DOCSLIB.ORG

Seeking the State from the Margins: from Tidung Lands to Borderlands in Borneo

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Seeking the State from the Margins: from Tidung Lands to Borderlands in Borneo Seeking the state from the margins From Tidung Lands to borderlands in Borneo Nathan Bond ORCID ID: 0000-0002-8094-9173 A thesis submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. December 2020 School of Social and Political Sciences The University of Melbourne i Abstract Scholarship on the geographic margins of the state has long suggested that life in such spaces threatens national state-building by transgressing state order. Recently, however, scholars have begun to nuance this view by exploring how marginal peoples often embrace the nation and the state. In this thesis, I bridge these two approaches by exploring how borderland peoples, as exemplars of marginal peoples, seek the state from the margins. I explore this issue by presenting the first extended ethnography of the cross-border ethnic Tidung and neighbouring peoples in the Tidung Lands of northeast Borneo, complementing long-term fieldwork with research in Dutch and British archives. This region, lying at the interstices of Indonesian Kalimantan, Malaysian Sabah and the Southern Philippines, is an ideal site from which to study borderland dynamics and how people have come to seek the state. I analyse understandings of the state, and practical consequences of those understandings in the lives and thought of people in the Tidung Lands. I argue that people who imagine themselves as occupying a marginal place in the national order of things often seek to deepen, rather than resist, relations with the nation-states to which they are marginal. The core contribution of the thesis consists in drawing empirical and theoretical attention to the under-researched issue of seeking the state and thereby encouraging further inquiry into this issue. I elaborate my findings along a trajectory consisting of two broad parts. First, the entrenchment of the border in the social life of the region. I show that the question of the state is inextricable from the question of what it is to be Tidung. I suggest that for many contemporary Tidung people, the transition to a national political order has come to be considered the most preferable among several plausible alternatives. People have sought to establish positive relations with the nation-states within which they live on either side of the state-drawn border, in the absence of an impetus from their respective central governments. They increasingly acquiesce to the circumscription of their mobility and social lives by the international border. Secondly, life in the light of this national division. I demonstrate that Tidung engagements with Dayak identity in Kalimantan index a shift toward exclusively Indonesian registers of ethnic identification; conversely, Tidung engagements with Malay identity in Sabah index a shift toward exclusively Sabahan registers of ethnic identification. I elaborate on this national division by analysing vernacular understandings of transboundary floods, which function as a commentary on international asymmetry from the borderland. Finally, I examine a recent campaign for a new autonomous district in Kalimantan (Indonesia), suggesting that the latter indexes the point at which borderland transgression becomes a resource for national integration such that vernacular and central political projects converge. ii Declaration I, Nathan Bond, declare that this thesis comprises only my original work toward the Doctor of Philosophy, that due acknowledgement has been made in the text to all other material used, and that the thesis is shorter than the maximum word limit in length. iii Acknowledgements Seeing this project through to completion has meant being supported by a great many people. Even though I do not provide a list of names here due to the somewhat regrettable convention of using pseudonyms, I want to thank, above all, my hosts, consultants and friends in northeast Borneo for their immense generosity and hospitality. My gestures to reciprocate the latter cannot even start to measure up to the keikhlasan which has made my work possible. The work has benefited from the feedback of a number of colleagues in and around academia. I am especially grateful for the guidance and encouragement that I have received from Bart Klem and Rachael Diprose. That this thesis is now finished is due, in no small part, to their supervision over the past few years. I also appreciate the dialogue I have had with, and support in practical matters I have received from, Yekti Mauntai, Purwo Santoso, Nanang Indra Kurniawan, Akhmad Wijaya, and the late Pajar Gumelar. I have had the great privilege of being funded by an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship and grants from The University of Melbourne’s School of Government, Faculty of Arts, and School of Social and Political Sciences. Any errors to be found in the thesis are my own. iv Contents Maps .......................................................................................................................... vii Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 Seeking the state ...................................................................................................... 1 Methodology .......................................................................................................... 15 Significance and outline ...................................................................................... 20 1. Framings ................................................................................................................ 25 Just checking ......................................................................................................... 25 The other side ........................................................................................................ 31 Context .................................................................................................................. 37 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 45 2. Histories ................................................................................................................ 47 Interpretation ........................................................................................................ 47 Trajectory .............................................................................................................. 53 Bultiken’s legacy .....................................................................................................61 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 71 3. Two brothers ......................................................................................................... 73 Getting ICs ............................................................................................................. 73 Attracting liveliness .............................................................................................. 82 Diverging orientations ......................................................................................... 90 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 94 4. Strictness ............................................................................................................... 96 Security zone ......................................................................................................... 96 Worthless crocodiles .......................................................................................... 104 Cemented citizenship .......................................................................................... 112 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 118 5. Us Dayaks ............................................................................................................ 120 Becoming Dayak, again ...................................................................................... 120 Guests and hosts .................................................................................................. 127 National transnationality..................................................................................... 137 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 141 6. Those Malays ....................................................................................................... 143 The archipelago divided ...................................................................................... 143 Belonging to nations ........................................................................................... 148 Becoming Malay? ................................................................................................. 156 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 164 7. Malaysian-sent floods ......................................................................................... 166 Disasters .............................................................................................................. 166 Our own misdeeds ............................................................................................... 172 v Settlement dilemmas ...........................................................................................178
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 09 Lim Index.Indd 142 5/16/08 3:10:49 PM Index 143
    INDEX 1982 Federal election, 82 Anwar Ibrahim, 66, 69, 109 1994 Sabah State elections, 81 Anti-Corruption Agency, 62 Asek bin Pintar, 96 A Assistant Residents, 21 ABC system, 84–86, 99–100, 120 Association for the Relief of A. G. Sahari, Datuk Haji, 106 Calamity, 36 Abell, Anthony (Sir), 57 Abdilah Hassan, 80 B Abdul Rahman (Tunku), see Tunku Bajau, 16 Abdul Rahman hostility with Kadazan-Dusun Abdul Razak (Tun), see Tun Abdul communities, 18 Razak Bank Islam Malaysia, 69 Aceh, 12 Bank Kerjasama Rakyat, 62 Adat rituals, 113 Banten, 12 Administration of Muslim Law Barisan Nasional, 1, 6, 53 Enactment, 109 constitutional amendments, 54 Advisory Council for Native Affairs expulsion of USNO from, 77–78 (ACNA), 31 Basel Church, 30 membership, 32, 34 BERJAYA administration, 63, 68 Affendi Stephen, Haji, 80 developmentalist approach to Ahmad Raffae, Pangiran Haji, 50 Islamization, 122 Alcock, Rutherford (Sir), 20, 39 economic transformation under, Aliuddin, A.K., 63 82–86 Amanah Saham Nasional, 120 failing to live up to multiracial Amanah Saham Rakyat Sabah, 89, pledges, 122 99 financial allocation for Islamic Amanah Saham Rakyat, 89 activities, 107 Amanah Saham Tun Hj Datu Islamization drive, 120 Mustapha, 88 political economy, 84–86 Angkatan Belia Islam (ABIM), 69 setting up of training courses, 94 142 09 Lim Index.indd 142 5/16/08 3:10:49 PM Index 143 BERJAYA Corporate Governance C institutional expansion of, Chartered Company Territory, 39 87–89 China BERJAYA party, 7, 56 education curriculum, 30 1981 State Elections, 78 China Borneo Company,
    [Show full text]
  • Legal Setting Model About Forest Destruction Prevention Based on Indigenous People of Dalihan Na Tolu in North Sumatra
    Proceedings of International Conference “Internationalization of Islamic Higher Education Institutions Toward Global Competitiveness” Semarang, Indonesia – September 20th - 21th, 2018 Paper No. B-53 Legal Setting Model About Forest Destruction Prevention Based On Indigenous People Of Dalihan Na Tolu In North Sumatra Anwar Sadat Harahap1 Ahmad Laut Hasibuan2 Universitas Muslim Nusantara (UMN) Al Washliyah Jalan Garu II No. 93 Medan [email protected] [email protected] Abstract - Many tribes and indigenous people exist throughout Indonesia. There are indigenous peoples who have their own traditional values in forest destruction prevention i.e indigenous people of Dalihan na Tolu with their local wisdom. The research used empirical legal research method. The approach used is anthropological approach, and sociological juridical. Long before the existence of regulation about in Indonesia, the indigenous people have had their own rules in preventing the forest destruction in North Sumatra. The custom law of Dalihan na Tolu has regulated about: the stages in implementing deliberation in preventing forest destruction, strategies that is implemented by the customary leader in preventing forest destruction, form of sanctions that is imposed on parties that commit forest destruction, implicit rules in indigenous people, dan the form of supervision in preventing forest destruction with the mechanism of controlling and supervisory that rest on the condition and potential of the indigenous people. Key Words: Legal Setting; Forest Destruction Prevention; Indigenous People of Dalihan na Tolu 1. Introduction In the last three years, massive forest destruction happened in the form of forest burning, timber theft, illegal logging, land clearing, timber smuggling, deforestation, expansion of agricultural areas and plantations in the forest area without regard to the condition of the surrounding environment.
    [Show full text]
  • FORUM MASYARAKAT ADAT DATARAN TINGGI BORNEO (FORMADAT) Borneo (Indonesia & Malaysia)
    Empowered lives. Resilient nations. FORUM MASYARAKAT ADAT DATARAN TINGGI BORNEO (FORMADAT) Borneo (Indonesia & Malaysia) Equator Initiative Case Studies Local sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES Local and indigenous communities across the world are 126 countries, the winners were recognized for their advancing innovative sustainable development solutions achievements at a prize ceremony held in conjunction that work for people and for nature. Few publications with the United Nations Convention on Climate Change or case studies tell the full story of how such initiatives (COP21) in Paris. Special emphasis was placed on the evolve, the breadth of their impacts, or how they change protection, restoration, and sustainable management over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories of forests; securing and protecting rights to communal with community practitioners themselves guiding the lands, territories, and natural resources; community- narrative. The Equator Initiative aims to fill that gap. based adaptation to climate change; and activism for The Equator Initiative, supported by generous funding environmental justice. The following case study is one in from the Government of Norway, awarded the Equator a growing series that describes vetted and peer-reviewed Prize 2015 to 21 outstanding local community and best practices intended to inspire the policy dialogue indigenous peoples initiatives to reduce poverty, protect needed to take local success to scale, to improve the global nature, and strengthen resilience in the face of climate knowledge base on local environment and development change. Selected from 1,461 nominations from across solutions, and to serve as models for replication.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest, Resources and People in Bulungan Elements for a History of Settlement, Trade, and Social Dynamics in Borneo, 1880-2000
    CIFOR Forest, Resources and People in Bulungan Elements for a History of Settlement, Trade, and Social Dynamics in Borneo, 1880-2000 Bernard Sellato Forest, Resources and People in Bulungan Elements for a History of Settlement, Trade and Social Dynamics in Borneo, 1880-2000 Bernard Sellato Cover Photo: Hornbill carving in gate to Kenyah village, East Kalimantan by Christophe Kuhn © 2001 by Center for International Forestry Research All rights reserved. Published in 2001 Printed by SMK Grafika Desa Putera, Indonesia ISBN 979-8764-76-5 Published by Center for International Forestry Research Mailing address: P.O. Box 6596 JKPWB, Jakarta 10065, Indonesia Office address: Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor Barat 16680, Indonesia Tel.: +62 (251) 622622; Fax: +62 (251) 622100 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.cifor.cgiar.org Contents Acknowledgements vi Foreword vii 1. Introduction 1 2. Environment and Population 5 2.1 One Forested Domain 5 2.2 Two River Basins 7 2.3 Population 9 Long Pujungan District 9 Malinau District 12 Comments 13 3. Tribes and States in Northern East Borneo 15 3.1 The Coastal Polities 16 Bulungan 17 Tidung Sesayap 19 Sembawang24 3.2 The Stratified Groups 27 The Merap 28 The Kenyah 30 3.3 The Punan Groups 32 Minor Punan Groups 32 The Punan of the Tubu and Malinau 33 3.4 One Regional History 37 CONTENTS 4. Territory, Resources and Land Use43 4.1 Forest and Resources 44 Among Coastal Polities 44 Among Stratified Tribal Groups 46 Among Non-Stratified Tribal Groups 49 Among Punan Groups 50 4.2 Agricultural Patterns 52 Rice Agriculture 53 Cash Crops 59 Recent Trends 62 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconceptualising Ethnic Chinese Identity in Post-Suharto Indonesia
    Reconceptualising Ethnic Chinese Identity in Post-Suharto Indonesia Chang-Yau Hoon BA (Hons), BCom This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The University of Western Australia School of Social and Cultural Studies Discipline of Asian Studies 2006 DECLARATION FOR THESES CONTAINING PUBLISHED WORK AND/OR WORK PREPARED FOR PUBLICATION This thesis contains sole-authored published work and/or work prepared for publication. The bibliographic details of the work and where it appears in the thesis is outlined below: Hoon, Chang-Yau. 2004, “Multiculturalism and Hybridity in Accommodating ‘Chineseness’ in Post-Soeharto Indonesia”, in Alchemies: Community exChanges, Glenn Pass and Denise Woods (eds), Black Swan Press, Perth, pp. 17-37. (A revised version of this paper appears in Chapter One of the thesis). ---. 2006, “Assimilation, Multiculturalism, Hybridity: The Dilemma of the Ethnic Chinese in Post-Suharto Indonesia”, Asian Ethnicity, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 149-166. (A revised version of this paper appears in Chapter One of the thesis). ---. 2006, “Defining (Multiple) Selves: Reflections on Fieldwork in Jakarta”, Life Writing, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 79-100. (A revised version of this paper appears in a few sections of Chapter Two of the thesis). ---. 2006, “‘A Hundred Flowers Bloom’: The Re-emergence of the Chinese Press in post-Suharto Indonesia”, in Media and the Chinese Diaspora: Community, Communications and Commerce, Wanning Sun (ed.), Routledge, London and New York, pp. 91-118. (A revised version of this paper appears in Chapter Six of the thesis). This thesis is the original work of the author except where otherwise acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION Forty-First Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2017
    IPA17-722-G PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION Forty-First Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2017 “SOME NEW INSIGHTS TO TECTONIC AND STRATIGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF THE TARAKAN SUB-BASIN, NORTH EAST KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA” Sudarmono* Angga Direza* Hade Bakda Maulin* Andika Wicaksono* INTRODUCTION in Tarakan island and Sembakung and Bangkudulis in onshore Northeast Kalimantan. This paper will discuss the tectonic and stratigraphic evolution of the Tarakan sub-basin, primarily the On the other side, although the depositional setting fluvio-deltaic deposition during the Neogene time. in the Tarakan sub-basin is deltaic which is located The Tarakan sub-basin is part of a sub-basin complex to the north of the Mahakam delta, people tend to use which includes the Tidung, Berau, and Muaras sub- the Mahakam delta as a reference to discuss deltaic basins located in Northeast Kalimantan. In this depositional systems. This means that the Mahakam paper, the discussion about the Tarakan sub-basin delta is more understood than the delta systems in the also includes the Tidung sub-basin. The Tarakan sub- Tarakan sub-basin. The Mahakam delta is single basin is located a few kilometers to the north of the sourced by the Mahakam river which has been famous Mahakam delta. To the north, the Tarakan depositing a stacked deltaic sedimentary package in sub-basin is bounded by the Sampoerna high and to one focus area to the Makasar Strait probably since the south it is bounded by the Mangkalihat high. The the Middle Miocene. The deltaic depositional setting Neogene fluvio-deltaic sediment in the Tarakan sub- is confined by the Makasar Strait which is in such a basin is thinning to the north to the Sampoerna high way protecting the sedimentary package not to and to the south to the Mangkalihat high.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Capture and Validate KYC Processes: Global Experiences, Challenges and Learnings
    Understanding Capture and Validate KYC Processes: Global Experiences, Challenges and Learnings May 2019 Copyright © 2019 GSM Association Understanding Capture and Validate KYC Processes: Global Experiences, Challenges and Learnings v Digital Identity The GSMA represents the interests of mobile operators The GSMA Digital Identity Programme is uniquely worldwide, uniting more than 750 operators with over positioned to play a key role in advocating and raising 350 companies in the broader mobile ecosystem, awareness of the opportunity of mobile-enabled digital including handset and device makers, software companies, identity and life-enhancing services. Our programme works equipment providers and internet companies, as well as with mobile operators, governments and the development organisations in adjacent industry sectors. The GSMA also community to demonstrate the opportunities, address the produces the industry-leading MWC events held annually in barriers and highlight the value of mobile as an enabler of Barcelona, Los Angeles and Shanghai, as well as the Mobile digital identification. 360 Series of regional conferences. For more information, please visit the GSMA Digital Identity For more information, please visit the GSMA corporate website at www.gsma.com/digitalidentity website at www.gsma.com Follow GSMA Mobile for Development on Twitter: Follow the GSMA on Twitter: @GSMA @GSMAm4d This document is an output of a project funded by UK aid from the Department for International Development (DFID), for the benefit of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID. Author: Matt Wilson, Senior Insights Manager, GSMA Rob Waddington, Futuresight Understanding Capture and Validate KYC Processes: Global Experiences, Challenges and Learnings v Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • FORUM MASYARAKAT ADAT DATARAN TINGGI BORNEO (FORMADAT) Borneo (Indonesia & Malaysia)
    Empowered lives. Resilient nations. FORUM MASYARAKAT ADAT DATARAN TINGGI BORNEO (FORMADAT) Borneo (Indonesia & Malaysia) Equator Initiative Case Studies Local sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES Local and indigenous communities across the world are 126 countries, the winners were recognized for their advancing innovative sustainable development solutions achievements at a prize ceremony held in conjunction that work for people and for nature. Few publications with the United Nations Convention on Climate Change or case studies tell the full story of how such initiatives (COP21) in Paris. Special emphasis was placed on the evolve, the breadth of their impacts, or how they change protection, restoration, and sustainable management over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories of forests; securing and protecting rights to communal with community practitioners themselves guiding the lands, territories, and natural resources; community- narrative. The Equator Initiative aims to fill that gap. based adaptation to climate change; and activism for The Equator Initiative, supported by generous funding environmental justice. The following case study is one in from the Government of Norway, awarded the Equator a growing series that describes vetted and peer-reviewed Prize 2015 to 21 outstanding local community and best practices intended to inspire the policy dialogue indigenous peoples initiatives to reduce poverty, protect needed to take local success to scale, to improve the global nature, and strengthen resilience in the face of climate knowledge base on local environment and development change. Selected from 1,461 nominations from across solutions, and to serve as models for replication.
    [Show full text]
  • Leading Sector, Economic Structure and Competitiveness of Export Commodities
    Adi WIJAYA, Zainal ILMI, Dio Caisar DARMA / Journal of Business, Economics and Environmental Studies 10-3 (2020) 23-33 23 Print ISSN: 2671-4981 / Online ISSN: 2671-499X JBEES website: http://www.jbees.or.kr/ Doi: 10.13106/jbees.2020.vol10.no3.23 Economic Performance: Leading Sector, Economic Structure and Competitiveness of Export Commodities Adi WIJAYA1, Zainal ILMI2, Dio Caisar DARMA3 Received: January 15, 2020. Revised: January 23, 2020. Accepted: July 05, 2020 Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study is for the leading sector, a pattern of shifting structure of the economic sector, and community export competitiveness on the economy Malinau Regency. Research design, data, and methodology: The type of data used is secondary data with a quantitative approach of 2009-2018. The study data used Location Quotient (LQ), Shift Share Analysis (SSA), and Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) analysis tools. Results: There are 6 leading sectors: agriculture; electricity, gas, and clean water; building and construction; trade, hotels, and restaurants. That has been classified has changed the economic structure of the Malinau Regency from the secondary sector to the tertiary and primary sectors in 10 years. While, community export competitiveness of the Malinau Regency through RCA Analysis, see if the export products of coal and excavation (types A, B, C) are shown to have a higher comparative advantage with comparative advantage. This shows that only a few commodities that can provide the good performance of export. Conclusions: Analysis of economic growth in the Malinau Regency after regional autonomy shows that there has been a shift in the economic structure of the economy which is dominated by the structure of the primary sector.
    [Show full text]
  • Asian Golf Nation - June 2013
    Asian Golf Nation - June 2013 Email not displaying correctly? View it in your browser. Home | Golf Holidays | Golf Courses | Golf Services | About Us | Contact Us Asian Golf Travel Nation - June 2013 In this Issue Dear Golf Travelers, Regional Golf News Greetings from Asia and welcome to the latest issue of the Asian Golf Nation, the source for Golf Travel news breaking information about golf in Asia. Testimonials Asian golf travel is on the upswing as global awareness about the unique golfing experiences, Kota Kinabalu excellent value-for-money, and world-class Destination Review service quality continues to generate more and more interest in golf holidays throughout Asia. Last month we met many of our friends at the global launch of Thailand's best golf courses Featured Golf Course and resorts (Golf In A Kingdom), and on 3 - Sutera Harbour Golf & familiarization trips for golf media and golf tour Country Club, Kota operators. Thank you to those who travelled with Kinabalu us. For those that didn't, look out for stories of these trips in upcoming issues of major golf publications worldwide. Featured Resort - Shangri-La's Rasa Ria We now have over 70 years combined experience as a specialist golf tour operator, more than any in Resort Asia. Check out our website for a full list of what we do or if you would like us to visit you and discuss our products please do not hesitate to contact us for an appointment. Golf Trip Idea: Kota The summer in Asia is sometimes referred to the "rainy season" due to the frequent afternoon showers.
    [Show full text]
  • Price Setting and Price Regulation in Health Care Lessons for Advancing Universal Health Coverage
    Price setting and price regulation in health care Lessons for advancing Universal Health Coverage Case studies Price setting and price regulation in health care: lessons for advancing Universal Health Coverage Sarah L Barber, Luca Lorenzoni, Paul Ong ISBN 978-92-4-151592-4 (WHO) WHO/WKC-OECD/K18014 © World Health Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) endorse any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO or OECD logo is not permitted. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). WHO and OECD are not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules).
    [Show full text]
  • FX Harsono Gazing on Identity Menerawang Identitas Colophon
    Man as an individual has the freedom to decide their own will’ is a meaningless quote. When one is declared to be valid as a citizen the freedom changed. For the Chinese, although they were born in Indonesia, they are still considered as migrant. Apart from Indonesian Citizenship certificate, they must also have other documents, where this regulation is not applied to ‘real’ Indonesians. The dichotomy of real-migrant, free-bonded, is presented in this work. The facial expressions, poses, interaction in the family that seems to be free and happy on one side; and on the other side facing legal-formal issues that specifically only applies on them The point is, the law becomes discriminative if it applies only to suppress a community group. FX HARSONO GAZING ON IDENTITY Menerawang Identitas Colophon GAZING ON IDENTITY Menerawang Identitas Solo Exhibition of FX Harsono ARNDT Fine Art Gillman Barracks Singapore 20 October – 20 November 2016 Exhibition Curator Lisa Polten Writer Didi Kwartanada Text Translator Elly Kent Photo FX Harsono Design for Catalogue Sari Handayani Printed in Yogyakarta, Indonesia in an edition of 500 ©2016, FX. Harsono and the author 4 Didi Kwartanada THE PAPERS THAT SURVEILLED Identity Cards and Suspicion of the Chinese From time to time, the slip of paper featuring passport photos and personal details, which we usually call an “identity card” (Ind: kartu identitas), becomes the subject on national debate. During the New Order (1966-1998), citizenship cards (known as the “Kartu Tanda Penduduk”/KTP in Indonesia) belonging to former political prisoners (Ind: tahanan politik or simply “tapol”) were stamped with a special code, as were those belonging to ethnic Chinese.
    [Show full text]