INDEX

1982 Federal election, 82 Anwar Ibrahim, 66, 69, 109 1994 State elections, 81 Anti-Corruption Agency, 62 Asek bin Pintar, 96 A Assistant Residents, 21 ABC system, 84–86, 99–100, 120 Association for the Relief of A. G. Sahari, Datuk Haji, 106 Calamity, 36 Abell, Anthony (Sir), 57 Abdilah Hassan, 80 B Abdul Rahman (Tunku), see Tunku Bajau, 16 Abdul Rahman hostility with Kadazan-Dusun Abdul Razak (Tun), see Tun Abdul communities, 18 Razak Bank Islam , 69 Aceh, 12 Bank Kerjasama Rakyat, 62 Adat rituals, 113 Banten, 12 Administration of Muslim Law , 1, 6, 53 Enactment, 109 constitutional amendments, 54 Advisory Council for Native Affairs expulsion of USNO from, 77–78 (ACNA), 31 Basel Church, 30 membership, 32, 34 BERJAYA administration, 63, 68 Affendi Stephen, Haji, 80 developmentalist approach to Ahmad Raffae, Pangiran Haji, 50 Islamization, 122 Alcock, Rutherford (Sir), 20, 39 economic transformation under, Aliuddin, A.K., 63 82–86 Amanah Saham Nasional, 120 failing to live up to multiracial Amanah Saham Rakyat Sabah, 89, pledges, 122 99 financial allocation for Islamic Amanah Saham Rakyat, 89 activities, 107 Amanah Saham Tun Hj Datu Islamization drive, 120 Mustapha, 88 political economy, 84–86 Angkatan Belia Islam (ABIM), 69 setting up of training courses, 94

142

09 Lim Index.indd 142 5/16/08 3:10:49 PM Index 143

BERJAYA Corporate Governance C institutional expansion of, Chartered Company Territory, 39 87–89 China BERJAYA party, 7, 56 education curriculum, 30 1981 State Elections, 78 China Company, 24 Barisan Nasional, in, 59 Chinese Advisory Board, 40 candidates for 1876 elections, 58 Chinese communities, 30 Chinese support, 105 education, standard of, 71 Islamization policy, portrayal of, purging of, 35 112 Chinese minorities, 1 lack of Muslim support, 105 Chinese schools, 113 relations with Federal Chinese workers, 22 government, 58–80 Chong Siew Fai, 97 rivalry with USNO, 9, 41 Christian groups, 48 second electoral victory, 98 Christain missionaries, 106 BERJAYA-USNO rivalry, 62 first arrival of, 113 Birch, E.W., 27, 29 Christian missions, 30, 33 Borneo Evangelical Mission, 30 expelling of, 49 Borneanization, 44 civil service Territories, 11 proportion of bumiputera in new British , 3 appointments in, 72 British Company emerging, 37–38 (BNBC), 3, 8, 17, 20–24 Cobbold (Lord), 4, 9, 40, 57 founding of, 10 attention to Borneanization, 44 monopolization of natural summary of recommendations resources, 34 by, 44 preference for administration , 42–43, 57 staff, 31 Cobbold Report, 44, 57 support of local chiefs, 24 Colombo Plan, 38 British South African Company, 21 Colonial Administration, 37–38, 40 Brooke, James, 10, 15 Colonial Government, 37 Sultan, 57 transition in administration, 38 Brunei Sultanate, 10, 13, 17, 38 Commemorative , administrative system, 14 10 waning influence of, 19 Commission of Enquiry for North Brunei-Sulu Sultanate, 14 Borneo and , 40 Bulungan, 15 Commissioner-General for bumiputera, 51 Southeast Asia, 11 Bumiputera Participation Unit Commonwealth Parliamentary (BPU), 90, 92 Association (CPA), 41

09 Lim Index.indd 143 5/16/08 3:10:49 PM 144 Index

communism European, 32 perceived growing threat of, 47, Dompok, Bernard, 128–29 73 Double Tenth uprising, 36 communist insurgency, 9 Dusing, John, 50 Community Development Officer Dzulkifli Hamid, 90 (CDO), 93 Conference of Native Chiefs, 38 E constitutional crisis East Coast Residency, 38 Mahathir and Malay rulers, 69 , 21 Consultative Council, 24 East Malaysian states conversion ceremonies, 110 electoral weight, 2 cooperatives economic recovery role of, 89–93 faltering, 130 corruption, 92 education Country Lands Ordinance, 86 Chinese communities, 30 Court of Directors ethnic group, by, 71 London, 24 Eighth Malaysia Plan, 129 Cowie, William C., 25, 27 Election Commission (EC), 2, 8 Crouch, Harold, 8 Emergency, 51 Crown Colony Administration, 11 ethnic distribution cultural grievances, 129 1960 and 1970, 47 ethnic groups D religious distribution by, 116 Daily Express, 77, 95 ethno-religious affiliations, 8 Dakwah Islamiah, 107 ethnic politics, 126 Dakwah organizations, 69, 105–09 European Residents, 19 sponsorship by Malaysian Evans, Robert, 124 Government, 109 Everett, A.H., 18–19 Darby, W.G., 24 Datu system, 23 F Davies, G.L., 20 Federal Constitution Democratic Action Party (DAP), 64 Clause, 6, 150 victory in , 64, 67 Federal Government Democratic Party, 43 influence of, 41 Dent, Alred, 11 intervention in Sahab affairs, Deputy Assistant District Officer 49–55 highest position to be held by special link with BERJAYA native, 30 party, 55 developmentalist approach, 81, 126 transfer of funds from Sabah, District Officers, 21, 94 75–76

09 Lim Index.indd 144 5/16/08 3:10:49 PM Index 145

Federal House of Representatives, Harun Idris, 62 7 Hassan Sandukong, 80 Federal political system hawker licences, 67 domination by Barisan Nasional Hinduism coalition, 3 influence, 12 Federal-State relations, 126 Horowitz, Donald, 108 federalization, 79 Huguan Siou, 42, 48, 56 Filipino migrants, 114–17 Hussein administration Forestry Department, 86 NEP-driven aspirations, 60 forestry revenue, 74 , 61, 63 Freemasons, 107 Hussin Mutalib, 108 Fung Ket Wing, 64 I G Iban, 26 Gaya Island, 27 Idahan language general elections discovery of Jawi text in, 112 1978, 64 Idris Matakim, 66 1982, 66 industrialization rate, 83 2004, 9 Illanun, 16 2008, 9 Imam Ghafar Baba, 55, 67, 89 appointment of, 33 Ghani Gilong, 64, 66, 106, 110 immigration, 114–17 Ghani Misbah, 64 Indian minorities, 1 Ghazali Shafie, 114 Inter-Governmental Committee Gimpoton, Yapin, 94 (IGC), 45 Gly-Jones, Monica, 113 Interior Residency, 38 Gomantong, 25 International Islamic University, 69 government schools, 113 Iranun-Marano, 16 Government Training School Islam for sons of Native Chiefs, 29–30 conversions to, 110–13, 121 Gross Domestic Product, 82 influence, 12 by industrial origin, 74 resurgence in Malaysia, 121 Dayak/Iban community, 5 Islamic law, 33, 108 sectoral contribution, 84 Islamic leadership Gullick, 12 contest for, 103–25 Islamic missionary movements, H 105–09 Halik Zaman, 107, 124 Islamization, 49, 103, 108 , 60, 63, 78, 85, 104 Ismail, Tun Dr, see Tun Dr Ismail proposal to drop USNO, 67

09 Lim Index.indd 145 5/16/08 3:10:50 PM 146 Index

J Islamic emphasis of, 118 Jajahan system, 14, 16, 23, 25 Kempeitai, 35–36 collapse of, 18 , 28 Japanese Military Administration Keningau festival, 118 (JMA), 3, 35 Ketua Kampung (village headman), Japanese Occupation, 3, 11 106 anti-Chinese policies, 36 North Borneo, 35–37 by-election, 63 Jawatankuasa Kemajuan Kampung Khoo Siak Chew, 85 (JKK), 82, 93–98 Kinabalu Guerilla Force, 36 Jawatankuasa Keselamatan dan Kinabalu Motor Assembly, 89, 92 Kemajuan Kampung (JKKK), River, 15 93 Kinoiringan, 124 Jawi, 30 Kitingan, Jeffrey, 127 Jesselton, 37 Kitingan, Joseph Pairin, 73, 118, 131 see also by-election win, 119 Jesselton Overseas Chinese Daily, 35 resignation from Ministry of Joseph, Antin, 95 Resource Development, 124 Koding, Mark, 64 K Konfrontasi, 6 Kaamatan, 113 Koperasi BERJAYA Bhd Kadazan nationalism, 3 (KOBERSA), 89 Kadazan Youth, 90 Koperasi Jelata Sabah (KOJASA), Kadazan-Dusun communities 91 Christianity, 48, 112 Koperasi Pembangunan Desa hostilities with Bajau, 18 (KPD), 91 language tuition introduced, 129 Koperasi Rakyat Sabah Bhd marginalization of, 121 (KORAS), 91, 93 paramount chief of, 48 Koperasi Serbaguna Nelayan Sabah representation in ACNA, 32 Bhd (KO-NELAYAN), 91 Kadazans Koperasi Usaha Bersatu Malaysia acceptance of Malay leadership, Sdn Bhd (BERSATU), 89 51 Kota Kinabalu, 37 rise in nationalism, 73 see also Jesselton Kadir Sheikh Fadzir, 120 , 37 Kampung Rehabilitation Scheme, Kwok, Albert, 36 95 Karim Ghani, 63 L Kawang constituency, 96 labour Keaamatan festival, 117–18, 130 shortgage of, 22

09 Lim Index.indd 146 5/16/08 3:10:50 PM Index 147

Labuan, 60 Malays acquisition by Britain, 11 economic and political position, transfer to Federal control, 58, 77 52 Federal Territory Bill, 78 Malayanization, 6 Ladang Ordinance (1913), 28 Malaysia , 60 comparative studies, 1 land acquisition, 34 ethno-demographic Land Proclammation (1885), 23 characterization, 1 Legislative Council, 31 formation of, 41–45 1912, 37 Singapore’s expulsion, 6 Leicester, H.L., 18 post-Second World War growth, Liberal Party, 43 6 Lim Kit Siang, 64 proposal for, 41 Lo, Peter, 50–51 Malaysian Constitution logging activities, 85, 88 Article 13, 85 Malaysian Federation, 45–47 M formation of, 3 Macmillan, Harold, 44 Sabah’s entry, 56 Maguindanao, 15 Malaysian Malaysia, 45, 56 Mahathir administration Malaysian Solidarity Consultative consolidation of, 70 Committee (MSCC), 41 impact of, 68–79 Malaysian Solidarity Convention, emphasis on Islam, 69, 103 46 , 66 Manjitar, Mallin, 95 election as Party President, 69 Maritime Department, 70 proposal to expel USNO from mass conversion ceremonies, 110–13 BN, 77 Mat Salleh, 3, 11, 25, 27 vision of creating technocratic Rob Roy of British North and industrialist Malays, Borneo, 27 108 Mat Salleh Revolt, 26–27 Mahfar Sairan, 96 Maudling, Reginald, 44 , 12 Means, Gordon, 52, 78 Majlis Ugama Islam Sabah Melaka, see Malacca (MUIS), 93, 106 migrant workers, 22 Malay Kerajaan, 12 Milner, Anthony, 12 Malay majority, 1 , 13 Malay Peninsula, 13 Ministry of Natural Resources, 87 Malay power, 13 missionary schools, 113 Malayanization Mohammed bin Keruak, Tan Sri Sabah civil service, 70 Haji, 55

09 Lim Index.indd 147 5/16/08 3:10:50 PM 148 Index

Mohd Dun Banir, 124 National Culture Policy, 118 Mohd Noor Haji Mansoor, Tuan national emergency (1969), 59 Haji, 63, 78 national integration, 79 Mohd Omar Bledram, 77 National Pasok Momogun Mohd Zain Kinsung, 95 Organization (Pasok Mojuntin, Peter, 49, 104 Momogun), 43 Moluccas, 13 Native Alliance Mojuntin, Conrad, 118 encouragement of Tunku, 5 Moro paramilitary troops, 114 Native Chiefs, 40 Muhammad Ghazali bin Shafie, 57 consultative body of, 11 Muhammad Said Keruak, Tan Sri, control of finance in rural 61 administration, 37 multiculturalism, 103 Muslims, 33 multiracial votes response to land settlement contest for, 103–25 regulations, 28 Municipal Council roles of, 32, 93 increased rates for, 67 training, 94 Murut, 26, Native Council (1915 to 1935), livelihood of people, 28 29–35 uneasiness in communities, 43 Native Courts Musa Hitam, 63, 67 powers of, 32 Muslim Law Enactment Bill, 109 Native Rebellion, 24–26 Muslim vote, 103–05 natural resources (Tun Mustapha monopolization by BNBC, 34 Harun), 40, 49, 53, 56, 85 NCAC, 30 ascension to chief ministership, membership, 33 51 network of patronage, 98 dismantling legacy of, 87 New Economic Policy (NEP), 72 formation of USNO, 49 main economic pillars, 82 friendship with Tunku Abdul Ningkan, Stephen Kalong, 5 Rahman, 60 North Borneo Head of State, 49 administration of, 21 pro-Muslim policies, 54 Japanese Occupation, 35–37 resignation, 55, 61 pre-colonial, 12–14 Muzaffar, Chandra, 108 North Borneo Annual Report, 42

N O resettlement scheme, 88 oil Nagata, Judith, 108 discovery of, 53 National Bureau of Investigation, 55 Old Age Assistance funds, 97

09 Lim Index.indd 148 5/16/08 3:10:51 PM Index 149

Ongkili, James, 3, 10 Pertubuhan Kebajikan Islam Ongkili, Maximus (Dr), 127 Malaysia (PERKIM), 107, Ongkili Roger, 119 109, 123 Operation , 35 Perusahaan Kinabalu Motor Orang Tua (village headman), 32 (Perkina), 92 Outline Perspective Plan Sabah petroleum (OPPS), 129 demand for, 22 Overbeck, Baron von, 11, 17 export of, 75 Overbeck and Dent Association Petroleum Development Act, 75 (ODA), 17, 19, 25 Petroleum Nasional Bhd replacement of, 20 (), 75 Philippines P pre-colonial society, 13 Pangiran, 14 piracy, 15 Parliamentary elections plantation economy, 22 1978, 59 politics of patronage, 98 1982, 59 poll tax, 14 Parr (Governor), 31 abolishment, 27 Partai Bersatu Rakyat Jelata Sabah Pretyman, William, 18, 38 (BERJAYA), 2 pribumi, 115, 121 see also BERJAYA Pribumi Participation Unit, 92, 100 Partai Bersatu Sabah (PBS), 3, 7, primary reserves, 82 81, 119, 127 Proclammation 23 of 1881, 23 rise of, 122 Proclammation IX of 1902, 28 Partai Islam se Malaysia (PAS), 48, Pryer, William, 15, 17 61 Pusat Latihan Dakwah Keningau, Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah, 130 110 Pasok Nunuk Raggang party, 66 Pusat Latihan Sikuati, 111 patronage, 98 Pusat Latihan Dakwah , Paul Baklin bin Gurandi, 92 111 Pemimpin Kemajuan Rakyat Puthucheary, Dominic, 95 (PKR), 93 Puthucheary, Mavis, 120 , 28 People’s Action Party (PAP), 46 R Permodalan Bumiputera Sabah, 90, Raja Aziz Addruse, 97 100 Razak administration, 52 Persatuan Brunei Bumiputera Sabah NEP driven aspirations of, 60 (PBBS), 118 religious distribution Persatuan Sabah Bajau Bersatu ethnic group, by, 48 (PSBB), 118 Reid, Anthony, 12

09 Lim Index.indd 149 5/16/08 3:10:51 PM 150 Index

Residency system, 21 state government, see also Sabah Residents, 19–20 State Government relations with local chiefs, 23 transfer of funds to Federal resettlement projects, 88 Government, 75–76 Rob Roy of British North Borneo, Sabah Alliance, 4, 49, 54 27 Central Executive Committee, Roff, William, 108 54 Royal Charter, 17, 20–21 crisis, 5 Royal Niger Company, 21 internal disputes, 56 rubber stability of, 41 demand for, 22 suspension of membership, 55 Rundum, 28 USNO-led, 7 Rundum Rebellion, 3, 11, 27–29, Sabah bumpitera, 73 43 Sabah Chinese Association (SCA), factors leading to, 28 49–50, 65 suppression of, 29 formation of administration Rural Development Corporation with USNO, 51 (KPD), 85 refusal to question constitutional Rural Government Ordinance, 37 arrangements, 46 Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party S (SCCP), 66 Sabah Sabah civil service absolute majority for single Malayanization of, 70 party, 1 Sabah Constitution Chinese voters in, 65 amendment, 49 ethnic configuration of politics, Sabah Credit Corporation, 93 47 Sabah Economic Development ethnicity, complexity of, 6 Corporation (SEDCO), 90 federal grants, 129 Sabah Economic Planning Unit, Federal intervention, 49–55 55 Malay-Muslim hegemony, 50 Sabah Forest Development Muslim population of, 60 Authority (SAFODA), 85–86 paved and gravel roads, 83 reforestation, 88 political dynamics, 2 scandal involving, 93 population, 2 settlement scheme, 88 reliance on extractive industries, , 85, 87, 90, 99 74 funding activities of USIA, 106 request for financial autonomy, pledge to share wealth, 88 73 Sabah Foundation Forest state administration, 2 Management Plan, 87

09 Lim Index.indd 150 5/16/08 3:10:52 PM Index 151

Sabah Kadazan Cultural Sindu, Teddy, 96 Association (SKCA), 118 Singapore Sabah Land Development (SLBD), communism, threat of, 47 86 expulsion from Malaysia, 6, 45, Sabah Legislative Council, 45 47, 56, 60 Sabah Marketing Agencies merger with Malaya, 5 (SAMA), 91, 93 Singh, Ranjit, 3 Sabah National Youth Association Sinidol, Fred, 95–97, 101 (SANYA), 90 Sino-Japanese war, 35 Sabah Progressive Party (SAPP), slavery, 15, 22 128–29 Smith, Anthony, 112 Sabah Road Vehicle Department, 70 , 12 Sabah Rubber Fund Board, 70 St Joseph’s Foreign Missionary Sabah State Government, 7 Society, 30 Sabah State Railways, 70 State Assembly Sahari, A.G., 106 BERJAYA party winning control Salleh Sulong, 60, 104 of, 59 Samah (Pangiran), 25 State elections Samal, 16 1976 and 1981, 65 Sandakan, 26–27, 37 1981, 59 DAP’s victory in, 64, 67 1985, 59 Sandakan electorate State Legislative Assembly, 7 vote for DAP, 82 State of Emergency, 6, 9, 53 Sandakan Municipal Councillors, Stephens, Donald, 5, 40–42, 56 94 conversion to Islam, 61, 104 Sandakan Overseas Chinese Daily, questioning of constitutional 35 arrangements, 46 SANYA Multi-Purpose President of UNKO, 48 Cooperative Bhd (KOSAN), relinquishing post of Chief 90 Minister, 50 KOSAN Marketing Agency Stephens, Fuad, 85, 106 (KOSMA), 91 Stephens Properties Sdn Bhd, 89 Sarawak Stephens, Rahimah, 96–97 Brooke regime, 10 Sugut River, 26 population, 2 Suhaimi Kamaruddin, 69 Sarawak River, 13 Sukarno, 6 Sarawak State Government, 6 Sultan of Brunei, 57 Semangat ’46, 127 Sulu, 15 Suhaimi Kamaruddin, Haji, 63 Sulu Sultanate, 13, 15–17, 25, 38 Sungai Scheme, 88 waning influence of, 19

09 Lim Index.indd 151 5/16/08 3:10:52 PM 152 Index

Suluk, 16 Treacher, William, 17, 21 Sundang, G.S., 40, 43, 85 attracting foreign investors, 22 Sundyaks, 15 introduction of land legislation, Survey Department, 28 23 Sutherland, Helen, 15 Tun Abdul Razak, 52 Sayariah reforms, 109 death of, 61 Syarikat Jaya Usaha Bersatu Sdn disagreements with Tunku Abdul Bhd (JUB), 89 Rahman, 59 Syed Husin Ali, 98 withdrawal of Mustapha’s Syed Kechik, 87 detention, 54 Tun Dr Ismail, 52 T Tun Mustapha Harun, see Takaful Insurance, 69 Mustapha Harun , 27–28 , 5, 44, 50 BERJAYA’s developmentalist capitalizing on internal disputes, approach to, 119 56 by-elections, 119 disagreements with Tun Abdul Tambunan festival, 118 Razak, 59 tamu, 38 expelling Singapore from tapai Malaysia, 46–47 drinking of, 124 friendship with Tun Mustapha, 60 tax, 28 perceived weakness of, 61 Tausug, 16 Twenty Points Memorandum, 45, taxes 73 tapai, 28 taxi permits, 67 U Teachers’ Training College, 38 Ulu , 27 Tempasuk, 18 Ulu Sugut, 27 The Star, 60 UMNO timber factional divisions, 63 demand for, 22 Islamic reforms, 70 impact of, 85 UMNO boards licences, 85, 86 setting up of, 53 , 28 UMNO General Assembly, 69 District Chief, 28 UMNO Youth, 63 timber elections (1982), 66 export of, 75 unemployment rate, 84 tobacco, 22 United National Kadazan training courses Organization (UNKO), 42, community leaders, for, 94 48–49

09 Lim Index.indd 152 5/16/08 3:10:52 PM Index 153

United Nations, 62 Village Development Committees United Party, 43 (JKK), 82 United Sabah Dusun Association village headmen (Orang Tua), 32 (USDA), 118 roles of, 93 United Sabah Islamic Association Village Rehabilitation Scheme, 96 (USIA), 105, 109 voting patterns United Sabah National ethno-religious, 104 Organization (USNO), 3, 5, 42, 49 W Barisan Nasional, in, 59–68 Wanita BERJAYA, 86 Central Committee, 54 Watherston, David (Sir), 57 expulsion from Barisan Wazir, 14 Nasional, 77–78 Weber, Max, 19 formation of administration West Coast Residency, 38 with SCA, 51 West Malaysia refusal to join Stephens, 46 model of administration, 6 rivalry with BERJAYA, 9 West Malaysia-style ethnic UPKO coalition, 126 dissolution of, 61 West Malaysian Alliance, 48 rivalry with USNO, 5 Witti (Captain), 38 USNO administration Wolters, 12 building of paved or gravelled Wong, Philip, 96 roads, 84 Wong Pow Nee, 57 USNO-SCA alliance, 51 Y V Yahya Lampong, Haji, 80 Vietnamese refugees, 114 Yang di-Pertuan Agong, 109 Village Administration Ordinance, Yap Pak Leong, 50, 52, 104, 124 32 Yong Teck Lee, 127–29 Village Administration Yusoff Yakub, 80 Proclammation of 1891, 23

09 Lim Index.indd 153 5/16/08 3:10:53 PM ABOUT THE AUTHOR A native Sabahan, Regina Lim has studied Sociology and Political Science at the University of Warwick, UK and Universiti Sains Malaysia, and is currently conducting doctoral research at the University of Birmingham, UK. She has worked for the Political Studies Association of the UK and has been a researcher and translator for international comparative projects based at the University of Oxford, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, and the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.

09 Lim Index.indd 154 5/16/08 3:10:53 PM