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Success of Ecotourism Sites and Local Community Participation in Sabah

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Success of Ecotourism Sites and Local Community Participation in Sabah SUCCESS OF ECOTOURISM SITES AND LOCAL COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SABAH by Awangku Hassanal Bahar Pengiran Bagul A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Tourism Management Victoria University of Wellington 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................VI LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................VIII LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS..........................................IX ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.........................................................................XI ABSTRACT.........................................................................................XIII CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................ 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH PROBLEM.....................................................1 1.2 RESEARCH BACKGROUND .............................................................................2 1.3 RESEARCH CONCEPTS .................................................................................4 1.3.1 Ecotourism ......................................................................................4 1.3.2 Local Community Participation..........................................................9 1.4 RESEARCH ISSUES, TASKS AND JUSTIFICATION ................................................12 1.5 RESEARCH CONTEXT OF SABAH, MALAYSIA .....................................................15 1.6 RESEARCH SITES .....................................................................................19 1.6.1 Selection and General Criteria of Research Sites ..............................19 1.6.2 Kampung Bavanggazo....................................................................21 1.6.3 Batu Puteh ....................................................................................22 1.6.4 Kampung Rantai ............................................................................23 1.6.5 Sukau ...........................................................................................24 1.6.6 Rafflesia Information Centre...........................................................25 1.7 METHODS, APPROACHES AND RESULTS..........................................................26 1.8 THESIS STRUCTURE..................................................................................26 1.9 CONCLUSION ..........................................................................................29 CHAPTER 2. ECOTOURISM AND LOCAL COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION30 2.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................30 2.1.1 The History of Ecotourism ..............................................................31 2.1.2 Ecotourism Today..........................................................................32 2.1.3 The Business of Ecotourism............................................................37 2.2 ECOTOURISM SUCCESS ..............................................................................43 2.3 LOCAL COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ..............................................................51 2.3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................51 2.3.2 Criticism of Local Community Participation.......................................60 2.3.3 Local Community Participation in Ecotourism...................................63 2.4 LOCAL COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION SUCCESS ..................................................67 2.5 INDICATORS ...........................................................................................72 II 2.6 DISCUSSION ...........................................................................................73 CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................. 75 3.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................75 3.2 SELECTION AND JUSTIFICATION OF METHODOLOGY...........................................76 3.2.1 Plan And Policy Analysis .................................................................78 3.2.2 Comparative Case Studies Method ..................................................79 3.2.3 Concept Clarifications, Operational Definitions and Site Selection......81 3.3 DATA COLLECTION METHOD .......................................................................91 3.3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................91 3.3.2 Validating Research .......................................................................94 3.3.3 Secondary Data Research...............................................................95 3.3.4 Primary Data Research...................................................................97 3.4 RESPONDENTS ........................................................................................97 3.4.1 Informant Interview Experience....................................................104 3.4.2 Questionnaire Survey Experience..................................................106 3.5 FIELDWORK AND DATA ANALYSIS ...............................................................108 3.5.1 Fieldwork Experience ................................................................... 108 3.5.2 Observation And Its Evaluation.....................................................108 3.5.3 Data Analysis and Indicator Development...................................... 108 3.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY....................................................................... 114 3.7 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................115 CHAPTER 4. PLANS AND POLICIES ANALYSIS .................................. 117 4.1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................117 4.2 PLANS AND POLICIES IN MALAYSIA .............................................................117 4.3 PLANS AND POLICIES UNDER REVIEW..........................................................122 4.4 REVIEW OF NATIONAL LEVEL PLANS AND POLICIES ......................................... 125 4.4.1 Introduction ................................................................................125 4.4.2 The Review .................................................................................126 4.5 REVIEW OF STATE LEVEL PLANS AND POLICIES .............................................. 140 4.5.1 Introduction ................................................................................140 4.5.2 The Review .................................................................................142 4.6 CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................152 CHAPTER 5 – CASE STUDIES............................................................. 156 5.1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................156 5.2 RESEARCH SITES ...................................................................................156 5.2 ECOTOURISM INDUSTRY IN SABAH..............................................................159 5.3 ECOTOURISM SITES................................................................................161 5.3.1 Kampung Bavanggazo.................................................................. 161 5.3.2 Kinabatangan Wetlands................................................................166 5.3.2.1 Batu Puteh............................................................................ 171 5.3.2.2 Sukau ...................................................................................179 III 5.3.3 Rafflesia Information Centre.........................................................183 5.3.4 Kampung Rantai .......................................................................... 188 5.4 CASE STUDY MATRIX .............................................................................. 192 5.5 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS .......................................................................... 199 5.5.1. Introduction ............................................................................... 199 5.5.2. Similarities..................................................................................199 5.5.3 Dissimilarities .............................................................................. 202 5.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................205 CHAPTER 6. LOCAL COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION SUCCESS ............ 207 6.1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................207 6.1.1 Introduction to the Chapter..........................................................207 6.1.2 Indicators’ Analysis Framework.....................................................209 6.2 RESEARCH FINDINGS – GENERAL INDICATORS ............................................... 212 6.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................212 6.2.2 Indicators in General.................................................................... 214 6.2.3 Indicators by Theme.................................................................... 215 6.3 ANALYSIS OF INDICATORS ........................................................................ 225 6.3.1 Introduction ................................................................................225 6.3.2 Indicators by Stakeholder.............................................................226
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