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Copyrighted Material Index 1worldspace, 583, 584, 593, 599, aircraft separation, 639, 640 accessing schemes, 21, 22, 208–22, 364, Aloha, 22, 208, 211, 212 383, 397, 524, 539, 552, 574, 584, Alphasat, 287, 293, 532, 533, 681 611 altitude orbital, 18, 53, 54, 60, 69, 588 ad hoc networks, 5, 655, 676–78 elliptical, 574 reference architecture, 677 low earth, 43, 44, 57, 549, 557, 565 space-ground network architecture, 678 medium earth, 436, 569, 574 support in LEO network American Mobile Satellite Corporation Advanced Communications Technologies (AMSC), 19, 254, 296 and Services (ACTS), 9, 288, 680 amplitude phase shift keying (APSK), 183 Advanced Communications Technology 16-APSK, 178, 183, 206, 607, 610 Satellite (ACTS), 144, 151, 159, 202, 32-APSK, 178, 183, 206, 683 288, 289, 290, 291, 294 AMS(R)S spectrum protection, 695 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), Ancillary Terrestrial Component (ATC), 2, 6 10, 28, 30, 33, 315, 319–20, 325. Advanced Relay and Technology Mission 515, 516, 544–47, 590, 674, 698 (ARTEMIS), 287, 293, 294, 303, Antenna, passim, 18, 21, 26, 93, 94, 112, 306, 681, 684 114, 128, 140, 231, 638, 646, 647, aeronautical applications, see also example etc. applications, 13, 446 fixed earth station, 229, 428, 518, 538, aeronautical 540, 553, 561, 567, 568, 577 propagation, 115, 153–58, 679, 680 user terminal, 23, 230, 231–39, 512, in future network, 693–96 519–20, 521, 553, 561, 567, 572, air interface see also, radio interface, 7, 3, 574, 586, 588, 592, 599, 605, 612, 206, 229, 256,COPYRIGHTED 316–19, 320, 327, MATERIAL613 357, 360, 367, 368, 369, 517, 526, satellite, 2, 3, 435, 437, 454, 455, 458, 529, 530, 531, 545, 547, 560, 563, 459, 460, 534, 537, 550, 557, 559, 575, 606, 650, 655, 662, 667, 566, 571, 582 674–75, 695 types, 232 air traffic control, 262, 520, 521, 639 apogee, 291, 309 Mobile Satellite Communications: Principles and Trends, Second Edition. M. Richharia. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Companion Website: www.satellitesandyou.com 716 Index applications, see example applications broadband service, 31, 319, 323, 446, 491, Archimedes system, 588, 590 517, 642–43, 659, chapter 8 various architecture, MSS, 4, 12, 13–23, 32–33, examples 449, 452, 474, 479, 485, 515, 517, broadcast and multicast service, 506, 526, 527, 529, 534, 536, 540, 545, 531–33, 582, 611 553–56, 568, 570, 576, 672–78, broadcasting, see broadcast and multicast 693–98 service, digital audio broadcast; architecture, non-geostationary satellite multi-media broadcast, mobile systems, 5, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16–17, 20, satellite broadcast system, television 24, 324, 351, 354–55, 547–77 broadcast intersatellite links, 15, 16, 20, 477, 478, broadband satellite multimedia (BSM) 508, 549, 550–51, 555 protocol architecture, 421 satellite-ground hops, 15, 16 business plan, 23, 24, 315, 324, 325, 327, Asia Cellular Satellite system (ACes), 9, 469, 473, 479, 481, 489 296, 327, 515, 516, 532, 534–40 ATC, see Ancillary Terrestrial Component call charge, 342–43, 472, 480, 481, 482, atmospheric drag, 46, 55–56, 57, 65, 66, 483, 484, 485, 487, 493, 496, 509, 69, 557 512 attenuation due to rain, 101, 102–103, call handling, 315, 316, 338, 345–48, 376, 107, 155, 553, 680–81 378, 537, 538, 541, 554–55, 561, Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS), 563, 575, 576, 577 27, 639 call routing, 3, 15, 20, 28, 32, 34, 316, Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) 325–26, 331, 335, 339, 341–44, schemes, 204, 207–8, 399, 401, 414, 349, 351, 354, chapter 8 various 428, 464, 530 examples, 429, 484, 521, 528, 550, availability considerations, 555–56, 560, 561, 577, 650 non-geostationary satellites, 553 capacity channel, 444, 455, 560, 586, 611 battery technology enhancement, 4, 210, 213, 215, 216, user terminal, 34, 241, 531, 586 218, 219, 220, 446, 626, 650, 652, spacecraft, 298–99, 307 655, 659–67 BGAN, 33, 183, 187, 188, 189, 202, 354, gateway, 464, 563 440, 450, 483, 484, 526–33, 611, network, 493, 507, 545, 561, 576, 652, 661, 662, 663, 679, 694 686, 688–89 multicast, 611 space segment, 316–17, 318, 323, 324, billing, 4, 15, 24, 25, 339, 376, 394, 401, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 342, 426, 427, 429, 484, 486–87, 489, 349, 446, 447, 454, 455, 475, 481, 526, 537, 540, 563 482, 517, 524, 532, 534, 540, 572, binary phase shift keying (BPSK), 177, 682 179, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, maritime terminal, 508, 509 190, 196, 202, 215, 221, 222, 462, carrier recovery, 176, 179, 180, 204, 408 647, chapter 8 various examples carrier-to-noise ratio, 179, 204, 205, 207, bit error rate (BER), 179, 186, 199, 221, 399, 404, 428 427, 428, 46 1, 464. 551, 552, 553, case study 592, 605, chapter 8 various examples maritime, 4, 507–12 block code, 197, 199, 201, 204, 205 aeronautical, 693–96 Index 717 cell-splitting, 652–53 gateway, 3, 374, 428 cellular phone subscription subscriber units, 24, 25, 374, 376, 378, penetration of, 6, 7, 26 427, 428–29, 447 cellular system, 6, 437, 534, 547, 548, 550, commissioning procedures, 374, 429 557, 564, 617, 649–53 Communications and Broadcast channel coding, 34, 197–205, 429, 582, Engineering Test Satellites 584, 604 (COMETS) programme, 291, 303, concatenation of codes, 199, 201–2 684 examples, 184, 187, 197, 204, 205, 531, Complementary Ground Component 540, 551, various examples in (CGC), see also Ancillary Terrestrial chapter 8 Component, 606, 607, 608, 674, trend and issues, 205–7 698 comparison of codes, 205 conditional access in broadcast system, channel management, 209, 212, 329, 338, 585, 595, 596, 598, 599, 612 339, 341, 374, 526, 566 configuration management, 24, 374, 376, charging policy 388, 398, 405, 408, 426, 427, 443, for calls, 481 444, 585 for licenses, 466 congestion theory, 452–54 circuit-switched network, 334, 335, 351, constant phase modulation (CPM) 452, 481, 482, 505, 521, 528, 529, schemes, 177 532, various examples in chapter 8 constellation, 30, 34, 516–17, 676, 678, circular orbit, 18, 37, 40, 42, 72, 75, 298, 682, 696, passim chapter 2 308, 309, 634, 642 characteristics of, 37, 68, 70–71, 474 circular patch antenna, 234, 605 coverage efficiency, 73 COCR, 507, 693 design of, 72–73 code division multiple access (CDMA), example, 516–17, 533, 547, 549, 176, 177, 195, 207, 208, 210–22, 564–65, 569, 571, 572, 619, 622, 439, 660, 661, 695, various examples 630, 632, 634, 641, 642, various in chapter 8 examples in chapter 2 band-limited quasi-synchronous, 216, hybrid, 72, 79, 515, 516 , 572, 574–75, 17 577, 681, 697 coded orthogonal frequency division frequency planning, 434, 439–40 multiplexing (COFDM), 178, inclined orbit, 40, 57, 32, 72, 75–79, 191–94, 355, 557, 560, 563, 574, 84, 85 576, 583, 584, 592, 597 launching of, 300, 302, 308–12 cognitive radio, 4, 437, 655, 667–72, 655, management of, 24, 426, 427, 553, 563 659 for non-real-time systems, 33, 80 background, 667–69 optimization of, 37, 71, 73, 74, 75, 77, in satellite communication systems, 79 669–72 phased, 45, 72 commercial issues, 3, 22, 23, 24, 325, 318, polar, 72, 73–75 321, 340, 469–512, 515, 531, quasi-stationary, 49, 78 539–40, 544, 561, 564, 581, 583, Rossete, see inclined orbit constellation 584, 585, 612, 641, 642, 643, 655, random, 72 657 traffic forecast, 451 commissioning, 374, 426, 458, 518 types, 37, 45, 68, 72–73 718 Index constellation (continued) cross-polar discrimination (XPD), 104, visibility analysis, 57, 84, 85, 550 105, 144, 664 Walker, 72, 75–79, 557, 559 cross-polar isolation (XPI), 104, 122, constellation design considerations, 72–73 664 constellation diagram, 183, 185, 610 curve-fitting, 447, 448, 484 Constellation system, 477, 479 cut-through, 556 contention protocols, 208, 211 continuous phase frequency shift keying, Data Audio and Video Interactive 182, 183 Distribution (DAVID), 681, 683 convolution codes, 187, 197, 198–201, DBS reception on mobile terminals, 4, 204, 205, 584, 592, 595, 596, 597, 30–31, 612–13 599, 600, 601, 602, 604, 610 Decca navigation system, 627 coordinate system, 38 decision feedback loop, 180–81 celestial horizon, 38 delta patterns Demand Assigned (DA) schemes, 21, 432, geocentric-equatorial, 39 440. 524, 526 right ascension-declination, 38 demodulation, 176, 179, 181, 205 topo-centric, 38 diffraction, 119, 129, 130, 132, 134, 142, Cospas-Sarsat constellation, 622 145, 643 Cospas-Sarsat system, 619–27 Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB) system, 4, Geostationary footprint, 624–25 9, 29, 30–31, 582, 588, 593, 599 406 MHz beacon transmitter, 622, digital modulation, 3, chapter 4 passim, 626–27 several examples in chapter 12 cost function minimization, 437 digital speech interpolation, 430 cost model, 475 Distance Measuring Equipment (DME), Costas loop, 180 627–28, 629, 639 cost-benefit analysis distress and safety system, 4, 29, 519, 521, coverage, 56–57, 299, 375, 389, 401, 402, 617–27, 695 403, 405, 417, 435, 437, 439, 470, diurnal variation, 445, 505, 506 476, 477, 484, 499, 500, 506, 508, link margin, 11, 21, 94, 102, 107, 140, 159, 510–512, 516, 517, 523–525, 527, 531, 551, 560, 588, 590, 592, 601, 534, 535, 536, 539, 547, 551, 559, 680, 683, 698 569, 571, 574, 583, 585, 587, 588, diversity, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85, 103–4, 114, 590, 604, 606, 613, 622, 625, 631, 123, 124, 134, 139, 145, 159, 161, 644, 650, 697. etc. 162, 220, 439, 516, 545, 546, 553, contour, 45, 57 554, 557, 559, 560, 569, 574, 575, from apogee, 49 592, 593, 600, 601, 604, 605, 606, polar orbit, 57 various examples in chapter 8 coverage area of satellites, see also frequency, 194, 583, 617, 685, 686, 687 coverage and footprint, 68, 80 satellite, 79, 80, 83, 85, 124, 159, 161, coverage redundancy, 24, 25, 510, 682, 559, 560, 569, 575,
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