentrafo, Drehstrom-Kraftübertragung • DC versus AC: DC für Lichtanlagen nur 2 Meilen weit übertragbar • Teslas Wechselstromsystem: 1888 Durchbruch, da AC über weite Entfernungen mit geringen Verlusten transportierbar, Energie für Maschinen in Industrieanlagen 1891 15 kV AC-Leitung über 175 km in Deutschland 1895 Niagara-Kraftwerk mit 11 MW und 22 kV AC-Leitung über 42 km • Hochfrequenzströme: 1889 „Tesla-Spule“ • Elektrische Leuchten: 1891 Karborundum-Faden und Zirkonelektroden • Funktechnik: 1893 Hochfrequenzoszillatoren 1896 2 MHz Sende- zu 30 km entferner Empfangsstation • Funkfernsteuerung: 1898 ferngesteuerte Roboter mit eigener Intelligenz • Solarenergie: 1898 Theorie über Sonnenwärme für drahtlose Telefone in Westentaschenformat Nils Bohr 1922: „Teslas geniale Erfindung des polyphasen Systems und seine Forschungen im Bereich der hochfrequenten elektrischen Oszillationen bilden das Fundament, aus dem sich völlig neue Voraussetzungen für Industrie und Telekommunikation ergaben und hatten eine tiefe Wirkung auf unsere Zivilisation.“ Quelle: Wohinz, J. W. (Hg.): Nikola Tesla und die Technik in Graz, TU Graz, 2006 Josef Werndl (1831-1889) • Österreichische Waffenfabriksgesellschaft (OEWG) in Steyr: Anfang der 1880er-Jahre erzeugte OEWG Dynamos, Glüh- und Bogenlampen um Auftragslage am Waffenmarkt auszugleichen • 1884 Straßenbeleuchtung in Steyr mit Glüh- und Bogenlampen, Gaslicht verblieb um Überlegenheit der elektrischen Beleuchtung zu demonstrieren Neuheit: Steyr war die erste größere Stadt die mit DC-Strom aus Wasserkraft beleuchtet wurde Kaum gewürdigt von der Fachwelt: Orte der Stromerzeugung, Beleuchtung und Kraftübertragung waren telefonisch verbunden Professor Österreichische Horst Cerjak, Physikalische 19.12.2005 Gesellschaft 64. Jahrestagung 2014 Institut of Electrical Power Systems Stromversorgung Zentrale Stromversorgungen für Kommunikationszentralen und Sendeanlagen, Rechenzentren, Computeranlagen im Medizinbereich, Überwachungssysteme im Flugverkehr, Blaulichtzentralen, usw. Unterbrechungsfreie Stromversorgung USV: Netzspannung über Gleich-/Wechselrichter an Sammelschienen mit angeschlossener Pufferbatterie zum Überbrücken kurzer Netzausfälle, Notstromdiesel bei längeren Stromnetzausfällen in Flugzeugen: DC aus zumeist 800 Hz AC-Generator Raumfahrt: aus kleiner DC mit niederer Leistung müssen andere DC-Werte mit Konvertern im MHz-Arbeitsbereich (Gewichtsersparnis) und AC erzeugt werden Quelle: Zach, F.: Leistungselektronik: Ein Handbuch, Band 2, 4. Auflage, Springer Wien - New York 2010 Lokale Stromversorgungen Übertragungseinrichtungen Vorort über Ladegerät DC aus Stromnetz „Lokalbatterie“ von Festnetz-Kommunikationszentrale DC direkt über Cu-Leitungen DC lokal generiert aus HF über LWL ... Endeinrichtungen Vorort über Ladegeräte DC aus Stromnetz oder über Solar-Ladegeräte Anmerkung: ab 2017 gemeinsamer EU-Standard für Stecker von Smartphones und Tablets Festnetz: von Kommunikationszentrale DC über Cu-Leitungen „Zentralbatterie“ oftmals für Cordlessfunktion, Anrufbeantworter, etc. zusätzlich DC über Ladegeräte aus Stromnetz Professor Österreichische Horst Cerjak, Physikalische 19.12.2005 Gesellschaft 64. Jahrestagung 2014 Institut of Electrical Power Systems gestern – heute – morgen Energie Information Mensch More than Moore‘s Law und von Komponenten zu Systemen Basistechnologie Professor Österreichische Horst Cerjak, Physikalische 19.12.2005 Gesellschaft 64. Jahrestagung 2014 Institut of Electrical Power Systems More than Moore‘s Law Faktor 1.000 alle 20 Jahre: von bis Ära *) 1935 1955 msec Tausend 1955 1975 µsec Million 1975 1995 nsec Milliarde 1995 2015 psec Billion 2015 2035 fsec Billiarde 2035 2055 asec Trillion *) Zeichen pro Sekunde, Zeichen im Speicher, Teile im Computer Relais seit 1840, Röhren seit 1910, Transistor seit 1950, Mikroprozessor seit 1970 Quelle: Heinz Zemanek, TU Wien Prozessorleistung, Speicherkapazität und Bandbreite: Moore‘sches Gesetz • Verdopplung der Packungsdichte von Transistoren auf einem Chip alle 18 Monate Verdopplung der Speicherkapazität alle 12 Monate Gilder‘s Gesetz • Verdopplung der Bandbreite auf Lichtwellenleiter LWL alle 6 Monate Professor Österreichische Horst Cerjak, Physikalische 19.12.2005 Gesellschaft 64. Jahrestagung 2014 Institut of Electrical Power Systems gestern – heute – morgen Energie Information 1. Flachanzeigen 2. Signaltechnik Mensch 3. Kryprografie und Kryproanalytik 4. Satellitenkommunikation 5. Elektrische Telegrafie und Telefonie, Internet Basistechnologie 6. Rechner 7. Rundfunk und Fernsehen 8. Smart Grids und Industrie 4.0 Professor Österreichische Horst Cerjak, Physikalische 19.12.2005 Gesellschaft 64. Jahrestagung 2014 Institut of Electrical Power Systems 1. Flachanzeigen passive Flachanzeigetechniken elektrochrome Anzeige - Electrochrome Display ECD elektrophoretische Anzeige - Electrophoretic Display EPID elektronisches Papier magnetooptische Anzeige Flüssigkristallanzeigen - Liquid Crystal Display LCD Quelle: http://www.f07.fh-koeln.de/imperia/md/content/aoe_files/displaytechnik/_bersicht_modul_anzeigetechnik.pdf Kratzfest, bruchsicher: Apple baut iPhone 6 mit Saphir The Wall Street Journal, 15.08.2014 „... Für den Bildschirm seines allerersten iPhones verwendete der Konzern einst Glas statt Plastik ... ... Jetzt schwenkt Apple auf Saphir um – ein solideres, aber auch teureres Material ... ... QuelleSaphir: http zum://www.wsj.de Glas-/article/SBErsatz 10001424052702304099004580092652261585266wird und die iPhones der Zukunft besser.html schützt ...“ Professor Österreichische Horst Cerjak, Physikalische 19.12.2005 Gesellschaft 64. Jahrestagung 2014 Institut of Electrical Power Systems 2. Signaltechnik Eisenbahnsignale und Stellwerkstechnik Formsignale 1840 Erfindung des Flügelsignals Fernstellung mit CO2-Druckgas beim Signal, später Drahtzüge zum Stellwerk Nachtzeichen zunächst mit Petroleumlampen, nach 1945 Propangaslaternen, mit Einführung elektromechanischer Stellwerke: Leuchtdioden Nunmehr rückstrahlende Signalflügel und -scheiben in Österreich Lichtsignale 1926 erste Lichtsignale - zunächst weißes Blinklicht, später gelbes Licht „Frei“ 1931 Salzkammergutbahn
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