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La Mirada Femenina Tomo I 1 LA MIRADA FEMENINA DESDE LA DIVERSIDAD CULTURAL DE LAS AMÉRICAS: Una muestra de su novelística de los años sesenta hasta hoy TOMO I Laura Febres (Compiladora) 2 Contenido Prólogo UNA INVITADA ESPECIAL: La diversidad multicultural en la novela latinoamericana escrita por mujeres. Matilde Daviu. Un acercamiento a lo Amargo y dulzón del «mundo femenino (Análisis de la herencia cultural y la esfera de lo privado- femenino en la novela de Michaelle Ascencio) María Eugenia Perfetti Holzhäuser La totalidad de la vida en un solo día. Ana María Velázquez Entre un tapete persa, un Cadillac y Walden. Las hojas muertas. de Bárbara Jacobs. Hélène Ratner Zaragoza Identidad, fragmentación y desdoblamiento: Análisis de lo femenino y lo bicultural en la obra Cuando era puertorriqueña, de Esmeralda Santiago Ana González Arean Traducción y literatura chicana: ¿Cuán efectiva puede ser la adaptación? Judith Hernández-Mora Hasta no verte Jesús mío (1969) de Elena Poniatowska: ¿testimonio o literatura contestataria? María Miele de Guerra Personajes femeninos inmigrados en dos escritoras latinoamericanas hijas de la Inmigración: Nélida Piñón y Elisa Arráiz Lucca. María Dolores Peña González Caracas, ciudad multicultural de los noventa en las novelas: La última cena de Stefanía Mosca (1957) y Trance de Isabel González (1963). Laura Febres Diversidad e interculturalidad en la narrativa de Elsa Drucaroff y Julia Álvarez. Gloria Hintze 3 Épicas femeninas. Latidos de Caracas de Gisela Kozak y Cien botellas en una pared de Ena Lucía Portela. Ana Teresa Torres. La mirada infantil en Nilda de Nicholasa Mohr. Luz Marina Rivas El ser y la seducción: una propuesta de las protagonistas de la novela de Marisol Marrero. Lidia Salas. La ciudad como escenario accidental: la sensación de extrañamiento frente a los espacios en Latidos de Caracas, de Gisela Kozak Rovero (Venezuela) Jesús Nieves Montero 4 Prólogo UNA INVITADA ESPECIAL: La diversidad multicultural en la novela latinoamericana escrita por mujeres MATILDE DAVIU Escritora venezolana cuya carrera artística y literaria Universidad se desarrolla tanto en Venezuela como en el exterior. Metropolitana Desde muy joven se trasladó a España y otros países Caracas, Venezuela de Europa. En la década de los 70 vivió durante tres años en la India. A su regreso a Venezuela estudia la carrera de Letras y obtiene el título de Licenciada en Letras con especialización en Literatura Venezolana e Hispanoamericana. Se destaca como cuentista, gana premios literarios y es traducida a otros idiomas. Publica su primer libro de cuentos Maithuna (1978, Monte Ávila Editores), luego Barbazúcar y otros relatos (1979) y El Juego Infinito (2005, Criteria Editorial, Caracas) Sus relatos aparecen en diversas revistas literarias tanto en Venezuela como en el exterior. Realiza estudios de postgrado en la City University de New York, donde permanece durante una década enseñando Lengua y Literatura, dirigiendo seminarios, talleres de creación literaria, asistiendo a conferencias y congresos y publicando en revistas literarias auspiciadas por el Humanities Department of New York y el National Endowment for the Arts. Invitada a participar como miembro del Pen American Center of New York, crea también la Asociación de Escritores Latinoamericanos (1987) y realiza el Primer Festival de Poesía Latinoamericana en Nueva York, auspiciado por el Graduate Center y la Public Library of New York. Actualmente se desempeña como Profesora Asociada al Departamento de Humanidades de la Universidad Metropolitana, enseñando Literatura y Arte de Vanguardia. 5 Cuando me pidieron que escribiese el prólogo para este libro de ensayos, compilados con el propósito de ser presentados como trabajo de investigación sobre la novela multicultural desde una mirada femenina, sentí que estaba comprometiendo una de mis mejores defensas: no creer en la literatura de géneros. La literatura se expresa, a mi entender, a través del lenguaje escrito fraguado en altos niveles de la conciencia y ese lenguaje literario no puede determinarse por la diferenciación sexual. Sin embargo, lo que hace que se mantenga una errada administración del concepto de la literatura escrita por hombres y la escrita por mujeres es la manera como se abordan ciertos temas; y aquí reside el punto donde pudiera establecerse la sutil diferencia. Aceptemos, entonces, que nuestra invitada especial sea la diversidad multicultural en la novela latinoamericana como el nuevo espacio creado para la expresión libre, la soltura imaginativa y el reflejo vinculante de la mirada femenina. Este es uno de los pocos libros que –a manera de antología– nos permite la triple referencia. En primer lugar, está el ensayo crítico realizado por un grupo de profesoras de la Universidad Metropolitana sobre la obra de varias novelistas latinoamericanas que, aunque de orígenes culturales diversos, 6 narran y protagonizan, a su vez, la aventura interior de sus personajes desde una óptica femenina muy particular. Me refiero a las escritoras cuya obra despliega con jocosa virulencia feminista algunas; y lacrimosa queja femenina, otras, el tema de la desigualdad socio-cultural como resultado de sociedades clasistas soterradamente patriarcales. Otros temas, más reveladores de lo particular hacia lo general, son canalizados por las autoras haciendo uso del recurso testimonial e intimista, del desarraigo, del desamor, la abrupta condición de inmigrantes producto del destierro, la ruptura de nexos familiares, el consecuente olvido del referente lingüístico-cultural, la exclusión y la angustia que la nueva adaptación social suscita. Voces que se elevan, desde distintos puntos del planeta, para narrar la historia del arraigo o del desarraigo en una orquestada coincidencia. ¿Qué mujer no se ha visto, en algún momento de su vida, afectada por el desproporcionado ejercicio del poder del hombre, ya sea en el universo cotidiano, en el imaginario, en el familiar o en el socio-cultural? Ese patrón de conducta parece repetirse de manera insana en sociedades contradictoriamente reconocidas, incluso por nosotras mismas, como modelos de libertad, igualdad y democracia. Modelos culturales a los que las protagonistas se deben, se 7 acogen y acepten aunque interiormente los rechacen, apelando al espacio intimista que la literatura misma les ofrece. Esa convergencia, hermanada del fervor por lo que ellas son: escritoras provenientes de otras tierras, emigrantes de mundos diversos y desarraigadas por el choque cultural entre pueblos matizados por el mestizaje y los modelos culturales preservados por la memoria familiar, favorece el esfuerzo realizado por este grupo de ingeniosas investigadoras al entregarnos los ensayos que aquí presentamos bajo la frondosa diversidad temática como expresión multicultural de la más moderna pluralidad y unicidad al mismo tiempo. Pluralidad en la forma como se expone el texto y unicidad en la temática que orquesta las distintas voces. Cada uno de los ensayos integrados se sostiene por la diáfana coherencia expositiva, por el uso formal y directo del lenguaje y la profusión de temas femeninos desde una óptica multicultural que justifica su publicación, sin duda alguna, para el estudio y deleite de todos los que incursionan en el mundo de la literatura. Brasil, México, Venezuela, Argentina, Cuba, Puerto Rico y Estados Unidos son algunos de los territorios geográficos donde la inmigración extranjera se efectuó con mayor 8 profusión por razones históricas, económicas, políticas o de cualquier otra índole que incitara a desprenderse del país de origen. Era de esperarse, entonces, que los escenarios urbanos o suburbanos donde las novelistas ejercitan la vida de «sus» personajes incidan y se relacionen con la realidad vivida por ellas desde el seno familiar hasta su definitiva o parcial inclusión en el plano real de la sociedad que les dio acogida. Realidad manipulada bajo un cierto tono de ficción a medida que las heroínas de esas novelas nos revelan los cambios espirituales y sociales causados por la inmigración, la mudanza, la aventura, el trauma del aislamiento, la forzada adaptación y el hibridismo cultural-lingüístico que fragmenta el imaginario colectivo de pueblos fronterizos como el chicano. Comenzaré por este último ya que las escritoras chicanas fueron las primeras en iniciar el rescate de una memoria colectiva femenina desde el bilingüismo cultural y la sed por encontrar su identidad. Para acotar lo dicho, me remito a visualizar la imagen de círculos concéntricos a partir de unos versos de Nerval: «la treizième revient… c’est encore la première; et c’est toujours la seule- ou c’est le seule moment; car es-tu reine, ô toi, la première ou dernière?» percibiendo que al lanzar una piedra en un estanque, la onda 9 que se genera sobre la superficie del agua será siempre la primera y la última. Centrada en los problemas de identidad, racismo y clasismo con la intención de definir el imaginario social e incursionar en el mundo colectivo del chicano a través del lenguaje escrito y la traducción, Judith Hernández-Mora nos plantea el problema desde dos miradas y dos sentidos diferentes: la de Dolores Prida y la de Ricardo Vinos para demostrarnos que el imaginario, siendo una categoría casi absoluta, tiene carácter colectivo-universal. Los estragos en el mundo cultural y afectivo de la comunidad chicana causados por la hegemonía que mantienen sobre ella dos tipos de actividades culturales (la mexicana y la norteamericana) nos llevarán a las páginas desgarradoramente testimoniales de la escritora chicana Ana Castillo en Peel My Love Like an Onion (1999), donde el recurso del imaginario colectivo no pareciera curar de un todo las heridas ni lograra adaptar su ser lingüístico y creativo a una cultura que al mismo tiempo que la acepta, la rechaza. Esa dicotomía, esa eventual dualidad, serán los pilares donde este interesante trabajo se fundamenta. Caracas, ciudad multicultural de los noventa es el espacio donde Laura Febres se recrea cuestionando la sociedad 10 venezolana desde la visión de la mujer inmigrante. Allí se explora el ambiente cultural venezolano de cuatro décadas a través del lente bifocal de dos novelas: La última cena de Stefania Mosca (1957) y Trance de Isabel González (1963).
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